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ATTACHMENT A

Development of Verification and Validation Procedures for Computer Simulation use in Roadside Safety

ApplicationsNCHRP Project 22-24

Literature List

IntroductionThe following is a list of references pertaining to the topics of verification and validation of finite element models. The list is divided into two broad sections: verification and validation.

Verification in this context is mean to imply techniques that ensure that the model and simulation are mathematically correct and will run without un-due errors. Verification simply confirms that a model does not have underlying numerical or computational problems but does not guarantee that the resulting simulations will replicate physical tests. Some topics included in the verification area include:

Verification Geometry Element type Mesh size Material Properties Contact interfaces Energy balance Shooting nodes / Tangled mesh

Validation, on the other hand, does not address numerical or computational accuracy but is instead related to comparing simulation results to physical tests. Some of the topics considered under the heading of validation include:

Validation Validation parameters (metrics) Material model validation Components

bolted connections spotwelds post-soil interaction glass dummies other

Vehicle testing Full-scale tests w/ roadside hardware

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The following sections list papers that have been identified regarding both these topic. Some papers appear in both list since they address both topics. The following list will be expanded into a text discussion in the next quarter.

VerificationVerification deals with the mathematical and computational aspects of a finite element model. The purpose is to “verify” that the model runs correctly, does not exhibit any unreasonable numerical characteristics and is free from numerical or computation artifacts. Verification involves verifying:

Correct geometry, Appropriate element type, Appropriate mesh size, Realistic material properties, Contact definitions appropriate to the problem, A stable energy balance and No shooting nodes or tangled mesh.

GeometryReferences listed in this section describe common practices in creating and modeling the geometry of vehicle and/or hardware devices for non-linear dynamic finite element applications. Some of these references give useful advice related to the correct way to build and/or check the model geometry. Most of the listed references are related to the use of the non-linear finite element program LSDYNA.

[1] John D. Reid, “Admissible modeling errors or modeling simplifications?,” In Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 29, Issue 1, 15 May 1998, Pages 49-63.

[2] L. Schwer, "Verification and Validation: their role in virtual testing". Proceedings of the 5th LS-DYNA Forum, DYNAmore GmbH, Ulm, 2006.

[3] K. Mendis, A. Mani and S. C..Shyu, “Finite Element Crash Models of Motor Vehicles. Final Report” EASI Engineering; Federal Highway Administration, 1995.

[4] J. W. Wekezer, “Finite Element Modeling of Motor Vehicles. Protocol For Developing Ingrid Data Input Decks for Dyna3d Computer Code,” FINAL REPORT. Federal Highway Administration, 1995.

[5] S. Varadappa, S. C. Shyo and A. Mani, “Development of a Passenger Vehicle Finite Element Model,” Report DOT-HS-808-145. NHTSA, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1993.

[6] L. Kwasniewski, H. Li, R. Nimbalkar and J. Wekezer, “Crashworthiness assessment of a paratransit bus,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 32, Issue 5, May 2006, Pages 883-888.

[7] G. Thacker, S. W. Reagan, J. A. Pellettiere, W. D. Pilkey, J. R. Crandall and E. M. Sieveka, “Experiences during development of a dynamic crash response automobile model, Finite ESlements,” Analysis and Design, Volume 30, Issue 4, 15 October 1998, Pages 279-295.

[8] Z. Q. Cheng, J. G. Thacker, W. D. Pilkey, W. T. Hollowell, S. W. Reagan and E. M. Sieveka, “Experiences in reverse-engineering of a finite element automobile crash model,“ Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 37, Issue 11, October 2001, Pages 843-860.

[9] S. W. Kirkpatrick, J. W. Simons, and T. H. Antoun, "Development and Validation of High Fidelity Vehicle Crash Simulation Models," In Proceedings of IJCrash'98, International Crashworthiness Conference, 1998.

[10] V. Gupta, T. J. Gunasekar, A. Rao, J. Kamarajan and S. Summers, “Reverse Engineering Method For Developing Passenger Vehicle Finite Element Models,” Society of Automotive Engineers, 1999.

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[11] M. H. Ray and J. R. Viner, “Importance of Vehicle Structure and Geometry on the Performance of Roadside Hardware Safety Features,“ Vehicle Highway Infrastructure: Safety Compatibility”, Report P-194, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, 1987.

[12] D. Schauer, F. Tokarz, G. Kay, A. Lee, R. Logan, E. Cofie and M. H. Ray, “Preliminary Vehicle impact Simulation Technology Advancement (Pre-VISTA), ” FHWA Report No. FHWA-RD-96-059, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1997.

[13] G. A. Aramayo, A. Bobrek, "Development of a Finite Element Model of a 1998 Audi A8 for Crash Analysis," Computer Science and Mathematics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory, September 2001.

[14] M. H. Ray, “The Use of Finite Element Anlaysis in Roadside Hardware Design,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 2, No. 4, Woodhead Publishing, London, UK, 1997.

[15] E. C. Chirwa, “Structural crashworthiness simulation of a rear-end collision of a small European car,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, (1996) Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 21-34.

[16] A. K. Zaouk, N. E. Bedewi, C. D. Kan and D. Marzouigui, “Development and Evaluation of a C-1500 Pickup Truck for Roadside Hardware Impact Simulation, " In FHWA Vehicle Crash Analysis, Report No. FHWA-RD-96-212, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1997.

[17] P. Tiso, “An Improved Suspension Model for the Reduced Model of the Chevrolet C2500 Pickup Truck,” Master’s Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 2001.

[18] P. Tiso, C. A. Plaxico and M. H. Ray, "An Improved Truck Model for Roadside Safety Simulations: Part II -- Suspension Modeling," Transportation Research Record No. 1797, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2002.

[19] F. Orengo, C.A. Plaxico and M. H. Ray, "Modeling Tire Blow-out in Roadside Hardware Simulations Using LS-DYNA," Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Reston, VA, 2003.

[20] C. R. Miele, C. A. Plaxico, J. C. Kennedy, S. Simunovic and N. Zis, “Heavy Vehicle Infrastucture Asset Interaction and Collision,” Cooperative Agreement No. DTFH61-03-X-00030, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., September 2005.

[21] R. I. Basu, K. J Kirkhope and J. Srinivasan, "Guidelines for Evaluation of Ship Structural Finite Element Analysis," Ship Structures Committee, U. S. Coast Guard, Report No. SSC-387, December 1995.

[22] A. E. Stockwell, “A Verification Procedure for MSC/NASTRAN Finite Element Models,” NASA CR-4675, June 1995.

[23] K Schweizerhof, L. Nilsson and J. O. Hallquist, "Crashworthiness Analysis in the Automotive Industry," International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology. Vol. 5, no. 2-4, pp. 134-156. 1992.

[24] Chang-Ro Lee, Jeong-Won Kim, John O. Hallquist, Yuan Zhang and Akbar D. Farahani, "Validation of a FEA Tire Model for Vehicle Dynamic Analysis and Full Vehicle Real Time Proving Ground Simulations," SAE Technical Papers, Paper Number 971100.

[25] B. G. Kao and M. Muthukrishnan, “Tire transient analysis with an explicit finite element program,” Tire Science and Technology, Volume 25, Issue 4, pp. 230-244 (October 1997).

[26] Niele Stander, "Shape optimization for head and knee impact featuring adaptative mesh topology and a discrete variable," In Proceeedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[27] K. Engstrand, M. Jansson, L. Nilsson, "On vehicle impact on roadside barrier," In Proceeedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[28] Ford Crown Victoria Crash Simulation (http://www.arasvo.com/crown_victoria/crown_vic.htm)

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http://www.arasvo.com/crown_victoria/crown_vic.htm

[29] Methodology for Validation and Documentation of Vehicle Finite Element Crash ModelS for Roadside Hardware Applications, (http://www-cms.ornl.gov/downloads/pub/FHWA/F800WebPage/description/description.html )

[30] National Crashworthiness Analysis Center model archive, 2003. (http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/archives/model.index.html)

[31] LS-DYNA Examples from various training classes (http://www.dynaexamples.com/)

[32] Ls-Dyna Examples from CADFEM (http://www.lsdyna-portal.com/Demo_Example_Decks.703.0.html)

[33] Ls-Dyna tips & tricks from CAD-FEM (http://www.lsdyna-portal.de/Tips_Tricks.2451.0.html)

[34] LSDYNA users newsgroup (Yahoo group) (http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/LS-DYNA )

Element typeReferences listed in this section describe common practices for choosing appropriate element types to model different features of finite element models of structures involved in crash events. Most of the listed references are related to the use of the non-linear finite element program LSDYNA.

[1] T. Belytschko, J. Lin and C. S. Tsai, “Explicit algorithms for nonlinear dynamics of shells,” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 42 (1984), pp. 225–251.[2] M. Timmel, S. Kolling, P. Osterrieder and P. A. Du Bois, “A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 8, August 2007, Pages 1465-1478.[3] P. A. Du Bois, S. Kolling and W. Fassnacht, “Modelling of safety glass for crash simulation,” Computational Materials Science, Volume 28, Issues 3-4, Twelfth International Workshop on Computational Mechanics of Materials, November 2003, Pages 675-683.[4] P. A. Du Bois, “Crashworthiness engineering course notes,” Livermore Software Technology Corporation (2004).[5] A. Haufe, G. Pietsch, M. Feucht, S. Kolling "FE modeling of spotweld and adhesive joining for crashworthiness analysis," in Proceeedings of the 6th European ls-dyna User's Conference, Gotheburg, Sweden, 2006.[6] Haufe A., P.a. Du Bois, S. Kolling, M. Feucht, "On the development, verification and validation of a semi-analytical model for polymers subjected to dynamic loading," International Conference on Adaptive Modeling and Simulation, ADMOS, Barcellona, 205, Conference Proceedings.[7] M. Feucht, T. Frank, S. Kolling, F. Seeger, W.Pan, "Adhesive bonding - modeling techniques for crash applications," in 4th International Workshop for Material and Structural Behavior at Crash Processes (2006) - crashMAT, Freiburg, Germany, Conference Proceedings.[8] M. Feucht, "Regularized Damage Modeling for Failure Prediction of Automotive Components under Crash Loading," in Proceedings of 5th International Conference of Computation of Shells and Spatial Structures, Salzsburg, Austria.[9] P. A. Du Bois, S. Kolling, M. Freucht, A. Haufe, "A Comparative Review of Damage and Failure Models and a Tabulated Generalization," in Proceeedings of the 6th European ls-dyna User's Conference, Gotheburg, Sweden, 2006.[10] M. Skye, E. Nutwell, "Spotweld Failure Prediction Using Solid Element Assemblies," in Proceeedings of the 6th European ls-dyna User's Conference, Gotheburg, Sweden, 2006.[11] R. H. MacNeal, R. L. Harder, “A proposed standard set of problems to test Finite element accuracy,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 1 (1) (1985) 3}20.

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http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/LS-DYNA

http://www.lsdyna-portal.de/Tips_Tricks.2451.0.html

http://www.lsdyna-portal.com/Demo_Example_Decks.703.0.html

http://www.dynaexamples.com/

http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/archives/model.index.html

http://www-cms.ornl.gov/downloads/pub/FHWA/F800WebPage/description/description.html


[12] A. Tabiei and R. Tanov, “A nonlinear higher order shear deformation shell element for dynamic explicit analysis: Part II. Performance validation through standard tests,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 36, Issue 1, August 2000, Pages 39-50.[13] Shen Rong Wu, "Convergence Study On Explicit Finite Element for Crashworthiness Analysis," in Proceedings of SAE 2006 World Congress and Exibition, April 2006, Detroit, MI, USA. Session: Structural crashworthiness (Part 2 of 2). 2006-01-0672.[14] K. Mendis, A. Mani and S. C..Shyu, “Finite Element Crash Models of Motor Vehicles,” Final Report EASI Engineering; Federal Highway Administration, 1995.[15] J. W. Wekezer, “Finite Element Modeling of Motor Vehicles. Protocol For Developing Ingrid Data Input Decks for Dyna3d Computer Code,” Final Report. Federal Highway Administration, 1995.[16] S. Varadappa, S. C. Shyo and A. Mani, “Development of a Passenger Vehicle Finite Element Model,” Report DOT-HS-808-145. NHTSA, Washington, D.C., Nov. 1993.[17] F. Seeger, M. Feucht, Th. Frank, B. Keding, A. Haufe, "An Investigation on SpotWeld Modelling for Crash Simulation with LS-DYNA," in Proceedings of the 4th German LS-DYNA Forum , Bamberg, 2005.[18] D. Chapelle and K. J. Bathe, “Fundamental considerations for the finite element analysis of shell structures,” Computers & Structures, Volume 66, Issue 1, January 1998, Pages 19-36.[19] L. Kwasniewski, H. Li, R. Nimbalkar and J. Wekezer, “Crashworthiness assessment of a paratransit bus,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 32, Issue 5, May 2006, Pages 883-888.[20] G. Thacker, S. W. Reagan, J. A. Pellettiere, W. D. Pilkey, J. R. Crandall and E. M. Sieveka, “Experiences during development of a dynamic crash response automobile model,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 30, Issue 4, 15 October 1998, Pages 279-295.[21] Z. Q. Cheng, J. G. Thacker, W. D. Pilkey, W. T. Hollowell, S. W. Reagan and E. M. Sieveka, “Experiences in reverse-engineering of a finite element automobile crash model,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 37, Issue 11, October 2001, Pages 843-860.[22] S. W. Kirkpatrick, J. W. Simons and T. H. Antoun, "Development and Validation of High Fidelity Vehicle Crash Simulation Models," in Proceedings of IJCrash'98, International Crashworthiness Conference, 1998.[23] V. Gupta, T. J. Gunasekar, A. Rao, J. Kamarajan and S. Summers, “Reverse Engineering Method For Developing Passenger Vehicle Finite Element Models,” Society of Automotive Engineers, 1999.[24] D. Schauer, F. Tokarz, G. Kay, A. Lee, R. Logan, E. Cofie and M. H. Ray, “Preliminary Vehicle impact Simulation Technology Advancement (Pre-VISTA),”, FHWA Report No. FHWA-RD-96-059, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1997.[25] G. A. Aramayo, A. Bobrek, "Development of a Finite Element Model of a 1998 Audi A8 for Crash Analysis," Computer Science and Mathematics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory, September 2001.[26] M. H. Ray, “The Use of Finite Element Analysis in Roadside Hardware Design,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 2, No. 4, Woodhead Publishing, London, UK, 1997.[27] E.C. Chirwa, “Structural crashworthiness simulation of a rear-end collision of a small European car,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, (1996) Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 21-34.[28] B. F. Hendricks and J W. Wekezer, “finite-element modeling of G2 guardrail,”. Transportation Research Board, 1996.[29] A. K. Zaouk, N. E. Bedewi, C. D. Kan and D. Marzougui, “Development and Evaluation of a C-1500 Pickup Truck for Roadside Hardware Impact Simulation," in FHWA Vehicle Crash Analysis, Report No. FHWA-RD-96-212, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1997.

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[30] P. Tiso, “An Improved Suspension Model for the Reduced Model of the Chevrolet C2500 Pickup Truck,” Master’s Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 2001.[31] P. Tiso, C. A. Plaxico and M. H. Ray, "An Improved Truck Model for Roadside Safety Simulations: Part II -- Suspension Modeling," Transportation Research Record No. 1797, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2002.[32] F. Orengo, C.A. Plaxico and M. H. Ray, "Modeling Tire Blow-out in Roadside Hardware Simulations Using LS-DYNA," in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Reston, VA, 2003.[33] C. R. Miele, C. A. Plaxico, J. C. Kennedy, S. Simunovic and N. Zis, “Heavy Vehicle Infrastucture Asset Interaction and Collision,” Cooperative Agreement No. DTFH61-03-X-00030, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., September 2005.[34] R. I. Basu, K. J Kirkhope and J. Srinivasan, "Guidelines for Evaluation of Ship Structural Finite Element Analysis," Ship Structures Committee, U. S. Coast Guard, Report No. SSC-387, December 1995.[35] A. E. Stockwell, “A Verification Procedure for MSC/NASTRAN Finite Element Models,” NASA CR-4675, June 1995.[36] K Schweizerhof, L. Nilsson and J. O. Hallquist, "Crashworthiness Analysis in the Automotive Industry," International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology. Vol. 5, no. 2-4, pp. 134-156. 1992.[37] Chang-Ro Lee, Jeong-Won Kim, John O. Hallquist, Yuan Zhang and Akbar D. Farahani, "Validation of a FEA Tire Model for Vehicle Dynamic Analysis and Full Vehicle Real Time Proving Ground Simulations," SAE Technical Papers, Paper Number 971100.[38] B. G. Kao and M. Muthukrishnan, “Tire transient analysis with an explicit finite element program,” Tire Science and Technology, Volume 25, Issue 4, pp. 230-244 (October 1997).[39] K. Engstrand, M. Jansson, L. Nilsson, "On vehicle impact on roadside barrier," In Proceeedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.[40] K. Schweizerhof, "Improved spotweld simulation with LS-DYNA-Numerical simulation and comparison to experiments," in Proceeedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.[41] A. Tabiei, "New shell element for analysis of sandwich structures and crashworthiness of composite materials," in Proceeedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.[42] Ford Crown Victoria Crash Simulation (http://www.arasvo.com/crown_victoria/crown_vic.htm)[43] Methodology for Validation and Documentation of Vehicle Finite Element Crash ModelS for Roadside Hardware Applications (http://www-cms.ornl.gov/downloads/pub/FHWA/F800WebPage/description/description.html)[44] National Crashworthiness Analysis Center model archive, 2003. (http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/archives/model.index.html)[45] LS-DYNA Examples from various training classes (http://www.dynaexamples.com/)[46] Ls-Dyna Examples from CADFEM (http://www.lsdyna-portal.com/Demo_Example_Decks.703.0.html)[47] Ls-Dyna tips & tricks from CAD-FEM (http://www.lsdyna-portal.de/Tips_Tricks.2451.0.html)[48] K. Schweizerhof, "On current State of the Art Crashworthiness Analysis", 2001. (http://www.ifm.uni-karlsruhe.de/download/2001_KS_1.pdf).[49] Ls-Dyna users newsgroup (Yahoo group)(http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/LS-DYNA/)

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http://www.ifm.uni-karlsruhe.de/download/2001_KS_1.pdf






Mesh sizeReferences listed in this section describe common practices for setting an appropriate mesh size to model different features of finite element models of structures involved in crash events. Most of the listed references are related to the use of the non-linear finite element program LSDYNA.

[1] John D. Reid and Nicholas R. Hiser, “Detailed modeling of bolted joints with slippage,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 41, Issue 6, March 2005, Pages 547 – [?]

[2] John D. Reid, Robert W. Bielenberg and Brian A. Coon, “Indenting, buckling and piercing of aluminum beverage cans”, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 37, Issue 2, February 2001, Pages 131-144.

[3] P. A. Du Bois, “Crashworthiness engineering course notes,” Livermore Software Technology Corporation (2004).

[4] Shen Rong Wu, "Convergence Study On Explicit Finite Element for Crashworthiness Analysis," in Proceedings of SAE 2006 World Congress and Exibition, April 2006, Detroit, MI, USA. Session: Structural crashworthiness (Part 2 of 2). 2006-01-0672.

[5] S. G. Lee, J. I. Kwon and J. H. Chung, “Fluid Mesh Modeling on Surface Ship Shock Response Under Underwater Explosion,” Practical design of ships and other floating structures, Elsevier, 2001.




[9] M. Müller-Bechtel et al., “Element Sizes in implicit and explicit calculation,” in Proceedings of the 5th. LS-DYNA Forum, October 2006, Ulm, Germany.

[10] Udo Jankowski et al., “General considerations for the influence of mesh density in LS Dyna,” in Proceedings of the 5th European LS-Dyna Conference, May 2005, Birmingham, UK.

[11] K. J. Bathe, J. Walczak and H. Zhang, Some recent advances for practical finite element analysis,” Computers & Structures, Volume 47, Issues 4-5, 3 June 1993, Pages 511-521.

[12] L. Kwasniewski, H. Li, R. Nimbalkar and J. Wekezer, “Crashworthiness assessment of a paratransit bus,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 32, Issue 5, May 2006, Pages 883-888.

[13] G. Thacker, S. W. Reagan, J. A. Pellettiere, W. D. Pilkey, J. R. Crandall and E. M. Sieveka, “Experiences during development of a dynamic crash response automobile model Finite Elements,” Analysis and Design, Volume 30, Issue 4, 15 October 1998, Pages 279-295.



[16] N. E. Bedewi, C. D. Kan, S. Summers and C. Ragland, “Evaluation of Car-to-Car Frontal Offset Impact Finite Element Models Using Full-Scale Crash Data,” in Issues in Automotive Safety Technology, SAE Report SP-1072, Society of Automobile Engineers, 1995.

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[19] J. T. Fong, J. J. Filliben,R. DeWit, R. J. Fields, B. Bernstein and P. V. Marcal, "Uncertainty in Finite Element Modeling and Failure Analysis: A Metrology-Based Approach," Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, February 2006, Volume 128, Issue 1, pp. 140-147.


[21] Crisfield MA and Peng X., “Instabilities induced by coarse meshes for a nonlinear shell problem,” Engineering Computations 1996; 13:110 –114.

[22] M. H. Ray, “The Use of Finite Element Analysis in Roadside Hardware Design,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 2, No. 4, Woodhead Publishing, London, UK, 1997.

[23] N.E. Bedewi, T. Omar, and A. Eskandarian, “Effect of Mesh Density Variation in Vehicle Crashworthiness Finite Element Modeling”, Proceedings of ASME Winter Annual Meeting, DSC-Vol.54/DE-Vol.76, Transportation Systems Session, (1994), Chicago, IL, pp. 495-504.


[25] B. F. Hendricks and J W. Wekezer, “Finite-element modeling of G2 guardrail,” Transportation Research Board, 1996.

[26] M. H. Ray, E. Oldani and C. A. Plaxico, “Design and Analysis of an Aluminum F-Shape Bridge Railing,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 8, No. 6, London, UK, 2004.

[27] A. O. Atahan, "Finite Element Simulation of a Strong-Post W-Beam Guardrail System," SIMULATION, Volume 78, Number 10, 2002.

[28] M. H. Ray, C. A. Plaxico and K. E. Engstrand, “Performance of W-Beam Splices,” Transportation Research Record No. 1743, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2001.

[29] A. K. Zaouk, N. E. Bedewi, C. D. Kan and D. Marzougui, “Development and Evaluation of a C-1500 Pickup Truck for Roadside Hardware Impact Simulation," in FHWA Vehicle Crash Analysis, Report No. FHWA-RD-96-212, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1997.


[31] F. Orengo, C.A. Plaxico and M. H. Ray, "Modeling Tire Blow-out in Roadside Hardware Simulations Using LS-DYNA," in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Reston, VA, 2003.

[32] C. R. Miele, C. A. Plaxico, J. C. Kennedy, S. Simunovic and N. Zis, “Heavy Vehicle Infrastructure Asset Interaction and Collision,” Cooperative Agreement No. DTFH61-03-X-00030, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., September 2005.

[33] N. F. Knight, M. P. Nemeth and M.W. Hilburger, “Assessment of Technologies for the Space Shuttle External Tank Thermal Protection System and Recomendations for Technology Improvement - Part 2: Structural Analysis Technologies and Modeling Practices,” Report No. NASA/TM-2004-213256, Contract No. GS-00F-0067M,

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NASABPA L-71395D (Task Order 4), Advanced Information Systems, Chantilly, Virginia,2004.






[39] Niele Stander, "Shape optimization for head and knee impact featuring adaptative mesh topology and a discrete variable," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[40] K. Engstrand, M. Jansson, L. Nilsson, "On vehicle impact on roadside barrier," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[41] K. Schweizerhof, "Improved spotweld simulation with LS-DYNA-Numerical simulation and comparison to experiments," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[42] A. Tabiei, "New shell element for analysis of sandwich structures and crashworthiness of composite materials," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[43] Ratzel M., Du Bois P., Fredriksson L. A., Schneider D., “A study of mesh sensitivity for crash simulations - comparison of manually and batch meshed models,” in proceedings of the 4th LS-DYNA forum, Bamberg, Germany, 2005.

[44] Jankowski U., Müller M.B., Sans M., “Element Sizes in Crash Calculation, “in proceedings of the 4th LS-DYNA forum, Bamberg, Germany, 2005.


[46] Methodology for Validation and Documentation of Vehicle Finite Element Crash ModelS for Roadside Hardware Applications

(http://www-cms.ornl.gov/downloads/pub/FHWA/F800WebPage/description/description.html)[47] National Crashworthiness Analysis Center model archive, 2003.

(http://www.ncac.gwu.edu/archives/model.index.html)[48] LS-DYNA Examples from various training classes

(http://www.dynaexamples.com/)[49] Ls-Dyna Examples from CADFEM

(http://www.lsdyna-portal.com/Demo_Example_Decks.703.0.html)[50] Ls-Dyna tips & tricks from CAD-FEM

(http://www.lsdyna-portal.de/Tips_Tricks.2451.0.html)[51] K. Schweizerhof, "On current State of the Art Crashworthiness Analysis", 2001.

(http://www.ifm.uni-karlsruhe.de/download/2001_KS_1.pdf).[52] Ls-Dyna users newsgroup (Yahoo group)

(http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/LS-DYNA/)

Material properties

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References listed in this section describe common practices for setting appropriate material properties to model different aspects of finite element models of structures involved in crash events. Most of the listed references are related to the use of the non-linear finite element program LSDYNA.

[1] P. A. Du Bois, S. Kolling and W. Fassnacht, “Modelling of safety glass for crash simulation,” Computational Materials Science, Volume 28, Issues 3-4, Twelfth International Workshop on Computational Mechanics of Materials, November 2003, Pages 675-683.

[2] P.A. Du Bois, W. Fassnacht and S. Kolling, “Material modeling with LS-DYNA for crashworthiness analysis,” in proceedings of LS-DYNA Forum, Bad Mergentheim, Germany, September 2002, V2, 2002 pp. 1–55.

[3] S. Kolling, W. Fassnacht and P.A. Du Bois, “Numerical simulation of a windshield for crashworthiness,” in proceedings of LS-DYNA Forum, Bad Mergentheim, Germany, September 2002, V33, 2002, pp. 1–10.


[5] P. A. Du Bois, “Generation of Foam Material Input Data for LS-DYNA Law 83,” LSTC Course Notes.

[6] P. A. Du Bois, “A Simplified Approach to the Simulation of Rubber-Like Material under Dynamic Loading,” in proceedings of the 4th European LS-DYNA Users Conference, Ulm, Germany (2003).

[7] A. Matzenmiller, J. Lubliner and R. L. Taylor, “A Constitutive Model for Anisotropic Damage in Fiber- Composites,” Mechanics of Materials, 20 (1995).

[8] N. B. Nguyen, A. Haufe, B. Sonntag, S. Kolling, “ On the impact simulation of safety glass. Part I: Finite element models for tempered and laminated safety glass,” in proceedings of the third LS-DYNA forum, Bamberg, Germany, C-I-13/24, 2004.

[9] A. Haufe, P. A. Du Bois, S. Kolling and M. Feucht, "On the development, verification and validation of a semi-analytical model for polymers subjected to dynamic loading," International Conference on Adaptive Modeling and Simulation, ADMOS, Barcellona, 205,Conference Proceedings.

[10] M. Dietemberger, M. Buyuk and C.D. Kan, "Development of a high strain-rate dependent vehicle model," in Proceedings of the 4th ls-dyna Forum, Bamberg, 2005.

[11] Y. D. Murray, J. D. Reid, R. K. Faller, B. W. Bielenberg and T. J. Paulsen, “Evaluation of LS-DYNA Wood Material Model 143,” ARTEK, Incorporated; Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, Civil Engineering Department; Volpe National Transportation Systems Center; Federal Highway Administration, 2005.

[12] J. D. Reid, B. A. Coon, B. A. Lewis, S. H. Sutherland and Y. D. Murray, “Evaluation of Ls-Dyna Soil Material Model 147,” University of Nebraska, Lincoln; APTEK, Incorporated; Federal Highway Administration, 2004.

[13] M.G. Katona, “Verification of viscoplastic cap model,” J. Geotech. Engrg., 110 8 , 1106–1125, 1984.

[14] M. McVay, S. Wasman and P. Bullock, “Barge Impact Testing of St. George Causeway Bridge Geotechnical Investigation,” University of Florida, Gainesville; Florida Department of Transportation; Federal Highway Administration, 2005.

[15] B. A. Lewis, “Manual for Ls-Dyna Soil Material Model 147,” APTEK, Incorporated; Volpe National Transportation Systems Center; Federal Highway Administration, 2004.


10



[19] M. B. Shkonlikov, "Strain rates in Crashworthiness," in Proceedings of the 8th International LS-DYNA Conference, Dearborn (MI), USA 2004.

[20] R. Bielenberg, J. Reid, "Modeling crushable foam for the safer racetrack barrier," in Proceedings of the 8th International LS-DYNA Conference, Dearborn (MI), USA 2004.

[21] M. Timmel, S. Kolling, P. Osterrieder and P.A. Du Bois, A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass, International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 8, August 2007, Pages 1465-1478.

[22] P. F. Deslauriers, D. S. Cronin, "Numerical modeling of woven carbon composite failure," in Proceedings of the 8th International LS-DYNA Conference, Dearborn (MI), USA 2004.

[23] S. Magistrali and M. Perillo, "Calibration and experimental validation of ls-dyna composite material models by multi objective optimization techniques," in Proceedings of the 9th International LS-DYNA Conference, Dearborn (MI), USA 2006.

[24] H. Lobo, "Methodology for selection of materials models for plastic impact simulation," in Proceedings of the 6th European LS-DYNA Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2007.

[25] A. E. Wright and M. H. Ray, "Characterizing Roadside Hardware Materials for LS-DYNA3D Simulations," Federal Highway Administration, 1997.

[26] A. E. Wright and M. H. Ray, "Characterizing Guardrail Steel for LS-DYNA3D Simulations," Federal Highway Administration, 1996.


[28] G. Thacker, S. W. Reagan, J. A. Pellettiere, W. D. Pilkey, J. R. Crandall and E. M. Sieveka, “Experiences during development of a dynamic crash response automobile model Finite Elements,” Analysis and Design, Volume 30, Issue 4, 15 October 1998, Pages 279-295.




[32] A. Eskandarian, D. Marzougui and N. E. Bedewi, "Finite Element Model and Validation of a Surrogate Crash Test Vehicle for Impacts with Roadside Objects," International Journal of Crashworthiness, 1997.


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[36] B. F. Hendricks and J W. Wekezer, “Finite-element modeling of G2 guardrail,” Transportation Research Board, 1996.

[37] M. H. Ray, C. A. Plaxico, K. E. Engstrand and R. G. McGinnis, “Improvements to the Weak-Post W-Beam Guardrail,” Transportation Research Record No. 1743, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2001.

[38] A. E. Wright and M. H. Ray, “Characterizing Guardrail Steels for LS-DYNA Simulations,” Transportation Research Record No. 1528, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1996.

[39] A. K. Zaouk, N. E. Bedewi, C. D. Kan and D. Marzouigui, “Development and Evaluation of a C-1500 Pickup Truck for Roadside Hardware Impact Simulation," in FHWA Vehicle Crash Analysis, Report No. FHWA-RD-96-212, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1997.





[44] N. F. Knight, M. P. Nemeth and M.W. Hilburger, “Assessment of Technologies for the Space Shuttle External Tank Thermal Protection System and Recomendations for Technology Improvement - Part 2: Structural Analysis Technologies and Modeling Practices,” Report No. NASA/TM-2004-213256, Contract No. GS-00F-0067M, NASABPA L-71395D (Task Order 4), Advanced Information Systems, Chantilly, Virginia, 2004.


[46] A. Hirth., “A Material Model for Transversely Anisotropic Crushable Foams in LSDYNA,” in Proceedings of the Seventh International LS-DYNA Users Conference,2002, pp. 16-23 to 16-34.

[47] E. Serifi, A. Hirth, S. Matthaei and H. Mullerschon, “Modeling of Foams using MAT83 – Preparation and Evaluation of Experimental Data,” in Proceedings of the Fourth European LS-DYNA Users Conference, 2003, pp. D-II-59 to D-II-71.



12


[51] S. Babushankar, "Characterization and Component Level Correlation of Energy Absorbing (Ea) Polyurethane Foams (Pu) Using Ls-Dyna Material Models," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[52] K. Radtke, "The development of an improved material model for aluminium Honeycomb barriers," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[53] A. Tabiei, "Computationally efficient micromechanical woven fabric composite material model for crash and impact simulation," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[54] P. Claudio, "Aspects of seat belt material simulation,", in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[55] Eric Buzeaud, "Application of LS-DYNA for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures under dynamic loadings," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[56] Tore Borvik, "Finite element analysis of ductile failure in structural steel subjected to multiaxial stress states and high strain rates," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[57] K. Schweizerhof., K. Weimar and T. Rottner, “Crashworthiness Analysis with Enhanced Composite Material Models in LSDYNA: Merits and Limits,” in Proceeding of Fifth LSDYNA International User Conference, Livermore Software Technology Corp., Livermore, CA, Sept. 1998.

[58] Sun D.-Z., Andrieux F., Ockewitz A., Klamser H. and Hogenmüller J. “Modelling of the failure behaviour of windscreens and component tests,” in Proceedings of the 4th Ls-Dyna Forum, Bamberg, 2005.

[59] L. E. Schwer and L. J. Malvar, “Simplified Concrete Modeling with Mat_Concret_Damage_Rel3,” in Proceedings of the 4th Ls-Dyna Forum, Bamberg, 2005.


[61] Methodology for Validation and Documentation of Vehicle Finite Element Crash ModelS for Roadside Hardware Applications

(http://www-cms.ornl.gov/downloads/pub/FHWA/F800WebPage/description/description.html)





[66] K. Schweizerhof, "On current State of the Art Crashworthiness Analysis", 2001. (http://www.ifm.uni-karlsruhe.de/download/2001_KS_1.pdf).

[67] Ls-Dyna users newsgroup (Yahoo group)(http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/LS-DYNA/)

Contact interfacesReferences listed in this section describe common practices to define contact types and set the corresponding contact parameters when modeling contact interfaces for a finite element model to be

13







used to simulate impact events. Most of the listed references are related to the use of the non-linear finite element program LSDYNA.

[1] John D. Reid and Nicholas R. Hiser, “Detailed modeling of bolted joints with slippage,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 41, Issue 6, March 2005, Pages 547-…

[2] J.D. Reid, D.L. Sicking and G.W. Paulsen, “Design and analysis of approach terminal sections using simulation,” ASCE J. Trans. Eng., 122 5 (1996), pp. 399–405.


[4] J. O. Hallquist, G. L. Goudreau and D. J. Benson, “Sliding interfaces with contact-impact in large-scale Lagrangian computations,” Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Volume 51, Issues 1-3, September 1985, Pages 107-137.

[5] M. Timmel, S. Kolling, P. Osterrieder and P. A. Du Bois, “A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 8, August 2007, Pages 1465-1478.


[7] Haufe A., P.a. Du Bois, S. Kolling, M. Feucht, "On the development, verification and validation of a semi-analytical model for polymers subjected to dynamic loading," International Conference on Adaptive Modeling and Simulation, ADMOS, Barcellona, 205, Conference Proceedings.

[8] M. Feucht, T. Frank, S. Kolling, F. Seeger, W.Pan, "Adhesive bonding - modeling techniques for crash applications," in 4th International Workshop for Material and Structural Behavior at Crash Processes (2006) - crashMAT, Freiburg, Germany, Conference Proceedings.

[9] A. O. Atahan and O. F. Cansiz, “Impact analysis of a vertical flared back bridge rail-to-guardrail transition structure using simulation,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 41, Issue 4, January 2005, Pages 371-396.

[10] A. Elmarakbi, K. Sennah, M. Samaan and P. Siriya, “Crashworthiness of Motor Vehicle and Traffic Light Pole in Frontal Collisions,” American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006.

[11] K. Mendis, A. Mani and S. C..Shyu, “Finite Element Crash Models of Motor Vehicles,” Final Report EASI Engineering; Federal Highway Administration, 1995.

[12] J. W. Wekezer, “Finite Element Modeling of Motor Vehicles. Protocol For Developing Ingrid Data Input Decks for Dyna3d Computer Code,” Final Report. Federal Highway Administration, 1995.



[15] G. Thacker, S. W. Reagan, J. A. Pellettiere, W. D. Pilkey, J. R. Crandall and E. M. Sieveka, “Experiences during development of a dynamic crash response automobile model, Finite Elements,” Analysis and Design, Volume 30, Issue 4, 15 October 1998, Pages 279-295.



14


[19] R.G. Whirley and B. Englemenn, “Automatic Contact in DYNA3D for Crashworthiness and impact problems,” J. of Nuclear Engineering and Design, Elsevier Science, (1994), pp. 225-233.

[20] R.G. Whirley, and B. Englemenn, “Automatic Contact in DYNA3D for Vehicle Crashworthiness,” Crashworthiness and Occupant Protection in Transportation Systems, AMD-Vol. 169/BED-Vol. 25, ASME, (1993), pp. 15-29.


[22] B. F. Hendricks and J W. Wekezer, “finite-element modeling of G2 guardrail,” Transportation Research Board, 1996.



[25] A. K. Zaouk, N. E. Bedewi, C. D. Kan and D. Marzouigui, “Development and Evaluation of a C-1500 Pickup Truck for Roadside Hardware Impact Simulation," in FHWA Vehicle Crash Analysis, Report No. FHWA-RD-96-212, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1997.



[28] N. F. Knight, M. P. Nemeth and M.W. Hilburger, “Assessment of Technologies for the Space Shuttle External Tank Thermal Protection System and Recomendations for Technology Improvement - Part 2: Structural Analysis Technologies and Modeling Practices,” Report No. NASA/TM-2004-213256, Contract No. GS-00F-0067M, NASABPA L-71395D (Task Order 4), Advanced Information Systems, Chantilly, Virginia,2004.





[33] Methodology for Validation and Documentation of Vehicle Finite Element Crash ModelS for Roadside Hardware Applications (http://www-cms.ornl.gov/downloads/pub/FHWA/F800WebPage/description/description.html)


15






16





Energy balanceReferences listed in this section describe common methods and procedures for checking the energy balance during the simulation of a crash event. Most of the listed references are related to the use of the non-linear finite element program LSDYNA.

[1] John D. Reid, Robert W. Bielenberg and Brian A. Coon, “Indenting, buckling and piercing of aluminum beverage cans”, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 37, Issue 2, February 2001, Pages 131-144.













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Shooting nodes and tangled meshesReferences listed in this section describe common practices for avoiding contact instabilities (i.e., shooting nodes and tangled meshes) when modeling crash events with finite element codes. Most of the listed references are related to the use of the non-linear finite element program LSDYNA.

[1] J.D. Reid, D.L. Sicking and G.W. Paulsen, “Design and analysis of approach terminal sections using simulation,” ASCE J. Trans. Eng., 122 5 (1996), pp. 399–405.








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ValidationValidation parameters and metricsReferences listed in this section describe some metrics and methods used to compare finite element simulations to physical tests. Although some of these references relate to the validation of generic numerical or mathematical models, most of them are related to the validation of finite element models.

[1] T. L. Geers, “An objective error measure for the comparison of calculated and measured transient response histories,” The Shock and Vibration Bulletin Part 2 – Ship Shock, shock and Blast and Ground Shock, The shock and vibration center at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., June 1984.

[2] S. Basu, A. Haghighi, “Numerical analysis of roadside design (NARD) vol. III: validation procedure manual,” Report No. FHWA-RD-88-213, Federal Highway Administration, Virginia, 1988.

[3] Texas Transportation Institute (TTI), “Test risk assessment program (TRAP) version 1.01 user’s manual,” Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, Texas, 1998.

[4] H. E. Ross Jr., D.L. Sicking, R.A. Zimmer, J.D. Michie, “Recommended procedures for the safety performance evaluation of highway features,“ NCHRP Report 350, National Research Council,Washington, DC, 1993.

[5] M. J. Bayarri, J.O. Berger, M.C. Kennedy, A. Kottas, R. Paulo, J. Sacks, J.A. Cafeo, C.H. Lin, J. Tu, "Bayesian Validation of a Computer Model for Vehicle Crashworthines," July 23, 2005.

[6] M. J. Bayarri, J. O. Berger, D. Higdon, M. C. Kennedy, A. Kottas, R. Paulo, J. Sacks, J. A. Cafeo, J. Cavendish and C. H. Lin, J. Tu, "A Framework for Validation of Computer Models,".

[7] M. H. Ray, “Repeatability of Full-Scale Crash Tests and a Criterion for Validating Simulation Results,” Transportation Research Record 1528, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC 1996.

[8] P. J. Roache, “Verification and Validation in Computational Science and Engineering,” Hermosa Publishers, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1998.

[9] P. J. Roache and J. Patrick, “Verification of Codes and Calculations,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 5, May 1998.

[10] L. Meczkowski and S. Kan, "Validation Procedure of Finite element Models Used for Simulation in Crash Impact Applications," Transportation Research Record, Transportation Research Board, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1998.

[11] J. T. Fong, J. J. Filliben, R. DeWit, R. J. Fields, B. Bernstein and P. V. Marcal, "Uncertainty in Finite Element Modeling and Failure Analysis: A Metrology-Based Approach," Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, February 2006, Volume 128, Issue 1, pp. 140-147.

[12] D. S. Riha, B. H. Thacker, D. A. Hall, T. R. Auel, S. D. Pritchard, “Capabilities and applications of probabilistic methods in finite element analysis,” in Proceedings of the Fifth ISSAT International Conference on Reliability and Quality in Design, Las Vegas, NV, 1999.

[13] D. G. Robinson, “A survey of probabilistic methods used in reliability, risk and uncertainty analysis: analytical techniques,” Report Number I. SAND98-1189. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 1998.

[14] A. A. Thole, M. Liguan, “Reasons for scatter in crash simulation results,” in Proceedings of the 4th European LS-DYNA Conference, Ulm, Germany, 2003.

[15] W. Roux, N. Stander, F. Günther, H. Müllerschön, "Stochastic analysis of highly non-linear structures," International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, Volume 65, Issue 8, Pages 1221 - 1242.

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[16] A. R. Bonivtch, W. L. Francis, D. E. Moravits, G. R. Paskoff, B. S. Shender, C. R. Bass, S. R. Lucas, F. A. Pintar, N. Yoganandan, M. H. Koebbe, B. H. Thacker, and D. P. Nicolella, "Development, Verification, and Validation of a Parametric Cervical Spine Injury Prediction Model," Injury Biomechanics Research Proceedings of the Thirty-Third International Workshop.


[18] D. Higdon, M. Kennedy, J. Cavendish, J. Cafeo, R. D. Ryne, "Combining Field Data and Computer Simulations for Calibration and Prediction," Report LA-UR-03-2743, Sandia National Laboratory, 2003.

[19] Ramesh Rebba, Shuping Huang, Yongming Liu and Sankaran Mahadevan, "Statistical validation of simulation models," Int. J. Materials and Product Technology, Vol. 25, Nos. 1/2/3, 2006.

[20] Ramesh Rebba, Sankaran Mahadevan and Shuping Huang, “Validation and error estimation of computational models,” Reliability Engineering & System Safety, Volume 91, Issues 10-11, The Fourth International Conference on Sensitivity Analysis of Model Output (SAMO 2004) - SAMO 2004, October-November 2006, Pages 1390-1397.

[21] A. Singhal and D. E. Seborg, “Matching patterns from historical data using PCA and distance similarity factors,” in Proceedings of the American Control Conference, Arlington, VA, 2001.

[22] Defense Modeling and Simulation Office, “Verification, validation, and accreditation (VV&A) recommended practices guide,” Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering, www.dmso.mil/docslib, Alexandria, VA, April, 1996.

[23] S. E. Gaultney, “Statistical Validation of Engineering and Scientific Models: An Application Based Metric Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimations,” M. S. Thesis, Mechanical Engineering, New Mexico State University, 2001.

[24] R. G. Hills and T. G. Trucano, “Statistical Validation of Engineering and Scientific Models: Background,” Sandia National Laboratories, SAND99-1256, 1999.

[25] R. G Hills and T. G. Trucano, “Statistical Validation of Engineering and Scientific Models with Application to CTH,” Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2001- 0312, 2001.

[26] R. G Hills and T. G. Trucano, “Statistical Validation of Engineering and Scientific Models: A Maximum Likelihood Based Metric,” Sandia National Laboratories, SAND2001-1783, 2002.

[27] R. G. Hills, and I. H. Leslie, "Statistical Validation of Engineering and Scientific Models: Validation Experiments to Application," Report No. SAND2003-0706, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 2003.

[28] J. L. Devore, "Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences," Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Monterey, CA, 1982.

[29] Ralf REUTER, "APPLICATION OF STOCHASTIC SIMULATION IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[30] J. D. Reid, “A new breakaway mailbox designed using nonlinear finite element analysis,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 32, Issue 1, 15 March 1999, Pages 37-49.

[31] M. Timmel, S. Kolling, P. Osterrieder and P.A. Du Bois, “A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 8, August 2007, Pages 1465-1478.

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[33] L. Schwer, "Verification and Validation: their role in virtual testing," in Proceedings of the 5th LS-DYNA Forum, DYNAmore GmbH, Ulm, 2006.

[34] A. Tabiei, “EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE USE OF FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR ROAD SIDE SAFETY APPLICATIONS,” Federal Highway Administration, 1997.

[35] M. Anghileri, “Numerical Evaluation of Severity Indices for Finite Element Analysis,” Transportation Research Board, 2006.

[36] K. Elitok, M.A. Guler, B. Bayram, U. Stelzmann, "An Investigation on the Roll-Over Crashworthiness of an Intercity Coach," in the Proceedings of the 9th International LS-DYNA Users Conference, Dearborn (MI), USA, 2006.


[38] A. Zaouk, N.E. Bedewi, C.D. Kan and D. Marzougui, “Validation of a non-linear finite element vehicle model using multiple impact data,” in Proceedings of the 1996ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Atlanta, GA, 1996, pp. 91–106.

[39] A. Deb, U. Biswas, J. Ruan and N.K. Gupta, “Evaluation of Safety of Helmets Using a Featureless Hybrid III Headform,” International Journal of Vehicle Safety, 2006 - Vol. 1, No.4 pp. 330 – 347.

[40] K. Solanki and D. L. Oglesby, C. L. Burton, H. Fang and M. F. Horstemeyer, “CRASHWORTHINESS SIMULATIONS COMPARING PAM-CRASH AND LS-DYNA,” in: CAE methods for vehicle crashworthiness and occupant safety, and safety-critical systems. Society of automotive engineers, NUMB 1870, pages 11-20, 2004.

[41] T. R. Gentry and L. C. Bank, ”FINITE-ELEMENT MODELING AND MODEL VERIFICATION OF STEEL W-BEAM GUARDRAILS SUBJECT TO PENDULUM IMPACT LOADING,” Transportation Research Board, 1998.

[42] P. Mohanand, D. Marzougui and C. D. S. Kan, ”Validation of a Single Unit Truck Model for Roadside Hardware Impact,” International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing - Vol. 2, No.1 pp. 1 - 15, 2007.

[43] A. Deb, A. Naravane and E.C. Chirwa, “An Offset Rigid Barrier-Based Test: Equivalence to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Frontal Offset Impact Safety Test,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, VOL 11; NUMB 4, pages 281-290,. Woodhead Publishing, Limited, 2006.

[44] F. Meyer, N. Bourdet, C. Deck, R. Willinger and J. S. Raul, “HUMAN NECK FINITE ELEMENT MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION AGAINST ORIGINAL EXPERIMENTAL DATA,” Society of Automotive Engineers, 2004.

[45] S. Gerhard, V. Gavin and C. Virenda, "Model Material Validation of a High Efficiency Energy Absorbing Foam," in Proceedings of the 5th German LS-DYNA Forum , Ulm, 2006.

[46] B. Walker, I. Bruce, P. Tattersall, M. Asadi, "A new Generation of Crash Barrier Models for LS-DYNA," in Proceedings of the 5th German LS-DYNA Forum , Ulm, 2006.

[47] F. Seeger, M. Feucht, Th. Frank, B. Keding, A. Haufe, "An Investigation on SpotWeld Modelling for Crash Simulation with LS-DYNA," in Proceedings of the 4th German LS-DYNA Forum , Bamberg, 2005.

[48] M. H. Ray and K. Hiranmayeee, "Quantitative Evaluation of the Fidelity of Public-Domain Vehicle Models for Roadside Hardware Research," Transportation Research Record, Transportation Research Board, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1998.

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[49] J. F. Chedmail et al, “Numerical Techniques, Experimental Validation and Industrial Applications of Structural Impact and Crashworthiness Analysis with Supercomputers for the Automotive Industry,” International Conference on Supercomputing, Zurich, Switzerland, 1986.



[52] M. H. Ray and J. F. Carney, “Side Impact Crash Testing of Roadside Structures,” Final Report, Vanderbilt Engineering Center for Transportation; Federal Highway Administration, 1993.

[53] A. E. Anderson , C. L. Peters, J. Ellis and S. J. Balling, "Validation of Bone Strains and Cartilage Contact Stress in a 3-D Finite Element Model Of the Human Hip," in Proceedings of 2005 Summer Bioengineering Conference, June 22-26, Vail Cascade Resort & Spa, Vail, Colorado, USA.

[54] A. Tabiei and J. Wu, “Validated crash simulation of the most common guardrail system in the USA,” International Journal of. Crashworthiness, Vol. 5 Issue 2, 2000.

[55] M. H. Ray and C. Silvestri, "Development of a Finite Element Model of the Knee-Thigh-Hip of a 50th Percentile Male Including Ligaments and Muscles," Stapp CarCrash Journal, Vol. 50, The Stapp Association, Ann Arbor, MI, November, 2006 (in review).

[56] Luca Valle, "A Reconstruction Procedure for Non-Continously Fractured Tibia: Numerical and Experimental Evaluation," Master degree Thesis. Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy, 2004.


[58] A. G. Hansen, M. W. Hargrave and C. R. Hott, “Validation of a Surrogate Vehicle for Luminaire Support Certification Testing,”. Transportation Research Board, 1989.

[59] C. A. Plaxico and M. H. Ray, “Comparison of the Impact Performance of the G4(1W) and G4(2W) Guardrail Systems Under NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 Conditions,” Transportation Research Record o. 1720, Transportation Research Board, Washington,D.C., 2000.

[60] M. H. Ray, K. Hiranmayee and S. W. Kirkpatrick, "Performance validation of two finite element models of a side impact dummy," International Journal of Crashworthiness, volume 4, issue 3, cover date 1999, page(s) 287-304.

[61] R. W. Logan, C. K. Nitta, and S. K. Chidester, "Verification & Validation: Process and Levels Leading to Qualitative or Quantitative Validation Statements," SAE Report 2004-01-1752, Society of Automobile Engineers, 2004.

[62] R.W. Logan and C.K. Nitta, "Verification & Validation: Goals, Methods, Levels and Metrics," UCRL-PRES-153252, presented at SCSC-03, Montreal, July 2003.

[63] N. Hodge and G. J. Kay, “Verification of FEA Codes Using a Strain Rate Dependant Material Model,” CODTU-2003-1884.

[64] R.W. Logan and C.K. Nitta, "Verification & Validation (V&V) Methodology and Quantitative Reliability at Confidence (QRC): Basis for an Investment Strategy", LLNL UCRL-ID-150874, 8 Nov 2002.

[65] S. Vonderheide, "Analysis of Casting Processes and Verification of Modeling Techniques Using Computational and Analytical Tools," CODTU-2001-0869, 2001.

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[66] Oberkampf and Trucano, “Verification and Validation in computational fluid dynamics,” Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Volume 38, Number 3, April 2002, pp. 209-272(64).

[67] L. E. Schwer, "Validation metrics for response histories: perspectives and case studies," Engineering with Computers, Special issue in Verification and Validation, 2007.

[68] L. E. Schwer and W. L. Oberkampf, “Editorial of Special issue on Verification and Validation,” Engineering with Computers, Special issue in Verification and Validation, 2007.

[69] L. E. Schwer, "An overview of the PTC 60/V&V 10: guide for verification and validation in computational solid mechanics," Engineering with Computers, Special issue in Verification and Validation, 2007.

[70] C. P. Knowles and C. W Gear, “Revised validation metric,” Unpublished manuscript, 16 June 2004 (revised July 2004).

[71] J. Van Hoof, R. Puppini., H. Baldauf, C. Oakley and K. Kayvantash, "Adviser: A Software Tool for Evaluation and Rating of Numerical Models in Crash Safety Analyses," ESV Conference 2003, Paper Number 483.

[72] U. Jankowski, “Validation of a Head Form Model,” in Proceedings of the 3th. LS-DYNA Forum, September 2002, Bad Mergentheim, Germany.

[73] M. O Sean and J. W. Wekezer, “Crash Impact Analysis of The G2 Guardrail: A Validation Study,” Transportation Research Board, 1998.

[74] W. L. Oberkampf and M. F. Barone, “Measures of agreement between computation and experiment: validation metrics,” Journal of Computational Physics, 217, 2006, pag. 5–36.

[75] Methodology for Validation and Documentation of Vehicle Finite Element Crash Models for Roadside Hardware Applications

(http://www-cms.ornl.gov/downloads/pub/FHWA/F800WebPage/description/description.html)

23

Material model validationReferences listed in this section describe procedures and methods used to validate material models in finite element models.

[1] M. Timmel, S. Kolling, P. Osterrieder and P. A. Du Bois, “A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 8, August 2007, Pages 1465-1478.


[3] N. B. Nguyen, A. Haufe, B. Sonntag, S. Kolling, “On the impact simulation of safety glass. Part I: Finite element models for tempered and laminated safety glass,” in proceedings of the third LS-DYNA forum, Bamberg, Germany, C-I-13/24, 2004.

[4] A. Haufe, P. A. Du Bois, S. Kolling and M. Feucht, "On the development, verification and validation of a semi-analytical model for polymers subjected to dynamic loading," International Conference on Adaptive Modeling and Simulation, ADMOS, Barcellona, 205, Conference Proceedings.

[5] A. Tabiei, “Experimental and Numerical Simulation of The Use of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials for Road Side Safety Applications,” Publication no FHWA-RD-96-026. McLean, VA: US Department of Transportation. 1997.

[6] P. K. C. Wood, M. Buckley, B. Walker and T. Dutton, "Validating dynamic tensile mechanical properties of sheet steels for automotive crash applications," in Proceedings of the 6th European LS-DYNA Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2006.

[7] M. Langseth, O. S. Hopperstad and T. Berstad, “Crashworthiness of aluminium extrusions: validation of numerical simulation, effect of mass ratio and impact velocity,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 22, Issues 9-10, October 1999, Pages 829-854.

[8] M. Dietemberger, M. Buyuk and C.D. Kan, "Development of a high strain-rate dependent vehicle model," in Proceedings of the 4th ls-dyna Forum, Bamberg, 2005.

[9] Y. D. Murray, J. D. Reid, R. K. Faller, B. W. Bielenberg and T. J. Paulsen, “Evaluation of LS-DYNA Wood Material Model 143,” ARTEK, Incorporated; Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, Civil Engineering Department; Volpe National Transportation Systems Center; Federal Highway Administration, 2005.


[11] X. Tong and C. Y. Tuan, “Viscoplastic Cap Model for Soils under High Strain Rate Loading.” American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007.

[12] S. N. Shoukry and M. Fahmy, “Validation of 3DFE Analysis of Rigid Pavement Dynamic Response to Moving Traffic and Nonlinear Temperature Gradient Effects,” American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007.

[13] S. Gerhard, V. Gavin and C. Virenda, "Model Material Validation of a High Efficiency Energy Absorbing Foam," in Proceedings of the 5th German LS-DYNA Forum , Ulm, 2006.

[14] B. Walker, I. Bruce, P. Tattersall and M. Asadi, "A new Generation of Crash Barrier Models for LS-DYNA," in Proceedings of the 5th German LS-DYNA Forum , Ulm, 2006.

[15] P. K. Wood, C. A. Schley, S. Kenny and T. Dutton, "Validating material information for stochastic crash simulation Part1 - Quasi static properties," In Proceedings of the 5th European LS-DYNA Conference, Birminghan, 2005.

[16] M. F. Horstemeyer, H. Li, J. Siervogel, L.Kwasniewski, J. W. Wekezer, B. Christian and G. Roufa, "Material Characterization and Connection Testing for Crash Analysis of

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Paratransit Buses,” International Journal of Crashworthiness. In press (manuscript number: IJCR.184, accepted: March 12, 2007).



[19] N. F. Knight, M. P. Nemeth and M.W. Hilburger, “Assessment of Technologies for the Space Shuttle External Tank Thermal Protection System and Recommendations for Technology Improvement - Part 2: Structural Analysis Technologies and Modeling Practices,” Report No. NASA/TM-2004-213256, Contract No. GS-00F-0067M, NASABPA L-71395D (Task Order 4), Advanced Information Systems, Chantilly, Virginia,2004.

[20] K. Radtke, "The development of an improved material model for aluminium Honeycomb barriers," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[21] Tore Borvik, "Finite element analysis of ductile failure in structural steel subjected to multiaxial stress states and high strain rates," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[22] G. Blankenhorn, I. Muller, A. Siebert and K. Schweizerhof, "On the Numerical Analysis of a Carillon Bell Using LS-DYNA with a Specific View on Model Validation," in Proceedings of the 5th German LS-DYNA Forum , Ulm, 2006.

[23] Du Bois P. A. , Koesters M. , Frank T. and Kolling S. “Crashworthiness analysis of structures made from polymers,” in Proceedings of the 3th Ls-Dyna Forum, Bamberg, 2004.

[24] Timmela M., Kolling S., Osterriederc P., Du Bois P.A., "A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass," International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 34, pagg. 1465–1478, 2007.

[25] Sun D.-Z., Andrieux F., Ockewitz A., Klamser H. and Hogenmüller J. “Modelling of the failure behaviour of windscreens and component tests,” in Proceedings of the 4th Ls-Dyna Forum, Bamberg, 2005.

[26] Methodology for Validation and Documentation of Vehicle Finite Element Crash Modelsfor Roadside Hardware Applications (http://www-cms.ornl.gov/downloads/pub/FHWA/F800WebPage/description/description.html)

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ComponentsReferences listed in this section describe some examples of validation of components and subcomponents in finite element models used to simulate crash events. In particular, the list is divided into five different subcategories: bolted connections, spotwelds, post-soil interaction, glass, dummies and other.

Bolted connections [1] John D. Reid and Nicholas R. Hiser, “Detailed modeling of bolted joints with

slippage,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 41, Issue 6, March 2005, Pages 547-…

[2] J. D. Reid, “A new breakaway mailbox designed using nonlinear finite element analysis,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Volume 32, Issue 1, 15 March 1999, Pages 37-49.

[3] Ala Tabiei , Jin Wu, Roadmap for crashworthiness finite element simulation of roadside safety structures, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, v.34 n.2, p.145-157, Feb. 2000.

[4] E. Munoz-Garcia, B. Davison and A. Tyas, “Structural Integrity of Steel Connections Subjected to Rapid Rates of Loading,” American Society of Civil Engineers; Structural Engineering Institute, 2005.

[5] A. Tabiei and J. Wu, “Validated crash simulation of the most. common guardrail system in the USA,” International Journal of. Crashworthiness, Vol. 5 Issue 2, 2000.


[7] M. R. Tonneman and J.W. Sankey, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 – 2003 Chevrolet 2500 into Battelle 50-inch PCB Array Longitudinal Median Barrier System,” TRC Test Number 060412, Transportation Research Center Inc., East Liberty, Ohio, April 2006.

[8] C. A. Plaxico, J. C. Kennedy Jr. and C. R. Miele, “Development of an NCHRP Report 350 TL-3 New Jersey Shape 50-inch Portable Concrete Barrier,” Report No. FHWA/OH- 2006/16, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, February 2006.


[10] C. A. Plaxico, F Mozzarelli and M. H. Ray, "Tests and simulation of a w-beam rail-to-post connection," International Journal of Crashworthiness, Volume 8, Number 6, January, 2003.

[11] M. H. Ray, C. A. Plaxico and K. E. Engstrand, “Performance of W-Beam Splices,” Transportation Research Record No. 1743, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2001.


[13] M. O Sean and J. W. Wekezer, “Crash Impact Analysis of the G2 Guardrail: A Validation Study,” Transportation Research Board, 1998.

Spotwelds

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[1] A. Haufe, G. Pietsch, M. Feucht, S. Kolling "FE modeling of spotweld and adhesive joining for crashworthiness analysis," in Proceeedings of the 6th European ls-dyna User's Conference, Gotheburg, Sweden, 2006.

[2] Haufe A., P.a. Du Bois, S. Kolling, M. Feucht, "On the development, verification and validation of a semi-analytical model for polymers subjected to dynamic loading," International Conference on Adaptive Modeling and Simulation, ADMOS, Barcellona, 205, Conference Proceedings.

[3] M. Skye, E. Nutwell, "Spotweld Failure Prediction Using Solid Element Assemblies," in Proceedings of the 6th European ls-dyna User's Conference, Gotheburg, Sweden, 2006.

[4] O. Faruque, J. Hill, J. Bonnen, K. Lazarz, S. Ward, T. Guimberteau, "Adhesive Modeling in Crash Simulation," in Proceedings of SAE 2006 World Congress and Exibition, April 2006, Detroit, MI, USA. Session: Structural crashworthiness (Part 2 of 2).

[5] O. Faruque, N. Saha, K. Mallela, T. Tyan, C. Madasamy, T. Guimberteau, "Modeling of Spot Weld under Impact Loading and Its Effect on Crash Simulation," in Proceedings of SAE 2006 World Congress and Exhibition, April 2006, Detroit, MI, USA. Session: Structural crashworthiness (Part 2 of 2).

[6] M. F. Horstemeyer, H. Li, J. Siervogel, L.Kwasniewski, J. W. Wekezer, B. Christian and G. Roufa, "Material Characterization and Connection Testing for Crash Analysis of Paratransit Buses,” International Journal of Crashworthiness. In press (manuscript number: IJCR.184, accepted: March 12, 2007).


[8] K. Schweizerhof, "Improved spotweld simulation with LS-DYNA-Numerical simulation and comparison to experiments," in Proceeedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[9] Seeger F., Feucht M., Frank T., Keding B. and Haufe A. ,“An Investigation on Spot Weld Modelling for Crash Simulation with LS-DYNA,” in Proceedings of the 4th Ls-Dyna Forum, Bamberg, 2005.

Post-soil interaction [1] A. Tabiei, W. Jin, “Roadmap for crashworthiness finite element simulation of roadside

safety structures,” Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, Vol.34 n.2, p.145-157, Feb. 2000.


[3] B. F. Hendricks and J W. Wekezer, “finite-element modeling of G2 guardrail,”. Transportation Research Board, 1996.

[4] C. A. Plaxico, G. S. Patzner and M. H. Ray, “Finite-Element Modeling of Guardrail Timber Posts and Soil-Post Interaction,” Transportation Research Record No. 1647, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1999.

Glass [50] M. Timmel, S. Kolling, P. Osterrieder and P. A. Du Bois, “A finite element model for impact simulation with laminated glass,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 8, August 2007, Pages 1465-1478.[51] P. A. Du Bois, S. Kolling and W. Fassnacht, “Modelling of safety glass for crash simulation,” Computational Materials Science, Volume 28, Issues 3-4, Twelfth International Workshop on Computational Mechanics of Materials, November 2003, Pages 675-683.

Anthropometric Dummies

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[1] F. Ulrich, W. Schmid and P. Schuster, "Observations During Validation of Side Impact Dummy Models - Consequences for the Development of the FAT-ES2 Model," DYNAmore GmbH, Langlingen, Germany, 2002.

[2] A. Noureddine, A. Eskandarian and K. Digges, “Computer modeling and validation of a hybrid III dummy for crashworthiness simulation,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, Volume 35, Issues 7-8, April 2002, Pages 885-893.

[3] J. S. Ruan, R. El-Jawahri, S. W. Rouhana, S. Barbat and P. Prasad, “Analysis and Evaluation of the Biofidelity of the Human Body Finite Element Model in Lateral Impact Simulations According to ISO-TR9790 Procedures,” Society of Automotive Engineers, 2006.

[4] T. Kapoor, W. Altenhof, Q. Wang and A. Howard, “Injury Potential of a Three-Year-Old Hybrid III Dummy in Forward and Rearward Facing Positions under CMVSS 208 Testing Conditions,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 38, Issue 4, July 2006, Pages 786-800.

[5] L. Chai, T. Subbian, A. Khan, S. Barbat, C. O'Conner, R. McCoy and P. Prasad, “Finite Element Model Development of SID-IIS,” Paper 99SC06, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1999.

[6] C. Ruff and A. Eichbergeer, "Validation of 3yrs and 6yrs FTSS dummy models for check of OoP suitability," in Proceedings of the 4th German LS-DYNA Forum , Bamberg, 2005.

[76] M. H. Ray, K. Hiranmayee and S. W. Kirkpatrick, "Performance validation of two finite element models of a side impact dummy," International Journal of Crashworthiness, volume 4, issue 3, cover date 1999, page(s) 287-304.

[7] “Validation and Refinement of a Finite Element Model of Side Impact Dummy for Crashworthiness Studies (Draft),” Quantum Consultants, Inc., East Lansing, MI, 1995.

[8] Niele Stander, "Shape optimization for head and knee impact featuring adaptative mesh topology and a discrete variable," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

Other [1] W. Altenhof and W. Ames, "A Comparison between Experimental Testing and Numerical

Simulations of Impact Loading on Aluminum and Magnesium Steering Wheel Armatures," in Proceedings of the 6th European LS-DYNA Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2006.

[2] L. E. Schwer and J. M. Kennedy, "A Validation Case Study: Steel Billet Drop Tests and Simulations as Reported in NUREG/CR-6608," in Proceedings of the 6th European LS-DYNA Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2006.



[5] M. Silcock, W. Hall, B. Fox and N. Warrior, “Finite Element Modelling of Metallic Tubular Crash Structures with an Explicit Code,” International Journal of Vehicle Safety, Vol. 1, No.4 pp. 292 - 303, 2006.

[6] S. Kokkula, O. S. Hopperstad, O. G. Lademo, T. Berstad andM. Langseth, “Offset impact behaviour of bumper beam-longitudinal systems: numerical simulations,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol 11, N 4, pages 317-336, 2006.

[7] S. M. Steidler, N. Bonde and H. Ljungquist, “Validation of Structural Adhesives in Crash Applications,” Society of Automotive Engineers, 2004.

[8] G. Thacker, S. W. Reagan, J. A. Pellettiere, W. D. Pilkey, J. R. Crandall and E. M. Sieveka, “Experiences during development of a dynamic crash response automobile model, Finite ESlements,” Analysis and Design, Volume 30, Issue 4, 15 October 1998, Pages 279-295.

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[10] “Bumper Validation Report, Development of a Vehicle Crashworthiness Finite Element Model,” MGA Research Corporation, Preliminary Report, Contract No. DTRS57-96-C-00012, Technical Task Directive No. 2, (1997).

[11] “Door Validation Report, Development of a Vehicle Crashworthiness Finite Element Model,” MGA Research Corporation, Preliminary Report, Contract No. DTRS57-96-C-00012, Technical Task Directive No. 2, (1997).

[12] “Frame Validation Report, Development of a Vehicle Crashworthiness Finite Element Model,” MGA Research Corporation, Preliminary Report, Contract No. DTRS57-96-C-00012, Technical Task Directive No. 2, (1997).

[13] J. F. Chedmail et al, “Numerical Techniques, Experimental Validation and Industrial Applications of Structural Impact and Crashworthiness Analysis with Supercomputers for the Automotive Industry,” International Conference on Supercomputing, Zurich, Switzerland, 1986.





[18] T. Fukushima, H. Shimonishi, M. Shiraishi and K. Hayashi, “Vehicle Turn Simulation Using FE Tire model,” in Proceedings of the 4th German LS-DYNA Forum , Bamberg, 2005.


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Vehicle testingReferences listed in this section describe some examples of validation of finite element vehicle models during frontal, side or roll-over impacts.

[1] K. Elitok, M.A. Guler, B. Bayram and U. Stelzmann, "An Investigation on the Roll-Over Crashworthiness of an Intercity Coach," in the Proceedings of the 9th International LS-DYNA Users Conference, Dearborn (MI), USA, 2006.


[3] K. Cichocki and J. W. Wekezer, "Vehicle Trajectories Resulting from Traversing FDOT Street Curbs. Numerical Analysis and Experimental Verification," Advances in Transportation Studies, an International Journal,No.1, Vol. 1, Section B1, pp. 51-61. November 2003.

[4] P. Griskevicius and A. Ziliukas, “THE CRASH ENERGY ABSORPTION OF THE VEHICLES FRONT STRUCTURES,” Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2003.

[5] S. Kokkins, W. Kong and K. Kasturi, “LOCOMOTIVE CRASHWORTHINESS RESEARCH: MODELING, SIMULATION AND VALIDATION,” Foster-Miller, Incorporated; Federal Railroad Administration, 2001.

[6] R. Mayer, S. Webb, J. T. Wang, B. Liu and Q. Zhou, “Sled Tests and Simulations of Offset Deformable Barrier,” International Journal of Vehicle Safety 2005, Vol. 1, No.1/2/3, pp. 238 - 251.



[9] D. A. Schauer, F. J. Tokarz and R. W. Logan, “VEHICLE IMPACT SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY AVDANCEMENT (VISTA): PLANNING DOCUMENT,” Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Federal Highway Administration, 1993.

[10] K. Cichocki, J. W. Wekezer, "Structural Response of Paratransit Buses in Rollover Accidents," International Journal of Crashworthiness. In press (manuscript number: IJCR.201, accepted: March 12, 2007).

[11] G. Thacker, S. W. Reagan, J. A. Pellettiere, W. D. Pilkey, J. R. Crandall and E. M. Sieveka, “Experiences during development of a dynamic crash response automobile model, Finite Elements,” Analysis and Design, Volume 30, Issue 4, 15 October 1998, Pages 279-295.


[13] M. H. Ray and K. Hiranmayeee, "Quantitative Evaluation of the Fidelity of Public-Domain Vehicle Models for Roadside Hardware Research," Transportation Research Record, Transportation Research Board, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1998


[15] E. Nalepa, “Crashworthiness Simulation of the Opel Vectra Using the Explicit FE Method, International. Journal of Vehicle Design,” IAVD Congress on Vehicle Design and Components, pp. 191-201, 1989.

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[17] E. Cofie and M. H. Ray, “Finite Element Model of a Small Automobile Impacting a Rigid Pole,” Report FHWA-RD-94-151, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1995.







[24] Mohan P., Nagabhushana V., Kan C. D. S. and Riley J., “Innovative Approach for Improving Roof Crush Resistance,” in Proceedings of the 5th German LS-DYNA Conference, Ulm, Germany, 2006.


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Full-scale tests with roadside hardwareReferences listed in this section describe some applications of validation of finite element models during the simulation of full-scale crash tests involving impacts against roadside safety devices. Most of these references are related to the non-linear finite element program LSDYNA.

[1] M. Anghileri, “Numerical Evaluation of Severity Indices for Finite Element Analysis,” Transportation Research Board, 2006.

[2] M Pernetti and S Scalera, "Development of validated Finite element model of a rigid truck suitable to simulate collisions against road safety barriers," in Proceedings of the 6th European LS-DYNA Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2006.



[5] A. O. Atahan, “Finite-Element Crash Test Simulation of New York Portable Concrete Barrier with I-Shaped Connector,” American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006.

[6] G. Bonin, G. Cantisani, G. Loprencipe and A. Ranzo, “Improvement of Portable Concrete Barrier Design Using Computational Mechanics,” Transportation Research Board, 2006.

[7] S. Kokkins, W. Kong and K. Kasturi, “Locomotive Crashworthiness Research: Modeling, Simulation, and Validation,” Foster-Miller, Incorporated; Federal Railroad Administration, 2001.

[8] P. Mohanand, D. Marzougui and C. D. S. Kan, ”Validation of a Single Unit Truck Model for Roadside Hardware Impact,” International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing - Vol. 2, No.1 pp. 1 - 15, 2007.

[9] P. Bhargava, R. Bhowmick, U. Sharma and S. K. Kaushik, “Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of Confined High-Strength Concrete Columns,” American Concrete Institute, 2006.


[11] B. F. Hendricks and J W. Wekezer, “finite-element modeling of G2 guardrail,”. Transportation Research Board, 1996.

[12] C. A. Plaxico and M. H. Ray, “Comparison of the Impact Performance of the G4 (1W) and G4 (2W) Guardrail Systems Under NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 Conditions,” Transportation Research Record o. 1720, Transportation Research Board, Washington,D.C., 2000.



[15] C. A. Plaxico, J. C. Kennedy Jr. and C. R. Miele, “Evaluation and Design of ODOT’s Type 5 Guardrail with Tubular Backup,” Report No. FHWA/OH-2006/4, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, February 2006.

[16] C. A. Plaxico, J. C. Kennedy Jr. and C. R. Miele, “Development of an NCHRP Report 350 TL-3 New Jersey Shape 50-inch Portable Concrete Barrier,” Report No. FHWA/OH- 2006/16, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, February 2006.

32

[17] M. R. Tonneman and J.W. Sankey, “NCHRP Report 350 Test 3-11 – 2003 Chevrolet 2500 into Battelle 50-inch PCB Array Longitudinal Median Barrier System,” TRC Test Number 060412, Transportation Research Center Inc., East Liberty, Ohio, April 2006.


[19] H. A. Whitworth, R Bendidi, D. Marzougui and R. Reiss, "Finite element modeling of the crash performance of roadside barriers,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Volume 9, Number 1, January, 2004.

[20] A. K. Zaouk, N. E. Bedewi, C. D. Kan and D. Marzougui, “Development and Evaluation of a C-1500 Pickup Truck for Roadside Hardware Impact Simulation, " In FHWA Vehicle Crash Analysis, Report No. FHWA-RD-96-212, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 1997.



[23] K. Engstrand, M. Jansson and L. Nilsson, "On vehicle impact on roadside barrier," In Proceeedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[24] Z. Abdullatif, "Development and validation of a US side impact moveable deformable barrier FE model," in Proceedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[25] F. Tahan, D. Marzougui, A. Zaouk, N. E. Bedewi, A. Eskandarian and L. Meczkowski, “Safety performance evaluation of secure mailboxes using finite element simulations and crash testing,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 341-349, 2005.

[26] P. Mohan, D. Marzougui, L. Meczkowski and N. E. Bedewi, “Finite Element Modeling and Validation of a 3-Strand Cable Guardrail System,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 10, No 3, pp 267-273, 2005.

[27] D. Marzougui, M. Zink, A. Zaouk, C. D. Kan and N. E. Bedewi, “Development and validation of a vehicle suspension finite element model for use in crash simulations,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 565-576, 2004.

[28] D. Marzougui, L. Meczkowski, H. Taylor and N. E. Bedewi, "Sign Support Height Analysis Using Finite Element Simulation,” International Journal of Crashworthiness, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp 33-41, 2001.

[29] D. Marzougui, G. Bahouth, A. Eskandarian, L. Meczkowski and H. Taylor, "Evaluation of Portable Concrete Barriers Using Finite Element Simulation," In Transportation Research Record 1720, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, pp. 1-6, 2000.

[30] A. Eskandarian, D. Marzougui and N. E. Bedewi, "Impact Finite Element Analysis of Slip-Base Sign Support Mechanism," ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 2, pp. 143-153, 2000.

[31] D. Marzougui, C. D. Kan and A. Eskandarian, "Safety Performance Evaluation of Roadside Hardware Using Finite Element Simulation," ASCE Fourteenth Engineering Mechanics Conference, Austin, Texas, May 24, 2000.

[32] C. M. Brown, “Crash Test between a 6-Kg/M U-Channel Sign Support And A 1997 Geo Metro,” Foil Test Number 99f010, MiTech Incorporated; Federal Highway Administration, 2001.

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[33] C. M. Brown, “35-Km/H Broadside Crash Test of a 1994 Chevrolet C2500 and a Valmont Industries Slip Away Lighting Standard,” Foil Test Number 97s012, MiTech Incorporated; Federal Highway Administration, 1998.

[34] C. M. Brown, “50-Km/H Broadside Crash Test of a 1994 Chevrolet C2500 and a Valmont Industries Slip Away Lighting Standard,” Foil Test Number 97S015, MiTech Incorporated; Federal Highway Administration, 1998.

[35] C. M. Brown, “35-Km/H Broadside Crash Test of a 1994 Chevrolet C2500 and the Foil 300k Rigid Pole,” Foil Test Number 97S016, MiTech Incorporated; Federal Highway Administration, 1998.

[36] C. M. Brown, “35-Km/H Broadside Crash Test of a 1994 Chevrolet C2500 and a Valmont Industries Slip Away Lighting Standard,” Foil Test Number 97S012, MiTech Incorporated; Federal Highway Administration, 1998.

[37] C. M. Brown, “Crash Test of a BCT Terminal with a Ford Festiva,” Foil Test Number 94F016, MiTech Incorporated; Federal Highway Administration, 1997.

[38] Brown, C. M., “Ford Festiva Center Impacts with a Narrow Fixed Object (Rigid Pole),” Report FHWA-RD-95-040. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1995.


34

MiscellaneousReferences listed in this section describe some particular aspects of the verification and validation process which are not related to the other categories previously listed but may still be useful for the purposes of this research.

[1] M. H. Ray, C. A. Plaxico, J. A. Weir, F. Council, "Recommended Guidelines for Curb and Curb-Barrier Combinations,” National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report No. , ISBN 0-309-08762-7, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 2004.


[3] M. Anghileri, “Crash Analysis of Road Restraint Systems – Validated Finite Element Models,” Report OD-2000-0024, Offshore Design AS, January 2001.


[5] P. J. Roache, “Verification and Validation in Computational Science and Engineering,” Hermosa Publishers, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1998.

[6] P. J. Roache and J. Patrick, “Verification of Codes and Calculations,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 5, May 1998.

[7] AIAA, "Guide for the Verification and Validation of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations," AIAA G-077-1998, ISBN 1563472856, 40 pages, 1998.

[8] T. J. Barber, "Role of Code Validation and Certification in the Design Environment," AIAA Journal, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 752-758.

[9] P. J. Bobbitt, "The Pros and Cons of Code Validation," AIAA Paper 88-2535 (NASA TM 100657), July 1988.


[11] “NAFEMS, Quality System Supplement to ISO 9001 Relating to Finite Element Analysis Design and Validation of Engineering Products,” Ref: ROO13, National Agency for Finite Methods and Standards, East Kilbride, Glasgow, UK, 1990.

[12] W. Oberkampfs, T. G. Trucano and C. Hirsch, "Verification, Validation and Predictive Capability in Computational Engineering," in Proceedings of Verification and Validation for Modeling and Simulation in Computational Science and Engineering Applications: Foundations for Verification and Validation in the 21th Century Workshop, October 22-23 2002, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland.

[13] C. A. Plaxico, Ph.D. Dissertation, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 2004.

[14] B. H. Thacker, “The Role of Nondeterminism in Verification and Validation of Computational Solid Mechanics Models,” SAE Paper 2003-01-1353, in Reliability and Robust Design in Automotive Engineering, SP-1736, SAE International, SAE 2003 World Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, March 2003.

[15] Ramesh Rebba, Sankaran Mahadevan and Shuping Huang, Validation and error estimation of computational models, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, Volume 91, Issues 10-11, The Fourth International Conference on Sensitivity Analysis of Model Output (SAMO 2004) - SAMO 2004, October-November 2006, Pages 1390-1397.

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[16] Klas Engstrand, Mikael Jansson, Larsgunnar Nilsson, "On vehicle impact on roadside barrier," in Proceeedings of the 3th European Ls-Dyna User's Conference, Paris, France, 2001.

[17] Methodology for Validation and Documentation of Vehicle Finite Element Crash ModelS for Roadside Hardware Applications(http://www-cms.ornl.gov/downloads/pub/FHWA/F800WebPage/description/description.html)

[18] “ROBUST – Roadbarrier Upgrade of Standards”(http://www.erf.be/files/2576_ROBUST_abstract_final.pdf?PHPSESSID=88e9cc67f8a28137380bd77fffd80d96)

[19] Defense Modeling and Simulation Office. Verification, validation, and accreditation (VV&A) recommended practices guide, Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering, www.dmso.mil/docslib, Alexandria, VA, April, 1996.(www.dmso.mil/docslib)

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http://www.erf.be/files/2576_ROBUST_abstract_final.pdf?PHPSESSID=88e9cc67f8a28137380bd77fffd80d96

http://www.erf.be/files/2576_ROBUST_abstract_final.pdf?PHPSESSID=88e9cc67f8a28137380bd77fffd80d96



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