LITERATURE SURVEY

LITERATURE SURVEY

AND COMPETITION REPORT

BilGreen Company

TEAM VI

Özge Topuz

20503908

Electrical and Electronics Eng. Cem Çetin

o_topuz@ug.bilkent.edu.tr 20400659

Industrial Eng.

Pınar Tekir c_cetin@ug.bilkent.edu.tr

20500413

Electrical and Electronics Eng.Harun Aygıt

p_tekir@ug.bilkent.edu.tr20503641

Industrial Eng.

Ömer Alper Özkanh_aygit@ug.bilkent.edu.tr

20500732

Computer Eng.

o_ozkan@ug.bilkent.edu.tr

Index

31.The Literature About The Methods of Achieving The Product

42.The Literature About The Underlying Technologies

42.1 Solar System

52.1.1PV Systems for Solar Energy

62.2 Green Transportation

72.2.1 Electric Rings for Green Transportation

82.3 Exterior Thermal Sheathing

93. Competition

93.1 Existing Competition

93.1.1. Green Transportation Solutions

103.1.2. KebaGroup

113.1.4. IBM Global Business Consulting

123.2 Future Competiton

2

134. References

3

1.The Literature About The Methods of Achieving The Product

BilGreen Company is a consultancy company, which finds green energy solutions to its customers. One product of BilGreen Company is GUS (Green University Solutions). This product is prepared for university campuses. This product consists of creating energy solutions, making feasibility study of these solutions and constructing some demonstrators to prove the effectiveness of some solutions. The structure of GUS is designed like that:

· The physical features of the university campus is examined. The convenience of campus to the usage of solar energy, wind energy, etc. is searched. If it seems that the construction of solar or wind energy is appropriate, then a demonstrator will be constructed.

· The current energy source of the campus is analyzed. It is searched that whether there can be more efficient energy source in both economical and environmental aspect, or not.

· The energy lost of the campus is examined. The buildings, the vehicles which have been using at the campus can cause energy loses. These factors are searched and some solutions about these are found.

It is obvious that GUS is a special product. It is designed uniquely to its customers. GUS-1 is the first product of BilGreen Company. It is designed for Bilkent University campus.

GUS-1 consists of these:

· The feasibility study of solar energy

· The feasibility study of exterior thermal insulation

· The feasibility study of green transportation

· The construction of a solar power demonstrator

2.The Literature About The Underlying Technologies

BilGreen Company designes products uniquely to its customers; therefore, each product requiries different technologies. In order to give a general idea about the technologies of the products of BilGreen Company, the underlying technologies of GUS-1 is explained as an example.

GUS-1 consists of the feasibility studies of solar energy, exterior thermal insulation, green transportation and the construction of a solar power demonstrator. Therefore, the underlying technologies about the solar systems, green transportation and the exterior thermal insulation are explained.

2.1 Solar System [1]

The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined.

2.1.1 PV Systems for Solar Energy

Solar photovoltaics (PVs) are arrays of cells containing a material that converts solar radiation into direct current electricity. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide/sulfide.[1] Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacture of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced dramatically in recent years.[2]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics" \l "cite_note-2"[3]

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics" \l "cite_note-3"[4]Photovoltaics are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into electricity. The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light knocking electrons into a higher state of energy to create electricity. The term photovoltaic denotes the unbiased operating mode of a photodiode in which current through the device is entirely due to the transduced light energy. Virtually all photovoltaic devices are some type of photodiode.Solar cells produce direct current electricity from light, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery. The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power generation. In this case an inverter is required to convert the DC to AC. There is a smaller market for off-grid power for remote dwellings, boats, recreational vehicles, electric cars, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, and cathodic protection of pipelines.

2.2 Green Transportation

Sustainable transport (or green transport) is a concept, an ideology and, in some countries, a governmental policy that consists of strengthening or replacing the current transport systems of an urban/suburban area with more fuel-efficient, space-saving and healthy lifestyle-promoting alternatives. The term refers to any means of transport with low impact on the environment, and includes human or animal muscle-powered vehicles, low-carbon fueled vehicles, any kind of vehicle using a renewable source of energy for its propulsion. Most common form of green transport are hybrid vehicles. Hybrid vehicles use an internal combustion engine combined with an electric engine. Biofuel powered vehicles use fuels derived from plant sources, such as vegetable oil, biodiesel, or bioalcohol for their propultion.Sustainable transport systems make a positive contribution to the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the communities they serve. Transport systems exist to provide social and economic connections, and people quickly take up the opportunities offered by increased mobility. The advantages of increased mobility need to be weighed against the environmental, social and economic costs that transport systems pose.Transport systems have significant impacts on the environment, accounting for between 20% and 25% of world energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from transport are increasing at a faster rate than any other energy using sector Road transport is also a major contributor to local air pollution and smog.

2.2.1 Electric Rings for Green Transportation[2]

To understand what makes the electric bus and hybrid-electric bus designs unique, it is helpful to compare them to a conventional bus. In a conventional bus design an internal combustion engine provides power. The engine is tied mechanically to the wheels via a transmission, allowing the vehicle to utilize the engine's energy directly. Fossil-fueled engines emit air pollution, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). One of the goals of electric and hybrid-electric buses are to reduce or eliminate these exhaust pollutants. A hybrid-electric bus carries at least two sources of motive energy on board the vehicles.

Operating principle of a battery-powered electric vehicle is simple. An energy storage device located on the vehicle supplies all of the motive energy in the form of electricity to a traction motor or motors. The rotary motion of the electric motor translates rotary motion to the vehicle wheels either by direct drive or through a mechanical transmission. The speed of the motor is controlled by an on-board electronic controller, which functions primarily based on the position of the accelerator pedal. The energy storage device, typically batteries, is recharged from an external electrical source when its charge is depleted. This mode of operation has an advantage over conventional and hybrid-electric buses, as it eliminates local air pollutants and engine noise. Figure 2.1 shows the important components of a battery-powered electric bus.

2.3 Exterior Thermal Sheathing

A common way to increase the insulating value of a stud wall is to use external thermal sheathing. The structural sheathing is replaced with rigid or semi-rigid insulation panels. The panels can be nailed to the stud wall using special nails with large plastic washers. The maximum thickness of exterior insulation is limited by its ability to be properly fastened and the ability to fasten strapping or siding to the stud frame. If large nails are used the siding may split and if the insulation is over-nailed, the insulation may compress. This compressed insulation can expand with time causing the nails to pull through the siding. When exterior thermal sheathing is used, diagonal bracing must be installed in the wall to add the rigidity usually provided by plywood or OSB heathing.

3. Competition

BilGreen Company is a consultancy company, which finds green energy solutions to its customers. Therefore, the competitors of the company is the energy consultant companies. Around the world, there exist such consultancy companies. On the other hand, in Turkey BilGreen Company is unique.

3.1 Existing Competition

3.1.1. Green Transportation Solutions[3]

The technology now exists to reduce global warming pollution from cars, trucks and SUVs and they are doing our part to join the movement. Since transportation is the major source of air pollution, Barton & Barton, Ltd. wants to help its clients incorporate fuel-efficient and environmentally safe vehicles into their automotive and truck fleets.

Currently, 48 U.S. towns and cities in 36 states have green fleet programs, as do 26 county and 17 state governments. Police departments, school districts and taxi services are just a few of the significant participants in this movement. Are you interested in saving money and the environment at the same time? Being green could be good for your bottom line and your image.

3.1.2. KebaGroup[4]

In 21 countries including the Middle East & North Africa region, KEBA GROUP is the distributor of Renewable Energy Corporation (REC) who is the leading vertically integrated player in the solar energy industry. A pioneer in the solar industry, REC is one of the world’s largest producers of silicon materials, PV wafers, cells and modules, and engage in project development activities in selected segments of the PV market.

3.1.3. B&D Consulting [5]

Their team of dedicated energy & climate change professionals have an in-depth understanding of renewable resources and clean energy technologies, and can help clients assess the implications of evolving climate change mitigation policies on the operations and markets of their business or enterprise, both domestically and internationally. They can help clients develop crucial insights into governmental plans designed to reduce GHG emissions, and assist in navigating the complex challenges and opportunities that will be manifest in a carbon-constrained world.

3.1.4. IBM Global Business Consulting[6]

Today's energy- and climate-related issues are at the top of our strategic agenda. IBM solutions can help customers reduce costs and systemically minimize energy, water, carbon emissions and waste. IBM is helping customers to become more energy efficient, implement new ways to source, manufacture and distribute goods and services in a more sustainable manner, enable safe and renewable sources of energy and manage resources at a macro level, transforming entire industries. IBM takes a holistic approach to our planet's challenges that combines our innovative technology, deep business insight, and industry expertise. Together, we can enhance the sustainability of business—and our planet.

3.2 Future Competiton [7]

The negotiations taking place in Copenhagen will lead to the growing use of low

carbon vehicles, powered by electricity or biofuels. At the meeting, the UK Met Office

announced that the last 10 years have been “by far” the warmest decade the world

has experienced since records began. They said that emissions would have to peak

within the next 8 to 10 years if we are to avoid the global temperature rising by more

than 2C. President Obama’s negotiating position at the talks will be strengthened, as the US Government has classified carbon dioxide as a toxic gas that endangers public health. This is a prerequisite for strong new emissions standards for cars and trucks. Green MotorSport and our partners have been working for the past decade to develop low carbon vehicles, together with the innovatative energy technologies which will power them. It is obvious that there aren’t any products like GUS in Turkey. It is a very special product which designed for Bilkent. In the future development of the same purpose products the market will not be affected in Turkey. We know that our company is unique for greentransportation and solar energy. The purpose of our product will remain same however there can be some changes underlying technology of our product depending on whether there are some companies which produce our product in the future. We must keep our uniqueness to remain in the market.

4. References

[1] Wikipedia. Solar Energy.

[2] U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Transit Administration.

[3] GTS. Green Transportation Solutions.

[4] KEBA Group Worldwide. Automation by innovation.

[5] BD Consulting.

[6] IBM. Business Consulting.

[7] EIA(Energy Information Administration). Annual Energy Outlook 2010 Early Release with Projections to 2035

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