lithosphere as a component of the biosphere. environmental problems of anthropogenic (man-made)...
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LITHOSPHERE AS A COMPONENT OF THE BIOSPHERE. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS OF ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) POLLUTION OF SOIL AND THEIR
SOLUTIONS.
as. S. Garkavyi
Plan of the Lecture Soil as a part of the biosphere Sources of soil pollution Migration of chemicals from soil Medical and biological significance of soil Influence of soil on human health Sanitary protection of soil and clearing of
settlements
BIOSPHERE is the shell of the Earth, the main zone of life on our planet which consists of 3 parts: the
lower layer of the atmosphere with a height of 15-18 km (TROPOSPHERE), the upper layer of the
LITHOSPHERE with a depth of 10.7 km and the entire HYDROSPHERE.
The BIOSPHERE is postulated to have evolved, beginning through a process of biogenesis or biopoesis, at least some 3.5 billion years ago.
BIOSPHERE
Atmosphere15–18 km (Troposphere)
LitosphereDepth of 7–10 km
Hydrosphere
LITOSPHERE
The lithosphere (from Anicient Greek λίθος [lithos] for "rocky” and σφαῖρα [sphaira] for "sphere”) is the rigid outermost shell of a rocky planet. On Earth, it comprises the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater.
LITOSPHERE
• LITOSPHERE
• The bottom layer (LITHOSPHERE itself)
• Formed from the parent igneous rocks under the influence of climate and
weather
• The top layer - SOIL
• Formed under the influence of climate, microorganisms and higher (vascular) plants
• The bottom layer is SOIL
itself
• The top layer (25 sm depth) is ARABLE or HUMUS
layer
COMPOSITION OF THE SOIL
Bioticpart
Abiotic part
Solidsubstance
Soilmoisture
Soilair
Autochthonous (inherent)
microflora. Provides self-
purification processes in
soil.
• Mineral (inorganic) substances:
Crystalline silica (quartz); alumino-silicates, salts, bases and acids;• Organic
matter - humus.
• hygroscopic water;
• film (membrane) water;
• capillary water;
• free gravitational water.
The mixture of gases and vapors, which fills the pores of the soil.
SOIL
Soil is the most superficial layer of the lithosphere formed from parent igneous rocks under the influence of climate, microorganisms and vegetation and is a complex multicomponent low dynamic system consisting of mineral and organic solids, soil moisture and air and populated by micro and macro-organism.
Main types of soil
Soil Type Humus, %
Porosity, % рН
Soil temperature during the growing season, оС
average maximal
Tundra 0,6 42 6,5 -2 5
Sod-podzolic 1,5 49 5,5 8 18
Gray forest 2,5 50 5,0 10 20
Chernozem 10,0 60 7,0 7 30
Chestnut 4,0 59 7,3 14 25
Serozems 1,3 53 8,2 16 35
Krasnozems 6,5 60 5,5 12 38
Main types of soil
Tundra
Sod-podzolic
Main types of soil
• Russia• Ukraine• Belarus• etc
• Chernozemvery fertile and produces a high agricultural yield
Main types of soil
30 % of world chernozem are concentrated in Ukraine
The most common soil types in Ukraine
Soils are characterized by noticeable Ukrainian Polissya deficiency of most trace elements, in the steppe zone of microelements content is average, in the steppe zone - increased. General pattern is to increase the content of trace elements from northwest to south-eastern.
Ways and sources of soil contamination
Adding mineral and organic fertilizers. The use of pesticides in agriculture and forestry. Use of wastes of livestock farms, poultry farms, individual farms,
wastewater and sludge as organic fertilizer and to moisture. Unauthorized discharges of solid and liquid domestic or industrial
waste (natural landfills). Sedimentation of chemicals from atmospheric industrial emissions
and motor vehicles. Sedimentation of radionuclides due to accidents at nuclear
reactors. Temporary storage or permanent burial of household and industrial
waste.
SOIL CONTAMINANTS - are chemicals, biological organisms (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths) and their metabolic products that are in “the wrong place in the wrong time and in the wrong quantity”.
SOIL CONTAMINANTS
SOIL CONTAMINANTS
Biological Chemical
Microorganisms in the domestic and some industrial solid and liquid wastes
Made purposefully Dischargedaccidentally
• Pesticides• Fertilizer• Plant growth
regulators• Soil Structure-
forming chemicals
• Heavy metals• Polymeric materials• Oil and oil products• Detergents
Soil contamination - is this content in soil chemical and biological pollutants that endanger the health of man by direct contact with contaminated soil or through contact with the soil environment according to ecological chain:
soil - atmosphere – humansoil - water – humansoil - plant - humansoil - water - plant - animal - human.
Routes of chemicals from the soil into the human body
Soil
Ambient Air
Plants
Animals
Underground water
Surtfacewater
Water organimsFood
Drinkingwater
Food
Respiration
Human
Medical and biological significance of soil:
Transformation of solar energy. A Leading link cycle of matter in nature. Impacts on the water quality of water sources. Generates the chemical composition of food. Influences on the quality of the air. Endemic value (endemic diseases). Place of deposit, transformation, destruction, migration of
exogenous chemicals. Formation of artificial biogeochemical provinces (ekzohimichna pathology).
Epidemiological significance (infectious disease). The natural environment for disposal of domestic and
industrial wastes.
SOIL AND HEALTH
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Classes of diseases
Diseases
Intestinal infections
A) bacterial origin:cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid A and B, dysentery, kolienteryt, salmonellosis;B) viral etiology: viral epidemic hepatitis A (Botkin's disease), hepatitis E virus, polio, enterovirus (Coxsackie, ECHO) infection, rotavirus infection
Respiratory infections Tuberculosis
Zooantroponozy Tularemia, leptospirosis, brucellosis
Infections of external covers Anthrax, tetanus, gas gangrene
Geo helminthiasis Trichuriasis, ascariasis, hookworm disease
ENDEMIC DISEASES
Name of disease Cause
Endemic fluorosis Excess of fluoride. Daily demand 3,2-4,2 mg
Endemic caries Lack of fluoride
Water nitrate methemoglobinemia The concentration of nitrates in water more than 45 mg / l
Molybdenum gout Excess of molybdenum. Daily demand 0.1-0.3 mg
Endemic goiter Lack of iodine. The daily requirement of 0.1 - 0, 2 mg (not <0.05 or> 0.5 mg)
Urovskaya disease orKashin-Beck disease
High content of Sr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ag, F against low Ca content
Selena disease: Daily demand 0,05-0,2 mg1) Keşan disease, Lower content2) Selenozis Higher content
Boric enteritis (boroz) Excess of boron
Endemic nephropathy Excess silicon. The daily requirement of 20 - 30 mg
Endemic mikromerkurializm Excessive levels of mercury in the soil
EXOCHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
Substance Disease
Lead Saturnism hepato-, nephro-, neuro-, hematotoksychnist, enteropathy, mental retardation in children, a carcinogen (cancer of the kidney, leukemia)
Cadmium Disease of Ittai-Ittai (c Fukui, Toyama Prefecture, Japan, about 3000 of cases). Osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hypochromic anemia, nephrotoxicity, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects
Arsenic (Chelyabinsk region, Russia)
Chrome Cr6+ cause carcinogenic (cancer of the esophagus)
Methylmercury Minamata Disease (1953-1956, Japan, Minamata Bay, 130 diseased, 1964-1965, Niigata prefecture, 180 diseased). Hepato-, gonad-, embryotoxicity, reproductive toxicity
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Yusho disease (Kyushu, Japan> 1000 diseased). Hepato-, neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, hyperkeratosis, chloracne, transplacental revenues.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polytropic effects: liver, kidney, central nervous system, blood, carcinogenic effect
Dioxins 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2000 times more toxic for strihnin (1990, Ufa, Russia). Polytropic action, sharp immunosuppression, carcinogenic effects, chloracne
Sanitary protection of soil is a complex of measures to limit the ground in mechanical, chemical and biological pollutants to values that
not violate the self-cleaning process, not lead to accumulation in cultivated plants harmful
substances in quantities hazardous to health, not lead to pollution of air, surface and underground
waters, not restrict the use of soil in agriculture.
Sanitary clearing of settlements is a complex planning, organizational, sanitary and economic measures for the collection, temporary storage, exportation (transportation), disposal and recycling, formed in populated areas in order to preserve public health and general uporyadzhennya.
Sanitary clearing
Collection and
temporary
storage
removal
(transportation)
Disposal
and utilization
Household waste - the remains of substances and objects that formed as a result of household and commercial activity that can not be used in place of education, and their accumulation and storage violates sanitary environment.
Composition of solid waste:1) recyclables (paper, cardboard, textiles, metal,
leather and others) - 25% of the mass of waste;2) an organic part - 60-70% of which is easily decayed
- 20-30%;3) ballast (glass, stones, etc..) - 6.8%;
4) fuel materials (coal, wood, rubber, etc..) - 8-10%.
• In the countries of the EEC produced 150 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW).
• Solid wastes: in Germany - 52 million tons, Britain, France and Italy - to 30-40 million tons
• Ukraine has accumulated nearly 17 million tons or 40 million m3 of solid waste.
• In cities formed 1-1.5 m3 of solid waste and 0.5-1 kg of solid industrial waste per capita.
The annual accumulation of solid waste
Requirements for methods of disposal of solid waste
1. Reliability disposal.2. Speed disposal.3. Preventing the proliferation of flies.4. Inaccessibility to rodents.5. Preventing decay and air pollution.6. Prevention of pollution of surface and ground
waters.7. Maximum utilization.
Classification of methods for disposal of solid waste
By technology
1) Biotermal (fields plowing, improved dumps, landfills warehousing, field composting biokamerы, factories biotermichnoyi processing; rural private households - compost piles, greenhouses);
2) thermal (incinerators with or without the use of heat energy produced while getting pyrolysis fuel gas and oil);
3) chemical (hydrolysis);4) mechanical (separation of waste,
followed by recycling, pressing into building blocks);
5) mixed
By result
1) Recycling (rework waste into organic fertilizer, biofuels, recycled metal for industrial use as energy consumption)
2) Liquidation (burial ground, dumping at sea, incineration without heat)
Methods of solid waste disposal in Western European countries
CountryQuantity of
waste (million
tons / year)
Proportion (%) of waste neutralized
Burning Landfills Composting Utilization
Great Britain 30,0 8 90 0 2
Sweden 3,2 47 34 3 16
Portugal 2,65 0 85 15 0
Italy 17,5 16 74 7 3
Hungary 4,9 12 88 0 0
Germany 25,0 36 46 2 16
France 22,0 44 45 7 4
Finland 2,5 2 83 0 15
In Ukraine, most of the solid waste is neutralized at 656 municipal landfills, smaller at 4 incineration plants.
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