liturgy of the daily office - fr. stephen gauthier
TRANSCRIPT
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The Daily OfficesGreenhouse CaLLiNGOctober 6, 2012
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What is liturgy? Greek: leitourgia
Two roots People (laos) Work (ergon)
Meaning in the ancient world Secular use
A work undertaken for the common good Religious use
Word used in Greek Bible for temple service (Luke 1:23)
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Use of the term in the Western Church How we worship together as Church
Our “common prayer” Book of Common Prayer (BCP)
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Spiritual significance We share in Christ’s own priestly prayer
Priesthood of all believers A standard of faith
How the Church has understood Scripture “How we pray is how we believe” (Latin: lex
orandi, lex credendi) Especially characteristic of the Anglican
tradition
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Our “School of Prayer” How we learn to pray
Cf. language acquisition Learned socially Used individually
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Two “routine” components Eucharist (previous training session) The “daily offices”
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Origin of the daily offices Jewish practice
Three daily temple services Pattern for individual prayer
Example: Daniel 6 Pray without ceasing (1 Thessalonians
5:17) Our “sacred duty” (Latin: divinum officium)
English: “divine office”
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Early Church Daily prayers at fixed times
Prayed in common Key element = Psalms
Selected for relevance to time of day (“cathedral office”) Morning = praise and petition Evening = thanksgiving
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Early monastics Expansion of offices
Night Vigil Psalter prayed sequentially (“In course”)
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Expansion of offices Inspiration: Seven times a day I praise
you for your righteous rules. (Psalm 119:164) Associated with specific times of day
(Latin: hora = English: “hour”) “Liturgy of the Hours”
Ultimately 8 “canonical hours”
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Canonical “hours”1. Matins (Latin = “morning”) – night vigil2. Lauds (Latin = “praises”) – dawn3. Prime (Latin = “first hour”) – early morning4. Tierce (Latin = “third hour”) – mid-morning5. Sext (Latin = “sixth hour”) – noon6. None (Latin = “ninth hour”) – midafternoon7. Vespers (Latin = “evening”) – early evening8. Compline (Latin = “final”) - bedtime
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New elements added Antiphons and responsories
Purpose = Christian understanding of Psalms Gospel canticles
Song of Zechariah (Benedictus) – morning prayer Song of Mary (Magnificat) – evening prayer Song of Simeon (Nunc dimittis) - compline
Scripture readings Patristic readings Hymns
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Decline in lay participation Length Practical challenges
Complexity Language barrier
Unintended result of clerical obligation to pray offices
Private recitation “Bundling” of offices/loss of time element
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English Reformation Move to restore lay participation in the
offices Reduction in number
Morning and evening prayer Shortened and simplified
Purely scriptural elements
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Anglican distinctive Offices preserved as integral part of the
Church’s public worship Closest parallel = Eastern Churches
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BCP (1979) Morning Prayer Evening Prayer Two additional offices
Noonday prayer Compline (night/bedtime prayer)
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Liturgical calendar Key structural element of “school of prayer”
Objectives = completeness and balance Two components
Seasonal calendar Fixed dates (e.g., Christmas/Epiphany) Moveable dates (e.g., Easter/Ascension/Pentecost)
Sanctoral (i.e., “saints”) calendar
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Seasonal calendar Original practice
Each Sunday = celebrate death and resurrection of Jesus
Addition of Easter (variable date) Special annual celebration of death and
resurrection of Jesus rooted in Passover Addition of Christmas/Epiphany (fixed dates)
Christmas – Western Church Epiphany – Eastern Church
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Expansion of Easter Expand to one week (octave) Preceded by Lent
Goal = 40 days of fasting No fasting on Sunday = 6 weeks x 6 days = 36 Need for 4 more days => “Ash Wednesday”
Followed by Pentecost (Greek = “50”) 7 days x 7 weeks (“a week of weeks”) + 1 = 50
Holy Spirit = “fruit” of the “grain that dies” Giving of the Law at Sinai = giving of Holy Spirit
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Expansion of Christmas Christmas
Expand to Epiphany (January 6) “12 days of Christmas”
Preceded by Advent 4 Sundays preceding Christmas Day
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Seasonal calendar today in Western Church Advent
Start of Liturgical Year in Western Church Christmas/Epiphany Period from Epiphany to Lent
Anglicans = Epiphany season Roman Catholics = Ordinary Time (Part I)
“Ordinary” = no distinctive elements Latin: propria = English: proper
Cf. English “properties”
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Seasonal calendar (cont.) Lent/Holy Week Easter Triduum (the great “three days”)
Holy Thursday evening-Easter Sunday Easter Season Pentecost Period until Advent
Anglicans = Season of Pentecost Roman Catholics = Ordinary Time (Part II)
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Sanctoral calendar Origin in commemoration of local
martyrs Ancient Roman custom: meal at cemetery
on anniversary of death Eucharist at tomb of martyr
Expanded beyond martyrs First example – Martin of Tours
Expanded beyond local church Saints of other communities
Date used (4 choices) Death/burial/transfer of body/dedication
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BCP (1979) Fixed calendar found on pages 15-30
Additional material available in Minor Feasts and Fasts Background Collect
Daily collects for special seasons Advent Lent
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Morning prayerRite IIBCP (1979), pp. 75-102
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Overall structure1. Preliminaries (optional)2. Invitatory and Psalter3. Lessons and canticles4. Apostles’ Creed5. Prayers6. Conclusion
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1. PreliminariesOptional
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ElementsA. Opening sentences B. Invitation to confessionC. ConfessionD. Absolution
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A. Opening sentences (stand) One or more verses of scripture Purpose
Place prayer in broader context of the liturgical calendar
Selection Based on season or feast
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Example: Advent
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B. Invitation to confession (stand) Two forms
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C. Confession of sin (kneel)
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D. Absolution Priest – stand/”you” & “your” Other officiant – kneel/ “us” & “ours” Wording: priest v. other officiant
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2. Invitatory and psalter
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ElementsA. Versicle and responses (“preces”)B. Antiphon & InvitatoryC. Psalm(s)
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A. Versicles and responses (stand) Also known as “preces” (Latin = prayers)
Custom – sign of the cross on lips
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B. Antiphon & Invitatory (stand)
Purpose of invitatory = invitation to worship Options
Psalm 95 “Venite” (Latin: “Come”) Short version (1-7)/long version (penitential use)
Psalm 100 “Jubilate” (Latin: “Be joyful”) “Christ our Passover” (Romans and 1 Corinthians)
Easter season Purpose of antiphon = place in broader context of liturgical calendar
Custom: sign of the cross on lips
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Example of antiphons
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Use of antiphon Beginning/end (thematic “bookends”) Beginning + each break + end
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C. Psalm(s) (stand or sit) Two approaches to selection
Lectionary (“psalms appointed”) Sequential recitation (“in course”)
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Psalm(s) appointed Office lectionary
BCP (1979), pp. 934-1001 Facing pages
Year 1 on left Year 2 on right
Liturgical year begins 1 Advent Is the year starting January 1 odd or even?
Odd = Year 1 Even = Year 2
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Psalm(s) appointed (cont.) Example:
Morning prayer = left of asterisk Psalms 146 & 147
Evening prayer = right of asterisk Psalms 111, 112, 113
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Psalms appointed (cont.) Parentheses = may be excluded
Typically “imprecatory” material Example:
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Psalm(s) appointed (cont.) Example of omitted material:
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Psalms in course 30-day cycle (indicated in Psalter)
BCP, pp. 581-808 Sequential portions of approximately equal
length for each morning and evening
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Methods of recitation Direct recitation
In unison Antiphonal recitation
Verse-by-verse alternation (within congregation) Responsive recitation
Verse-by-verse alternation (minister/congregation) Responsorial recitation
Congregation responds with antiphon
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Conclusion of Psalm(s)
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Christian understanding of Psalms Christ
King Bridegroom
Church Bride Jerusalem
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Praying the Psalms Material not relevant to our current situation
We pray with others Imprecatory material
Focus on our own sinful nature
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3. Lessons and canticles
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Lessons Reader (stand)
Celebrant should not be reader People (sit)
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Lectionary Readings
Old Testament New Testament (other than Gospel) Gospel
Sundays and feasts Use Eucharistic lectionary if
Principal service Joined to Eucharist
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Assignment of readings Single daily office
May use all three readings (or less) Both morning and evening prayer
Option A: [2+1] or [1+2] Option B: [2+2]
4th reading = Old Testament of alternate year Gospel
Morning Year 1 Evening Year 2
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Canticles (stand) Placement
After first two readings Custom: sign of the cross for “Gospel
canticles” Song of Zechariah (Benedictus) Song of Mary (Magnificat) Song of Simeon (Nunc Dimittis)
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Canticles - selection8. The Song of Moses9. The First Song of Isaiah10.The Second Song of Isaiah11.The Third Song of Isaiah12.A Song of Creation13.A Song of Praise14.A Song of Penitence15.The Song of Mary
Nos. 1-8 = Versions in traditional English (“thee”/“thou”) from Rite I
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Canticles - selection16.The Song of Zechariah17.The Song of Simeon18.A Song to the Lamb19.The Song of the Redeemed20.Glory to God21.You are God
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Canticles – selection (cont.) Suggested assignment = BCP (1979)
pp. 144-145
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4. Apostles’ Creed (stand)
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5. Prayers (stand or kneel)
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ElementsA. Salutation and Lord’s PrayerB. SuffragesC. Collect of the DayD. Other collectsE. Prayer for missionF. Intercessions/thanksgivingsG. Prayer(s) of thanksgiving
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A. Salutation and Lord’s prayer
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B. Suffrages Versicles + responses Two options
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C. Collect of the day Sundays and feasts
“Proper” to the day Other times
Collect of previous Sunday
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D. Other collects Sunday – proper (resurrection) Monday – renewal of life Tuesday – peace Wednesday – grace Thursday – guidance Friday – proper (crucifixion) Saturday – proper (sabbath rest)
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E. Prayer for mission Three options
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F. Intercessions/thanksgivings From those present
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G. Prayer(s) of thanksgiving One or both
General Thanksgiving Prayer of St. Chrysostom
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6. Conclusion
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ElementsA. Versicle and response
• Officiant: Let us bless the Lord• People: Thanks be to God
• Custom: sign of the cross at versicle
B. Closing sentences• Three options
• Unrelated to seasons
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Evening prayerRite IIBCP (1979), pp. 115-126
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Overall structureo Same as Morning Prayer
1. Preliminaries (optional)2. Invitatory and Psalter3. Lessons and canticles4. Apostles’ Creed5. Prayers6. Conclusion
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1. PreliminariesOptional
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ElementsA. Opening sentences (stand)
• Not seasonal
B. Invitation to confession (stand)C. Confession (kneel)D. Absolution (priest stand/people kneel)
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2. Invitatory and psalter
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ElementsA. Versicle and responses (“preces”)B. Invitatory
• No antiphon
C. Psalm(s)
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A. Versicles and responses (stand)
Custom: sign of the cross at versicle
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B. Invitatory (stand)
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C. Psalm(s) (stand or sit) Same as Morning Prayer
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3. Lessons and canticles
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Lessons (reader stands/people sit) Same as Morning Prayer
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Canticles (stand) Selection
The Song of Mary The Song of Simeon
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4. Apostles’ Creed (stand)Same as Morning Prayer
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5. Prayers (stand or kneel)
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Elements same as Morning PrayerA. Salutation and Lord’s PrayerB. SuffragesC. Collect of the DayD. Other collectsE. Prayer for missionF. Intercessions/thanksgivingsG. Prayer(s) of thanksgiving
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A. Salutation and Lord’s prayer Same as Morning Prayer
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Suffrages Versicles + responses Two options
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C. Collect of the day Same as Morning Prayer
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D. Other collects Sunday – proper (resurrection) Monday – peace Tuesday – aid against perils Wednesday – protection Thursday – presence of Christ Friday – proper (crucifixion) Saturday – proper (sabbath rest)
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E. Prayer for mission Three options
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F. Intercessions/thanksgivings Same as Morning Prayer
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G. Prayer(s) of thanksgiving Same as Morning Prayer
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6. ConclusionSame as morning prayer
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NoondayBCP (1979), pages 103-107
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Basic structure Opening versicle and response
Custom: sign of the cross at versicle
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Basic structure (cont.) Psalm
3 options Lesson
3 options Lord have mercy Lord’s Prayer
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Basic structure (cont.) Versicle and response
Collect 4 options
Intercessions
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Basic structure (cont.) Closing versicle and response
Custom: sign of the cross at versicle
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ComplineBCP (1979), pp. 127-135
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Basic structure Opening sentence Versicle and response
Custom: sign of the cross at versicle
Confession and absolution (optional)
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Basic structure (cont.) Versicle and response
Psalm (4 choices) Lesson (4 choices)
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Basic structure (cont.) Versicles and responses and Lord have
mercy
Lord’s Prayer
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Basic structure (cont.) Versicle and response
Collect 4 options
Other collects 2 options
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Basic structure (cont.) Intercessions and thanksgivings Song of Simeon with proper antiphon
Used as “bookends”
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Basic structure (cont.) Closing versicle and response
Closing sentence
Custom: sign of the cross