live interactive learning @ your desktop may 31, 2011 nasa's lunar atmosphere and dust...

LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP

May 31, 2011

NASA's Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer: Little Mission, Big Science

Presented by: Dr. Rick Elphic and Brian Day

Rick Elphic,LADEE Project Scientist

NASA Ames Research CenterMoffett Field, California

Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer: Little Mission, Big Science

May 31, 2011

NSTA Webinar

Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer: Little Mission, Big Science

May 31, 2011

NSTA Webinar

3LADEE: Big Science

Outline of Talk

1. Science Background for LADEE

2. LADEE Payload: 3 science instruments, 1 tech demo

3. LADEE Spacecraft

4. LADEE Launch Vehicle

5. LADEE Mission Profile

6. Schedule & Cost

Science BackgroundScience Background

5LADEE: Big Science

LADEE: Science Focus

Lunar Exosphere: A nearby example of a common type of atmosphere, the Surface Boundary Exosphere.

Dust: Does evidence point to electrostatic lofting?

In 2008, the door opened to investigate these questions: NASA Hq directed Ames Research Center to do the LADEE mission.

6LADEE: Big Science

• 2003 NRC Decadal Survey: “New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy”

• LEAG Roadmap Objective Sci-A-3: Characterize the environment and processes …in the lunar exosphere

• National Research Council (NRC) report, “Scientific Context for the Exploration of the Moon” (SCEM)

• 2011 NRC Decadal Survey: “Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022”– Execute LADEE mission

LADEE Science Background

7LADEE: Big Science

Exospheres and Dust

May 17-20, 2011

LADEE CDR

ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING 7

Io

Europa & other Icy satellites

Rhea

Europa & other Icy satellites

Rhea

Eros

Large Asteroids & KBOs

Moon Itokawa

Surface Boundary Exospheres (SBEs) may be the most common

type of atmosphere in the solar system…

Evidence of dust motion on asteroids and the Moon....

8LADEE: Big Science

Lunar Exosphere – Measurements

LACE 40

Ar Measurements

Surface measurements: Ar and He Earth-based measurements: Na and K

May 17-20, 2011

LADEE CDR

ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING 8

9LADEE: Big Science

SELENE/Kaguya Observations of Na

9

• UPI-TVIS instrument

• Viewed Na column away from Moon

• Distribution consistent with hot source (2000 – 6000 K)

10LADEE: Big Science

SELENE/Kaguya Observations of Na

10

• UPI-TVIS instrument

• Viewed Na column away from Moon

• Distribution consistent with hot source (2000 – 6000 K)

• Density varies over 3-month timescale

• Density appears to decrease between 1st quarter and 3rd quarter


The Moon has a Sodium Tail!

11

• The Moon’s Na exosphere doesn’t stay put – it blows away!

• At New Moon, the Na atoms going antisunward are gravity-focused by Earth.

• All-sky images from Earth reveal this anti-solar tail.


The Moon has a Sodium Tail!

12

• The Moon’s Na exosphere doesn’t stay put – it blows away!

• At New Moon, the Na atoms going antisunward are gravity-focused by Earth.

• All-sky images from Earth reveal this anti-solar tail.

Off-band subtracted


Lunar Exosphere – Solar Wind Input

13

(Wieser et al, 2009)

Chandrayaan Neutral Particles: >1 eV neutral hydrogen is lost.


“Disappearing” Surficial H2O and OH

Clark et al Science 2009

• Chandrayaan-1 M3, EPOXI and Cassini VIMS 3-m observations.

• Presence of H2O and OH in/on surface grains: o Signature deepest at high latitudes and off-noon local times.o Where do OH, H2O go? Into exosphere? Polar cold traps?

Pieters et al Science 2009

LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING


LCROSS Impact Results

LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING15

Add other species: CH4, CO2, SO2

Water Vapor and Water Ice in Model Fit: 7.4% ± 5% by mass


Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites experiment (LEAM)

Berg et al., 1976

Terminators

• Apollo surface experiment LEAM detected dust activity correlated with the lunar terminators

Lunar Dust: Electrostatic Levitation?


• Surveyor 7 images of lunar horizon glow (“LHG”)• Prevailing theory: <10 m dust, ~150m away, ~1m high on sunset

horizon

LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING

Lunar Dust: Electrostatic Levitation?


Lunar Dust – in Orbit?

Gene Cernan sketches from Apollo

Command Module

McCoy and Criswell, 1974

• Eyewitness accounts of “streamers” from Apollo command module

• Too bright to be meteoritic ejecta• Exosphere and/or high altitude (50 km)

dust is one possibility• Key goal if LADEE is to help resolve

this open question

Apollo CM Trajectory

Dust?

LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING18


LADEE Project Level Science Objectives

• LADEE Objective 1: Determine the composition of the lunar atmosphere and investigate the processes that control its distribution and variability, including sources, sinks, and surface interactions.

• LADEE Objective 2: Characterize the lunar exospheric dust environment and

measure any spatial and temporal variability and impacts on the lunar atmosphere.

July 20 – 23, 2010 LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING19

Let’s pause for questions from the audience

LADEE PayloadLADEE Payload


LADEE Payload: 3 science, 1 tech demo

60 cm

100 mm OpticalModule

Modems

Control

Electronics

Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX)HEOS 2, Galileo, Ulysses and Cassini Heritage

Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS)MSL/SAM Heritage

UV-Vis Spectrometer (UVS)LCROSS heritage

Lunar Laser Com Demo (LLCD) Technology demonstration

Dust and exosphere

measurements

A. ColapreteNASA ARC

In situ measurement of exospheric species

P. MahaffyNASA GSFC

51-622 Mbps

150 Dalton range/unit mass resolution

M. HorányiLASP

High Data Rate Optical Comm

D. BorosonMIT-LL

High Data Rate Optical Comm

D. BorosonMIT-LL

SMD - directed instrument

SMD - directed instrument

SMD - Competed instrument SOMD - directed instrument


LADEE Neutral Mass Spectrometer

NMS Team:• Instrument PI: Dr. Paul Mahaffy/GSFC• Instrument Manager: Dr. Todd King/GSFC• Instrument SE: Jim Kellog/GSFC

Participating Organizations:• NASA/GSFC• U. Michigan/Space Physics Research Lab• Battel Engineering• AMU Engineering• Nolan Engineering

Measurement Concept:• High-sensitivity quadrupole mass spectrometer, mass range 1 - 150 Dalton and unit mass resolution.

• At 50-km or lower can detect helium, argon and other species.

• Ultra high vacuum (UHV) materials and processing used in the fabrication of NMS yield a substantial improvement over background instrument noise from Apollo era instruments, corresponding increase in sensitivity of the measurement.

• The sensitivity is necessary to adequately measure the low density atmosphere of the moon.Performance Data:• Closed Source species: He, Ar, non-reactive neutrals• Open Source species: neutrals and ions• Mass Range: 2 - 150 Da• Mass Resolution: unit mass resolution over entire range• Sensitivity: 10-2 (counts per second) / (particles per cc)• Mass: 11.3 kg• Volume: 23,940 cm3• Envelope: 43.2 cm x 24.5 cm x 37.0 cm• Power: 34.4 W average• CDH interface: 422 differential• Data Rate: 3.5 kbs• Data Volume: 8.5e6 bits per orbit (assuming 40% duty cycle over a 113 min circular orbit)


Mass spectrum from CoNTour NMS


UV/Vis Spectrometer (UVS)

Team: • PI/PM: Dr. Tony Colaprete / ARC• Instrument SEs: Leonid Osetinsky / ARC and Ryan Vaughan / ARC

Participating Organizations:• NASA/ARC• Aurora Design & Technology• Visioneering, LLC

Measurement Concept:• UVS includes UV-VIS Spectrometer, telescope, solar diffuser, & bifurcated optical fiber• UVS observations consists of limb and occultation measurements• Limb observations measure the lunar atmosphere, & also measure limb dust by measuring back- or forward-scattered sunlight• Solar occultation observations measure lunar atmospheric dust extinction from 0 to 50 km

Performance Data:• In Limb mode measures atmospheric species including: K, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Li, OH, H2O• By combining long integration times, UVS measures each specie to < current upper limits• In limb mode measures dust (via scatter) at concentrations as low as 10-4 per cc for r=100 nm size particles.• In occultation mode measures dust (via extinction) at concentrations as low as 10-4 per cc for r=100 nm size particles down 300 meters alt.• 3.98 kg• 14 W (average operation)

July 20 – 23, 2010


Anticipated SNR Exospheric Species


Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX)

Measurement Concept:• LDEX is an impact ionization dust detector• Measures the mass of individual dust grains with m ≥ 1.7x10-16 kg (radius rg ≥ 0.3 micron) for impact speeds ≈ 1.7km/s• Also measures the collective current due to grains below the threshold for individual detection, enabling the search for dust grains with rg ≈ 0.1 micron over the terminators

Performance Data/Key Science

• Characterizes the dust exosphere by mapping size and spatial distribution of dust grains• Measures relative contribution of dust sources: interplanetary vs. lunar origin.• Mass: 3.45kg (with reserves)• Power: 6.11W peak, 5W ops (with reserves)• Data: 1kb/s

Team:

PI: Mihaly Horanyi

PM: Mark Lankton

IS: Zoltan Sternovsky

SE: David Gathright

Participating Organization:Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space

Physics, University of Colorado

Payload: 27


How LDEX works…

ions

electrons


LDEX Dust Accelerator data


LLCD Technology Demo

LLCD Team: • Mission Manager: Hsiao Smith/GSFC• Principal Investigator: Don

Boroson/MIT/LL• Co-Investigator: Mike Krainak/GSFC• Mission Systems Engineer: Brendan

Feehan/BAH• Financial Manager: Debbie Dodson/GSFCParticipating Organization:• NASA/GSFC• MIT/Lincoln Laboratory (LL)

LLCD has three primary parts:• Lunar Lasercom Space Terminal (LLST) • Lunar Lasercom Ground Terminal (LLGT)• Lunar Lasercom Operations Center (LLOC)

Objectives/Features:• Demonstrate laser communication between the

Earth and the LADEE spacecraft in lunar orbit. NASA’s first step in developing high performance laser communications systems for future operational missions.

• Demonstrate major functions– High bandwidth space to ground link using an optical

terminal– Robust pointing, acquisition, tracking– Duplex communication day/night, full/new moon,

high/low elevation, good/bad atmospherics– Time-of-flight measurements, as a by-product of the

duplex communication, that could be built into a high-accuracy ranging system

Performance Data:• Space Terminal:– 10 cm, 0.5W, 1.55um– 40-622 Mbps xmt, 10-20 Mbps rcv– Duplex operation, fully gimbaled

• Ground Terminal– Downlink Receiver

» 4@40cm; 40-622 Mbps» Superconducting Nanowire Detector Arrays

– Uplink Transmitter» 4@15cm, 10W; 10-20 Mbps

• Mass: 32.8 kg (with reserves), Power: 136.5W

July 20 – 23, 2010 Payload: 30

LADEE SpacecraftLADEE Spacecraft


LADEE Common Bus Design History

MCR: 3-module, 2-stage prop system with SRM & bi-prop, 4 Instruments, Launch solo on MinV

SRR/MDR: 4-module, single-stagebi-prop system, 4 instruments, MinV

Award/Kickoff: 3-module,2-stage prop, 2 instruments,Launch w/GRAIL

1

2

3

PDR: see major changes since

KDP-B on subsequent slide.

Summary: Modular feature of S/C

bus has been adaptable to

change, but at cost of

constraining mass margin

available for PDR trade space.

PDR: see major changes since KDP-B on subsequent slide.

Summary: Modular feature of S/C bus has been adaptable to change.


LADEE: Ames Common Bus Spacecraft

Radiator Assembly

Propulsion Module

Bus Module

Extension Modules

Payload Module

LDEX

NMS

UVS

LLCD

Launch VehicleLaunch Vehicle


Launch Vehicle: LADEE and Minotaur V

PAF

Stage 5AvionicsCylinder


LADEE Launch Vehicle: A Sporty Ride!

(Minotaur IV)


LADEE Launch from Wallops Flight Facility

Mission ProfileMission Profile


LADEE Post-launch: Phasing Loops

43 Re

60 Re

50 Re60 Re

6.3 days

8.0 days

10.4 days

Nominal Launch Vehicle Insertion

Total Time of Flight: 30 Days

5.25 days


LADEE Lunar Orbit Acquisition

Maneuver Timing Delta-V Duration

LOI-1 Periselene + 2 min (approx.)

267 m/s 197 s (3 min 17 s)

LOI-2 LOI-1 + 2 Days 296 m/s 198 s (3 min 17 s)

LOI-3 LOI-1 + 4 Days 239 m/s 146 s (2 min 26 s)


Commissioning Phase

• Get science instruments working

• Perform LLCD Ops


Nominal Science Operations


End of Mission! (Gravity always wins…)

Spacecraft and Orbit Maintenance:• Planning key spacecraft activities to maximize time in orbit and science return

Science Campaign:• Planning for high value science opportunities at extremely low lunar altitude

• Impact into far side terrain (avoid legacy sites like Apollo, Luna, Surveyor etc.)


Schedule, Budget

• Launch slated for May, 2013

• Overall mission cost: $236M• Payload: $37.4M• Spacecraft: $74.6M• Launch Vehicle: $63.4M• Rest includes:

• Project mgmt, SE, S&MA, Science, PL• Mission Ops, Ground systems, I&T, EPO


LADEE: Mission of Many “Firsts”

LADEE :• First mission with Ames “common

bus” architecture• First flight of Minotaur V (modified

Peacekeeper ICBM w/add’l upper stages)

• First deep space launch from Wallops Flight Facility

• Laser communications technology demonstration

Partners• Ames does s/c development,

integration & test, mission operations• GSFC is payload integrator, science

operations• WFF is launch integrator

LADEE Lunar Education

Resources bringing lunar exploration into your classroom

Brian Day – NASA Lunar Science [email protected]

Lunar Sample Educational Disk Program

Six samples of lunar material (three soils and three rocks) encapsulated in a six-inch diameter clear lucite disk are available for you to borrow and bring into your classroom. The disk is accompanied by written and graphic descriptions of each sample in the disk. Mr. Louis ParkerJSC Exhibits ManagerNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationLyndon B. Johnson Space CenterMail Code AP2101 NASA ParkwayHouston, Texas 77058-3696Telephone: 281-483-8622FAX: 281-483-4876EMail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

With Moon Zoo, students and members of the public can assist lunar scientists in analyzing the high-resolution images returned by the LROC instrument aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. They perform crater counts, search for boulders, and other interesting landforms.

•Solar radiation and particles play key roles in the production of the lunar atmosphere.•Your students can track the development of solar storms using data from student observations, observatories, and spacecraft.•http://son.nasa.gov/tass/

•Your students can help interpret data from NASA’s STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) spacecraft.•http://www.solarstormwatch.com/

Impact Cratering: A major force in shaping the surface of the Moonand a potentially important source for the lunar atmosphere.

http://quest/challenges/lcross/

Cratering the MoonNASA can simulate cratering impacts at the Ames Vertical Gun Range. Allows study of:•Different impactor shapes, masses and compositions•Different impact velocities and angles•Different target compositions and structures

In the Cratering the Moon activity, students design their own lunar impact simulator. They conduct a study to determine what role the angle of incidence of an impact plays in determining how effective an impactor is in excavating material from beneath the Moon’s surface.

Fresno Co. Juvenile Justice Campus

•3 teams totaling 60 students creating designs around LCROSS Impact the Moon Challenge.•Demonstrates continues utilization of resources.•Successfully engaging a particularly challenging student audience.

Student-designed lunar impact simulator

NASA Meteoroid Environment Office Lunar Impact Monitoring Program

Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) Lunar Meteoritic Impact Search Section

•Help lunar scientists determine the rate of meteoroid impacts on the Moon.•Meteoroid impacts are an important source for the lunar exosphere and dust.•Can be done with a telescope as small as 8 inches of aperture.

•It will be valuable to have as many observations as possible of lunar impacts during the LADEE mission.•This will facilitate studies examining possible correlations between changes observed by LADEE and recorded impact events.

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/photos.htmlhttp://www.alpo-astronomy.org/

Meteor Counting

•The vast majority of meteoroids impacting the Moon are too small to be observable from Earth.

•Small meteoroids encountering the Earth’s atmosphere can result in readily-observable meteors.

•Conducting counts of meteors during the LADEE mission will allow us to make inferences as to what is happening on the Moon at that time.

•Much more simple requirements: a dark sky, your eyes, and log sheet. (a reclining lawn chair is very nice too!)

•International Meteor Organization (http://imo.net/)•American Meteor Society (http://www.amsmeteors.org/)

Image credit:NASA/ISAS/Shinsuke Abe and Hajime Yano

International Observe the Moon Night (InOMN)

•World-wide celebration of the Moon and lunar science.•Events held at NASA centers, museums, and schools.

•InOMN 2010 featured over 500 events in more than 50 countries.•InOMN 2011 will occur on Saturday, October 8.•NASA programming streamed to local events.

•Visit http://www.observethemoonnight.org/ to find an event near you or to learn how to conduct your own event.

Additional Reading from NASA Science News

NASA Mission to Study the Moon's Fragile Atmosphere: Overview of thelunar atmosphere and the LADEE mission.

http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/23oct_ladee/

Moon Storms: How results from from the Apollo missions provides evidence of levitated lunar dust.

http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/

Moon Fountains: Describes the "fountain model" of levitating moondust.http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/30mar_moonfountains/

Don't Breathe the Moondust: Examines the potential toxicity of lunar dust.http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/22apr_dontinhale/

Crackling Planets: The electrostatic hazards of lunar and Martian dust.

http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/10aug_crackling/

En Route to Mars, the Moon: How learning to cope with lunar dust may help us infuture explorations of Mars.

http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/18mar_moonfirst/

LADEE – http://www.nasa.gov/ladeeNASA Lunar Science Institute - http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/Exploring the Moon - http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/58199main_Exploring.The.Moon.pdfLunar and Planetary Institute - http://www.lpi.usra.eduMy Moon - http://www.lpi.usra.edu/mymoon/Explore! - http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/explore/LRO - http://www.nasa.gov/lroSolar System Exploration at JPL - http://sse.jpl.nasa.govYear of the Solar System - http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss/Lunar Samples Program - http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/index.cfmMoon Zoo - http://www.moonzoo.org/Tracking a Solar Storm - http://son.nasa.gov/tass/Solar Stormwatch - http://www.solarstormwatch.com/LCROSS Cratering the Moon - http://quest/challenges/lcross/Lunar Impact Monitoring - http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/photos.htmlAssociation of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) - http://www.alpo-astronomy.org/International Meteor Organization - http://imo.net/American Meteor Society - http://www.amsmeteors.org/International Observe the Moon Night - http://www.observethemoonnight.org/

Selected Online Resources

Thank you to the sponsor of tonight's Web Seminar:

This web seminar contains information about programs, products, and services offered by third parties, as well as links to third-party websites. The presence of a listing or such information does not constitute an endorsement by NSTA of a

particular company or organization, or its programs, products, or services.

http://learningcenter.nsta.org

http://www.elluminate.com

National Science Teachers AssociationDr. Francis Q. Eberle, Executive Director

Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director Conferences and Programs

Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-Learning

LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP

NSTA Web SeminarsPaul Tingler, Director

Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator

live interactive learning @ your desktop may 31, 2011 nasa's lunar atmosphere and dust...

Documents

big science ladee

ladee spacecraft

ladee payload

big science exospheres

planetary science

science instruments

ladee mission profile

big science outline