livelihood diversifying potential of livestock based carbon sequestration options in pastoral and...

Livelihood diversifying potential of livestock based carbon sequestration options in pastoral and agro

pastoral systems in Africa

Mohammed Y Said

Augustine Ayantunde, Shem Kifugo, Zipporah Musymi, Jan de Leeuw, Keith Shepard, Ermias, Jonas Koala, Didier Zida, Louis Savadogo, Briggite Kaufman, Hussein Tadiche Wario, Hassan Roba, Uwe Richter, Jan Pfister and Asch Folkard, Kenea Feyisa and

Ayana Angasa

Collaborators: ILRI, ICRAF, INERA, DISTL, Hawassa University, University of Hohenheim

Outline of Presentation

• Global emissions of greenhouse gases

• Characterization of Pastoral and agro-pastoral systems in Africa

• Livelihood diversifying potential of livestock based carbon sequestration options

• Case examples – Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and Kenya – current research

Current Emissions

Source: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists

Cumulative Emissions

Source: International Consortium of Investigative Journalists

Characteristics – pastoral and agro-pastoral systems

High variability of rainfall in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas

1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Kilometers

N

Rainfall (coefficient of variation)<33%>33%

Pastoral

Farming SystemArid pastoral-oasesAgro-pastoral

Source: de Leeuw et al (in press)

African pastoral and agro pastoral societies in Savanna areas are considered vulnerable to climate change

This is so because these systems are mainly practiced in the dry arid and semi arid areas

where climate is highly variable

What opportunities exist to strengthen resilience of local communities to climate change?

Rangelands deliver a number of environmental services: Elsewhere communities have benefited from PES such as wildlife

The local communities could play a crucial role in carbon sequestration while at the same time diversifying their

livelihood by adopting Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) strategy

Perspective from this study

Climate Change

• Rainfall have remained steady over the past 20 years, but reduced by 15% below 1920-69 average

• Temperature have increased by 0.6oC Celsius since 1975

Source: Funk et al., 2012

Climate change - Kenya

Quantification of carbon stock in savannah woodlands in Burkina Faso (1992 – 2013)

Jonas Kola, Didier Zida and Luis Savadogo (INERA)

Photos: Didier et al., 2013

Study sites location

Experimental design in Laba and Tiogo

Silvicultuture treatment applied to each experimental site

Grazing Fire Selective cutting Number of plots of

2500 m2

Grazing

No Grazing

No Fire

Annual early fire

3 year fire exclusion

No fire

Annual early fire

3 year fire exclusion

No Cutting

Selective cutting

Cutting + Direct seeding

No Cutting

Selective cutting


No Cutting

Selective cutting


No Cutting

Selective cutting


No Cutting

Selective cutting


No Cutting

Selective cutting


4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Woody vegetation studies

Selective tree cutting : – Tiogo : December 1993

– Laba : January 1994

Measurement, cutting and weighing of trees in 48 plots per site.

Maping and yearly follow up of all stumps


Woody vegetation studies

Construction of allometric function for predicting woody biomass : - Weighing all cut trees

- Mesurement of variables

(girth, height, ....).

Construction de tarifs de cubage Satisfactory function for 11 fuelwood

species (0,528 < R2 <0,880)

Best function:

Anogeissus leiocarpa (R2 = 0,880 ; p<0,001) ;

Weak function : Acacia macrostachya (R2 =0,528; p<0,001).

Source: Didier et al., 2013

Herbaceous vegetation studies

Annual inventory in each plot since 1992 to 2011.

Annual assessment of herbaceous biomass (1993- 2011)

Impact of grazing intensity on soil infiltrability and herbaceous biomass


Early fire behaviour

Factors:

Livestock (exclosure vs free grazing)

Type of vegetation (Perennial vs annual grasses)

Burning direction (Wind direction vs opposite wind direction)

Parameters assessed:

Combustion efficiency ;

Rate of spread of fire

Flame height;

Fire temperature in a gradient (-10 cm; -2 cm; 0 cm; 50 cm; 300 cm; 500 cm) with sensors.

Resident temperature time (T>60°C)

Source: Didier et al., 2013

Scaling up

Evaluating carbon sequestration

options in African Pastoral lands

Zipporah Musymi – PhD

Investigate the effect of different land management options including grazing, prescribed cutting and fire on the above carbon stocks

Investigate the effect of different land management options including grazing, prescribed cutting and fire on surface albedo

Investigate the overall radiative forcing (from albedo and above ground carbon sequestration) of different land management options

Fe

asib

ility o

f m

an

ag

in

g

la

nd fo

r c

arb

on

seq

ue

stratio

n

Investigate the possibility of using High Resolution remote sensing data (Ge-oeye) to map above ground carbon

Integrate remotely sensed signals and field data to

Carb

on

map

pin

g-

Flo

wch

art

Source: Musymi, 2013

Implementation carbon mapping- Concept

Automation

Source: Musymi, 2013

Source: Pfister 2013

Participatory rangeland use analysis to understand

grazing management and decision making by Borana

pastoralists in S. Ethiopia

38

PhD study of Hussein Tadiche Wario

supervised by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Brigitte Kaufmann, Dr Hassan Roba, Dr. Uwe Richter

Scenario analysis

• Conduct participatory scenario planning exercise in feedback seminars

• Alternative grazing management scenarios explored based on the map and the current grazing system

• Analyze tradeoffs for adopting each of the management scenarios

• Modeling alternative scenarios?

1) Participatory rangeland mapping

40 Source: Wario et al., 2013

Digitizing the grazing units’ map

41

1. Overlay of community grazing

units’ map on Google earth

2. Polygons plotted along grazing unit

borders

Source: Wario et al., 2013

Solar powered GPS devices carried by herders and use of cameras

42

One day herd grazing itinerary


Example: grazing movement of one herd over a year

43

March 2011-May 2011 Wet season grazing area. Cattle camp moved to lowland, Good grass variety, area liked by livestock, faster weight gain, better mating frequency

Oct 2011-Feb 2012 Cattle camp moved to lowlands, grazing same unit as March-May 2011, good grass amounts and reproductive performance enhancing

Aug 2011-Sept’ 2011 The grazing unit has tree and shrub species that shade leaves hence had good leave litter during this period

June-July 2011 Cattle camp moved to

settlement near the mountains.

This grazing unit is on the

Mountain, dry season reserve,

good grass cover, close to

traditional wells. Small area

exhausted within a month

March 2012 –April 2012 Dry season grazing reserve, had good grass growth, is part of lowland area liked by livestock, enhances faster weight gain and good mating rates


Which livelihood decisions

work well?

What livelihood decisions

do people make?

How do people value different livelihoods?

Modelling based on existing datasets

Discrete choice experiments

Experimental games

Household decisions

Games as experiments

• Behavioural economics • Controlled settings • e.g. co-operation, common-pool

resources, public goods • Mostly lab-based, undergraduate

populations in USA/Europe • Highly abstract

This study: • Game tailored to real situation • Played with local people, familiar

with decision-making context • Dynamic resource; droughts

Economic games Introduction

Source: Aidan 2013

Economic games Effects of “in-game” variables on decision-making

Allocation of resources to livestock

Proportion of cattle grazed illegally

Source: Aidan 2013

Thank you

livelihood diversifying potential of livestock based carbon sequestration options in pastoral and...

Technology