living architecture > rachel armstrong > the bartlett school of architecture
DESCRIPTION
intelligent and visionary piece on viewing the city/urban/built environment-scape as a living, responsive organism capable of self-assembly, metabolism, growth, movement, sensitivity, repair, complex behavior, and reproductionTRANSCRIPT
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MArch lecture
Living ArchitectureRachel Armstrong
TEDGlobal Fellow, Teaching Fellow, AVATAR groupThe Bartlett School of Architecture
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Living Cities
• “Historically, the city has been seen as either mechanistic or biological in its order”
Neil Spiller, Digital Dreams
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Urban Paleontology
Ming Tang, Dihua Yang, 2008
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Biological Formalism
• Use of biological metaphor• Common conceptual framework• Doctrine that formal structure rather than
content is what should be represented • Shared methodological tools• the practice of scrupulous adherence to
prescribed or external forms• Top-down process
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Molecular House, Mohammed Alkayer
Growing Architecture
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City as An Organism
• “... Like any organism [a city] has a circulatory system in its streets, railroads and rivers, a brain in its universities and planning offices, a digestive system in its food distribution and sewage lines, muscles in its industrial centres and any city worthy of the name has an erogenous zone ...”
Matthew Dumont, Arthropods
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MEtreePOLIS, Matthias Hollwich
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MEtreePOLIS, Matthias Hollwich
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Inertia of Real Cities
• The city is not an organism – it is made of inert materials
• The built environment consists of unrelated objects that are secondarily connected to each other to create the urban landscape
• Apparent vitality conferred by the behaviour of living systems within the built environment
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Brazil, Terry Gilliam
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Contemporary Materials
• Materials of built environment are not dynamic, they are simple, including the current generation of ‘smart’ materials
• Limited meaningful embodied integration of different media
• Currently parallel architectural spaces are accessed by cross-referral, analogy, metaphor & interfaced via human ‘experience’
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Twelve Monkeys, Terry Gilliam
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Connecting Artifice & Nature
• Requires a fundamental change in the organization model that describes the relationship between building materials and the environment
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Hylazoic Soil, Philip Beesley
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Living Architecture
• New model of sustainable architectural practice that directly connects the built environment to nature
• The unit of Living Architecture is the Architectural protocell
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Architectural Protocell
• A protocell is a primordial atomic globule, connected to the environment through the languages of physics and chemistry. Uniquely, protocell technology possesses material complexity, and is capable of self-organisation
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Architectural Protocell
• Protocells can be made of pre-existing biological materials such as protoplasm – for example, the protoplasm of the green algae Bryopsis and slime mould – or can be fabricated from scratch using organic and inorganic chemicals
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Architectural Protocell
• This gives rise to the possibility of Protocell Architecture, as protocell units work together to generate their output
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• We want to change the world with almost nothing.
• It is possible to generate complex materials and architectures through harnessing the fundamental energetics of matter. In other words, doing more with less
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• What we call protocell architecture is, at root, a piece of Dadaist and Surrealist research, in which all the lofty questions have become involved
• The novel self-assembling material systems that arise from protocell architectural practice make no reference to, nor attempt to mimic bio-logic. As such, protocell architecture is an alien to the natural world, yet speaks the same fundamental languages of chemistry and physics. The results of these conversations and interactions constitute a parallel biology and second biogenesis whose aesthetics are described by Surrealist agendas
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• Architecture is dead, long live architecture• Protocells constitute a disruptive technology for
architectural practice since they are capable of reaching a transition point when evolution emerges within the system, the outcome of which is unpredictable and therefore offer novel and surprising ways of constructing architecture that will succeed and replace conventional technologies
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• Protocell architecture swallows contrast and all contradictions including the grotesquery and illogicality of life
• Protocell technology is at the beginning of an evolutionary pathway that is connected to and dependent on the environmental conditions around it. The responsiveness of protocells to stimuli, means they can be regarded as computing units. Consequently, protocells do not seek to generate idealized architectural forms but reflect and interpret the full spectrum of the processes they encounter in the real world
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• What is generally termed life is really a frothy nothing that merely connects
• Protocell technology offers an opportunity for architects to engage with the evolutionary process itself. Unlike natural biological systems that evolve randomly according to Darwinian evolution, protocell technology allows deliberate and specific interventions throughout the entire course of its coming into being. By moving and metabolizing, protocells may form the basis for a synthetic surface ecology. These interventions are the basis of what we call protocell architecture
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• We do not wish to imitate nature, we do not wish to reproduce nature, we want to produce architecture in the way a plant produces its fruit. We do not want to depict, we want to produce directly, not indirectly, since there is no trace of abstraction. We call it Protocell Architecture
• Protocell Architecture embodies the principles of emergence, bottom-up construction techniques and self-assembly. It is equipped with design ‘handles’ that enable the architect to persuade rather than dominate the outcome of the system through physical communication. As such, these systems are unknowable, surprising and anarchic.
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• We want to collage effective biological machinery that composes itself according to the drivers of design
• Protocell Architecture is chemically programmable and operates in keeping with the organizing principles of physics and chemistry
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• We want over and over again, movement and connection; we see peace only in dynamism
• Protocell Architecture gathers its energy from the tension that resides at an interface between two media such as oil and water, which causes movement, disruption and change. Protocell Architecture resists the equilibrium since this constitutes death
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• The head is round, so thoughts can revolve. The head of architecture is green, robust, synthesized and exists everywhere simultaneously, whether it is large or very, very small
• Protocell Architecture is fashioned from ‘low tech biotech’ characterised by ubiquitous, durable and affordable materials
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• We wish to blur the firm boundaries, which self-certain people delineate around all we can achieve
• Protocell Technology becomes a co-author in the production of architecture through the possession of living properties and its ability to self-assemble
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• We tell you the tricks of today are the truths of tomorrow
• Protocell Architecture is better adapted to the prevailing physical and social conditions since it is founded on a new set of technologies that are not ‘alive’ but which possess some of the properties of living systems. As such these technologies are qualitatively different to the industrial and digital technologies that have become the mainstream tools of the twentieth century
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• We will work with things that we do not want to design, things that already have systematic existence
• Protocell Technology has the capacity to transform and modify existing building materials and architecture with the potential for surprise
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• You know as much as we do that architecture is nothing more than rhythms and connections
• Protocell Architecture embodies the complexity of materials in a literal, rather than metaphorical manner and becomes a physical part of our existence
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• We will construct exquisite corpses not dead but alive and useful
• Protocell Architecture is central to the understanding of living systems. It allows us to work with and enhance the unavoidable inconsistency which is the essence of life itself
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Manifestofor protocell architecture: against biological formalism
• We deal in a second aesthetic, one that initiates beginnings and moulds with natural forces
• Protocell Architecture is connected to the environment through constant conversation and energy exchange with the natural world in a series of chemical interactions called ‘metabolism’. This involves the conversion of one group of substances into another, either by absorbing or releasing energy - doing more with less
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Architecture as Biosphere
• Living Architecture is part of the biosphere• Integrated through common chemical
language called metabolism • Metabolism connects living systems to the
environment
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Metabolic Materials
• Materials that are capable of metabolism• These materials are ‘living’ and can be
thought of as Living Technology
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Living Technology
• Possess some but not all of the properties of living systems
• Qualitatively different to 20th century technologies with which we are familiar
• Capable of growth, movement, sensitivity, repair, complex behaviour and even reproduction
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Low Tech Biotech
• For practical purposes in the built environment, these materials need to be robust, safe, ubiquitous and inexpensive
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Innovation by Design
• Use existing metabolic systems and materials to create the desired outcome:
• Crystal growth (biomorphic)• ‘Cellular Gardening’ of indigenous
microorganisms for selected characteristics
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Roger Hiorns, Seizure
Seizure, Roger Hiorns
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Seizure, Roger Hiorns
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Seizure, Roger Hiorns
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Silicon-Fixing Bacteria
Silicon Fixing Bacteria, Simon Park
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Dune, Magnus Larsson
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Dune, Magnus Larsson
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Dune, Magnus Larsson
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Bioluminescence
Bioluminescent Bacteria, Simon Park
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Bioluminescent Bacteria, Simon Park
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Bioluminescent Bacteria, Simon Park
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Bioluminescent Bacteria, Simon Park
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Bioluminescent Bacteria, Simon Park
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Bioluminescent Bacteria, Simon Park
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Bioluminescent Bacteria, Simon Park
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Bioluminescent Bacteria, Simon Park
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Bioluminescent Bacteria, Simon Park
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Slime Mould
Slime Mould, Shin Tseng
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Slime Mould, Shin Tseng
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Slime Mould, Simon Park
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Slime Mould, Simon Park
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Slime Mould, Soichiro Tsuda
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Slime Mould, Soichiro Tsuda
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Slime Mould, Soichiro Tsuda
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Slime Mould, Soichiro Tsuda
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Slime Mould, Soichiro Tsuda
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Diatoms
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Diatom Factory, Shin Tseng
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Diatom Factory, Shin Tseng
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Diatom Factory, Shin Tseng
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Diatom Factory, Shin Tseng
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Diatom Factory, Shin Tseng
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Plant/Human Nail, Shin Tseng
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Bryopsis
Bryopsis, Alexandru Vladimirescu
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Bryopsis, Alexandru Vladimirescu
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Bryopsis & GFP Modified Bacteria, Alexandru Vladimirescu
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Bryopsis & Magnetic Particles, Alexandru Vladimirescu
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Bryopsis, Andrew Paine
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Coralina
Coralina, Alexandru Vladimirescu
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Coralina, Alexandru Vladimirescu
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Limestone
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Living Rocks
Blue Green Algae, Alexandru Vladimirescu
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Stromatolite
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Innovation by Invention
• Low tech, chemical computers• Protocell technology: an example of Living
Technology• NO DNA• Based on the chemistry of oils• Programmable using inorganic chemistry• Can produce architectural outcomes
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Protocell Technology
Protocell, Martin Hanczyc
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Protocell Cluster
Protocells, Martin Hanczyc
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Modification of Environment
Protocells, Martin Hanczyc
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Skin Shedding
Protocell, Martin Hanczyc
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Producing Solid Material
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Protocell Pearl
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Protocell Shell
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Sustainably Reclaiming Venice
• Protocell technology programmed to move away from light and deposit limestone under the wood pile foundations of the historic city
• Generation of an artificial reef• New ecological niches for marine organisms
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Protocell Technology
Protocell technology Programmed to create solid out of dissolved carbon dioxideCourtesy Christian Kerrigan
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Protocell Photosensitivity
Protocell technology under wood piles underneath VeniceProgrammed to move away from light filled canals to darkened foundationsCourtesy Christian Kerrigan
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Protocell Activation
Protocell technology petrifying foundationsProtocell technology forms solid materials by crystallization and accretionCourtesy Christian Kerrigan
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Venetian Artificial Reef
Artificial Reef underneath VeniceSensitive to environmental variables and local marine ecologyCourtesy Christian Kerrigan
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Stop Press: Plastic Protocells
Plastic coated oil droplet, Andrew Loxley
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Stop Press: Protein Protocells
Protein coated oil droplet, Andrew Loxley
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E-ink Jacket
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Summary
• Living Architecture is a new way of thinking about creating the built environment since it uses a bottom up approach to construction
• Living Architecture is in direct conversation with the environment through the physics and chemistry of the fundamental matter which can be thought of an ‘architectural protocell’
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Acknowledgments
• Martin Hanczyc• Alexandru Vladimirescu• Neil Spiller• Christian Kerrigan• Shin Tseng• Andrew Paine• Andrew Loxley• Soichiro Tsuda• Simon Park• Matthias Hollwich