living room furnishing
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UNIT-IV
LIVING ROOM FURNISHING
The living room has a dual purpose; for relaxation
and entertainment.
Sofa Covers
The sofa is the piece of furniture that probably
gets used more in the home than any other piece
of furniture. We tend to sit on that in order to
watch TV, enjoy a little bit of family time and
perhaps even eat. Not only does it get used often,
it is also the piece of furniture that tends to receive
the most spills. Finding slip covers for sofa
cushions, therefore, is important if we want tomake sure that the piece of furniture itself does
not get too dirty.
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The reason why slip covers for sofa seats and back
cushions are so important is because many of us
do not want to soil the actual piece of furniture. It
is one problem if we soiled the slipcover but quite
another if we damage the piece of furniture.
A slipcover can either be thrown into the washing
machine or perhaps replaced if it is damaged
irreparably. The last thing that we would want to
do is to spend a couple of hundred dollars on a
new sofa, simply because we did not spend a little
bit of money on a slipcover.
Main Types of Sofa Covers
The two main types of slip covers for sofacushions include fitted and overlay slipcovers.
The fitted covers are going to provide you with
the neatest book and one that helps you to keep
the original look of the sofa.
Very few of us buy sofas because we plan on
covering them up, not liking the way that we look.
If you get a fitted slip cover, you are able to keep
the original look of the sofa, while protecting the
actual sofa itself. One of the interesting things is
that you will be able to change colors easily with
the use of slip covers, something that most people
enjoy doing as well.
You may also be able to get overlay slip covers
for sofa cushions as well. These are a little bit
sloppier looking for because they cover the entire
sofa, back, cushions and all. They are very
effective, however, at keeping the sofa clean and
still allowing it to be usable.
Many people offer this type of slip cover whatever
they have young children in order to allow them
to live in the environment but still have a cleansofa underneath. Whenever a company comes, it
is a simple thing to remove the slip cover and
have a new looking sofa in the room.
Slip cover
A slipcover (also called loose cover) is a fitted
protective cover that may be slipped off and on a
piece of upholstered furniture. Slipcovers are
usually made of cloth. Slipcovers slip on and off,they come fresh, and may be removed for seasonal
change, cleaning, moving, or storage.
Slipcovers are sometimes defined as "clothing for
furniture." Indeed, they are tailored just as
clothing is, and are fitted loosely or snugly to the
taste of the owner or tailor. Some people order
furniture upholstered in plain muslin with the
intention of using slipcovers only
Slipcover Tips To Brighten Your Decor And
Protect Your Furniture
Slipcovers are a great option to reupholstering the
old fabric on your furniture and giving that
favorite old sofa or chair a whole new life. Not
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only are slipcovers inexpensive, but they offering
an endless array of designs and materials.
Perhaps your sofa, recliner or loveseat is showing
its age with years of use, or maybe you simply
want a different pattern or color in your furniture.
So, what are your choices?
Well, you can go to a furniture store and purchase
the latest recliner from La-Z-Boy or a sofa from
Lane and pay the expensive costs.
You can also take in your chair or sectional to an
upholstery shop and have it reupholstered. Not
only is it expensive, it is also a hassle in taking it
to the shop. Do you really want to move your
furniture?
Slipcovers are the third option and for many they
are they are the best option. Regardless if it is sofa
slipcovers, chair slipcovers or even a dining room
chair slipcover, you can rest assured in knowing
there is a huge selection to choose from.
Styles
There are furniture covers available in every style
imaginable. From modern and contemporary to
country and many more. From solid colors to
different prints you can find something that fits
your taste.
FabricCorduroy slipcovers are very popular right now,
but there are a multitude of other choices available
as well. You can find materials made of cotton,
linen, denim, polyester to name just a few.
Linens
Linens are fabric household goods, such as
pillowcases and towels.
Originally, many, such as bed sheets and
tablecloths, were made of linen. Today, the term
"linen" has come to be applied to all related
products even though most are made of cotton,
various synthetic materials, or blends. These may
be referred to as white goods (as high quality
linen was bleached in the sun until it was pure
white in color). Stores offering sales on these
items may advertise a white sale, despite having a
wide variety of actual colors of items for sale.
List of linens
bed sheet
blanketdishcloth
dishtowel
doily
napkin
Pat Freund
placemat
pillowcase
tablecloth
table runner
towel
mittensWashcloth
Upholstery
Upholstery is the work of providing furniture,
especially seats, with padding, springs, webbing,
and fabric orleathercovers. The word upholsterycomes from the Middle English words up and
holden, meaning to hold up. The term is applied to
domestic furniture and also to automobiles,
airplanes and boats. A person who works withupholstery is called an upholsterer; an apprentice
upholsterer is sometimes called an outsider or
trimmer.
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TYPES OF FABRICS USED AS LINENS
Basket weave:Variation on a plain weave; two
over, two under.
Broadcloth : A tightly woven lustrous cotton
cloth with fine embedded crosswide ribs. It
resembles poplin and is used extensively in shirts
and blouses, as well as homedecorating.
Butcher's Linen : It was originally a heavy,
sturdy linen fabric used for French butchers'
aprons. This type of heavy fabric was also used
for interfacing.
Burn-Out Prints : Printing with a chemical
substance that destroys the fiber in the pattern
design print area.
Cashmere
: Comes from the inner coat hair of an Asian
Cashmere Goat.Cut-And-Loop Pile : Made with a combination
of both loop and cut yarns and can be either level
or multilevel.
Corduroy : A ribbed, pile fabric. Comes in
various weights and weaves. Used widely for both
apparel and home furnishings
Chambray : A plain-weave fabric made of color
warp yarn and white fill yarn.
Combed Cotton : The combing process removes
the short fibers and any debris that may be in thefiber when it was in the field. A cleaner, more
uniform and lustrous yarn results.
Chenille : A fuzzy cotton yarn or fabric that has
pile protruding around it. Chenille is the French
word for caterpillar.
Chintz : Glazed cotton fabric, often printed. Used
widely in upholstery fabric.
Cotton Sheers : Batiste, lawn, organdy, and voile
are all cotton sheers. Used for both home and
apparel products.
Damask : A patterned cotton fabric made on a jacquard loom. It is used for decorative fabrics
and fine apparel.
Duck : Also known as canvas. A rugged plain-
weave cloth.
Dotted Swiss : Lightweight, sheer, fine-yarn
fabric with small dotted areas that have been
either woven or flocked to achieve the dot effect.
Double Knit : A circular, knit fabric of double
thickness.
Dye Lot : Variations in the chemical
concentrations from one batch to the next
Reversible fabrics.
Denim : A rugged, durable twill fabric that is
most popular in indigo blue. Denim rules the
casual apparel world, but it has also become
popular in decorative fabrics for the home.
Embroidery : Art of creating and producing
raised designs or motifs on woven fabrics.
Flannel : A plain-weave cloth heavily brushed for
softness. Often used in apparel and sheets.
Flax : Comes from the stem or stalk of the flax
plant; when flax is woven, it produces linen.
Greige Goods : (pronounced gray) Loom-state
cloth that has not received dry and wet finishing.
Herringbone : Considered a broken twill because
both right and left-hand twill resemble the
backbone of a herring fish.
Interlock : A double-knit, plain-stitched fabric
that looks the same on both sides. Used for home
and apparel.
Jersey : A single-knit, plain-stitched fabric with a
face side that is distinctly different from the back
side. Used for both home and apparel consumerproducts. Recently, American manufacturers have
introduced cotton jersey for bed linens.
Jacquard : The jacquard loom produces elaborate
cloth weaves that are very important for
decorative fabrics, such as tapestries, brocade, and
damask.
Jacquard : Design that includes very detailed,
intricate motifs.
Jute : Bast fiber that grows in the stem section of
a plant in India; Yellow and brown in color;
Coarse and harsh.Mercerized Cotton : A wet finishing process for
cotton yarn or fabric, which results in a stronger
and more lustrous yarn that takes dye better with
brighter, deeper colors.
Matelass : A dobby or jacquard cotton fabric.
The pattern stands out to give a quilted look for
bedspreads and other home fabrics, or fine apparel
fabrics.
Natural Fiber : Found in plants or animals.
Oxford : A group of cotton fabrics, including
pinpoint, made with a modified plain or basketweave. Used primarily for shirting.
Poplin : A fabric with a fine horizontal rib effect
on the surface because of a warp yarn finer than
the filling yarn; usually a high-thread-count cloth.
Poplin is used for high-quality shirting.
Pique : Medium-weight, crisp, cotton-type fabric
with raised dobby designs.
Plain Weave : Yarn passes alternately one over,
one under until the yarn is full.
Polyester : Manufactured fiber in which the fiber-
forming substance is any long-chain syntheticpolymer composed of at least 85% by weight of
an ester of a substituted aromatic carboxylic.
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Pima Cotton : It is from Egyptian cotton, is an
excellent quality cotton fabric.
Pliss : Fabric treated with a solution that shrinks
parts of the goods to create a crinkle or pleated
effect. Used for both home and apparel.
Polished Cotton : It is either a satin weave cotton
or a plain weave cotton that is finished chemically
to appear shiny.
Percale : A smooth, finely combed woven
sheeting with a minimum thread count of 180
threads per square inch.
Sateen : A silky smooth fabric that has a lustrous
sheen resembling satin.
Swiss : It is a sheer, very fine cotton that can be
plain or decorated with dots or other designs.
Screen Printing : Printing formed by engraved
rollers.
Sham : A decorative covering for a pillow on a
bed with a decorative flange.Sateen : A satin weave fabric with a smooth,
lustrous surface. Used for both home and apparel.
Silk : Continuous strands of filament fiber found
in a cocoon.
Striped Sateen : A woven-in weave of section-
striped pattern. (see Sateen)
Sheeting : Plain-woven, carded yarn cloth in
medium and heavy weights. When the thread
count is low, sheeting is defined as muslin. When
the thread count is high and the yarn is combed,
sheeting is defined as percale.Seersucker : A lightweight cotton fabric with a
woven crinkle achieved by altering tension in the
warp yarns. Seersucker is synonymous with the
classic summer suit.
Table Skirt : Gathered, tailored, or pleated piece
of fabric that reaches from the top of the box
spring to the floor.
Terry Cloth : A cotton fabric with moisture-
absorbing loop pile covering the entire surface on
one or both sides. Used for home fashions, as well
as summer apparel.Twill : Identified by the diagonal lines on its face.
It is an incredibly versatile fabric.
Velour : A term applied to cut pile cloths in
general. Velour is soft, luxurious and widely used.
Venise : It is a very fine damask table linen
consisting of large floral patterns.
Velveteen is an all cotton pile fabric with short
pile resembling velvet.
Velvet : A warp-pile fabric with short, densely
woven cut pile, giving the fabric a soft, rich
texture.
Wool : Fibers that form the covering of a sheep.
Whipcord is a strong fabric with a diagonal round
cords that can also be produced in wool.
Terminology IN LIVING ROOM FURNISHING
Bedcover entitled "Buildings, Animals and
Shields", Albany, New York, c. 1890. Art Institute
of Chicago collections.
Bed skirt (also bed ruffle, dust ruffle or
valance): A decorative piece used to cover the
boxspring and legs of the bed. It fits between the
mattress and boxspring and hangs to the floor.
Bed spread: Abed coverwith sides that go to the
floor. This does not require a bed skirt.
Boudoir pillows (or breakfast pillows): Small
rectangular decorative throw pillows.
Comforter: A filled bed cover that is quilted and
usually reversible. They require a bed skirt to
complete the look, as the sides only go about
halfway to the floor.
Drop: The length of a bed skirt.Duvet cover: A decorative and protective
covering for a duvet. Most duvet covers have a
button or tie closure at one end.
European sham (or Euro sham): A decorative
pillow covering which fits a large 26 x 26
pillow. These are often placed behind the standard
size pillow shams as a backdrop for all of the
other pillows.
Flanged: Including a decorative band of fabric
that is straight or tailored; often used to describe
pillows or pillow shams.Hotel bedding: Sheets with a high-thread count,
to emulate the high quality bedding materials that
hotels use. Often in neutral colors. Hotels often
use high-quality bedding materials to maximize
comfort for their customers.
Neckroll: Small cylindrical decorative throw
pillows.
Pillow shams: Decorative coverings for pillows,
often designed with trims, ruffles, flanges, or
cording. Shams are normally placed behind the
pillows used to sleep on, which would be coveredwith regular pillowcases.
Pleated: Sewn in folds like a fan.
Tailored: Fitted closely, i.e. made to fit the bed
exactly.
Thread count: The number of thread ends per
square inch in a woven fabric.
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Wall Hangers
Keep your mirrors, paintings, photographs and
prints from crashing to the ground by choosing the
right picture hangers or wall fasteners. The type of
wall surface and the weight of the objects you
want to hang are important things to consider.
Instructions
1
Weigh the object you wish to hang.
2
Purchase a picture hanger, checking the packaging
for the maximum weight the hanger can support.
3
Hang heavy objects like mirrors or shelves with
wall fasteners that distribute weight more evenly
than a nail or screw.4
Use an expansion anchor or a lead shield with a
No. 6 wood screw for a plaster wall with a
thickness of 2 to 3 inches.
5
Use a spreading anchor for drywall or a plaster
and lath wall; it should be the same size as the
thickness of the wall, and long enough to pierce
both the drywall and the object you want to hang.
6
Use a No. 6 wood screw if you're mounting anobject of 10 pounds or less onto the wood stud
behind drywall. The screw should penetrate at
least 1 inch into the stud.
7
Use a No. 8 or larger wood screw if you're
mounting an object of more than 10 pounds onto
the wood stud behind drywall; the screw should
penetrate at least 1 to 1 1/2 inches into the stud.
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Cushion
A cushion (from Old French coisson, coussin;
from Latinculcita, a quilt), is a soft bag of someornamental material, stuffed with wool, hair,
feathers, polyester staple fiber, non-woven
material, or evenpapertorn into fragments. It may
be used for sitting or kneeling upon, or to soften
the hardness or angularity of a chair or couch.
Cushions and rugs can be used temporarily
outside, to soften a hard ground. They can be
placed on sun loungers and used to prevent
annoyances from moist grass and biting insects.
Some dialects of English use this word to refer to
throw pillows as well.The cushion is a very ancient article of furniture;
the inventories of the contents ofpalaces and great
houses in the early Middle Ages constantly made
mention of them. Cushions were then often of
great size, covered with leather, and firm enough
to serve as a seat, but the steady tendency of all
furniture has been to grow smaller with time.
Cushions were, indeed, used as seats at all events
in France and Spain at a very much later period,
and in Saint-Simon's time we find that in the
Spanish court they were still regarded as a peculiarly honorable substitute for a chair. In
France, the right to kneel upon a cushion in
church behind the king was jealously guarded and
strictly regulated, as we learn again from Saint-
Simon. This type of cushion was called a carreau,
or squaer. When seats were rude and hard,
cushions may have been a necessity; they are now
one of the minor luxuries of life.
The term cushion is given in architecture to the
sides of the Ionic capital. It is also applied to anearly and simple form of the Romanesque capitals
ofGermany and England, which consist of cubical
masses, square at the top and rounded off at the
four corners, so as to reduce the lower diameter to
a circle of the same size as the shaft.
Tailored Cushion Cover
Tailored cushion covers give a finished look to
any piece of furniture it's used on.
Instructions
Things You'll Need:
Cushion pad, should be at least four to five inches
thick
Fabric
Piping (ready-made or make your own to match
fabric)
Scissors
Tread matched to fabric
Sewing machine
Straight pins
Tape Measure
Zipper, length should be two to three inches lessthan one-half the total circumference of the
cushion (zipper should go around the entire back
of the cushion, plush one-quarter of the way on
either
Measure and cut fabric pieces
CUT TOP AND BOTTOM CUSHION PIECES
-Measure the length and width of the top of the
cushion
-Add a seam allowance of 5/8-inch on all foursides
-Cut 2 pieces (top and bottom)
CUT FRONT AND BACK CUSHION BANDS
-Measure around one half of cushion
-Add a seam allowance of 5/8-inch on the top and
bottom of band
-Add four-inches to overall length
-Cut 3 pieces
CUT PIPING-Measure enough to go around the circumference
of the cushion with a little overlap
-Cut 2 pieces
Pin and sew piping to the right side of the top
piece of the cushion cover. Piping seam should
align with the seam allowance of the cushion
(when the cushion is turned right side out, the
piping is exposed). Clip the seam on one end of
the piping. Cut the cord ends inside the piping so
they just meet and slip the lose end of the pipingfabric over the other. Finish sewing piping to the
cushion.
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Repeat the above instructions for the bottom
cushion cover.
For the back cushion band, press two of the three
bands in half lengthwise. Sew the zipper between
the two bands of folded fabric.
With right sides together, sew the front and back
cushion bands together. At this point, the cushion
band will much larger than the top and bottom
cushion pieces. Lap the two ends of the front band
over the back zippered cushion band (each end of
the zipper will have fabric overlapping). Tack at
the seam allowance to hold the overlaps in place.
With right sides together, pin and sew top and
bottom cushion covers to cushion band. Clip the
seam allowances at the corners before turning.
Insert the cushion pad into the cover, zip and
enjoy your new cushion covers.
Bolster
A bolster (etymology: Middle English, derived
from Old English, and before that the Germanicword bulgstraz) is a long narrow pillow orcushion filled with cotton, down, or fibre. In
western countries, it is usually placed at the head
of bed and functions as head or back support. In
south-east Asian countries, in particular
Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and
Thailand, the bolster is designed to be hugged
when sleeping. It is called a dakimakura in
Japanese. In the Philippines, many call it the
"hotdog pillow" (or more natively, "tandayan")
following the close resemblance to the food
bearing that name. In Chinese, its hanyu pinyin is
"bao zhen" (lit. "hugging pillow"). In cantonese, it
is called "Lam Chim". The Indonesian/Malay
folks called it "bantal peluk" or "bantal guling".
Tradition suggests that a wife would fashion the
bolster out of bamboo and give it to her husband
when he travelled away from home so that he
would not be lonely at night, hence the name
"bamboo wife," or "Dutch wife," orchikufujin in
Japanese.
In many Chinese and Malay families, children are
provided with a bolster and the habit of sleepingwith a bolster carries over into adulthood. It is
said that hugging a bolster will calm one's mind
when sleeping, and, in the hot tropical climate of
Singapore and Malaysia, it is often too hot to
cover oneself with a blanket when sleeping,
especially in a non-air-conditioned room, hence
hugging a bolster will avoid catching a cold.
In the past, it was common for people to make
their own bolsters. Old folks usually made the
inner cover with a slit at its centre and stuff cotton
wool until it is fairly compact and then sewing theslit up. A bolster cover is then made, with tie
strings at its end, to keep it clean. Now most
shopping centres and Department Stores like
Target, John Little, do sell ready made bolsters
with different insert/fillings to cater to different
needs and price ranges. Because of its popularity
among the locals, bedsheet sets often come with
matching pillow and bolster cases.
In more traditional Chinese families, a newly-wed
couple's wedding chamber will most likely have a
bed that comes with two pillows and one bolsterwith embroideries of love birds, flowers etc and
are usually bright red in colour. It is said that the
bolster is to provide the husband with something
to hug when the wife is not in the mood or vice
versa.
In many other countries, particularly Indonesia,
Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, a bolster is
quite different. They use a bolster the way what
some western countries use their body pillows .
These are pillows that the sleeper can rest his head
on and also hug it with both arms and legs. This isgreat for children who like the comfort of sleeping
with something and the habit extends to adults
too. It is also good for people who have hip,
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shoulder, or back problems. The sleeper can adjust
the body pillow bolster to make sleeping more
comfortable.
The use of the bolster is so common among
Indonesian people that most local hotels provide
bolsters for their guests. However, this is less
common in westernized hotels in bigger cities in
Indonesia. In Singapore, most hotels do not
provide bolster for guests unless they specifically
request it.
The equivalent of bolster in the western countries
is the body pillow. So exactly what a bolster is
depends a bit on the country you live in. No
matter where you live, it is long and narrow rather
than square or the familiar rectangular pillow for
the head. Bolsters for the bedroom are often
cylindrical.
How to Make Cushion Bolsters
GATHERED BOLSTER:
Fold the fabric in half lengthwise with right sides
together and raw edges matching. Using 5/8 inch
for a seam allowance, pin, baste, and stitch along
the long edge, forming a tube. Neaten both raw
edges with zigzag stitches and press the seam
open.
Turn the cover side out. Press under raw edges at
each end 5/8 inch. Using a double thread, work
large, evenly spaced gathering stitches around
each pressed edge. Do not pull up gathers and
leave the gathering thread on the needle.
Insert the bolster form into the cushion cover,
centering it inside. At each end, pull up the
gathering threads to close the end and fasten off
the thread.
Cover each button with contrasting or matching
fabric. Hand stitch the covered button over each
gathered end to neaten.
2
TAILORED BOLSTER
Fold center section in half lengthwise with right
sides together and matching raw edges. Using a
5/8 inch seam allowance, pin, baste, and stitch
along the long edge, forming a tube, and leave an
opening in the center of the seam. Leave the
opening unstitched or add a zipper.
Open the zipper, if necessary. Add piping cord
around ends. With right sides together, pin, baste,
and stitch an end circle to each open end of the
center section. Clip into seam allowance and trim
scams. Turn cover right side out, insert form, and
close the opening.
3
COVERING BUTTONS
Follow the manufacturer's instructions for
covering buttons. Use a guide to cut a circle of
your chosen fabric. Run a gathering thread around
the outer edge; gather covering around the button
front and fasten. Ease fabric evenly around the
outer edge of the button front and snap on the
back
Mattress
A mattress is a mat or pad, usually placed on top
of abed, upon which to sleep or lie.
The word mattress is derived from Arabic wordsmeaning "to throw" and "place where something
is thrown" or "mat, cushion." During the
Crusades, Europeans adopted the Arabic method
of sleeping on cushions thrown on the floor, and
the word materas eventually descended intoMiddle English through the Romance languages.[1]
Though a mattress may be placed directly on the
floor, it is usually placed on top of a platform
(such as a platform bed or a metal box spring or a
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slatted foundation) to be further from the ground.
Historically, mattresses have been filled with a
variety of natural materials, including straw and
feathers. Modern mattresses usually contain either
an inner spring core or materials such as latex,
viscoelastic, or other polyurethane-type foams.
Mattresses may also be filled with air or water, or
a variety of natural fibres, such as in futons.
Mattress dimensions
Most mattresses have a thickness from six to
eighteen inches (15 to 46 cm).
Components of an innerspring mattress
This article does not cite any references
or sources. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable
sources. Unverifiable material may be
challenged and removed. (August 2006)
A common innerspring mattress consists of threecomponents: the spring core, the foundation, and
the upholstery layers.
Spring mattress core
The core of the mattress supports the sleepers
body. Modern spring mattress cores, often called
"innersprings," are made up of steel coil springs,
or "coils."
The gauge of the coils is another factor which
determines firmness and support. Coils are
measured in quarter increments. The lower thenumber, the thicker the spring. In general, higher-
quality mattress coils have a 14-gauge (1.63 mm)
diameter. Coils of 14 to 15.5-gauge (1.63 to 1.37
mm) give more easily under pressure, while a
12.5-gauge (1.94 mm) coil, the thickest typically
available, feels quite firm.
Connections between the coils help the mattress
retain its shape. Most coils are connected by
interconnecting wires; pocketed coils are not
connected, but the pockets preserve the mattress
shape.There are four different types of mattress coils:
Bonnell coils are the oldest and most common.
First adapted from buggy seat springs of the 19th
century, they are still prevalent in less expensive
mattresses. Bonnell coils are hourglass-shaped,
and the ends of the wire are knotted or wrapped
around the top and bottom circular portion of the
coil and self-tied.
Marshall coils, also called "pocketed coils," are
each wrapped in a fabric encasement and usually
are tempered, or in the case of the SimmonsBeautyrest carbon magnesium is added. Some
manufacturers pre-compress these coils, which
makes the mattress firmer and allows for motion
separation between the sides of the bed.
Offset coils are designed to hinge, thus
conforming to body shape. They are very sturdy,
stable innersprings that provide great support.
Continuous coils Or Mira-coils, Work by a
hinging effect, similar to that of offset coils. In a
basic sense a continuous coil is simply that, one
continuous coil in and up and down fashion
forming one row (usually from head to toe) of
what appear to be individual coils. The advantages
of how firm a support the continuous coil provides
it is somewhat tempered with the 'noise'
associated from a typical mira coil unit.
Air mattresses
Air mattresses use one or more air chambers
instead of springs to provide support. Quality and
price can range from inexpensive ones used
occasionally for camping, all the way up to high-
end luxury beds. Air mattresses designed for
typical bedroom use cost about the same as inner-spring mattresses with comparable features.
Several companies currently produce adjustable
firmness air mattresses. In 1981, Comfortaire
began manufacturing and marketing air mattresses
that looked conventional but allowed users to
adjust the firmness. Select Comfort patented a
variant and began marketing them in 1987.
Adjustable air mattresses come in a variety of
models from basic, no-frills ones that measure
about 7" in height, to high-profile, 15" tall hybrids
that contain several types of foam, pillow tops,and digital pumps with memory, for individual
pressure settings.
Air bladder construction varies from a simple
polyethylene bag to internally baffled, multiple
chambers of latex (vulcanized rubber) with
bonded cotton exteriors. Mattresses have a layer
of foam above the air chambers for added
cushioning. The air chambers, top and sidewall
foam all sit inside a removable two piece cover
that looks like the outside of a standard
innerspring mattress. These high-end luxury AirBeds are also known as soft sided Air Beds.
Medical versions of these adjustable firmness
mattresses have even greater control mechanisms
which include features like frequently changing
pressure to preventbed sores.
Foam mattresses
Foam mattresses use shape-conforming latex or
viscoelastic memory foam rather than springs to
provide support. Mattresses manufactured using
memory foam or latex are generally
hypoallergenic.[citation needed] Since foam varies inquality, prices can vary widely. Most mattress
manufacturers offer a line of memory foam
mattresses.
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Foundation
There are three main types of foundations.
Box-springs consist of a rigid frame which
contains extra-heavy-duty springs. This type of
foundation contributes to softer support and a
bouncier mattress. Because box-springs can cause
mattresses to sag, many manufacturers add high-
density block foam underneath the coils or
provide a rigid foundation instead.
Traditional wood foundations are usually made of
soft woods, such as pine, or hard woods, such as
poplar. They usually consist of seven or eight
support slats covered with cardboard or
beaverboard. This type of foundation, called a
zero deflection unitor an "Ortho Box" in the bedindustry, increases the feeling of firmness and
stability.
Grid foundations are a combination of steel and
wood.Upholstery layers
Upholstery layers cover the mattress and provide
cushioning and comfort. Some manufacturers call
the mattress core the "support layer" and the
upholstery layer the "comfort layer." The
upholstery layer consists of three parts: the
insulator, the middle upholstery, and the quilt.
The insulator separates the mattress core from the
middle upholstery. It is usually made of fiber or
mesh and is intended to keep the middle
upholstery in place.The middle upholstery comprises all the material
between the insulator and the quilt. It is usually
made from materials which are intended to
provide comfort to the sleeper, including regular
foam, viscoelastic foam, felt, polyester fibers,
cotton fibers, convoluted (egg-crate) foam, and
non-woven fiber pads.
The quilt is the top layer of the mattress. Made of
light foam or fibers stitched to the underside of
the ticking, it provides a soft surface texture to the
mattress and can be found in varying degrees offirmness. The protective fabric cover which
encases the mattress is called ticking. It is usually
made to match the foundation and comes in a
wide variety of colors and styles. Most ticking is
made of synthetic fibers like polyester, or acrylic;
or of natural materials such as latex, cotton, silk,
and wool.
Quality
Many parameters determine mattress quality.
Laboratory test methods have been established for
some of these parameters, such as pressure
distribution, skin microclimate, hygiene, edge
support, and long-term stability. Many of these
have been developed by Dr. Duncan Bain,
working on behalf of the UK's Medicines andHealthcare products Regulatory Agency.[4]
Other parameters, such as firmness, are more
specific to the sleeper. In general, firm mattresses
are recommended for stomach and some back
sleepers, soft mattresses are recommended for side
sleepers, and medium mattresses are
recommended for the majority of back sleepers.[citation needed] Some brands offer mattresses with one
softer side and one firmer side, or with adjustable
firmness levels, to accommodate sleepers who
share a bed.Mattresses in hospitals
"Not all the anti-decubitus mattresses really
succeed in reducing the interface pressure. The
foam and gel mattresses have no or limited
pressure reducing qualities. The polyether
mattress and especially the polyurethane slow
foam mattress reduce pressure best and are
preferable in the prevention of pressure ulcers on
an operating table. None of the mattresses tested
reduced the pressure sufficiently in lateral
position."[1]
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International Mattress Sizes[3]
DenominationNorth America
inches (cm)
UK
inches (cm)
Europe
(Continental)
cm (inches)
Asia (Thailand)
cm (inches)
Crib / Toddler27.25x51.625 in
(69.2x131.1 cm)
Mini Single3075 in
(76.2191 cm)
Twin/Single3975 in
(99191 cm)
3675 in
(91191 cm)
90200 cm
(35.4x78.7 in)
10719856 cm
(42.1x78.0x22.0 in)
Twin/Single XL
3980 in
(99203 cm)
42x75 in
(106x191 cm)
Double/Full5475 in
(137191 cm)
4878 in
(122198 cm)
140200 cm
(55.1x78.7 in)
12219856 cm
(48.0x78.0x22.0 in)
Double/Full XL5480 in
(137203 cm)
54x78 in
(137x198 cm)
Queen6080 in
(152x203 cm)
160200 cm
(63.0x78.7 in)
Olympic/Expanded Queennovelty size by Simmons 6680 in(167203 cm)
California Queen (primarily a
wood framed waterbed size,
becoming obsolete)
60x84 in
(152213 cm)
King7680 in
(193203 cm)
6078 in
(152198 cm)
180200 cm
(70.9x78.7 in)
18319856
(72.0x78.0x22.0 in)
California King7284 in
(183213 cm)
Super King7278 in
(182198 cm)
Grand King (novelty size by
Select comfort air beds)
8098 in
(203249 cm)
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Maintenance and care
A quality innerspring mattress should last between
10 and 15 years before it needs to be replaced.
Memory foam and latex models should last
between 15 and 20 years depending on the
manufacturer and the quality of the bedding. This
is an approximation, as many factors affect the
lifespan of a mattress.
Mattresses should be placed atop a firm base to
prevent sagging. Mattresses should be rotated
approximately once every three months to ensure
even wear; in addition, two sided mattresses
should be turned over (flipped) twice per year.
Folding and bending of the mattress should be
avoided if possible, as should heavy wear in one
spot and excessive weight on the handles.
Mattresses should not be soaked, lest mildew
develop inside the upholstery; instead, they can be
cleaned with a vacuum or with mild surfacecleanser and a slightly damp cloth. Mattress
Protectors help prevent stains and soiling of the
ticking.
Once a mattress no longer feels supportive and
instead seems to contribute to body pain or
stiffness, it should be replaced. Some symptoms
of a broken or worn out mattress include springs
which can be felt poking through the upholstery
layer, visible permanent sagging or deformity,
lumpiness, and excessive squeaking.
Bed sheet
A bed sheet is a large piece of cloth used to cover
a mattress. It is this sheet that one typically lies
on.
In many areas of the world a second flat bed sheet
is laid on top of the sheet covering the mattress.
This is known as a "top sheet" and when a top
sheet is used, the sheet covering the mattress is
known as a "bottom sheet". One sleeps between
the two bed sheets. Blankets, comforters, andother bed covers are then placed on top of the
second bed sheet.
Bed sheets come in two main varieties--flat or
fitted. A flat bed sheet is simply a rectangular
sheet of cloth, while a fitted bed sheet has its four
corners, and sometimes two or four sides, fitted
with elastic, to be used only as a bottom sheet.
The purpose of a fitted bottom sheet is to keep it
from slipping off the mattress while the bed is in
use. A particular way of folding and tucking while
making the bed, known as "hospital corners," is
sometimes used when the bottom sheet is flat
rather than fitted.
Bed sheets were traditionally white, but now
various colors and patterns are used. The quality
of bed sheets is often conveyed by the thread
count - the number of threads per square inch of
material. In general, the higher the thread count,
the softer the sheet, but the weave and type of
thread may affect the "hand" of the material so
that a sheet with a lower thread count mayactually be softer than one with a higher count.
Common materials include cotton, linen, and
blends of cotton and polyester. Other materials
sometimes seen are silk,rayon, andbamboo fiber.
Usually a flat bed sheet is overlocked around the
edges to form four seams. One of the seams is
wider than the other three and helps with orienting
the sheet correctly on the mattress. The wider
seam goes at the head end of the mattress.
Sometimes the sides do not have seams, but are
finished with the selvedge only.When making a bed, the patterned or
monogrammed side of the top sheet is placed
facing down and then the top edge is folded
towards the foot of the bed, exposing the design.
Blanket
A blanket is a type of bedding, generally
speaking a large piece of cloth, intended to keep
the user warm, especially while sleeping. Blankets
are distinguished from sheets by their thickness
and purpose; the thickest sheet is still thinner thanthe lightest blanket, because blankets are for
warmth, while sheets are for hygiene, comfort and
aesthetics. Blankets are subdivided into many
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types, including quilts, duvets, and comforters,
depending on their thickness, construction and/or
fill material. Electric blankets are heated by
electricity. Blankets were traditionally made of
wool because of wool's warmth, breathability and
natural fire-retardant properties, while sheets were
made ofcotton orlinen, which are less irritating to
the skin. These days, synthetic fibers are
frequently used for both. Throw blankets are
smaller blankets, often in decorative colors and
patterns, that can be used for extra warmth outside
of bed.
Etymology
The name is derived from Anglo-French blankete,
from blanc, "white".[1]
Use as a ground cloth
Blankets may also be used on the ground for a
picnic or other places where people want to sit in
a grassy or muddy area without soiling theirclothing. Temporary blankets have been designed
for this purpose, although their inherent
wastefulness is a chief concern of several
environmental groups.[citation needed]
Use in firefighting
Specialized blankets known as fire blankets may
be used by firefighters to protect furnishings from
water damage during firefighting. Firefighters
often wear specialized variants of the fire blanket
to protect themselves as well.
Use in moving of household goodsThick quilted and durable blankets are used as
protective covers and cushioning when
furnishings are moved.
Use in horse care
A warming coat for a horse is called a horse
blanket, intended to prevent the development of a
shaggy winter coat of hair. A smallsaddle blanket protects the horse's skin from chafing by the
pressure points of a saddle.
Use in keeping heat within the body
To keep warmth inside the body, a blanket can beused to cover one's skin and keep the warmth in.
Many kinds of blankets, such as wool are used
because they are thicker and have more
substancial fabric to them, but cotton can also beused for light blankets
Comforter
A comforter is a type ofblanket. Comforters are
intended to keep the user warm, especially during
sleep, although they can also be used as mattress
pads. Comforters are generally large and
rectangular in shape, filled with natural or
synthetic insulative material and encased in a
shell/covering. Like quilts, comforters are
generally used with a set ofsheets.Comforter sizes correspond with bed sizes: twin,
full, queen, king, and cal-king. Comforter sizes
run slightly larger than actual bed sizes to allow
for draping over the sides of the bed. Typical sizes
in the United States for comforters are:
Twin = 64" Width x 87" Length
Queen / Full = 87" Width x 87" Length
King = 101" Width x 90" Length.
A comforter is sometimes covered with a duvet
(comforter) cover for protection and prolonged
use. Duvet is French for "Down". Comfortercovers are similar in principle to pillowcases,
usually closed with zippers or buttons. In the
United Kingdom, they are only known as special
types of padding Duvets.
Comforters are sometimes packaged in a set that
also includes a bed skirt, pillow shams, and
sometimes pillows.[1]
Construction
Filling - Comforters are filled with layers of
material such aspolyesterbatting, down feathers,
wool, orsilk. Comforters also can be made out offur, usually with a backing of satin or silk. The
loft of the filling determines the weight as well as
the level of insulation. The comforter is stitched or
quilted to secure the filling and keep it evenly
distributed.[citation needed]
Shell/Covering - The outer shells of comforters
are typically constructed using cotton, silk, or
polyester fabrics or blends, of varying thread
counts. Comforter shells vary in design and color,
often designed to coordinate with other bedding.
Washing a comforter should not be done with a
top loader; minimum capacity to wash a comforter
is 3.7 m.
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Pillow
A pillow is a large cushion support for the head,
usually used while sleeping in a bed, or for the
body as used on a couch orchair. There are also
throw pillows (also called toss pillows), which are pillows that are purely decorative and not
designed for support or comfort. Outside the USA
these are generally considered a type of cushion,
with the term pillow reserved for the pillows on a bed. Pillows are usually very soft and
comfortable. Many people use them while they
sleep.
History
Pillows were originally used mainly by the
wealthy, and have been found in Ancient Egyptian
tombs. The difficulty of sophisticated dyes andsewing techniques led to the development of
pillows as an art form, with highly decorated
pillows becoming prized commodities first in
China and Persia and later in Medieval Europe. In
Tudor England, pillows became widely-used; it
was believed only women giving birth should use
one.[1] The Industrial Revolution saw the mass
production of decorated textiles and decorated
pillows. Traditional Chinese pillows are often
hard boxes made from stone, wood, metal, or
porcelain instead of stuffed fabric.[2]
Construction and parts
Internally, a pillow comprises a filler made from
foam, synthetic fills, feathers, or down.
Traditionally straw was a filler, but this is
uncomfortable and rarely used today. Feathers and
down were the choice of the rich; these offered the
advantage of softness and their ability to conform
to shapes desired by the user, more so than foam
or fibre pillows. There are currently
hypoallergenic varieties of down pillows to allowpeople sensitive to down to enjoy the comfort of
feather or down pillows. In Asia, buckwheat is a
common filler, as are plastic imitations. Such
pillows tend to be smaller than a standard pillow.
The fill is surrounded with a cover or shell made
ofcloth orsilk, known as the pillow case or pillow
slip. Some pillows often have a fancier cover
called a sham which is closed on all sides and
usually has a slit in the back through which the
pillow is placed. Rectangular bed pillows usually
do not have zippers, but instead have one side
open all the time. It is recommended that all types
of pillow covers be laundered periodically since
they are the part that is in contact with a person's
body. But even with regular washing, pillows tend
to accumulate large amounts of dust and vast
numbers of microbes among the fill and it is
recommended that they be replaced every few
years, especially for those with allergies.
Types
A pillow is designed to provide support and
comfort to the body. There are three main types of
pillows; Bed pillows, Orthopedic pillows and
Decorative pillows, with some overlapping of use
between these.
The classic bed pillow shape is a square or
rectangle. They are common[citation needed] in these
three sizes (in inches): Standard (20x26), Queen
(20x30), and King (20x36). These pillows are
generally covered with a removable pillow case,
which facilitate laundering, keeping the bedding
fresh.
Pillow cases outside the USA have a pocket inside
the open end to fully contain the pillow. Inside the
USA pillow cases do not have such pockets
meaning the pillow usually spills from the case.
The 'Oxford Size' used in many English speaking
countries is 50cm x 75cm (20 x 30 inches), while
the 'Continental Size' used in many parts of
Continental Europe (i.e. not UK) is 66cm x 66cm(26 x 26 inches).[citation needed] German pillow sizes
are 80cm x 80cm (older) or 40cm x 80cm (newer).
When considered as a subset of Bed Pillow, Euro
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pillows finish 26x26 and older style Travel
Pillows commonly finished 12x16.[citation needed]
Body pillows are as long as a full adult body,
providing support to the head and neckat the top
and to the knees and legs lower down. This type
of pillow can be especially useful in providing
support for those who sleep on their sides and for
pregnant women. Size is 40cm x 140cm.
Orthopedic
Neck pillows support the neck by providing a
deep area for the head to rest and a supportive
area to keep the neck in alignment with the spine
while sleeping. These can also be known as
cervical pillows.
Travel pillows provide support for the neck and
head in a sitting position. Their "U" shape fits
around the back of the neck and keeps the head
from slipping into an uncomfortable and possibly
harmful position during sleep. However, U-shaped pillows can sometimes force the head
forwards creating neck stiffness. They can also be
know as a Bucky pillow.
Donut pillows are firm pillows shaped like a
torus, with a space in the middle to alleviate
pressure on the tailbone area while sitting. These
pillows are used primarily by individuals who
have suffered an injury to the tailbone area or who
suffer pain from hemorrhoids or another ailment
of the colon.
Lumbar pillows are designed to support theinward curve of the lowerback, filling the space
created between the lower back and the back of
the chair when in a sitting position. These pillows
are generally used to support the lower back while
driving or sitting, such as in an office chair.
Decorative
Decorative Pillows serve a dual purpose. They
likely have fancy cover material which serves to
decorate the room where they are found. Since
Decorative Textiles are commonly 54 inches in
width, many decorative pillows finish about17x17 inches. (54/3 = 18 less seam allowance)
When used to decorate a fully made up bed,
decorative pillows are likely thrown aside at
bedtime, since they are not covered with a
laundrable pillow case, thus, while found on the
bed, they are primarily there for decoration, hence
they fall under this category.
Decorative pillows are also found on furnishings
in more public parts of the home, such as sofas,
chairs and window seats. Here, their common use
may overlap both orthopedic and bed pillows. Forexample, unless a person has some particular
medical condition, they will likely use a handy
decorative pillow for lumbar support, as needed,
while seated on a sofa. Likewise, for the
occasional nap, decorative pillows are handy for
supporting the head or neck, even though they are
not covered with a pillow case, as are bed pillows.
There are five common synonyms for decorative
pillows which are descriptive of their use in the
home. "Accent" Pillows emphasize or accent
some other part of the home decor. The terms
Sofa Pillow and Couch Pillow refer to the place
these decorative pillows are likely found. The
terms Toss pillow and Throw pillow refer to the
way they generally arrive in their places.
Novelty Pillows are shaped like humorous objects
(a banana, tweety bird, a human leg, a former
president), and are meant to brighten up and add
humor to a room or lounge area.
Floor Pillows are another subset of decorative
pillows. These pillows often finish 26x26 inches
(one half of the width of the textile, less seamallowance)
.
Miscellaneous Styles
Dakimakura is a hugging pillow originating in
Japan.
Abrazador is a long hugging pillow originating
from the Philippines.
Firestop pillows are technical firestop products,
used inpassive fire protection.
A Boyfriend pillow (also known as the husband
pillow) is a large, high-backed pillow with two"arms". It is used to prop the user upright while in
bed or on the floor, as for reading or watching
television.
A takiya is a pillow used as an arm rest in India &
Pakistan.
Shitou zhentou (Chinese for rock pillow) played
an important role in ancient China. Made from
jade, it was believed to translate the energy from
the stone to the human brain. Derived from the
Ming dynasty, this piece of material was trusted to
cure headaches or depressions, or simply to betterthe intelligence of those who use it. It was more
common in the royalties because it was expensive
and rare.
Throw pillow
A throw pillow, or toss pillow, is a small,
decorative type of pillow. Throw pillows are
usually placed on sofas orarmchairs but are also
frequently used on beds and day beds. Throw
pillows serve both an aesthetic and a functionalpurpose. Decorative pillows are commonly used
to tie in color accents within a room, often
drawing on the colors in drapes, walls or area
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rugs. From a functional perspective, throw pillows
may provide back, neck and head support,
although some throw pillows are very
uncomfortable.
Throw pillows typically feature a removable cover
with a feather pillow form stuffed inside and come
in various sizes and shapes. The most common
size throw pillow is 16 to 18 inch square.
However, rectangular, circular and cylindrical
throw pillows, called bolsters, are also popular.
Outside the United States, throw pillows are more
commonly referred to as cushions.
Throw pillow and decorative cushions are made
from a wide range of textiles including silk,
leather, microfibre or faux suede, cotton, linen and
hemp. In recent years, decorative pillows have
been revived as an artistic medium. Fashion
designers have become increasingly attracted to
the lucrative home textiles or furnishings marketand this has led to a wide range of more
embellished looks and styles.
Clean and Care for Upholstered Furniture
When you know how to clean and care for your
upholstered furniture it will retain the look that
made you fall in love with it in the first place.
With proper cleaning, care, and maintenance, it is
possible to have all your upholstery looking itsbest for a long time. It pays to be consistent, and
its not hard to do.
Choose the Right Fabric
When you choose the right fabric for the right
place you make your upholstery maintenance task
easier. Always make sure that you choose fabric
that is appropriate for your lifestyle and the
upholstered furniture piece. For example,
synthetic fibers are a better choice for upholstered
furniture that sits in areas of heavy usage.
Protect FabricThe best form of fabric protection is prompt
attention to spills. A lot of work is done for you
when the upholstery fabric undergoes the
finishing process at the factory. It is usually
treated with soil and/or water repellents and some
form of mildew inhibitors may also be used.
Additional fabric protectors may be applied to
your upholstered furniture in the store or at home.
While this helps with maintenance and care by
keeping spills from being absorbed into the
upholstery fibers right away, it is not a substitute
for prompt cleaning of a soiled piece. Don't let it
give you a false sense of security. Always clean
up any spills or stains in a timely manner, and
follow manufacturers instructions for proper care
methods.
Turn the Cushions
You can extend your upholstered furnitures life
by periodically turning over the loose cushions.
This easy maintenance method allows for an even
distribution of wear and tear and your cushions
wont develop indentations right away. Caring for
cushions by fluffing them after youve cleaned
also helps keep them in shape.
Change the cushions around from one part to the
other in addition to turning them over. Some seats
get more usage than others, so changing cushions
around will ensure even usage.
Vacuum
Vacuum your upholstered furniture weekly for
general cleaning and to remove surface soil. This
also prevents dirt from becoming embedded into
the fibers.You can also use a brush to gently whisk the dirt
away. Make sure to always use a soft bristled
brush so that you don't snag the fabric.
Spot Clean
While regular care does a lot for your upholstered
furniture's maintenance, accidents will happen.
Blot any spills immediately with a clean folded
towel: never rub, but blot gently. Sometimes this
is enough to get rid of the stain completely,
especially if the fabric has been pre-treated with a
fabric protector.Always test in an inconspicuous area before you
use any product for spot cleaning, and check the
manufacturer's instructions to see if you need a
water based or solvent based cleaner. It is best to
use a mild cleaning product. Apply with a soft
brush in a circular motion to work into the fibers,
then vacuum when dry.
Avoid Sunlight and Pollutants
Too much sun can damage your upholstery fabric,
causing it to fade and even fray. Try to position it
so that it doesnt sit in the sun for extendedperiods of time. This is especially true for silks.
Airborne pollutants such as fumes from cooking
or smoke can also harm your fabric. It isnt
always easy to avoid that from happening,
however, proper ventilation can help. It can also
help with odor control, as upholstered furniture
can easily absorb odors.
Call a Professional
It is best to have a professional clean your
upholstered furniture every couple of years or so.
Experts recommend having this done on a regularbasis and not wait for it to get visibly dirty. The
dirtier a sofa or chair becomes, the harder it is to
restore to its original glory.
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Caring for Sofa cover
Sofa covers can easily become soiled from normal
use. If you have dogs or children in your home,
your sofa will require regular cleaning to maintain
its appearance. Some sofa covers can be removed
and washed in a washing machine. Others should
remain in place on your sofa while you clean it.
Your sofa cover will look like new if you clean it
using the recommended method and treat stains as
soon as they occur.
Shampooing a Sofa Cover
1
Read the fabric-care label to determine the
manufacturer's recommendations for cleaning.
2Locate a hidden piece of fabric and test the
upholstery cleaner for colorfastness. Allow the
fabric to dry and make sure that the sofa cover
retains its color.
3
Apply the upholstery cleaner according to the
product instructions. Most products are liquids or
foams that you spray directly onto the cover.
4
Blot with a clean rag. Remove as much moisture
as possible to shorten drying time. Allow the sofacover to air dry.
Machine-Wash or Hand-Wash
1
Read the fabric-care label to identify the type of
fabric and determine the manufacturer's
instructions for washing.
2
Machine-wash or hand-wash the sofa cover
according to the manufacturer's instructions.Washing in cold water is usually recommended to
prevent shrinking or fading. Use a washing
machine at a laundromat if the slipcover is too
large for your machine at home. If hand-washing
is recommended, wash the cover in cold water
with a mild laundry detergent. If the cover is too
large to fit in your sink, hand-wash it in a clean
tub.
3
Iron the slipcover on the reverse side if the fabric
label recommends ironing. Use spray starch torelease any wrinkles.
4
Put the cover back on the sofa while it is still a
little damp. This makes it easy to maneuver the
cover into place and prevents shrinkage.
5
Allow the sofa cover to air dry.
Care for Bed Linens
Sheets and pillowcases comes in a variety of
fabrics, weaves and thread counts. Whether you
prefer percale, Egyptian cotton or linen for the
bed, sheets are often quite an investment,
particularly when you consider that we spend up
to one-third of our lives in bed. Here's suggestions
to care for bed linens to extend their usefulness
and preserve the quality.
Instructions
1
Change sheets and pillowcases once a week.
Launder according to the manufacturer's
instructions. Use warm or cool water to prevent
shrinkage.
2
Keep linens white and remove stains with a non-
chlorine oxygenated bleach, which is gentler on
fabrics than chlorine bleach. Forego fabric
softener that decreases absorbency and weakensfibers.
3
Check sheets and pillowcases for spots and stains
before putting them in the dryer. Treat any
stubborn areas and re-launder.
4
Dry sheets on low heat. Remove from the dryer
while slightly damp to avoid weakened fibers.
Iron if necessary while still damp.
5
Fold the top sheet and the fitted bottom sheet andone pillow case. Store inside the other pillowcase.
6
Group sets of sheet by bedroom and stack them on
shelves with a clearance of about 10 inches. Have
three sets of sheets on hand for each bed.
7
Rotate sheet sets by using the set on top of the
stack. Put the most recently laundered set on the
bottom of the pile.
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Care for Wool Blankets
Wool blankets require special care compared to
other fibers and textiles. They can't be washed in
the traditional way, as this can cause the wool to
felt or shrink. Felted wool is caused by agitation
in the washing machine that knits the wool's fibers
together. Many wool blankets can be cleaned at
home, and proper storage will go a long way
toward keeping them clean when not in use. If you
care for wool blankets properly, they can last a
lifetime.
Instructions
1
Brush blankets with a garment or wool brush
with, then against, the nap to remove dust and dirtparticles. Brush weekly when the blankets are in
use.
2
Hang the blankets to dry in a dark closet if they
become damp. Light and heat can cause the damp
blanket to shrink, or fade.
3
Blot spills and stains up with a clean, white cloth,
replacing the cloth as it gets damp until the stain is
gone.
4Hand wash wool in cool-to-lukewarm water with
a mild detergent that's formulated for wool. Rinse
thoroughly with clean water, and squeeze the
excess water out. Lay the blanket flat to dry so
that it doesn't stretch.
5
Wash and store your wool blankets in an airtight
bag or plastic tub to keep out dust and pests.
Caring for a Down Pillow1
Cover your pillow with a pillow case at all times.
This will keep your pillow free from dust, dirt and
body oils.
2
Buy a pillow cover with a zipper for an extra layer
of protection under your pillow case. This will
also help those who have allergies.
3
Clean the pillow cover and case regularly to keep
your pillow fresh.
4
Launder or dry-clean your pillow yearly.
5
Spot-treat any stains before you wash your pillow
if you're going to machine wash it.
6
Wash the pillow in cold water using a detergent
that has a degreaser so that oils are removed.
Follow the pillow manufacturer's instructions for
specific detergents to use.
7
Very gently squeeze out any excess water from
the pillow after washing.
8
Dry the pillow with the dryer set on its lowest
setting; put a tennis ball in with the pillow so that
the fill moves as it dries.
9
Store your pillow in a dry and well-ventilated
closet or room when you are not using it, in order
to avoid mildew.
Caring for a Down Comforter
1
Place a cover over your down comforter to protect
it from dust, dirt and body oils.
2
Shake out your comforter weekly to prevent the
down from bunching up.
3
Air out your comforter occasionally to keep it
fresh. Hang it on a clothesline or shake it out a
window.4
Take your comforter to a dry cleaner every three
to five years if you decide not to launder it at
home.
5
Use a Laundromat with oversized washing
machines if you have an oversized comforter,
should you decide to machine-wash it.
6
Spot-treat any stains before you wash.
7Wash your comforter in cold water using a
detergent that has a degreaser so that oils are
removed.
8
Very gently squeeze out any excess water from
the comforter.
9
Dry the comforter in the dryer on low heat setting
with a tennis ball so that the fill moves as it dries.
10
Store the comforter in a dry and well-ventilatedcloset or room when you are not using it, in order
to avoid mildew.
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Care for a Mattress
Your mattress may be hidden under blankets and
sheets, but it still needs special attention from time
to time. If well cared for, it will last about 10
years.
Instructions
1
Cover your mattress with a cotton mattress pad,
which will absorb perspiration and can be
removed and washed to keep the mattress clean.
2
Rotate your mattress twice a year, or more often if
instructed by the manufacturer. Flip it over
completely after the first six months. Then, afteranother six months, flip it over and turn it so that
the head is at the foot of the bed. Some new
mattresses don't need flipping. Check with the
manufacturer.
3
Use the handles on the sides of the mattress for
positioning only - not for carrying. Lifting by the
handles can damage your mattress.
4
Air out your mattress each morning by folding
back the covers to the bottom of the bed for halfan hour before you make it. This will also prevent
moisture buildup.
5
Try not to sit on the edge of the bed in the same
place every day, because this can lead to sagging.
Care for Mattress Pads
Mattress pads protect your mattress and add years
to its average life. When the pad get soiled, washit. After all, you can't exactly wash a mattress. But
the truth is, not all mattress pads should be
washed and some may need more TLC than just
throwing them into the washing machine every
once in a while or only when they get soiled.
Instructions
1
Read the mattress pad label. Some will say to
machine wash in cold water while some will say
warm water. Some will say tumble dry low and
still others will recommend not to dry in the dryer.
Some will say to dry clean only and others might
specify no bleach. This may not tell you much or
how to wash it exactly, but you can use this as a
guide of what not to do.
2
Use a duvet cover. If your mattress pad is made of
down feathers, memory foam, egg crate foam or
wool, you may want to invest in a duvet cover.
You can always wash a duvet cover from general
wear and keep your special pad protected.
3
Dry your mattress pad completely. Your label
may say you can tumble dry low, however, this
could still shrink it. An alternative would be to
hang it dry and if you do so in the sun, this will
help kill bacteria and dust mites. Be sure the pad
is dried completely before you put it back on your
bed so you don't create an environment where
mold and mildew may grow.
4Spot clean your mattress pad. If you have a wool,
down filled, memory foam or an egg crate
mattress pad, you will need to spot clean. Even if
it has a duvet cover, spills and accidents that seep
into the pad do happen. If this is the case, wash
the duvet cover if you have it and then soak up
any liquid with towel or vacuum up (with wet vac)
the pad itself. Then mix a little Woolite or gentle
detergent with water and gently spray or dab it on
the soiled spots. If it's a urine stain, then use an
enzyme cleaner available at mostpet stores. Thensoak up or vacuum again and repeat the process
with water. Allow the pad to air dry completely,
preferable in the su