Liwei GuFood Science & Human Nutrition

A marketing term created in 2004Refer to fruits of exceptional nutrient and antioxidant richnessMainly developed into juiceforecast to become a $10 billion global industry by 2011

Pomegranate 311Açaí 71Mangosteen 10 Noni 45Goji, or wolfberry 54Cranberry 658 million pounds*

Worldwide SKU, 2006

Todd Runestad, Functional Ingredients market overview, 10/2007SKU, Stock keeping unit* US Census Bureau, November, 2004

Juice of Superfruits in a Wal-Mart supercenter in Gainesville

September 8th, 2008,

Maqui berryIndian gooseberryYumberry, “Yang Mei”GuaranaCupuaçu

Cape gooseberrySeabuckthornAcerolaBaobab

Maqui berry Indian gooseberry Yumberry, “Yang Mei”

Types of Research Scientific strength

Cost and difficulties to carry out

Long-term clinical trial ☺☺☺☺☺☺ ☺☺☺☺☺☺Short-term intervention ☺☺☺☺☺ ☺☺☺☺☺Animal disease models ☺☺☺☺ ☺☺☺☺Cell culture studies ☺☺ ☺☺In vitro antioxidant activity ☺ ☺Nutrient composition study ☺ ☺

Refers to “Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity”An index for antioxidant capacity, measures the capacity of scavenging peroxyl free radicalsDeveloped by Ronald Prior and co-workers in USDAWidely adopted by the food industry

Superfruits reported to have exceptionally high ORACMaqui berry, Indian gooseberry, Açaí, pomegranate, Cranberry, Goji berry, Blueberry

ORAC is expressed on the basis of weight (TE/g)Extract>freeze dried powder>air dried powder>fresh fruits

One cannot over extrapolate the meaning of ORAC, or directly translate high ORAC to health effects

Are plant-derived chemicals, not essential nutrients; Have no established Dietary Reference IntakeAre structurally diverse, can be divided into many groupsBelieved to be active components in many dietary supplements• Grape seed extract - procyanidin• Ginkgo extract - terpenoid• Ginseng - ginsenoside

The best-know phytonutrients that contribute to antioxidant capacities

Anthocyanins - Açaí, cranberry, blueberryProcyanidins - Cranberry, blueberryHydrolysable tannins - PomegranateXanthone - MangosteenLignans - Noni

Grows in the Amazon rain forest of Brazil

Seed 80%, pulp & skin 20%

Featured on Oprah and other public media

Schauss, A. G. et al. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006. 54 (22): 8604-8610

Types of Research Number of research

Notes

Long-term clinical trial 0Short-term intervention 0Animal disease models 0Cell culture studies 4 Cancer cell apoptosis

Antioxidant activity 19 High ORAC

Nutrient composition 25 High anthocyanin content

Ovid.com and Pubmed.govaccessed 8/31/2008

Cyanidin 3-glucoside Cyanidin 3-rutinoside

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OOH

OH

OH

OHO O

OH

OH

OHCH3

+ +

What can we say about Açaí ?A few in vitro studies on health benefits

Possess high antioxidant capacities and anthocyanins

Originated in the Middle East and India

Major areas of cultivation are India, Spain, Israel, and the United States

J. Agric. Food Chem., 54 (23), 8956 -8961, 2006.

Punicalagin

Clinicaltrials.gov accessed 9/15/2008

3 clinical trials completed, 14 trials in progress

No. Of Trials Conditions7 Prostate cancer*3 Diabetes1 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia1 Atherosclerosis1 Coronary Artery Disease1 End Stage Renal Disease1 Common Cold1 Influenza1 Follicular Lymphoma

* Interim results from one trial suggested positive outcome

Originated and cultivated in southeast AsiaEndocarp (edible)

Exocarp

Xanthones

The edible endocarp has appealing fragrance and tasteEndocarp contains little antioxidant strength and phytonutrientsThe exocarp contain xanthones as major phenolics, and also contain proanthocyanidinsExocarp phenolic extract are often added to mangosteen juice to produce a purple color and astringency

native to the Pacific islandsA small evergreen tree in the open coastal regionsgrows abundantly in Hawaii

O

OH

OOH

OH

OH

O O

OOH CH2OH

OH

Asuperlosidic acid

Grows world wideCommercial cultivation in ChinaPossess Food/Drug dual status in Chinese regulation

OH

OH zeaxanthin

There are many in vitro studies and a few animal models suggesting health benefits

None of the effects have been confirmed in human clinical trials

No clinical trial yet for Mangosteen and Goji. The results of one clinical trial on Noni have not been published.

A fruit native to North AmericaBest known for urinary tract infection prevention

O

O

OH

OHOH

OH

OOH

OHOH

OH

OH

A-type Procyanidin

Clinicaltrials.gov accessed 9/15/2008

5 clinical trials completed, 14 trials in progress

No. Of Trials Conditions10* Urinary Tract Infection3 Cardiovascular Disease2 General health2 Pregnancy1 Type 2 Diabetes1 Bacterial Vaginosis

* 6 trials were founded by NIH. Results were not published

There is no scientific criteria to define “Superfruits”For many fruits, there is little or no researchResults from in vitro studies are often over extrapolated, even distorted in the mediaVery few or no claimed health benefits had been confirmed by controlled long-term clinical trials

More studies are needed