Lobes and Structures of the Brain

B. A. (Cortex)

C.

D(LOBE). E. Cortex

F.

G.

Lobes and Structures of the Brain

B.

A

C.

D. E.

F.

G.

B. Frontal Lobe

G. Parietal Lobe

F. Occipital Lobe

D. Temporal Lobe

A. Motor Cortex

E. Visual Cortex

C. Wernicke's Area

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif

The Divided Brain

Which way is the girl spinning?

What if you saw her…

• Spinning Clockwise

– Your right brain is your dominant side

• Spinning Counter-Clockwise

– Your left brain is your dominant side

Anyone see both?!?!

This means you use both sides of your brain equally but most likely, one way was easier to see

Left/Right Hemisphere Specialization

• Analytic thought– Step by step process

• Logic– Conclusions based upon a

logical or consecutive order

• Language– Using words to

name/describe/define

• Math & Science– Number use, awareness of

time, symbols, facts & linear reasoning

• Holistic thought– Seeing “big” picture before

understanding details• Intuition

– Insight based upon incomplete patterns or “hunches”

• Creativity– Demonstrative with minimal

word use, understanding relationships

• Art & Music– Putting pieces together to

form “wholes”

LEFT RIGHT

Lesson Outline

The Cerebral Cortex is divided into two hemispheres

In general =Left Hemisphere: language abilities –speaking, reading,

writing logical analysis - mathRight Hemisphere: understanding spatial

relationships – puzzles, reading maps = recognizing faces and interpreting facial expressions and perceiving and expressing emotion = likes art and music

Lateralization:

• Division of functions between sides of the brain

• right controls leftand vice versa

• Often one side is better at certain tasks than

The other side

Corpus Callosum• Helps the two sides

communicate with each other– Sometimes this has to be removed

(usually seen in people with epilepsy)

– Sometimes a whole side of the brain has to be removed

• hemispherectomy• They are then called Split Brain

Patients– They actually have two separate

brains in their heads, and one brain has no idea what the other is doing

– However, through plasticity most sbp will find ways to get their hemispheres to communicate

Split-Brain Discoveries

• Ability to speak resides almost exclusively in Left Hemisphere (word recognition)

• Ability to recognize faces resides almost exclusively in Right Hemisphere (Archimbaldo paintings)

• “Don’t leave home without your left hemisphere!” - Michael Gazzaniga

• “The great pleasure and feeling in my right brain is more than my left brain can find the words to tell you.” - Roger Sperry Lesson Outline

Vision Diagram

Stare at the dot….

HEART

Which word did you see??

Testing the Divided Brain

Sperry and Gazzaniga

– tested split brain patients

Vision - Part 1

• Right side of your brain controls your Left body functions

• Left side of your brain controls your Right body functions

•Each eyeball is divided into 2 parts – Right Visual Field– Left Visual Field

•Right Hemisphere receives visual info from LVF only•Left Hemisphere receives visual info from RVF only

Split Brain Patients

Genetics?90% of humans are right-handed 95% right-handers process speech

primarily in left hemisphereBabies- Left vs. RightLeft-Handers- reading disabilities,

allergies, and migraine headaches, musicians, mathematicians, professional baseball players, and cricket players

Coren & Halpern- left-handed people decrease with age

Decreasing Left-handers

Endocrine System

regulates

ExplainSection 39-2

by meansof the

by meansof the

by meansof the

by meansof the

by meansof the

by meansof the

GrowthWater

balanceReproduction Metabolism

Calciumand glucose

levels

Responseto stress

The Endocrine System

Pituitary

Ovaries

Testes Thyroid Pancreas Adrenals

Parathyroids

HypothalamusThe hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.

Pituitary glandThe pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

Parathyroid glandsThese four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

ThymusDuring childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development.

Adrenal glandsThe adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

Pineal glandThe pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles.

ThyroidThe thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism.

PancreasThe pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.

OvaryThe ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.

Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Section 39-1Endocrine Glands

The Endocrine System

• Exocrine glands - transport their hormones to target tissues via ducts.

• Endocrine Emergencies:– from common:

• Diabetes• to the unusual:

– Thyrotoxicosis

Classification of Hormones

Peptide hormones• formed from chains of amino acids• most of our body’s hormones are peptide hormones• longer chains are called protein hormones• example is growth hormone Steroid hormones• type of lipid derived from cholesterol• example is testosterone• Biogenic amines• small molecules produced by altering the structure of a• specific amino acid• example is thyroid hormone

Pituitary Gland

• Master gland– Controls the other

endocrine glands• Growth Hormone (GH)

– Too much – gigantism– Too little – dwarfism

• Antidiuretic (ADH)– Stimulates kidneys to

keep water

Hypothalamus

• Part of brain and attached to pituitary• Controls pituitary secretions

Thyroid Regulates

Metabolism and energy balance

Thyroid Hormones

• Thyroxine– Regulates body energy usage

• Calcitonin– One hormones that regulates calcium and

phosphate in blood

Parathyroid

Calcium RegulationPARAthyroid Glands

• PTH-Parathyroid hormones• Increases calcium, phosphate, and magnesium

absorption in intestines.• Causes bones to release calcium and phosphate• Causes removal of calcium and magnesium from

urine by kidneys• Increases the making of Vitamin D in body

Adrenal Gland

• Releases hormones to deal with stress

Adrenal Gland Cont.

• Cortex– Produces more than 2

dozen steroid hormones– corticosteriods

• Medulla– “fight or flight”– Epinephrine and

norepinephrine

Pancreas: Endocrine and Exocrine

• What did the pancreas do in digestion?

Secreted EnzymesPancreas also secretes

hormonesEndocrine glands

- ductless organ that releases hormones DIRECTLY into the bloodstream.

Reproductive Glands

• Production of gametes• Secretion of sex hormones• Female – Ovaries - Estrogen• Males – Testes - Testosterone