lobster and their conservation1
TRANSCRIPT
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• LOBSTER AND THEIR CONSERVATION
• Presented by• Pranab Gogoi• FRM-MA2-09
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Introduction
Lobster one of the most valuable highly priced sea foods
as well as important export commodity.
Among them spiny lobster (rock lobsters) fetch the
highest price.
Widely distributed along the entire coast, major fishery –
the northwest, southwest and southeast coast.
Lobster fauna of commercial fishing ground comprises 14
species of littoral and 6 species of deep sea form.
Nine species of spiny lobsters have been reported fromthe Indian coast (Radhakrishnan, 1995).
Commercially important: 4 littoral and 1 deep sea form
(Radhakrishnan,1995).
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Among the 6 species reported from Northwest region
(Chhapgar & Deshmukh, 1971), two species, thepalinurid spiny lobster Panuliurus polyphagus (Herbst)
and the scyllarid Thenus orientalis (Lund) predominant.
On the Southwest coast, P. homarus (Linnaeus) and
deep sea lobster Puerulus sewelli (Ramadon) –
commercial fishery. Panulirus versicolor and P. ornatus (Fabricius) also contribute a good catch.
In the Southeast coast - P. homarus, P. ornatus and
T.orientalis - major species.
Linuparus somniosus from Andaman & Nicober islands
has not been commercially exploited.
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P. longipes, P. pencillatus (Trivandrum and
Chennai coast) - not so commercially important. Palinustus waguensis (George, 1965)- appearing
fishery in Chennai coast from 2004 onwards.
Distribution
Northwest coast: P. polyphagus and T. orientalis which
inhabit generally 20-50m depth.
South west coast: P. homarus (1-10 m depth).
Southeast coast: Kanyakumari in the south to Chennainorth. Adult P. orntus inhabits relatively deeper water 40-
50 m depth.
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In deeper water: ranges from 150 – 400 m and
max. abundance between 150-250 m. Major fishing ground: off Quilon on the SW coast
and off Tuticorin on the SE coast.
Production trends:
The estimated annual landing increased from 800 t
(1968) to 3000 t (1975) and attained a peak 4075 t
(1985). Thereafter showed a decline trend average around
2200 t for nearly 15years (Radhakrishnan &Thangaraja ).
The landings further declined to 1371t (2004).
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Annual Lobster landing in India (1974-2004)
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Annual lobster landing (1996-2009)
Year 1996 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Series1
Series2
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Contributing percentage
NW region: 70%, SE region: 16%, SW region:14%.
Lobster production in India (1996-2009, CMFRI) 1996: 2631 t ; 2001: 1389 t; 2006: 1551 t
1997: 2787 t; 2002: 2573 t: 2007: 1523 t
1998: 2619 t; 2003: 1233 t; 2008: 1974 t
1999: 2094 t; 2004: 1371 t; 2009: 1872 t
2000: 2431 t; 2005: 1201 t
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Species distributed along the Indian coast
Panulirus homarus (Scalloped spiny lobster)
P. polyphagus (Muddy spiny lobster)
P. ornatus (ornate spiny lobster)
P. versicolor (Painted spiny lobster)
P. pencillatus (Pronghorn spiny lobster)
P. longiceps (long legged spiny lobster)
Puerulus sewelli (Arabian whip lobster)
Linuparus somniosus (African spear lobster) Palinustus mossimbicus (Buffalo blunthorn
lobster)
Thenus orientalis (Shovel-nosed spiny lobster)
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External anatomy of a lobster
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Biology
Studies were carried out at Veraval, Mumbai, Calicut,
Vizhinzam, Mandapam and Chennai research centre of CMFRI.
Growth is manifested by periodical shedding of
exoskeleton (moulting)
Food and feeding habit These animals generally feed on smaller crustaceans,
mollusccs and polychaetes .
P. polyphagus – muddy substrates and sometimes rocky
bottoms P. homarus and P. ornatus- inhabit rocky and reef areas.
Growth
P. homarus attains a max. total length (TL) of 320 mm,
P. polyphagus - 450 mm,
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Sexual maturity
In P. polyphagus attains sexual maturity: 175 mm (TL) for
females whereas majority of males mature at 265mm TL. P. homarus : 55 mm carapace length and majority of
females start breeding at size above 60 mm CL.
P. ornatus starts breeding at 90 mm CL (250 mm TL).
Occurrence mainly at the depth of 40-60 m indicates thespecies breeds probably in deeper waters.
T. orientalis : 124mm TL (Mumbai)
Breeding period
Though the species breeds throughout the year, peakbreeding is from Nov- Dec along the SW coast.
January to March along the SE coast
Northwest coast: extended spawning (T. orientalis ) Sep- April
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Fecundity:
Egg bearing
Eggs are attached to the endopodites of the pleopods
and after incubation for 25-30 days, phylosoma larvae
hatch out.
Spiny lobsters are highly fecund and fecundity ranges
from 50,000 – 10,00,000 eggs depending upon the
species and size of the lobster.
Sand lobster: the fecundity of a 240 mm TL female
estimated to range from 20,050 to 53,260 (Kagwade and
Kabli, 1996).
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Northwest coast
At Veraval, annual catch decreased from 315 t (1987) to
102 t (2000) and sharply decline to 22 t 2002. Total landing decreased to 3.9 t during 2002.
Adult and spawners mainly comprised: trawl catch,
gillnets and others.
Max. landing gill nets: Sep-Oct. In Mumbai also it is in decreasing trend; 200t (1978), 700
t (1986), 75t (2002).
P. polyphagus and T. orientalis constituted the major
fishery.
P. polyphagus is dominating in Mumbai coast. Size
range : 160mm to 230 mm (TL) forming the mainstay of
fishery.
Abundance: max. in September and minimum in July.
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Southwest coast
Spiny Lobster fishery began at subsistence level initially
and gradually transformed to commercial fishery.
Landing centre: Colachel and Muttom (traditional traps
are used).
Others: Gill net, Trammel net etc.
About 92% catch comprised P. homarus remainder beingP. ornatus and P. versicolor
Decreasing trend: 7.6 t in 1996 and 4 t in 2002.
Fishery: Seasonal extending from Oct- May;
Max. landing: Nov-Jan Coincidence of fishing season and peak breeding season:
60% females caught during the period were egg bearing.
Size: P. homarus : catch ranged 91-280 mm TL.
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Southeast coast
Fishery region: Kanyakumari in south and Chennai in
north
At Tuticorin trawlers landed 41% of the total catch and
rest is being by gill net and trammel net.
Gill nets are the major gear operated in the Southern
region and trawl nets is used widely in Northern region.
At Kayalpattanam two species dominating: P. homarus and P. ornatus
At Tuticorin peak fishing season: Oct-Dec and April-May;
(64% annual catch is landed).
At Chennai: trawl net and gill nets. T. orientalis dominating
in trawl catch.
Peak fishing season; Sep-Feb with max. catch in October.
Max, spawning activity: Jan-March and June-July.
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Deep sea Lobster fishery
Major ground for deep sea lobster (Puerulus sewelli): off
Quilon on the SW coast and off Tuticorin on the SE coast.
Depth ranged: 150-400m ; abundance: 150-250m
Importance of this resource was recognized in 1959.
Landed by Trawlers only
Avg. annual landing of P. sewelli at Cochin andSakthikulangara was 524 t during 1998-2000
(Radhakrishnan & Manisseri, 2003).
Fishing season: Oct-March.
Size: 81-205 mm (TL) 76-80mm to 186-190 mm in males
71-75 mm to 201-205 mm in females.
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Conservation and Management
The lobster fishery in India is a multispecies: catching
both traditional and mechanized gears.
High prices offered for lobster are exploiting the resource
indiscriminately.
Framing and implementation of management measures
has to be taken for conserving the resources.
Awareness camp among fishers
Releasing of egg bearing lobsters
Enforcement of minimum legal size for export
Minimum legal size for fishing
Closure of fishery for during peak breeding season etc.
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Recommendations (Radhakrishnan andTahngaraja) for exploitation and management oflobster resource
Strict enforcement of Minimum legal size (MLS) for
fishing by state govt.
Ban of operation of destructive fishing gear (Trammel net)
and fishing by divers, Traps with escape gaps to be
maintained
Partial closure of fishery during peak breeding season or
ban on fishing of egg bearing lobsters.
Establishment of marine reserves or lobsters sanctuaries
to maintain and protect breeding stock.
Establishment of artificial habitats to provide additional
substrate for young lobsters (increase food production
and protection from predators)
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Creation of awareness among the lobster fishermen on
good fishing practices and sustainable exploitation
Allot research funding for development of breeding and
hatchery technology for spiny and slipper lobster and sea
ranching for stock enhancement
“The regulatory measures shall consider the socio-
economic view point so that the fishermen are not
adversely affected because numbers of fishermen they
use the practices as subsistence fishing”.
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Minimum legal size for export of lobsters from India
Notification: Ministry of Commerce and Industry: 17 July, 2003
Species Live/chilled/
frozen
Whole
cooked
Tail
Panulirus polyphagus 300 g 250 g 90 g
P. homarus 200 g 170 g 50 g
P. ornatus 500 g 425 g 150 g
Thenus orientalis 150 g - 45 g
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References
1. Joseph Mohan M. and A.A. Jayprakash “Status of
exploited marine fishery resources of India”; Publishedby CMFRI (ICAR), p.195-202.
2. Radhakrishnan E.V., and R. Thangaraja “Sustainable
exploitation and conservation of lobster resources in
India-A participatory approach”-published by RajivGandhi Chair in Contemporary Studies, School of
environmental studies, Cochin University of Science
and Technology. P. 184-192 (2008).
3. Radhakrishnan E.V., V.D. Deshmukh, Mary k.
Manisseri, M. Rajamani, Joe K. Kizhakudan and R.
Thangaraja “ Status of Major lobster fisheries in India”;
New Zealand Journal of Marine Research, 2005, Vol,
39, P. 723-732.
4. CMFRI, Bulletin No. 48, Lobster farming in India.
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