local government failure

8/8/2019 Local Government Failure

1/46

Cotgrhturg Pgvogw

wotl

Gkmkatgs & Pgjgrgkbgs

CabhcIavgrkfg

kt Jhocurg

@rohk Maccgry & DagYhccos


2/46

H@RPH!

H su`sthktohc pu`cob blaobg cotgrhturg gxosts ak tlg igkgrob

plgkafgkak aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg ok hmvhkbgm wgstgrk

rgprgsgkthtovg mgfabrhbogs. Lawgvgr, fubl cgss httgktoak

lhs `ggk jabussgm ak tlos qugstoak ok tlg spgbojob baktgxt aj

cabhc iavgrkhkbg, wotl tlg ofparthkt gxbgptoaks aj @hocgy

(8! hkm @aykg (8"!. #k tlos phpgr wg hmvhkbg tlg

hriufgkt tlht kat akcy os iavgrkfgkt jhocurg hk gssgktohc

mofgksoak aj pacoby fh$oki ht hcc cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt, `ut

tlht baigkt rghsaks gxost jar `gcogvoki tlht tlg pra`cgf aj

iavgrkfgkt jhocurg fhy `g fubl farg hbutg ok cabhc

iavgrkfgkt tlhk ht loilgr togrs aj iavgrkhkbg. %los

hriufgkt ruks bauktgr ta bakvgktoakhc wosmaf hfakist

baffgkthtars, okbcumoki @hocgy (8! hkm @aykg (8"!.


3/46

CABHC IAZGPKFGK] JHOCWPG

%lg plgkafgkak aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg, mgjokgm lgrg hs tlg

okh`ocoty aj h iavgrkfgkt higkby ar higkbogs ok h iovgk togr

aj iavgrkfgkt ar ok h jgmgrhc systgf aj fucto&togrgm

iavgrkfgkts ta oktgrvgkg aptofhccy ok h fhr$gt gbakafy, os

kaw h jhfocohr hrgh ok pacoby hkhcysos. #k tlos hrtobcg wg

hmvhkbg tlg hriufgkt tlht kat akcy os iavgrkfgkt jhocurg hk

gssgktohc mofgksoak aj pacoby fh$oki ht hcc cgvgcs aj

iavgrkfgkt, `ut tlht baigkt rghsaks gxost jar `gcogvoki tlht

tlg pra`cgf aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg fhy `g fubl farg hbutg

ok cabhc iavgrkfgkt tlhk ht loilgr togrs aj iavgrkhkbg. %los

hriufgkt ruks bauktgr ta bakvgktoakhc wosmaf hfakist

baffgkthtars ak fukobophc pacobyfh$oki, fast kath`cy tlg

vogws aj hutlarothtovg @rotosl sblachrs @hocgy (8! hkm


4/46

@aykg (8"!. 'argavgr, wg mgvgcap h kgw thxakafy aj

iavgrkfgkt jhocurg ok suppart aj aur tlgsos.

%lg hppcobhtoak aj tlg pu`cob blaobg hpprahbl ta tlg pu`cob

sgbtar lhs igkgrhtgm vhroaus thxakafob systgfs aj

iavgrkfgkt jhocurg. ar gxhfpcg, pgrlhps tlg ghrcogst

typacaiy aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg whs mgvgcapgm `y )*+awm

(8", p.-/! wla hriugm tlht hcc jarfs aj iavgrkfgkt

jhocurg jgcc okta h igkgrob trophrtotg bchssojobhtoak bakthokoki

>oklgrgkt ofpassoòcotogs*, >pacotobhc jhocurgs* hkm >ùrghubrhtob

jhocurgs*. H safgwlht farg rgbgkt hkm bcasgcy rgchtgm

thxakafy aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg lhs `ggk hmvhkbgm `y

+accgry hkm hccos (8! wla hriug tlht ot os passo`cg ta

omgktojy tlrgg fhok jarfs aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg0 cgioschtovg

jhocurg, ùrghubrhtob jhocurg, hkm rgkt&sgg$oki. @ut passo`cy

tlg fast bafprglgksovg typacaiy aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg lhs

`ggk mgvgcapgm `y gos`ram (8"!, wla lhs hmvhkbgm h

jaurjacm bchssojobhtoak wlobl bafprosgs cgioschtovg jhocurg,

hmfokostrhtovg jhocurg, 2umobohc jhocurg hkm gkjarbgfgkt

jhocurg.


5/46

%lg phpgr otsgcj os movomgm okta tlrgg fhok phrts. =gbtoak

akg jabusgs ak tlg typacaiogs aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg, wlobl

lhvg `ggk gspgbohccy bakstrubtgm jar cabhc iavgrkfgkt `y

@aykg (8"! hkm @hocgy (8!. H kgw jaurjacm thxakafy aj

cabhc iavgrkfgkt jhocurg os mgvgcapgm ok phrt twa, wlobl

httgfpts ta loilcoilt tlg pgbucohr susbgpto ocoty aj tlos togr aj

iavgrkhkbg ta iavgrkfgkt jhocurg. %lg phpgr gkms wotl

safg `rogj bakbcumoki rgfhr$s ok sgbtoak tlrgg.

H"#$#%GR #J C#!HC I#'GP$%G$

JHC(PG

%lg cotgrhturg bakthoks bafphrhtovgcy jgw oksthkbgs aj tlg

hppcobhtoak aj pu`cob blaobg tlgary ta h spgbojobhccy cabhc

iavgrkfgkt baktgxt ok tlg sgksg aj mgvgcapoki h thxakafob

tlgargtobhc systgf aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg, wotl safg


6/46

gxbgptoaks, fast kath`cy @aykg (8"! hkm @hocgy (8!. #k

los 7u`cob :laobg %lgary hkm 9abhc bafpgtotoak `gtwggk iavgrkfgkthc

hkm provhtg arihkoshtoaks jar baktrac avgr tlg pramubtoak aj

pu`cob sgrvobgs*. @aykg hriugs tlht jar gjjgbtovg %og`aut&stycg

bafpgtotoak ta abbur ok tlg cabhc iavgrkfgkt vhroaus

bakmotoaks fust `g fgt ta gksurg tlht khturg aj tlos

bafpgtotoak rgsucts ok gjjobogkt autbafgs, wlobl hrg ajtgk

oikargm `y pu`cob blaobg tlgarosts. %lgsg bakmotoaks okbcumg

>laro?akthc jrhifgkthtoak* ar h chrig kuf`gr aj cabhc


7/46


8/46

Hs fgtlams `y wlobl boto?gks bhk okjcugkbg tlg gxtgkt aj

iavgrkfgkt jhocurg ht tlg cabhc iavgrkfgkt cgvgc, àtl gxot

hkm vaobg lhvg vhroaus cofothtoaks. @hocgy (8, pp.535"!

omgktojogs

jovg fhok blhrhbtgrostobs aj cabhc pu`cob sgrvobgs wlobl bhk

okloòt tlg gjjgbtovgkgss aj vaobg ok fukobophc hjjhors. >9gihc

hkm okstotutoakhc `hrrogrs* ok tlg jarf aj mocutgm pacotobhc

rgprgsgkthtoak, gcgbtarhc hkm prabgmurhc orrgiuchrotogs,

okhmgquhtg pu`cob lghrokis, hkm sa jartl, bhk hcc sgrvg ta

ofpgmg pacotobhc httgfpts hofgm ht ofpravoki pu`cob

sgrvobgs. >#kjarfhtoak hsyffgtrogs* `gtwggk pu cob

ùrghubrhts hkm boto?gks bakbgrkoki tlg khturg hkm basts aj

pu`cob sgrvobg mgcovgry bhk hcsa bakstrhok tlg gjjobhby aj

vaobg. lgrg sgrvobgs hrg loilcy mojjgrgktohtgm hs, shy, ok tlg

bhsg aj tlg quhcoty aj gmubhtoak pravomgm `y mojjgrgkt

sblaacs, vaobg `y safg boto?gks fhy akcy okjcugkbg tlg

`glhvoaur aj h phrtobuchr sblaac rhtlgr tlhk tlg wlacg sblaac

systgf, ok baktrhst ta ukmojjgrgktohtgm sgrvobgs wlgrg vaobg

wocc lhvg farg igkgrhc gjjgbts. %lg saboagbakafob

blhrhbtgrostobs aj tlg papuchtoak ok h phrtobuchr 2urosmobtoak


9/46

fhy `g h mgbosovg jhbtar, wotl `gttgr&gmubhtgm, hjjcugkt

iraups farg co$gcy ta gxprgss vaobg tlhk tlgor paargr, cgss

gmubhtgm bauktgrphrts. okhccy, tlg irghtgr tlg rgchtovg

ofparthkbg aj safg pu`cob sgrvobg ta tlg pgrbgovgm wgcjhrg

aj h papuchtoak, tlg farg ofparthkt vaobg wocc `g hs h fghks

aj hmmrgssoki iavgrkfgkt jhocurg.

6xot os hcsa su`2gbt ta h kuf`gr aj bakstrhokts wlobl hrg

spgct aut `y @hocgy (8, p.5"!. %lg kak&gxbcumh`ocoty

blhrhbtgrostob aj pu`cob iaams fhy prgbcumg gxot hctaigtlgr

wlgk tlgsg hrg khtoakhc pu`cob iaams, hkm gvgk jar safg

cabhc pu cob iaams co$g paar gkvorakfgkthc pratgbtoak

cgioschtoak fhy okvacvg gxpgksovg rgcabhtoak. ;hturhc

fakapacogs sofochrcy prgbcumg gxot wlgrg tlgy bavgr chrig

igairhplobhc hrghs. 9gioschtovg ofpgmofgkts ta gktry `y

hctgrkhtovg suppcogrs aj h sgrvobg fhy kgihtg gxot

passo`ocotogs, hs ok tlg bhsg aj khtoakhc tgcgbaffukobhtoak

pravomgrs. #k chrig bauktrogs wotl ukgvgk bakbgktrhtoaks aj

papuchtoak, subl hs Hustrhcoh, :hkhmh hkm tlg 1kotgm =thtgs,

chrig cabhc iavgrkfgkt 2urosmobtoaks wotl sfhcc kuf`grs aj

pgapcg fhy igkgrhtg sphtohc `hrrogrs ta gxot. Hkm chstcy,


10/46

ofpgrjgbt okjarfhtoak hvhoch`cg ta baksufgrs fhy fghk

tlgy hrg ukhwhrg aj rgchtovgcy ukhttrhbtovg sgrvobg pravosoak

tlgy hrg burrgktcy rgbgovoki, hkm tlus okmubg tlgf ta

ukmgrgstofhtg tlg `gkgjots aj gxot.

H $GY H"#$#%) #J C#!HC

I#'GP$%G$ JHC(PG

%lg vhroaus thxakafob systgfs aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg wlobl

wg lhvg loilcoiltgm slgm baksomgrh`cg coilt ak tlg kufgraus

whys ok wlobl tlos plgkafgkak bhk fhkojgst otsgcj ok fhr$gt

gbakafogs blhrhbtgrosgm `y rgprgsgkthtovg mgfabrhby.

'argavgr, ot waucm hppghr tlht kat akcy hrg tlg igkgrob

jarfs aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg u`oquotaus ok tlg sgksg tlht tlgy

hppcy ta iavgrkhkbg systgfs ok hcc hmvhkbgm bauktrogs, `ut


11/46

tlht tlgy hcsa abbur ht hcc cgvgcs aj iavgrkhkbg ok tlgsg

bauktrogs. ;ggmcgss ta hmm, tlg wgoilt aj gvomgkbg suiigsts

tlht iavgrkfgkt jhocurg os fubl farg sgvgrg ok mgvgcapoki

sabogtogs tlhk ok tlgor mgvgcapgm bauktgrphrts (


12/46

tlok$ tlg rgchtovg ghsg aj gxot jraf cabhc iavgrkfgkt

2urosmobtoaks slaucm fh$g fukobophcotogs rhtlgr cgss prakg ta

iavgrkfgkt jhocurg tlhk tlgor farg huiust bauktgrphrts.

#k baktrhst ta tlos cotgrhturg, wg baktgkm tlht baigkt

rghsaks gxost wlobl suiigst tlht cabhc iavgrkfgkts hrg

fubl farg susbgpto`cg ta iavgrkfgkt jhocurg tlhk loilgr

cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt. urtlgrfarg, mrhwoki ak tlg gxostoki

thxakafob cotgrhturg baktro`utgm `y pu`cob blaobg tlgarosts,

wg mgvgcap h kgw jaurjacm typacaiy aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg ok

armgr ta susthok tlos bchof. #k gssgkbg, wg hriug tlht ht tlg

cgvgc aj fukobophc iavgrkhkbg, ot os passo`cg ta omgktojy jaur

fhok jarfs aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg wlobl, hctlauil tlgy foilt

hcsa hjjcobt jgmgrhc hkm sthtg iavgrkfgkts, hrg kakgtlgcgss

gspgbohccy gvomgkt ok tlg apgrhtoaks aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt.

%lgsg $okms aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg bhk `g tgrfgm >vatgr

hphtly*, >hsyffgtrob okjarfhtoak hkm baukboccar bhpturg*,

>orak trohkicgs*, hkm >josbhc occusoak*. g slhcc gxhfokg ghbl aj

tlgsg prapasgm thxakafob bhtgiarogs ok turk.

Natgr Hphtly


13/46

H jukmhfgkthc prapasotoak aj pu`cob blaobg tlgary lacms tlht,

ok igkgrhc, vatoki `y boto?gks ok pacotobhc gcgbtoaks os hk

orrhtoakhc hbtovoty sokbg tlg prabgss aj vatoki os bastcy

wlgrghs tlg `gkgjots hssabohtgm wotl vatoki hrg kgicoio`cg

(Hcmrobl, 8!. gt a`voauscy ok tlg rghc&warcm pgapcg ma

vatg, hctlauil ok fhky oksthkbgs phrtobophtoak rhtgs hrg caw.

%los sa&bhccgm >phrhmax aj vatoki* bhk `g rgsacvgm oj vatoki os

vogwgm hs h baksufptoak hbtovoty. 'argavgr, ok wgstgrk

sabogtogs tlg sabohcoshtoak prabgss strakicy gfplhsosgs tlg

bovob vortugs hssabohtgm wotl pacotobhc phrtobophtoak.

Hctlauil tlg bakbgptoak aj vatoki hs h baksufptoak

hbtovoty fhy tlus gxpchok wly pgapcg vatg ok gcgbtoaks, ot

bhkkat prgmobt law vatgrs wocc blaasg `gtwggk hctgrkhtovg

aptoaks akbg tlgy hrg oksomg tlg paccoki `aatl. %lg

bakvgktoakhc hkhcysos aj tlos qugstoak jabusgs ak tlg

gbakafob mofgksoaks aj tlg blaobg0 vatgrs wgoil up tlg

basts hkm `gkgjots aj bafpgtoki pacoby aptoaks hkm sgcgbt tlg

pacoby wlobl fhxofosgs tlgor kgt `gkgjot ok tgrfs aj

autbafgs ('ugccgr, 8"!. Lawgvgr, farg rgbgkt cotgrhturg

ak >gxprgssovg vatoki* sggfs ta okmobhtg tlht tlg hbtuhc


14/46

blaobg aj gcgbtars mgpgkms farg ak prgjgrgkbgs jar aptoaks

rhtlgr tlhk autbafgs, wlgrg aptoaks ma kat baksomgr tlg

basts okvacvgm ok autbafgs (@rgkkhk hkm @ublhkhk, 8"50

hotl hkm %accosak, 8-!.

+gspotg tlg ukmgkoh`cg jhbt tlht tlg roilt ta vatg pchys h

mgbosovg racg ok mgfabrhby, taigtlgr wotl rgchtgm

bakstotutoakhc roilts, okbcumoki jrgg spggbl hkm jrggmaf aj

hssabohtoak, tlg hbt aj vatoki ok mgfabrhtob gcgbtoaks os

jrhuilt wotl hf`oiuotogs. ar oksthkbg, tlg su`sthktohc basts

aj ihtlgroki hkm moigstoki okjarfhtoak ak bafpgtoki

bhkmomhtgs, hctgrkhtovg pacobogs, tlg basts hkm `gkgjots aj

pacoby pchtjarfs, hkm tlg co$g, taigtlgr wotl tlg jhbt tlg vatg

aj hk okmovomuhc gcgbtar bhkkat rghcostobhccy okjcugkbg gcgbtarhc

autbafgs, fghks tlht fast vatgrs blaasg ta rgfhok

>rhtoakhccy oikarhkt* ak fhky aj tlg ossugs okvacvgm.

=ofochrcy, vatgrs typobhccy pchy muhc racgs ok tlg pacotobhc

prabgss, hbtoki `atl hs patgktohc `gkgjobohrogs aj pu`cob

pacobogs hkm hs praspgbtovg jokhkbogrs aj tlgsg pacobogs ok

tlgor bhphbotogs hs thxphygrs.


15/46

+gspotg tlg bgktrhcoty aj vatoki ok tlg mgfabrhtob prabgss,

ot os `y ka fghks tlg akcy gcgfgkt ok baccgbtovg mgbosoak

fh$oki. ;ufgraus atlgr fgblhkosfs gxost, safg aj wlobl

wg katgm ghrcogr ok aur mosbussoak ak Lorsblfhk*s (8/!

>vaobg* bakbgpt, wlobl rhkig jraf jarfhc vatoki prabgmurgs

ta apokoak paccs, pratgst fggtokis, pgtotoaks, >thc$`hb$* rhmoa

slaws hkm tlg co$g. %lgsg hctgrkhtovgs ta vatoki sgrvg ta

mofokosl ots soikojobhkbg ok gcgbtars* gygs hkm baktro`utg

tawhrms caw pacotobhc phrtobophtoak rhtgs, occ&okjarfgm vatgrs,

hkm tlg vhroaus atlgr pra`cgfs hssabohtgm wotl gcgbtoaks

ukmgr rgprgsgkthtovg mgfabrhby.

Hctlauil tlg mojjobuctogs hrosoki jraf vatgr hphtly

ukmau`tgmcy hjjcobt `atl tlg gcgbtarhc prabgss hkm ots

su`sgqugkt >rgspaksovgkgss* ta tlg prgjgrgkbgs aj boto?gks ht

hcc cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt, tlg pra`cgf sggfs ta `g fast

hbutg cabhc iavgrkfgkt. #t os passo`cg ta omgktojy sgvgrhc

jhbtars tlht fhy hbbaukt jar tlos a`sgrvhtoak. orstcy, hkm

pgrlhps fast ofparthktcy, ok fhky cabhc iavgrkfgkt

systgfs, vatgrs ma kat pgrbgovg pgroamob fukobophc gcgbtoaks

hs pacotobhccy soikojobhkt gvgkts `gbhusg tlg `glhvoaur aj


16/46

cabhc iavgrkfgkts os sgvgrgcy bakstrhokgm hkm fhkopuchtgm

`y sthtg hkm khtoakhc iavgrkfgkts. 9abhc iavgrkfgkts

sofpcy >mak*t fhttgr ok tlg sblgfg aj tlokis*. ar gxhfpcg,

@hocgy (8, p.4! katgs tlht ok @rothok >`y tlg ghrcy 8/s,

bgktrhc iavgrkfgkt morgbtcy baktraccgm h`aut twa&tlorms aj

cabhc iavgrkfgkt okbafg hkm hcsa lhm pawgrs ta bhp cabhc

rhtgs hs wgcc hs lhvoki h soikojobhkt ak atlgr rgvgkug

saurbgs subl hs rgkts jar fukobophc lausoki*. #t os tlus lhrmcy

surprosoki tlht kat akcy wgrg vatgr turkauts caw ok @rotosl

cabhc iavgrkfgkt gcgbtoaks, `ut vatgrs hcsa sggfgm ta vogw

tlgf >Bhs cottcg farg tlhk apokoak paccs ak tlg papuchroty aj

bgktrhc iavgrkfgkt* (@aykg, 8", p.!. =ofochrcy, wotl

rgspgbt ta ;gw Mghchkm cabhc iavgrkfgkt, Ggrr (8, p.5!

lhs a`sgrvgm tlht >tlgrg os h caw turkaut ht gcgbtoaks, usuhccy

ka farg tlhk / pgrbgkt, mgspotg pasthc vatoki*. 6vgk ok tlg

1kotgm =thtgs, wlgrg cabhc iavgrkfgkts gk2ay baksomgrh`cg

hutakafy, vatgr hphtly os fast prakaukbgm ht tlg cabhc

cgvgc. @y bafphrosak, ok sthtg hkm khtoakhc gcgbtoaks vatgr

phrtobophtoak rhtgs lhvg igkgrhccy `ggk su`sthktohccy loilgr


17/46

(9auilcok, 8"!, gxbgpt ok bauktrogs wotl bafpucsary vatoki,

co$g Hustrhcoh.

H sgbakm rghsak jar irghtgr vatgr hphtly ok cabhc

iavgrkfgkt gcgbtoaks rgsomgs ok tlg jhbt tlht ok fhky

bauktrogs tlgsg gcgbtoaks hrg kat baktgstgm hcaki phrty

pacotobhc cokgs, hkm gvgk ok tlasg khtoaks wlgrg pacotobhc

phrtogs ma phrtobophtg, fhky bhkmomhtgs ma kat lhvg phrty

hjjocohtoak hkm phrty hjjocohtoaks fhy ok hky gvgkt `g fubl

wgh$gr tlhk ht tlg sthtg ar jgmgrhc cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt.

Hbbarmokicy, vatgrs ma kat lhvg tlg okjarfhtoakhc `gkgjots aj

phrty pchtjarfs ta hssost tlgf ok fh$oki okjarfgm blaobgs.

ar oksthkbg, ok tlg 1kotgm =thtgs, pacotobhc phrtogs ajtgk pchy

cottcg jarfhc racg ok fukobophc gcgbtoaks chrigcy `gbhusg ok

fhky 2urosmobtoaks tlgy hrg mg`hrrgm jraf phrtobophtoak hs h

baksgqugkbg aj tlg ghrcogr >rgjarf favgfgkt* hofgm ht

rgfavoki barruptoak jraf Hfgrobhk ur`hk pacotobs (Lhwcgy,

8-!. Hcaki sofochr cokgs, ok fhky phrts aj Hustrhcoh,

okbcumoki rgioakhc hkm rurhc ;gw =autl hcgs, cakisthkmoki

bakvgktoak usuhccy prgbcumgs fukobophc bhkmomhtgs jraf

hmaptoki gxpcobot phrtoshk pchtjarfs.


18/46

'gmoh rgpartoki aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt gcgbtoaks os typobhccy

fubl cgss bafprglgksovg hkm ukqugstoakoki tlhk jar

bafphrh`cg jgmgrhc hkm sthtg `hccats hkm baksgqugktcy

hjjarms vatgrs fubl cgss appartukoty ta `gbafg wgcc&

hbquhoktgm wotl tlg pacoby pchtjarfs aj okmovomuhc bhkmomhtgs

sthkmoki jar gcgbtoak. lgtlgr tlos os h bhusg ar sofpcy hk

gjjgbt aj vatgr hphtly os h faat paokt, ùt ot kgvgrtlgcgss

surgcy hbbaukts jar h irghtgr mgirgg aj occ&okjarfgm vatoki ok

fukobophc gcgbtoaks tlhk tlgor bauktgrphrts ht loilgr cgvgcs aj

iavgrkfgkt.

@gbhusg aj tlgor cawgr pu`cob prajocgs hkm bafpcobhtgm

oktgrjhbg, iavgrkhkbg hkm fhkhigfgkt racgs ok fukobophc

iavgrkfgkt hrg ajtgk bakjusgm ok tlg gygs aj fhky boto?gks,

wla bhkkat rghmocy mostokiuosl `gtwggk gcgbtgm

rgprgsgkthtovgs hkm prajgssoakhc pu`cob sgrvhkts. %lus,

pgrbgovgm rgspaksoòcoty jar phst pacoby subbgssgs hkm jhocurgs

os mojjobuct ta hssoik `gtwggk tlg baukboccars hkm fhkhigrs.

'argavgr, tlg baffottgg systgfs blhrhbtgrostob aj kufgraus

cabhc iavgrkfgkts sgrvg ta jurtlgr bakjusg tlg qugstoak aj

rgspaksoòcoty (Ggrr, 8"!.


19/46

okhccy, tlg khturg aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt hbtovotogs otsgcj

fh$gs hky gvhcuhtoak mojjobuct. 'ukobophcotogs typobhccy mgcovgr

h vhst rhkig aj sgrvobgs, gvgk wlgrg tlgor jabus os ak tlg

rgchtovgcy khrraw >sgrvobgs ta prapgrty* mofgksoak aj mgcovgry.

1kmgr tlgsg borbufsthkbgs, kat akcy os fakotaroki aj sgrvobg

mgcovgry hk akgraus ths$, ùt hbbaukthòcoty os gxtrgfgcy

mojjobuct ta gsth`cosl. #t os tlus cottcg wakmgr tlht boto?gks

rgfhok hphtlgtob hàut tlg apgrhtoaks aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt.

%lg rgchtovgcy loil mgirgg aj vatgr hphtly ok cabhc

iavgrkfgkt, ok bafphrosak wotl ots khtoakhc hkm pravokbohc

bauktgrphrts, pravomgs irghtgr sbapg jar iavgrkfgkt jhocurg

ht tlos cgvgc aj iavgrkhkbg. #k igkgrhc, ot bhk `g hriugm tlht

hphtlgtob vatgrs foilt kat akcy gcgbt okhmgquhtg

rgprgsgkthtovgs, ùt hcsa jhoc ta sbrutokosg tlgor pgrjarfhkbg

wotl h sujjobogkt mgirgg aj roiaur. ar gxhfpcg, wlgrg vatgrs

hrg bafphrhtovgcy occ okjarfgm hàut tlg gcgbtoak pchtjarfs aj

baukboccars tlgy hrg ok h paar pasotoak ta 2umig wlgtlgr

su`sgqugktcy gcgbtgm bhkmomhtgs lhvg okmggm fgt

gxpgbthtoaks ar bhrrogm aut tlgor fhkmhtgs. =ofochrcy, iovgk

hbbaukthòcoty hkm fakotaroki mojjobuctogs, boto?gks fhy


20/46

gxpgrogkbg mojjobuctogs ok hsbgrthokoki law wgcc fukobophcotogs

hrg pgrjarfoki hkm wla os rgspakso`cg jar hky katgwartly

pra`cgfs tlht fhy hrosg. %los sggfs ta pravomg cabhc

iavgrkfgkt cgioschtars wotl irghtgr sbapg jar appartukostob

`glhvoaur tlhk tlgor baccghiugs ht loilgr cgvgcs aj

iavgrkfgkt hkm hbbarmokicy fh$g cabhc iavgrkfgkt farg

prakg ta wlht `atl +accgry hkm hccos (8! hkm gos`ram

(8"! bchssojy hs cgioschtovg jhocurg. %los fhy gxpchok wly ok

fhky rghc&warcm 2urosmobtoaks, sthtg hkm jgmgrhc iavgrkfgkts

safgtofgs rgthok sthtutary pawgrs ta avgrromg tlg mgbosoaks

aj cabhc iavgrkfgkts ar gvgk suspgkm cabhc iavgrkfgkts hkm

hrrhkig kgw gcgbtoaks.

HR_FFG]POB OKJAPFH]OAK HKM BAWKBOCCAP

BH^]WPG


21/46

bafphrh`cg rgchtoakslops `gtwggk pacotobohks hkm pu`cob

sgrvhkts ht loilgr cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt. Jakhcm oktra`g

(8, p.5-/! lhs pasgm tlg bgktrhc qugstoak ok tlos baktgxt

`y hs$oki >law fubl okjcugkbg mags tlg ùrghubrhby lhvg

avgr wlht (hkm law fubl! iavgrkfgkts maI* )kg why aj

ukmgrsthkmoki tlg khturg aj tlgsg rgchtoakslops os tlrauil

higkby tlgary.

#j wg bakbgovg aj tlg pu`cob sgbtar ok h rgprgsgkthtovg

mgfabrhby hs `goki bakstotutgm `y hk oktgrcab$oki sgrogs aj

prokbophc&higkt rgchtoakslops, tlgk tlg ofparthkbg aj higkby

jhocurg `gbafgs hpphrgkt. ar gxhfpcg, 'ag (8"5, p. !

a`sgrvgs tlht >tlg wlacg aj pacotobs bhk `g sggk hs h blhok aj

prokbophc&higkt rgchtoakslops, jraf boto?gk ta pacotobohk ta

ùrghubrhtob supgroar ta ùrghubrhtob suàrmokhtg hkm ak

mawk tlg logrhrbly aj iavgrkfgkt ta tlg cawgst&cgvgc

ùrghubrhts wla hbtuhccy mgcovgr sgrvobgs morgbtcy ta boto?gks*.

%los vogw cghms ta hk hpprahbl ta pu`cob sgbtar rgjarf tlht

sgg$s ta rgmubg tlg sbapg jar higkby jhocurg ok tlgsg

rgchtoakslops.


22/46

g baktgkm tlht tlg higkt3prokbophc pra`cgfs `gtwggk

gcgbtgm rgprgsgkthtovgs hkm prajgssoakhc ùrghubrhts ok tlg

cabhc iavgrkfgkt focogu hrg co$gcy ta `g fubl farg hbutg

tlhk ok tlgor jgmgrhc hkm sthtg bauktgrphrts. Nhroaus

hriufgkts bhk `g hmvhkbgm ok suppart aj tlos baktgktoak.

ar oksthkbg, autsomg chrig fgtrapacothk cabhc iavgrkfgkts,

gcgbtgm fukobophc rgprgsgkthtovgs typobhccy lacm phrt&tofg

pasotoaks hkm hrg rgfukgrhtgm hbbarmokicy. #k tlg fh2aroty aj

bhsgs tlgy hrg tlus a`coigm ta lhvg hctgrkhtovg jucc&tofg

gfpcayfgkt kat akcy ta susthok tlgfsgcvgs gbakafobhccy ok

tlg slart ruk, ùt hcsa hs h jarf aj cakigr&tgrf oksurhkbg

hihokst tlg passo`cg jhocurg aj rg&gcgbtoak ok tlg juturg. %lgy

hrg tlus ukh`cg ta mgvatg tlgor jucc httgktoak ta tlg mutogs aj

tlgor gcgbtgm ajjobg. )kg baksgqugkbg os ajtgk hk okhòcoty ta

fhstgr tlg bafpcgxotogs hkm fokutohg aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt

jokhkbgs hkm sgrvobg mgcovgry. %los cghms ta h straki rgcohkbg

ak tlg hmvobg hkm okjarfhtoak pravomgm `y prajgssoakhc

fhkigrs. accawoki tlg gbakafob tlgary aj ùrghubrhby,

tlgsg fhkhigrs fhy `g fatovhtgm ta pursug a`2gbtovgs ok

bakjcobt wotl tlasg gspausgm `y gcgbtgm rgprgsgkthtovgs.


23/46

'argavgr, ok hbbarmhkbg wotl higkby tlgary hkm tlg chb$ aj

bhphboty jar gcgbtgm rgprgsgkthtovgs ta fakotar

prokbophc3higkt rgchtoakslops wotl fhkhigrs hmgquhtgcy,

fhkhigrs hrg wgcc pchbgm ta gxpcaot tlg rgsucthkt higkby

jhocurg. 7ut mojjgrgktcy, sokbg tlg >lhkms&ak* khturg aj tlgor

2a`s fghks fhkhigrs hrg `aukm ta `g fubl `gttgr okjarfgm

tlhk baukboccars, hkm sokbg fhkhigrs hrg tlg blogj pacoby

hmvosgrs ta baukboccars, ot sggfs co$gcy tlht `y fhkopuchtoki

tlg hsyffgtry aj okjarfhtoak ta tlgor hmvhkthig, fhkhigrs

bhk >bhpturg* baukboccars hkm tlgrg`y tlg pacoby autbafgs

tlgy mgsorg. Hctlauil hkhcaiaus pra`cgfs bcghrcy gxost ht

loilgr cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt, `gbhusg gcgbtgm

rgprgsgkthtovgs ok khtoakhc hkm sthtg iavgrkfgkts sgrvg ok h

jucc&tofg bhphboty, tlgy bhk mgvatg fubl farg tofg hkm

gkgriy ta fhstgroki tlg bafpcgxotogs aj tlg `urghux tlgy

avgrsgg hkm hrg tlus kat hs `hmcy moshmvhkthigm `y

pra`cgfs aj hsyffgtrobhc okjarfhtoak hkm httgkmhkt bhpturg

hs tlgor baccghiugs ok cabhc iavgrkfgkt.

H sofochr hkm rgchtgm hriufgkt mgrovgs jraf tlg jhbt tlht

gcgbtgm fukobophc baukboccars sgcmaf lhvg hbbgss ta pacoby


24/46

hmvosgrs ht hcc, kgvgr fokm hmvosgrs wotl h mgthocgm

$kawcgmig aj tlg war$okis aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt. @y baktrhst,

ot os baffakpchbg ok sthtg hkm jgmgrhc iavgrkfgkts jar

gcgbtgm rgprgsgkthtovgs ta lhvg baksthkt hbbgss ta

prajgssoakhc hmvosgrs hkm rgsghrblgrs wgcc vgrsgm ok tlg

oktrobhbogs aj pacoby jarfuchtoak hkm ofpcgfgkthtoak wla bhk

hssost tlgf ok gvhcuhtoki hkm >joctgroki* okjarfhtoak jraf

pu`cob sgrvobg fhkhigrs. locst tlg prgsgkbg aj subl pacoby

hmvosgrs hkm rgsghrblgrs a`voauscy bhkkat bafpcgtgcy kuccojy

tlg pra`cgf aj hsyffgtrob `glhvoaur ok tlg oktgrhbtoaks

`gtwggk pacotobohks hkm pu`cob sgbtar gxgbutovgs hkm tlus

hctaigtlgr rgfavg bhpturg, ot surgcy iags safg why tawhrms

avgrbafoki tlgsg pra`cgfs.

Higkmh baktrac rgprgsgkts hk hmmotoakhc fghks `y wlobl

wgcc&okjarfgm `urghubrhts lacm h bafphrhtovg hmvhkthig

avgr tlgor rgchtovgcy occ&okjarfgm pacotobhc fhstgrs hkm bhk

tlus aut&fhkaguvrg tlgf ok higkt3prokbophc tgrfs. #k tlgor

>sgttgr famgc*, Jafgr hkm Jasgktlhc (8"! lhvg slawk law

`urghubrhts bhk baktrac tlg autbafgs aj vatgs `y gcgbtgm

baukboccars (ar hbtuhc boto?gks ok rgjgrgkmh! `y spgbojyoki tlg


25/46

hctgrkhtovgs wlobl hrg vatgm upak. 'arg spgbojobhccy,

baukboccars fhy `g bhccgm ta vatg ak h phrtobuchr ùmigt

prapashc. #j h fh2aroty jhvaur tlg prapashc, tlgk ot os

hbbgptgm. #j h fh2aroty rg2gbt tlg prapashc, tlgk gxpgkmoturg

os sgt ht h prgmgtgrfokgm >rgvgrsoakhry cgvgc*. #k gssgkbg,

>tlg cawgr tlg rgvgrsoak cgvgc, tlg loilgr tlg ùmigt tlg

ùrghubrhtob sgttgr os h`cg ta gxtrhbt jraf vatgrs*, (oktra`g,

8, p.5-"!, hkm oj tlg rgvgrsoakhry cgvgc aj gxpgkmoturg os

sgt loilgr tlhk tlg prg&vatg gxpgkmoturg, tlgk tlos hcsa

hccaws jar ùmigt irawtl.

okhccy, strhtgiogs aj >sgcgbtovg `glhvoaur* (@rgtak hkm

oktra`g, 8"4!, gspgbohccy >sgcgbtovg gjjobogkby* (oktra`g,

8! bhk `g gf`hr$gm upak `y ùrghubrhts usoki tlgor

hmvhkthig aj hsyffgtrob okjarfhtoak. oktra`g (8,

p.5-8! mgsbro`gs sgcgbtovg gjjobogkby hs h fghks `y wlobl >B

ùrghubrhts baktrac tlgor fhstgrs* blaobgs `y `goki gjjobogkt

ht tlg tlokis tlgy whkt ta ma, hkm okgjjobogkt ht tlasg tlgy ma

kat*. %lus wlgk gcgbtgm rgprgsgkthtovgs a`coig pu`cob

fhkhigrs ta ofpcgfgkt pacobogs hihokst tlgor wocc, tlgsg bhk

`g bakjaukmgm `y mgco grhtg okgjjobogkby uktoc tlgy hrg


26/46

wotlmrhwk. :akvgrsgcy, ok hrghs wlgrg `urghubrhts wosl ta

gxphkm apgrhtoaks, tlgy bhk gksurg gjjobogkt mgcovgry hkm

`roki tlos ta tlg httgktoak aj pacotobohks.


27/46

rgbaikosgm tlht okmovomuhcs hkm oktgrgst iraups sgge ta okjcugkbg #atl

pacoby jarfuchtoak hkm ofpcgfgkthtoak ok sgcj"oktgrgstgm whys$

%lg hkhcysos aj oktgrgst iraups ok rgmostroùtoki wghctl hkm

pawgr tlrauil tlg pacotobhc prabgss lhs `ggk hpprahblgm `y

gbakafosts jraf ht cghst tlrgg fhok tlgargtobhc morgbtoaks.

orstcy, hkm pgrlhps fast ofparthktcy, tlg tlgary aj rgkt&

sgg$oki trogs ta gxpchok tlg whys ok wlobl boto?gks hs wghctl

fhxofosgrs sgg$ ta usg iavgrkfgkt oktgrvgktoak ta brghtg

gbakafob rgkts jar tlgfsgcvgs. %lg rgsucthkt ùrigakoki

cotgrhturg lhs pravomgm jhsbokhtoki oksoilts okta tlg oktgrpchy

`gtwggk sthtg oktgrvgktoak hkm fhxofosoki gbakafob higkts

(@ublhkhk, %accosak hkm %uccab$, 8"/!.

H sgbakm tlgargtobhc pgrspgbtovg ak tlg racg aj oktgrgst

iraups ok tlg pacotobhc prabgss mgrovgs jraf 'hkbur )csak*s

(8! poakggroki war$ ak mostroùtoakhc bahcotoaks. )csak

sauilt ta pravomg h igkgrhcosgm hkhcysos aj >Btlg pra`cgf aj

baccgbtovg blaobg, tlg prosakgr*s mocgffh, tlg jrgg&romgr

pra`cgf hkm tlg bakmotoaks aj baffak jhtg, mgpgkmoki ak

tlg baktgxt (ar mosbopcokg! ok wlobl ot hrosgs* (@hrry hkm


28/46

Lhrmok, 8"4, p.8! `y okva$oki tlg gbakafob phrhmoif aj

rhtoakhc blaobg ok iraup ar baccgbtovg `glhvoaur.

okhccy, gkmaigkaus pacoby tlgary, jorst mgvgcapgm `y

'higg, @rab$ hkm auki (8"!, bhk hcsa slgm coilt ak tlg

fhkkgr ok wlobl oktgrgst iraups bhk fhkopuchtg tlg pacotobhc

prabgss ta sgburg tlgor mgsorgm mostro`utoakhc autbafgs. #k

gssgkbg, tlos tlgargtobhc pgrspgbtovg okvgstoihtgs tlg khturg

aj gbakafob hkm sabohc pacoby jarfuchtoak hkm trogs ta gxpchok

wly wgcjhrg&rgmuboki pacoby mostartoaks gxost sokbg tlgy hrg

kat rhtoakhc jraf tlg paokt aj vogw aj sabogty hs h wlacg.

'higg, @rab$ hkm auki (8"! mostokiuosl `gtwggk tlg

bakbgpts aj gbakafob gjjobogkby hkm pacotobhc gjjobogkby. %lgy

hriug tlht >gbakafobhccy gjjobogkt pacobogs brghtg irghtgr

ihoks tlhk cassgs wlgrghs okgjjobogkt pacobogs ma tlg rgvgrsg*

('higg, @rab$ hkm auki, 8", p.8!. @y baktrhst, pacotobhccy

gjjobogkt pacobogs hrg tlasg wlobl okbrghsg tlg pra`h`ocoty aj

gcgbtoak aj phrtogs hkm bhkmomhtgs. 'argavgr, h trhmg&ajj

igkgrhccy gxosts `gtwggk gbakafob gjjobogkby hkm pacotobhc

gjjobogkby.


29/46

Hctlauil pacoby jarfuchtoak hkm ofpcgfgkthtoak ht hcc

cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt wocc `g blhrhbtgrosgm `y rgkt&sgg$oki

mostro utoakhc bahcotoaks fhxofosoki sgcj oktgrgst ok h prabgss

aj gkmaigkaus pacoby mgvgcapfgkt, ot sggfs co$gcy tlht

pawgrjuc oktgrgst iraups fhy `g phrtobuchrcy subbgssjuc ok

tlg cabhc iavgrkfgkt splgrg. g lhvg hriugm ghrcogr tlht

fukobophc pacotobohks igkgrhccy wotlaut straki phrty

hjjocohtoaks hrg ajtgk gcgbtgm ak occ&mgjokgm pacoby pchtjarfs `y

hphtlgtob hkm occ&okjarfgm vatgrs hkm tlgor hbtovotogs hrg

typobhccy kat su`2gbt ta tlg shfg mgirgg aj fgmoh hkm atlgr

sbrutoky hs tlgor baccghiugs ht loilgr cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt.

=ofochrcy, prajgssoakhc `urghubrhts gk2ay jhr irghtgr

mosbrgtoak hs h baksgqugkbg aj tlg hbutg hsyffgtry aj

okjarfhtoak `gtwggk tlgf hkm tlgor phrt&tofg pacotobhc

fhstgrs. 'argavgr, autsomg aj tlg Hfgrobhk pacotobhc systgf,

wotl ots straki gfplhsos ak bakirgssoakhc baffottggs hkm

atlgr mgcgihtgm pawgrs, hkm ok baktrhst ta gstfokstgr stycg

phrcohfgkthry mgfabrhby, cabhc iavgrkfgkt rgcogs fubl

farg ak sthkmoki baffottggs ta avgrsgg ots apgrhtoaks. ar

oksthkbg, fukobophc baukbocs usuhccy lhvg >phr$s hkm


30/46

ihrmgks* baffottggs ta ruk ots pu`cob apgk sphbgs prairhfs,

>rahms hkm fhoktgkhkbg* baffottggs ta morgbt ots pu`cob

tlarauiljhrg apgrhtoaks, hkm sa jartl. #ktgrgst iraups bhk

tlus rghmocy omgktojy spgbojob pacotobohks wotl pawgrs avgr

phrtobuchr hspgbts aj fukobophc hbtovoty hkm thrigt tlgsg

okmovomuhcs hbbarmokicy. %lgy bhk hcsa jarf hccohkbgs wotl

fukobophc fhkhigrs ok blhrig aj tlg vhroaus prairhfs hkm

httgfpt ta okjcugkbg tlg hmvobg tlgsg ùrghubrhts iovg ta

baffottgg fgf`grs. #k tlos why >orak trohkicgs* fhmg up aj

gcgbtgm baffottgg baukboccars, prajgssoakhc fhkhigrs hkm

oktgrgst iraups bhk hrosg wlobl mafokhtg pacoby fh$oki ok

spgbojob hrghs. )jtgk tlgsg oktgrgst iraups wocc `g fhmg up aj

su`&baktrhbtars wla ukmgrth$g apgrhtoaks jar fukobophcotogs,

suppcogrs wla pravomg iaams hkm sgrvobgs ta baukbocs,

prapgrty mgvgcapgrs wla ùocm hkm rgkavhtg rgsomgktohc hkm

atlgr hrghs, hkm ùsokgssgs tlht gk2ay prgjgrgktohc ?akoki

hrrhkigfgkts hkm cobgksoki hirggfgkts. %lg trophrtotg

bafpasotoak aj tlgsg bakjcugkt baccumoki hssabohtoaks & ar

>trohkicgs*& hkm tlg mojjobucty aj pgkgtrhtoki okta tlgf & ar

tlgor >orak* khturg & fghk tlht tlgsg orak trohkicgs wocc tgkm


31/46

kat akcy ta `g mafokhkt jar baksomgrh`cg pgroams, ùt hcsa

sth`cg tlrauil tofg.

Jgkt&sgg$oki ok tlos sotuhtoak wocc hof ht tlg jarfhtoak hkm

pratgbtoak aj orak trohkicgs hkm bauktgrvhocoki rgkt&sgg$oki

`y okmovomuhcs hkm iraups autsomg aj trohkicgs wocc baksost aj

httgfpts ta 2aok gxostoki trohkicgs ar rgpchbg gxthkt trohkicgs

wotl kgw akgs. )csak*s (8! bhtgiaroshtoak aj oktgrgst

iraups hs gotlgr patgktohccy subbgssjuc (>provocgigm*! ar

oklgrgktcy uksubbgssjuc (>chtgkt*! wocc mgtgrfokg tlg autbafg

aj rgkt&sgg$oki hbtovoty. Jgsucthkt pacoby jarfuchtoak hkm

ofpcgfgkthtoak bhk `g blhrhbtgrosgm hs gkmaigkaus ok tlg

sgksg tlht ot rgprgsgkts tlg oktgrpchy aj tlg oktgrgsts aj tlg

pacotobohks, ùrghubrhts hkm oktgrgst iraups wla jarf tlg

orak trohkicg ok qugstoak.

@hocgy (8! hriugs tlht mostroùtoakhc bahcotoaks hrg co$gcy

ta lhvg h irghtgr mgcgtgroaus gjjgbt ak rgsaurbg hccabhtoak ok

cabhc iavgrkfgkt tlhk ht loilgr cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt ok h

jgmgrhtoak. Lg baktgkms tlht h loil prapartoak aj cabhc thx

phyfgkts hrg joxgm `y vhroaus rucgs, kat cghst prapgrty thxgs

wlobl mgpgkm ak chkm vhcug, hkm ma kat vhry soikojobhktcy


32/46

wotl tlg baksufptoak aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt sgrvobgs. 1kmgr

tlgsg borbufsthkbgs, mostroùtoakhc bahcotoaks lhvg hk

okbgktovg ta httgfpt ta blhkig tlg cgvgc aj sgrvobg pravosoak

ok tlgor jhvaur ar ta famojy tlg mostroùtoak aj sgrvobg

pravosoak wotl h iovgk hkm chrigcy gxaigkauscy mgtgrfokgm

joxgm tathc fukobophc ùmigt. Hbbarmokicy, tlg hbtovotogs aj

oktgrgst iraups wocc jabus lghvocy >Bak tlg mostroùtoak aj

okbrgfgkthc gxpgkmoturgs hkm fubl httgktoak os phom ta

hkkuhc ùmigt blhkigs wlobl hrg sfhcc ok rgchtoak ta tlg

avgrhcc ùmigt* (@hocgy, 8, p.!. ;a mostroùtoakhc

bahcotoak wocc `g woccoki ta hbbgpt h jhcc ok tlg sgrvobgs ot

rgbgovgs `gbhusg ka barrgspakmoki blhkig ok ots thx cohòcoty

baucm abbur, iovgk tlg strubturg aj fukobophc jokhkbgs. =okbg

appasoki oktgrgst iraups fhy tgkm ta kgutrhcosg ghbl atlgr*s

okjcugkbg, gxostoki gxpgkmoturg rgiofgs waucm tgkm ta rgfhok

joxgm. %los fghks oktgr hcoh tlht cabhc iavgrkfgkts

gxpgrogkbg irght mojjobuctogs ok fggtoki >blhkigm

saboagbakafob bakmotoaks*, wotl tlg rgsuct tlht hccabhtovg

okgjjobogkbogs waucm okgvoth`cy oktgksojy.


33/46

@aykg (8"! `gcogvgs tlht tlg mgirgg aj >jrhifgkthtoak*

ar mgbgktrhcoshtoak aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt foilt hjjgbt tlg

mgfhkm jar >sphtohccy movoso`cg* pu`cob iaams hs appasgm ta

>sphtohccy okmovoso`cg* pu`cob iaams. =phtohccy movoso`cg iaams

`gkgjot phrtobuchr cabhcotogs rhtlgr tlhk gkbafphssoki

kgoil`auroki ?akgs wlgrghs sphtohccy okmovoso cg iaams

`gkgjot fubl irghtgr hrghs. %lus rgsomgkts aj hs iovgk

2urosmobtoak wocc prgjgr rgchtovgcy farg sphtohccy movoso`cg iaams

ak iraukms tlht tlg `gkgjots aj tlgsg iaams wocc jhcc

gxbcusovgcy ak tlgf hkm hm2hbgkt 2urosmobtoaks wocc kat `g

h`cg ta >jrgg romg* ak tlg jruots aj tlgor rhtgs hkm thxgs. H

sofochr hriufgkt bhk `g hmvhkbgm wotl rgspgbt ta tlg pawgr

hkm gkmuroki khturg aj orak trohkicgs. g waucm gxpgbt tlht

tlg irghtgr tlg mgirgg aj jrhifgkthtoak, tlg farg soikojobhkt

waucm `g tlg ofphbt aj orak trohkicgs ak pacoby fh$oki. Hjtgr

hcc, sfhcc cabhc iavgrkfgkts wocc httrhbt cgss vatgr oktgrgst,

gk2ay fokofhc avgrsoilt `y gcgbtgm pacotobohks, hkm mrhw cottcg

fgmoh httgktoak ok bafphrosak ta chrigr fukobophc gktotogs

wlgrg tlg >sth$gs hrg loilgr*. Hbbarmokicy, orak trohkicgs hrg

pra`h`cy ghsogr ta jarf ok jrhifgktgm systgfs.


34/46

%lg passo`ocoty aj barruptoak wotlok orak trohkicgs hcsa

hppghrs ta `g irghtgr ht tlg cabhc iavgrkfgkt cgvgc tlhk ht

loilgr togrs aj iavgrkhkbg. ar gxhfpcg, Jammgk hkm Jasg&

Hb$grfhk (8! paokt aut tlht tlg >sfhcckgss* hkm

>oktofhby* aj fukobophc 2urosmobtoaks fh$gs tlgf gspgbohccy

susbgpto`cg ta barruptoak. =ofochrcy, hjtgr rgvogwoki tlg

gvomgkbg, =ushk Jasg&Hb$grfhk (8, p.85! a`sgrvgs tlht

>tlg fast barrupt hkm phtrakhig&rommgk iavgrkfgkts sggf

ta `g ht tlg cabhc cgvgc ok fast bauktrogs, okbcumoki mgvgcapgm

bauktrogs subl hs tlg 1kotgm =thtgs hkm


35/46

tlg hbtuhc basts hkm #gkgjots aj iavgrkfgkt fhy #g baksostgktcy

fosbakstrugm #y tlg botozgkry aj h iovgk josbhc +urosmobtoak$ ovg spgbojob

jarfs aj josbhc occusoak bhk #g omgktojogm (Maccgry hkm Yartlokitak, 8??-!,

twa aj wlobl hrg gspgbohccy ofparthkt ok tlg baktgxt aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt$

orstcy, tlg >jcyphpgr gjjgbt*, sa&bhccgm sokbg >fakgy stob$s

wlgrg ot lots*, rgjgrs ta tlg lypatlgsosgm tgkmgkby jar

bhtgiarobhc cufp&suf irhkts jraf jgmgrhc ta sthtg hkm cabhc

iavgrkfgkts ta okbrghsg pu`cob gxpgkmoturg `y farg tlhk hk

gquovhcgkt okbrghsg ok okbafg jraf atlgr saurbgs. %los

prapasotoak baktrhvgkgs tlg >gquovhcgkbg tlgargf*, h bgktrhc

prapasotoak aj tlg trhmotoakhc tlgary aj oktgr&iavgrkfgkthc

irhkts ()htgs, 84!, wlobl lacms tlht h cufp&suf irhkt ta h

josbhc 2urosmobtoak wocc stofuchtg tlg shfg okbrghsg ok

gxpgkmoturg tlht waucm jcaw jraf hk gquovhcgkt okbrghsg ok

tlg provhtg okbafgs aj pgapcg wla bafprosg tlg papuchtoak

aj tlg 2urosmobtoak. #t waucm sggf tlht vatgrs fospgrbgovg

irhkts hs >iojts* ta tlgor 2urosmobtoaks hkm avgrcaa$ tlg jhbt

tlht tlgor thx coh`ocoty rosgs ht loilgr cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt.

+gspotg safg rgsgrvhtoaks h`aut tlg fgtlamacaiogs

gfpcaygm ta okvgstoihtg tlg rghc&warcm prgvhcgkbg aj tlg


36/46

jcyphpgr gjjgbt ok cabhc iavgrkfgkt, ot hppghrs tlht gfporobhc

gvomgkbg gxosts ok suppart aj tlg famgc, hctlauil tlos

bakbcusoak slaucm `g quhcojogm `y katoki tlht okstotutoakhc

strubturgs ukmgrcyoki tlg irhkts prabgss ok hky bauktry (ar

tlg pra`cgf aj >gkmaigkgoty*! a`voauscy pchy h fh2ar racg ok

mgtgrfokoki tlg strgkitl aj tlg jcyphpgr gjjgbt (artlokitak

hkm +accgry, 8!.

;atwotlsthkmoki tlgargtobhc mojjobuctogs ok gxpchokoki tlg

jcyphpgr gjjgbt (@hocgy, 8!, ot sggfs bcghr tlht tlg

stofuchtary gjjgbts aj oktgr&iavgrkfgkthc irhkts ak cabhc

iavgrkfgkt gxpgkmoturg foilt pravg ta `g h fh2ar saurbg aj

iavgrkfgkt jhocurg ht tlos cgvgc aj iavgrkfgkt. Hjtgr hcc,

hraukm - pgrbgkt aj Hfgrobhk hkm -/ pgrbgkt aj Hustrhcohk

cabhc iavgrkfgkt rgvgkugs mgrovg jraf irhkts jraf loilgr

cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt (artlokitak hkm +accgry, 8, p.53!,

wlgrghs ok tlg 1kotgm Gokimaf tlg barrgspakmoki joiurg os

hcfast "/ pgrbgkt (@hocgy, 8, p."!.


37/46

gquovhcgkt okbrghsg ok tlg okbafg aj cabhc rgsomgkts.

Hctlauil tlg jrhfgwar$ wotlok wlobl tlg oktgriavgrkfgkthc

irhkt prabgss abburs mojjgrs ok atlgr hmvhkbgm bauktrogs, hkm

wocc a`voauscy okjcugkbg tlg gxphksoakhry gjjgbts aj tlgsg

irhkts hbbarmokicy, tlg rgsuctoki hccabhtovg okgjjobogkbogs hrg

hcsa co$gcy ta `g su`sthktohc.

'gbakmcy, .rgktgr occusoak lhs *uoktgssgktohc soikojobhkbg ok tlg cabhc

iavgrkfgkt focogu$ /los jarf aj josbhc occusoak lacms tlht hk okbrghsg ok tlg

prapartoak aj prapgrty rgktgrs ok h iovgk fukobophc +urosmobtoak wocc okbrghsg

tlg cgvgc aj pu#cob gxpgkmoturgs bgtgros phro`us$ /lg prgsufptoak os tlht

sokbg tlg profhry rgvgkug aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt mgrovgs jraf prapgrty thxgs,

akcy tlasg vatgrs wla awk prapgrty hkm hrg tlus morgbtcy cgvogm wocc

barrgbtcy gstofhtg tlg thx"probg aj cabhc pu#cob iaams$ >ctlauil wg baucm

gxpgbt tlht loilgr prapgrty thxgs wocc #g phssgm ak ta rgktgrs tlrauil loilgr

rgkts, tlg rgktgrs occusoak lypatlgsos baktgkms tlht h mos+ukbtoak gxosts

#gtwggk h rgkthc vatgrs pgrbgptoak aj tlg cgvgc aj fukobophc sgrvobgs hkm tlg

vhcug aj rgkts phom$ >bbarmokicy, rgktgrs wocc vatg jar loilgr cgvgcs aj cabhc

pu#cob iaam gxpgkmoturg tlhk prapgrty awkgrs$

> baksomgrh#cg #amy aj gfporobhc gvomgkbg lhs #ggk hfhssgm ak tlg

rgktgrs occusoak lypatlgsos hkm tlg wgoilt aj tlos gvomgkbg hppghrs ta


38/46

suppart tlg lypatlgsos (sgg, jar gxhfpcg, Maccgry hkm Yartlokitak, 8??-,

/h#cg !$ 0awgvgr, sgvgrhc sblachrs lhvg hriugm tlht .rgktgr rhtoakhcoty

foilt #gttgr gxpchok tlg astgkso#cg prapgksoty aj rgktgrs ta suppart loilgr

cgvgcs aj cabhc gxpgkmoturg$ >bbarmoki ta tlos vogw, ok tlg slart"ruk prapgrty

rgkthcs hrg kat hjjgbtgm #y prapgrty thxgs hkm sa okbrghsgs ok thxgs wocc kat #g

phssgm ak ta rgktgrs (2hrr hkm Mhvos, 8??-!$ raf tlg pgrspgbtovg aj cabhc

iavgrkfgkt pacobyfhegrs, wlgtlgr ar kat rgktgr rhtoakhcoty gxpchoks safg ar

hcc aj rgktgr occusoak sggfs cgss ofparthkt tlhk tlg puthtovg jhbt tlht h irghtgr

prapartoak aj rgktgrs ok h +urosmobtoak wocc tgkm ta #ohs gxpgkmoturg upwhrms$

=gktgr occusoak fhegs cabhc iavgrkfgkt gspgbohccy susbgpto#cg ta

iavgrkfgkt jhocurg jar tlg a#voaus rghsak tlht loilgr cgvgcs aj iavgrkfgkt

hrg fubl cgss rgcohkt ak prapgrty thxgs hs h saurbg aj rgvgkug$ &argavgr,

rhtg"bhppoki, rgkt baktracs hkm atlgr jhbtars wlobl okjcugkbg tlg kgxus

#gtwggk rgkthcs, prapgrty thxgs hkm fukobophc okbafg hrg typobhccy

gxaigkauscy ofpasgm ak cabhc +urosmobtoaks #y sthtg hkm jgmgrhc

iavgrkfgkts$ /los fghks tlht hccabhtovg okgjjobogkbogs stgffoki jraf tlos

saurbg bhkkat ghsocy #g rgfgmogm #y fukobophc pacobogs tlgfsgcvgs wotlaut

tlg hssosthkbg aj loilgr togrs aj iavgrkfgkt$


39/46

!#$!C(M$I PG%HP*R

Yg lhvg prgsgktgm h thxakafob vogw aj iavgrkfgkt jhocurg ok cabhc

iavgrkfgkt wlobl mrhws strakicy ak tlg igkgrob typacaiogs wlobl lhvg #ggk

mgvgcapgm #y tlgarosts apgrhtoki ok tlg #rahm pu#cob blaobg trhmotoak$

&argavgr, wg lhvg sauilt ta hriug tlht baigkt rghsaks gxost wlobl suiigst

tlht iavgrkfgkt jhocurg ok igkgrhc, hkm higkby jhocurg ok phrtobuchr, hrg coegcy


40/46

ta #g farg hbutg ok fukobophc iavgrkfgkt tlhk ots bauktgrphrts ht loilgr

togrs ok h jgmgrhcosf$ /los bakbcusoak os ok baktrhst ta vogws aj #atl 2hocgy

(8???! hkm 2aykg (8???! wla sggf ta #gcogvg tlht sokbg oktgr"iavgrkfgkthc

bafpgtotoak os irghtgr ht tlg cabhc iavgrkfgkt cgvgc ot fhy #g cgss susbgpto#cg

ta iavgrkfgkt jhocurg$

%j cabhc iavgrkfgkt jhocurg os okmggm farg prakaukbgm, tlgk wg slaucm

ok*uorg hs ta wlgtlgr ot bhk #g mojjgrgktohtgm ok eokm jraf iavgrkfgkt jhocurg

ht jgmgrhc hkm sthtg cgvgcs7 tlht os, mags ot baksost aj h mojjgrgkt fox aj

hccabhtovg okgjjobogkby, pramubtovg okgjjobogkby hkm mostro#utoakhc okg*uoty$

Yotlaut h mgthocgm gfporobhc gxhfokhtoak aj tlos pra#cgf, ot os mojjobuct ta

spgbuchtg wotl hky mgirgg aj prgbosoak$ 0awgvgr, ot mags sggf coegcy tlht

hccabhtovg okgjjobogkbogs fhy wgcc #g farg gvomgkt sokbg tlg rgchtovgcy sfhcc

sozg aj fukobophc #umigts fhegs trhmg"ajjs #gtwggk hctgrkhtovg #ukmcgs aj

cabhc pu#cob iaams farg hbutg$

%j cabhc iavgrkfgkt os okmggm farg prakg ta iavgrkfgkt jhocurg tlhk sthtg

hkm jgmgrhc iavgrkfgkts, tlgk tlos hcsa rhosgs oktgrgstoki *ugstoaks h#aut tlg

mgsoik aj hppraprohtg iavgrkhkbg fgblhkosfs jar fukobophcotogs$ ar

gxhfpcg, tlg hfhcihfhtoak aj sfhcc cabhc iavgrkfgkt strubturgs okta chrigr

ukots baucm famgrhtg tlg gxtgkt aj cabhc iavgrkfgkt jhocurg$ 'ofochrcy, tlg

bhsg jar bafpgtotovg tgkmgroki hkm .aut"saurboki fhy #g strakigr ht tlg


41/46


42/46

@hrr, . 9 hkm +hvos, ). H. (8!, >Hk 6cgfgkthry 7acotobhc hkm

6bakafob %lgary aj tlg 6xpgkmoturgs aj 9abhc

Natgr :laobg*,

Hfgrobhk @glhvoaurhc =bogktost, Nac. 4"(8/!, pp. 8"&4/8.

@rgtak, H. hkm oktra`g, J. (8"4!, %lg 9aiob aj @urghubrhtob

:akmubt, :hf`romig 1kovgrsoty 7rgss, ;gw ar$.

@ublhkhk, . '., %accosak J. +. hkm %uccab$,


43/46

+accgry, @ 6. hkm hccos, . 9. (8!, >'hr$gt hocurg,

6xprgssovg vgrsus

6bakafob Natoki*, ok . '. :rhok hkm J. +. %accosak,

7rgmobtoki 7acotobsO 6sshys ok 6fporobhc 7u`cob :laobg,

1kovgrsoty aj 'obloihk 7rgss, Hkk Hr`ar, pp.4-8&455.


44/46

Lorsblfhk, H. ). (8/!, 6xot, Naobg hkm 9ayhcty, :hf`romig

1kovgrsoty 7rgss, :hf`romig.

Ggrr, J. (8!, %awhrm 'arg 6jjobogkt hkm +gfabrhtob 9abhc

%lg ;gw 6bakafobs aj )rihkoshtoak*,

Hfgrobhk aurkhc aj 7acotobhc =bogkbg, Nac. 4"(5!, pp.-&

.

'ugccgr, +. :. (8"!, 7u`cob :laobg ##, :hf`romig 1kovgrsoty

7rgss, :hf`romig.

;os$hkgk, . H. (88!, @urghubrhby hkm Jgprgsgkthtovg


45/46

)*+awm, '. :. (8"!, >%lg 7ra`cgf aj D+ags gmgrhcosf

7rgsgrvg 'hr$gtsI*, 1kovgrsoty aj Noriokoh 9hw Jgvogw, Nac.

"-(5!, pp.848&84.

Jafgr, %. hkm Jasgktlhc, L. (8"!, >7acotobhc Jgsaurbg

Hccabhtoak, :aktraccgm Higkmhs hkm tlg =thtus Cua*, 7u`cob

:laobg, Nac. --(5!, pp. 4&5-.

Jasg&Hb$grfhk, =. (8!, :arruptoak hkm


46/46

oktra`g, J. (8!, >'amgrk @urghubrhtob %lgary*, ok +. :.

'ugccgr (gm.!, 7grspgbtovgs ak 7u cob :laobg, :hf`romig

1kovgrsoty 7rgss, :hf`romig, pp. 54&55.

artlokitak, H. :. hkm +accgry, @. 6. (8!, >osbhc #ccusoak

hkm tlg Hustrhcohk 9abhc

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