long baseline neutrino oscillation...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiments
Alfons WeberUniversity of Oxford
XXXVIIth Recontre de Moriond
"Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories"
Les Arcs, Savoie, France March 9-16, 2002
![Page 2: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 2
Contents• Introduction• Long baseline experiments
– K2K– MINOS– OPERA– ICARUS– KamLAND
• The Future– SuperBeams– Neutrino Factories
![Page 3: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 3
Introduction• Several indication for neutrino oscillations
– Solar neutrino problem• Homestake, SAGE, GALLEX• Kamiokande, Super-Kamiokande, SNO
– Atmospheric neutrino problem• Kamiokande, IMB, Frejus, NUSEX, Soudan 2, SuperK
– LSND effect• LSND, KARMEN
• New precision experiments are needed!– replace natural with man-made neutrino source– tune oscillation distance and energy to problem
![Page 4: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 4
Neutrino Oscillations12 13 13 12 13 1
23 12 12 13 23 12 23 12 13 23 13 23 2
23 12 12 23 13 12 23 23 12 13 13 23 3
ei i
i i
c c c s sc s e c s s c c e s s s c s
s s e c c s c s e c s s c c
δ δµ
δ δτ
ν νν νν ν
= − − − − − −
24 2 23
13 23
1.27( ) cos ( )sin ( )sin
m LP
Eµ τν
ν ν θ θ ∆
→ =
Disappearance of atmospheric muon neutrinos:
6 parameter to be determined:•3 angle•2 mass differences•1 CP violating phase
difference mass and angle mixing ,sin ),cos(with 2ij ==== ijijijijij ?m?)(?sc θ
![Page 5: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 5
K2K
• Distance: 250 km• Beam Energy: 12 GeV• Neutrino Energy: 1.3 GeV
![Page 6: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 6
MINOS
• Beam travels 730 km toSoudan Minnesota
• FNAL Main Injector– E = 120 GeV – 4x1013 ppp (?)– Cycle 2 sec– 10 µsec spill
• Tuneable neutrino Energy– Peak at: 3, 7, 15 GeV
![Page 7: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 7
IHEP-Beijing lCollege de France l Athens l Dubna l ITEP-Moscow l Lebedev l ProtvinoCambridge l Oxford l Rutherford l Sussex l University College London
Argonne l Brookhaven l Caltech l Chicago l Elmhurst l Fermilab l James Madison l
Harvard l Illinois l Indiana l Livermore l Macalester l Minnesota l Northwestern l
Pittsburgh l South Carolina l Stanford l Texas-Austin lTexas A&M lTufts lWestern Washington l Wisconsin
Around 180 Physicists and Engineers
MINOS Collaboration
![Page 8: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 8
• 2 Super-modules 2.7 kiloton each
• 486 planes of steel and scintillator
• 96 scintillator stripseach plane
• double sided read-outwith multi-anode PMTs
• Toroidal magnetic field(1.5 T at 2 m radius)
• Very similar near detector!
MINOS Far Detector
![Page 9: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 9
8 m
Scintillator Module
WLS
Fib
ers
WLS
Fib
ers
Optical Connector
Optical Connector
Optical Connector
Optical Connector
Cle
ar F
iber
Rib
bon
Cab
le (2
-6 m
)
MultiplexBox
MultiplexBox
PMTs
Con
nect
ion
to
elec
troni
cs
Con
nect
ion
to
elec
troni
cs
MINOS Scintillator Module• 4-8m
scintillator modules
• 24-28 strips• double sided
readout• multi anode
PMTs (16/64)
![Page 10: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 10
Bottom steel plane layerTop steel plane layerScintillator plane
Orientations alternate ±90o
in successive planes
2-m wide, 0.5-inch thicksteel plates
MINOS Plane
![Page 11: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 11
• Several channels to analyse neutrino oscillations– T-Test = #CC / #NC–– νe appearance (θ13)–
• Combination of all analysis will reveal mixing parameters– ∆m2
– sin22θ– flavour
ντ appearance
νµ disappearance
µ? µ
hadrons
5 m
? µ
hadrons
? µ
1.5 m
MINOS Oscillation Physics
![Page 12: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 12
• Select ?µ charge current events and reconstruct neutrino energy
• Energy resolution:
• Compare energy spectrum in near and far detector
• Measure ? m2 and sin22?
hEEE += µν
range, B field calorimetry
EEE
pp
hh /%60/
%10/
=∆
=∆ µµ
? m2
sin22?
?µ CC Energy Analysis
![Page 13: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 13
?µ Disappearance Results
![Page 14: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 14
• CERN SPS– Ep = 400 GeV– 4.8*1013 ppp – cycle 6 - 27.6 sec– 7.6*1019 pot/year
• Baseline: 730km• <E?> = 17 GeV• optimised for t
appearance
CNGS Beam
CERN Neutrinos to Grand Sasso
• Experiments– ICARUS– OPERA
– try find t by searching for decay kink
– nuclear emulsion
![Page 15: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 15
29 groups~ 130 physicists
METU, Ankara, Turkey • LAPP and Université de Savoie, Annecy, France •INFN and Bari University, Bari, Italy • IHEP, Beijing, China PR • Humboldt University,Berlin, Germany • Bern University, Bern, Switzerland • INFN and
Bologna University, Bologna, Italy • IIHE (ULB-VUB), Brussels, Belgium • Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia • Laboratori Nazionali di
Frascati, INFN Frascati, Italy • Toho University, Funabashi, Japan • CERN, Geneva, Switzerland • Märkische Fachhochschule FB Elektrotechnik, Hagen,
Germany • Technion, Haifa, Israel • Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany •High Energy Physics Group Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China PR •Aichi Educational University, Kariya, Japan • Kobe University, Kobe, Japan •
IPNL and Université C.Bernard, Lyon, France • INR, ITEP and MEPHI, Moscow, Russia • Münster University, Münster, Germany • Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan • INFN and "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy • LAL and
Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France • INFN and Padova University, Padova, Italy • INFN and "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy • Rostock University, Rostock, Germany • INFN and Salerno University, Salerno, Italy • IRES,
Strasbourg, France • Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan • Rudjer Boskovic Institute (IRB), Zagreb, Croatia
OPERA Collaboration
![Page 16: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 16
~ 10
mν
µ spectrometerMagnetised Iron Dipoles
Drift tubes and RPCs
ν target and τ decay detectorEach “super-module” is
a sequence of 24 “modules” consisting of
- a “wall” of Pb/emulsion “bricks”- planes of orthogonal scintillator strips
scintillator strips
brick wall
module
brick(56 Pb/Em. “cells”)
8 cm (10X0)
super module
The OPERA Experiment
![Page 17: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 17
Emulsion-Scintillator strip Hybrid Target
•Tracker taskselect bricks efficiently
• High scanning power + low background allow coarse tracking
Selected bricks extracted dailyusing dedicated robot
Sampling by Target Tracker planes ( X,Y )
Brick wall
10 c
m
Selected brick
Event as seen by the target tracker
0 max
p.h.
OPERA Target Section
![Page 18: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 18
ν
Origami packed ECC brick for OPERA
Vacuum packing• Protection against light
and humidity variations.• Keep the position between
films and lead plates.• Vacuum preserved over
10 years
10X0 ( 56 emulsion films )
12.5cm235k bricks for 3 super modules
OPERA Emulsion Brick
![Page 19: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 19
“ Long decays″reconstruct kink topology
“ Short decays ″detect large impact parameter track
Loose cut to reject low momentum tracks
OPERA ?t Candidates
![Page 20: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 20
∆m2 = 1.2x10-3 eV2
at full mixing
sin2 (2θ) = 6.0x10-3
at large ∆m2
(average 90 % CL upper limit for a large number of experiment in the absence
of a signal)
5 years3 years
OPERA Sensitivity
5 years data taking
![Page 21: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 21
OPERA90 % CL in 5 years
OPERA: ∆m2
* assuming the observation of a number of events corresponding to those expected for the given ∆m2
(mixing constrained by SuperK)
years P3σ P4σ
3 93% 83%
5 96% 91%
Probability to observe SuperK signal
90 % CL limits * ∆m2 ( 10-3 eV2 )
1.5 3.2 5.0
Upper limit 2.1 3.8 5.6
Lower limit 0.8 2.6 4.3(U - L) / (2*True) 41 % 19 % 12 %
Nt / year 0.82 2.82 3.66
![Page 22: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 22
ICARUS Sensitivityatmospheric beam
Sensitivity similar to OPERA!
![Page 23: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 23
• Use a very intense proton beam dump to produce neutrinos = SuperBeam – Low energy (0.2-2 GeV) low ? m2
– Medium baseline (~100 km) large rate– Massive detectors (20-1000 kton) low sin22T
• Measurement program:– Improve ? m2
23, sin22T23
– Measure ?13! Totally unconstrained!– Possibility of measuring CP violating phase d!
• Sites– CERN-Modane (SPL, 130 km)– Tokaimura-Kamioka (JAERI, 295km)
SuperBeams
![Page 24: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 24
SuperBeams: JHF-SuperK
• Phase II– Increase beam power: 4 MW– HyperKamiokande: 1 Mton
• Possibility of measuring CP-violation, if parameters are right!
• No need for ?-factory?
• New beam from JAERI– 50 GeV, 0.77 MW– 3.3*1014 ppp / 3.3 sec
• Phase I– approved– start operation 2007
• Detector exists!
![Page 25: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 25
SuperBeam Physics• CP violation (phase II)• Sensitivity (phase I)
– ?µ disappearance (1 year)
212 12
13
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
sin2sin
4 sin
eeCP
ee
P PA
P P
m LE
µµ
µµ
ν
ν ν ν ν
ν ν ν ν
θ δθ
→ − →=
→ + →
∆= ⋅ ⋅
223
2 4 223
2 313
(sin 2 ) 0.01
( ) 2 10 eV
sin 2 10
m
δ θ
δ
θ
−
−
≈
≈ ×
<
Only possible,
if KamLAND
confirms LMA!
![Page 26: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 26
Mostly ruled out Mostly ruled out by most recent by most recent
SNO resultSNO result
KamLAND SensitivityMeasuring ?e disappearance!
![Page 27: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 27
Neutrino Factory• Muon storage ring: The Ultimate Neutrino Source
![Page 28: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 28
Neutrino Factory Physics
![Page 29: Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experimentsmoriond.in2p3.fr/EW/2002/transparencies/3_Tuesday/... · A. Weber LBL Experiments 15 29 groups~ 130 physicists METU, Ankara, Turkey •](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052014/602b81d1a4eb083c7913cb22/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
A. Weber LBL Experiments 29
Summary• Present
– K2K (nice data until 2001 and later)– KamLAND (just started taking data)
• Future– MINOS (cosmics 2001, beam 2005)– OPERA (beam 2005)– ICARUS (2005, partially approved)– JHF-SuperK (2007, not yet approved)
• Science fantasy– Neutrino Factories (2010, at the earliest)