look to the east: pan-africanism in nas' discography

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    Lesson Plan #1: Africans Invisibility in Mexico

    Unit: Pan-Africanist Thought in Nas Discography

    Grades: 9-12

    Length of lesson: Two 50 minute class periods

    LESSON OVERVIEWBuilding on the previous nights homework assignment, students will explore the history of Africans in Mexico

    by developing a linear timeline of the presence of Africans in Mexico as well as gaining a geographicalunderstanding of the role that geography plays in their current position and plight.

    ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS1. How can geography explain the position and plight of Mexicos Afro-Mexican population?2. How does the history of Africans in Mexico help us to understand their present position and plight?

    ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDINGS1. Mexicos population is not monolithic but includes the descendants of Africans, who are outnumbered by

    the large Spanish-speaking population.

    2. Using a geographical lens, students will be able to find the presence of the descendants of Africans inMexico and understand the relationship between location and status in society.

    OBJECTIVES1. To learn that among Mexicos Spanish-speaking population are the descendants of African slaves,2. To be introduced to major events in the history of Africans in Mexico,3. To use geography to locate Afro-Mexicans and their current position and plight.

    MATERIALS1. Copies of Quiz #1:Memin Pinguin2. Completed homework assignment (from previous night)3. Physical/political maps of Mexico4. Copies of Black Minority Invisible in Bicentennial Plans article and answer sheet5. Student atlases or world maps6. Markers

    PROCEDURE1. (Assessment activity) Students will be given 10 minutes to review their homework assignments from the

    previous night in preparation for a quiz. They will have 10 minutes to answer the following questions and

    grade each others quizzes.a. What is the name of the cartoon character on the Mexican stamp? [1]b. In what year was it created? [1]c. How do its supporters of stamp defend it? How do its detractors criticize it? [2]d. Who is the president of Mexico in 2005? [1]e. Why would the author say that Mexicos release of the stamp shows the gulf in racial sensibilities

    between the countries? [2]

    [Insert Quiz #1: Memin Pinguin]

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    After collecting the quizzes, the teacher will pose the following question, What did you learn about

    Mexicos population from the previous nights homework assignment?

    2. (Preview activity)In their notebooks, students will respond to the following question, How does where youlive impact your quality of life?

    3. Students will use a pencil to draw a mental map of Mexico and identify the following in their notebooks:a. Mexico Cityb. State of Guerreroc. State of Oaxacad. State of Veracruze. State of Michoacnf. Pacific Oceang. Atlantic Oceanh. Gulf of Mexicoi. Caribbean Seaj. Texas

    k. Arizona

    The teacher will pose the following question, What does your mental map of Mexico reveal about your

    knowledge of Mexico? Why is knowledge of Mexicos political geography important?

    4. With a red marker, students will correct their mental map of Mexico using their atlases or textbooks.

    The teacher will use document camera to put correct map and pose the following question, How does a

    correct map of Mexico affect your understanding of Mexico?

    [Insert political map of Mexico]

    5. Individually, students will read the article entitled, Black Minority Invisible in Bicentennial Plans byEmilio Godoy and answer the following questions.

    a. Why are the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Michoacn important?b. Compare the year that theMemin Pinguin stamp was released with the Mexicos bicentennial

    anniversary of its independence from Spain. What observation can be made about how Afro-Mexicans

    are being treated?

    c. Describe the event(s) as it pertains to Afro-Mexicans:1) 15702) 1580-16503) 1810

    4) 18295) 2010d. Use the information in your timeline to explain the absence of Afro-Mexicans in Mexicos bicentennial

    celebration.

    [Insert article and answer]

    The teacher will pose the following question, What additional information did you obtain about the

    treatment of Mexicos African population? How can it help us to understand the position/plight of Afro-

    Mexicans?

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    6. In expert groups of 2-3, students will use the Afro-American Towns and Route 2010 documents tocomplete their assigned state in the appropriate row:

    [Insert chart and state reading assignment]

    7. Students will meet in general groups to complete their chart.

    The teacher will pose the following question, What does an examination of Mexicos schedule reveal about

    how it wants to commemorate its independence?

    8. (Assessment Activity) How can the description of the Mexican states be re-written to include the presence,history, and activity of Afro-Mexicans? Construct a paragraph articulating your proposal that will be

    attached to the summary of the Mexican state.

    [This assignment will be assessed using Constructed Response rubric]

    9. (Homework for Day 2)Students will read the New York Times article entitled, Mother Culture, or Only a

    Sister? and answer the following questions.a. Where was the Olmec civilization located?b. What are the two sides of the argument involving the Olmec civilization?

    1) Identify the individuals on both sides of the argument.2) What contribution did each individual make to their side of the argument?

    c. Construct a response to the question posed in the title of the article.

    [Insert article and answer sheet]

    [Homework assignment will assessed through quiz]

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    Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010

    Quiz #1:Memin Pinguin

    ___________

    7

    Directions- Use your reading of the New Racial Gaffe in Mexico; This Time Its a Tasteless

    Stamp Set article to respond to the following questions.

    1. What is the name of the cartoon character on the Mexican stamp? [1]

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    2. In what year was it created? [1]

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    3. How do its supporters of stamp defend it? How do its detractors criticize it? [2]

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    4. Who was the president of Mexico in 2005? [1]

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    5. Why would the author say that Mexicos release of the stamp shows the gulf in racial sensibilities betweenthe countries? [2]

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

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    Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010

    Quiz #1:Memn Pingun Answer Sheet

    ___________

    7

    Directions- Use your reading of the New Racial Gaffe in Mexico; This Time Its a Tasteless

    Stamp Set article to respond to the following questions.

    f. What is the name of the character on the Mexican stamp? [1]

    Memn Pingun

    g. In what year was it created? [1]

    1943

    h. How do supporters of stamp defend it? How do detractors criticize it? [2]

    Supporters:1) Spokesman for the Mexican ambassador believed that civil rights leaders were overreacting; not

    intended to be interpreted on a racial basis in Mexico or anywhere else2) For Carlos Cabellero, assistant marketing director for the Mexican Postal Service, character

    embodied many good values and was a beloved part of Mexican culture, not a racist caricature

    Detractors:1) Anthropologists and civil rights leaders see the character as reinforcing stereotypes of Blacks as

    lazy, mischievous, and uneducated2) Sergio Penalosa, civil rights leader in Mexicos community of Black residents, said stamps were a

    political mistake

    i. Who was the president of Mexico in 2005? [1]

    Vicente Fox

    j. Why would the author say that Mexicos release of the stamp shows the gulf in racial sensibilities betweenthe countries? [2]

    Those in power see it as innocuous and innocent while those in the minority group see as an insult.

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    Political Map of Mexico

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    Black Minority Invisible in Bicentennial PlansBy Emilio Godoy

    MEXICO CITY, Oct 2, 2009 (IPS) Mexico has big plans for celebrating its 200th anniversary ofindependence from Spain next year. But Mexicans of African descent are as invisible in those plans asthey are in everyday life. In the extensive schedule of activities planned by the government of Felipe Caldern

    there is no specific event involving Afro-Mexicans, who number between 250,000 and 500,000, according tounofficial estimates, and mainly live in the southern states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, Veracruz in the southeastand Michoacn in the west.

    "It looks to us like the Mexican government wants to forget about such a cruel part of the past as slavery. Andbecause of that, the black population does not appear in official documents or textbooks," Israel Reyes,

    president of the Alliance for the Strengthening of Indigenous Regions and Afro-Mexican Communities

    (AFRICA), told IPS.

    Given the significant decline in the native population as a result of the Spanish Conquista and diseases brought

    by the European invaders, the Spanish colonialists began importing slaves from Africa in the 16th century.

    Historians estimate that between 1580 and 1650, some 250,000 African slaves were brought to Mexico, mainly

    through the port of Veracruz, to work in the sugarcane fields and on cattle ranches.

    "There was a very strong African presence," Mara Velsquez from the National Institute of Anthropology and

    History told IPS. "All of those stories that have been handed down in different parts of Mexico (reflecting the

    influx of Africans) should be made known."

    Based on early census data, Mexican anthropologist Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrn estimates that the blackpopulation in colonial Mexico numbered around 20,500 in 1570, 35,000 in 1646, and nearly 16,000 in 1742.

    In other words, according to U.S. anthropologist Bobby Vaughn, blacks far outnumbered the Spanish in earlycolonial times, with the black population three times that of the Spanish in 1570 and 2.5 times in 1646.

    Vaughn, who specializes in studies on Afro-Mexicans, says that not until 1810 did the Spanish outnumber

    blacks.

    Mexicans of African descent had to wait over two centuries to be free of slavery, although before Roman

    Catholic priests Miguel Hidalgo and Jos Mara Morelos, two of the country's national heroes, abolished slaveryin 1810, slaves had already made several attempts at winning freedom.

    The first was the rebellion led by Gaspar Yanga, who escaped from a sugar plantation in Veracruz in 1570 and

    established a "maroon" or "palenque" settlement of escaped slaves. The community became the present-daytown of Yanga, in the centre of the state of Veracruz, with a population of nearly 20,000.

    Finally, Vicente Guerrero (1783-1831), who came from a poor mixed-race peasant family with a significant

    African heritage and was one of the first presidents of independent Mexico, signed the last abolitionist decree in

    1829. Non-governmental organizations that work on issues involving Afro-Mexicans have tried in vain to get

    the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) to include a question about the black population inthe 2010 national census.

    "We have been informed that, because of the time and resources that would be involved in modifying the censusby adding the question, it is not possible to include the issue," said Reyes, who along with two other researchers

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    compiled "De afromexicanos a pueblo negro" (From Afro-Mexicans to Black People) the record of a forum of

    the same name held in 2007.

    The NGOs want the population of African descent to be recognized in the Mexican constitution. "This idea of

    recognition must be reflected in our laws, and in the constitution itself," said Reyes, whose network was legallyestablished in 2007.

    Although the plans for the central government's celebrations next year make no reference to Afro-Mexicans, the

    recently created official bicentennial committee in the impoverished southern state of Oaxaca does plan to

    include activities on black Mexican culture.

    And Reyes hopes the same thing will happen in the states of Guerrero, Michoacn and Veracruz.

    "An increase in awareness and fair recognition of people of African descent are needed. More information andmore studies are necessary," said Velsquez. Afro-Mexican culture is reflected in dances like the "danza de los

    negros" (dance of the black people), instruments like the "hand piano," song-stories of slave uprisings,

    handicrafts, and the paintings of Juan Correa (1646-1716), whose mother was a slave and who was one of

    Mexico's most important colonial-era artists. (END)

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    Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010

    Directions- Read the article entitled, Black Minority Invisible in Bicentennial Plans by Emilio Godoy and

    answer the following questions.

    1. Why are the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Michoacn important?

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    2. Compare the year that theMemin Pinguin stamp was released with the Mexicos bicentennial anniversary ofits independence from Spain. What observation can be made about how Afro-Mexicans are being treated?

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    3. Complete the timeline by identifying the major event that took place in the following years:

    Year 1570 1580-1650 1810 1829 2010

    Event

    __________________________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________________________

    4. Use the information in your timeline to explain the absence of Afro-Mexicans in Mexicos bicentennialcelebration.

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

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    STATES WITH AFRO-MEXICAN POPULATION

    GUERRERO

    Located in Mexicos southern region along the Pacific coast, Guerrero borders the states of Mexico to the north,Morelos, Puebla and Oaxaca to the east, and Michoacan to the northwest. Known for its warm climate, in this

    state you can visit the port of Acapulco, a top-notch tourist resort that has one of the most famous bays in theworld. Acapulco has excellent hotels, numerous stores and shopping malls, many restaurants and the bestnightlife in the country. Your visit to Acapulco wouldnt be complete without witnessing the fearless cliff

    divers at La Quebrada, who take a 45-meter (150-foot) plunge into the ocean. Also near Acapulco and worthseeing is the luxurious tourist resort, Punta Diamante. Farther down the coast youll arrive at Ixtapa-

    Zihuatanejo, two beautiful beach destinations. Zihuatanejo is a picturesque town, while Ixtapa is a modern port

    They have gorgeous beaches, great hotels and a spectacular marina, which has docking for up to 600 boats.

    Also in the state of Guerrero is Taxco, a magical town famous for its crafts and silver items, particularly

    jewelry. At this place be sure to check out the splendid architecture of the Santa Prisca church, a masterpiece ofMexican Baroque architecture. Taxco also hosts many notable events, such as the Silver Fair and Holy Week

    festivities. To truly admire the beauty of this town, we recommend that you take the cable car ride that departsfrom Hotel Monte Taxco. Near Taxco, you can visit the Cacahuamilpa Caverns, considered the most beautifulcaverns in the country and a popular spot for cave diving. For all that and so much more, be sure to visit

    Guerrero, the state that has everything.

    OAXACA

    Located in Mexicos southern region along the Pacific coast, Oaxacas terrain consists of extensive valleys andmountain chains. In this state, known for its important history and culture, youll have the opportunity to visit

    various town and cities inhabited by about 16 distinct ethnic groups. In many of those places, the indigenouspeople have preserved the traditions and customs of old. First you can visit the city of Oaxaca, the state capitala colonial city with some of the nations most magnificent architecture. There youll see Baroque edifices, green

    quarry stone constructions and you can visit important museums like the Museo de las Culturas de Oaxaca,which is housed in the Ex-Convent of Santo Domingo. You can also enjoy the citys traditional fiestas, such as

    Noche de Rabanos and Guelaguetz

    Oaxaca also has diverse archaeological sites, including the Zapotec ruins at Monte Alban, declared a World

    Heritage Site by the UNESCO, and Mitla, which is known for it fret-ornamented structures. Nearby you can

    check out the Arbol del Tule, a 2,000-year-old tree that measures 11 meters in diameter. You can also visit theChacahua Lagoons, an ecological zone with mangroves and beaches, as well as the beautiful bays of Huatulco

    and Escondido, where you can do all kinds of water sports.

    VERACRUZ

    Located in Mexicos eastern region along the Gulf coast, Veracruz borders the states of Tamaulipas to the northOaxaca to the south, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo and Puebla to the west, and Tabasco to the east. This state has a

    tropical climate and impressive natural scenery, such as the Citlatapetl Volcano and Pico de Orizaba, the highest

    peak in the nation. Youll also see picturesque cities and towns that have preserved their local architecture.

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    In the city of Veracruz, an important commercial center, you can visit Fort San Juan de Ulua, which has been

    converted into an interesting museum. You can also take a stroll along the boardwalk, where every yearVeracruzs famous carnival takes place. In the citys plazas, known for their beautiful gardens, you can watch

    couples dance to the rhythm of danzon, an experience that will take you back to another era.

    In Xalapa, the state capital, you can walk down cobblestone streets full of music, color and folklore, while in

    Tlacotalpan, a town that lies along the Papaloapan River, you can enjoy its wonderful Historic Center, whichwas declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO. There you can witness the towns famous Virgen de la

    Candelaria procession.

    Along the coast you can visit the Costa Esmeralda, a 50-km (31-mi) beach strip north of the port. Finally, ifyoud like to see some ruins, theres no better place than the archaeological zone of El Tajin, which also was

    declared an UNESCO World Heritage Site.

    MICHOACN

    Located in Mexicos southwestern region in an area with abundant natural beauty, thanks to the volcanic rock

    formations of the Sierra Madre del Sur.

    In this territory youll discover vast natural areas and national parks such as Cupatitzio Canyon and the Jose

    Maria Morelos park. At these places you can go camping, do ecotourism outings and extreme sports, includingmountain bike riding and paragliding. Also of interest is the protected Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary, where the

    fir forest serves as nesting grounds for the monarch butterfly. In the state of Michoacan youll also find a wide

    variety of cultural events, some of which have many years of tradition, such as the Day of the Dead celebrationat Lake Patzcuaro and on its nearby islands. There youll see some of the most visited churches in the state, try

    the excellent local cuisine and find all kinds of regional crafts at the stores and markets. Later, you can check

    out the nearby archaeological zones of Tzintzuntzan and Ihuatzio. In the city of Morelia, the state capital, youllsee magnificent buildings in the Historic Center, which was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.

    The notable edifices include the Cathedral and the Palacio de Clavijero, both of which remind visitors of the

    citys fascinating history. Other interesting sites are the Hospital de la Huatapera de Uruapan and the Zamora

    Cathedral. On Michoacans coast youll find gorgeous beaches like Playa Azul and Lazaro Cardenas, whichoffer lodging and restaurants, and Maruata, Michoacans most famous beach and the nesting grounds for the

    black sea turtle.

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    ROUTE 2010

    TT

    he historical events that we will commemorate in 2010 took place over a very extensive geographical

    area. For those individuals interested in retracing the military campaigns, here we describe just six of

    the routes involved: three for the Independence movement and three for the Mexican Revolution. The

    routes were planned based on the accessibility of the chosen destinations using the federal highway

    system. Both non-toll roads and toll roads administered by CAPUFE (the Federal Toll Roads and

    Bridges Agency) are included.

    The Communications and Transportation Ministry will post signs along these routes. This will be done

    in stages so that in 2010 all of the routes are marked. The Tourism Ministry will provide information

    for tourists that will be available at strategic points along the highways. The National Institute of

    Anthropology and History (INAH) will reinforce its offices along the routes where there are historic

    sites, museums and monuments in its charge. All of the historical and geographical information, along

    with the corresponding maps, will be available on the bicentennial web page.

    In addition, special signs that say Mexico is My Museum will be installed at the most important pointsalong the routes so that the public can learn more about the sites and their roles in the historical

    events of the Independence movement and the Revolution. A one-minute message about the location

    will be available by calling a 1-800 number from any telephone.

    Some of the places along the routes have a different name now than they did during the

    Independence movement and the Revolution. We have used their current names in order to make it

    easy to locate them on a map.

    Routes of the Independence Movement

    1. The Freedom Route

    http://www.google.com/bookmarks/mark?op=add&bkmk=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.bicentenario.gob.mx%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D5%26Itemid%3D53&title=ROUTE%202010http://twitter.com/home?status=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.bicentenario.gob.mx%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D5%26Itemid%3D53http://english.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?view=article&id=5%3Aroute-2010&tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=&option=com_content&Itemid=53http://english.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_mailto&tmpl=component&link=aHR0cDovL2VuZ2xpc2guYmljZW50ZW5hcmlvLmdvYi5teC9pbmRleC5waHA/b3B0aW9uPWNvbV9jb250ZW50JnZpZXc9YXJ0aWNsZSZpZD01OnJvdXRlLTIwMTAmSXRlbWlkPTUz
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    TThis routeinaugurated by President Adolfo Lpez Mateos in 1960 to commemorate the 150th

    anniversary of the beginning of the Independence movementfollows the progress of Miguel Hidalgo

    y Costilla from the town of Dolores to Chihuahua. For the 200th anniversary, we propose to expand

    the route by including sites associated with Father Hidalgos main collaborators.

    MIGUEL HIDALGO Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Corralejo Guanajuato Acmbaro GuanajuatoQuertaro Quertaro Monte de las Cruces Mxico

    Dolores Hidalgo Guanajuato Aculco Mxico

    Atotonilco Guanajuato Guadalajara Jalisco

    San Miguel de Allende Guanajuato Puente de Caldern Jalisco

    Guanajuato Guanajuato Pabelln de Hidalgo Aguascalientes

    Morelia Michoacn Acatita de Bajn Coahuila

    Charo-Indaparapeo Michoacn Chihuahua Chihuahua

    Jos Antonio Torres Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Zacoalco Jalisco Puente de Caldern Jalisco

    Guadalajara Jalisco Guadalajara Jalisco

    Jos Mara Mercado Download map (PDF)

    City State

    http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisHidalgo.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Miguel_de_Allendehttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Chihuahuahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisTorres.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisMercado.pdfhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisMercado.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisTorres.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Chihuahuahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Miguel_de_Allendehttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisHidalgo.pdf
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    San Blas Nayarit

    Jos Mara Gonzlez de Hermosillo Download map (PDF)

    City State

    El Rosario Sinaloa

    Francisco Osorno Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Zacatln Puebla Apan Hidalgo

    Pachuca Hidalgo

    Ignacio Rayn Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Tlalpujahua Michoacn Huichapan Hidalgo

    Zitcuaro Michoacn La Jaujilla Michoacn

    2. The Sentiments of the Nation Route

    TT

    his route is based on the military campaigns led by Jos Mara Morelos y Pavn and his collaborators

    in the states of Michoacn, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Morelos, Mexico, Puebla, Veracruz and Chiapas. The

    route reflects Morelos military strategy of dividing his army into several sections commanded by

    individuals such as Mariano Matamoros, the Galeana brothers, the Bravo family, Guadalupe Victoria,

    Vicente Guerrero, Manuel Mier y Tern and others, and following a model of total war in the center

    and the south of the country. Also included is the route followed by Xavier Mina. Although he plays

    http://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Nayarithttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisHermosillo.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisOsorno.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Hidalgohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Hidalgohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisRayon.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Hidalgohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Hidalgohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisRayon.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Hidalgohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Hidalgohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisOsorno.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisHermosillo.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Nayarit
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    his role after Morelos death, militarily he was subject to the authority created by Morelos. The heroic

    efforts of the Mezcala rebels at the Laguna de Chapala also deserve to be commemorated on these

    routes.

    JOS MA. MORELOS Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Carcuaro Michoacn Oaxaca Oaxaca

    Nocuptaro Michoacn Acapulco Guerrero

    Charo-Indaparapeo Michoacn Chilpancingo Guerrero

    Tecpan de Galeana Guerrero Morelia Michoacn

    Chichihualco Guerrero Puruarn Michoacn

    Chilpancingo Guerrero Ario de Rosales Michoacn

    Tixtla Guerrero Apatzingn Michoacn

    Cuautla Morelos Temalac Guerrero

    Tehuacn Puebla Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal

    Orizaba Veracruz San Cristbal Ecatepec Mxico

    Nicols Bravo Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Chichihualco Guerrero Coscomatepec Veracruz

    San Agustn del Palmar Puebla Morelia Michoacn

    Medelln Veracruz Puruarn Michoacn

    Puente Nacional Veracruz Cporo (Zitcuaro) Michoacn

    Vicente Guerrero Download map (PDF)

    http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisMorelos.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Estado_Oaxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Acapulcohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisBravo.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisGuerrero.pdfhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisGuerrero.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisBravo.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Acapulcohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Estado_Oaxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisMorelos.pdf
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    City State City State

    Tixtla Guerrero Acapulco Guerrero

    Izcar de Matamoros Puebla Acatln Puebla

    Tehuantepec Oaxaca Teloloapan Guerrero

    Santa Cruz Huatulco Oaxaca Cuilapam Oaxaca

    Hermenegildo Galeana Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Tecpan de Galeana Guerrero Acapulco Guerrero

    Chichihualco Guerrero Roqueta Guerrero

    Tixtla Guerrero Fuerte de San Diego Guerrero

    Taxco Guerrero Morelia Michoacn

    Toluca Mxico Puruarn Michoacn

    Cuautla Morelos El Salitral (Coyuca) Guerrero

    Oaxaca Oaxaca

    Guadalupe Victoria

    City State City State

    Cuautla Morelos Boquilla de Piedra Veracruz

    Oaxaca Oaxaca Huatusco VeracruzPuente Nacional Veracruz Perote Veracruz

    Mariano Matamoros

    City State City State

    http://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Acapulcohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisGuerrero.pdfhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisGuerrero.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Acapulcohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Estado_Oaxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Estado_Oaxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Estado_Oaxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Estado_Oaxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Acapulcohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisGuerrero.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Acapulcohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrero
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    Jantetelco Morelos San Agustn del Palmar Puebla

    Izcar de Matamoros Puebla Tonal Chiapas

    Cuautla Morelos Morelia Michoacn

    Oaxaca Oaxaca Puruarn Michoacn

    Yanhuitln Oaxaca Morelia Michoacn

    Manuel Mier y Tern Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Zitcuaro Michoacn Huajuapan de Len Oaxaca

    Oaxaca Oaxaca Tehuacn Puebla

    Xavier Mina Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Soto la Marina Tamaulipas El Sombrero Guanajuato

    Peotillos San Luis Potos Los Remedios Guanajuato

    Marcos Castellanos y Encarnacin Rosas (Chapala)

    CityState

    Isla de Mezcala Jalisco

    3. The Route of the Army of Three Guarantees Download map (PDF)

    TThis is the route taken by Agustn de Iturbide from Iguala to Mexico City in 1821 to consolidate

    Mexicos independence.

    http://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Estado_Oaxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisTeran.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Estado_Oaxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisMina.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Luis_Potosihttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisTrigarante.pdfhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisTrigarante.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Luis_Potosihttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisMina.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Estado_Oaxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisTeran.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Oxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Estado_Oaxacahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Morelos
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    City State City State

    Iguala Guerrero Quertaro Quertaro

    Acatempan Guerrero Puebla Puebla

    Teloloapan Guerrero Azcapotzalco Distrito Federal

    San Juan del Ro Quertaro Crdoba Veracruz

    Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal

    Routes of the Revolution

    1. The Route of Democracy (Francisco I. Madero) Download map (PDF)

    TThis route follows the triumphal path of Francisco I. Madero in 1911 from Ciudad Jurez to Mexico

    City.

    City State City State

    Parras Coahuila Torren Coahuila

    San Luis Potos San Luis Potos Zacatecas Zacatecas

    Ciudad Jurez Chihuahua Aguascalientes Aguascalientes

    Piedra Negras Coahuila Len Guanajuato

    San Pedro de las

    ColoniasCoahuila Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal

    Lecumberri Distrito Federal

    2. The Zapatista Route

    TT

    http://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisDemocracia.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Luis_Potosihttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Zacatecashttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Zacatecashttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Luis_Potosihttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisDemocracia.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrerohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guerrero
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    his route encompasses the theater of operations of the Liberation Army of the South in the states of

    Morelos, Puebla, Mexico and the Federal District.

    City State City State

    Anenecuilco Morelos Cuernavaca Morelos

    Jonacatepec Morelos Tlaltizapn Morelos

    Cuautla Morelos Xochimilco Distrito Federal

    Yautepec Morelos Cd. de Mxico Distrito Federal

    Ayoxuxtla Puebla Chinameca Morelos

    Jojutla Morelos

    3. The Route of the Constitutionalist Revolution

    TThis route is based on the political and military actions taken by four individuals in the north of the

    country. Venustiano Carranza

    City State City State

    Cuatrocinegas Coahuila Chihuahua Chihuahua

    Saltillo Coahuila Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal

    Monclova Coahuila Veracruz Veracruz

    Hacienda de Guadalupe Coahuila Quertaro Quertaro

    Hermosillo Sonora Tlaxcalantongo Puebla

    lvaro Obregn Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Hacienda de Siquisiva,

    Navojoa

    Sonora Tepic Nayarit

    http://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisAlvaroObregon.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Nayarithttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Nayarithttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisAlvaroObregon.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Morelos
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    Nogales Sonora Orendin Jalisco

    Cananea Sonora Guadalajara Jalisco

    Naco Sonora Colima Colima

    Guaymas Sonora Teoloyucan Mxico

    Culiacn Sinaloa Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal

    Topolobampo Sinaloa Aguascalientes Aguascalientes

    Mazatln Sinaloa Celaya Guanajuato

    San ngel Distrito Federal

    Francisco Villa Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    San Juan del Ro Durango San Pedro de las Colonias Coahuila

    Hacienda de la Loma Durango Zacatecas Zacatecas

    Ciudad Jurez Chihuahua Aguascalientes Aguascalientes

    Tierra Blanca Chihuahua Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal

    Chihuahua Chihuahua Sabinas Coahuila

    Torren Coahuila Canutillo Durango

    Hidalgo del Parral Chihuahua

    Pablo Gonzlez Download map (PDF)

    City State City State

    Lampazos Nuevo Len Tampico Tamaulipas

    Monclova Coahuila Saltillo Coahuila

    Candela Coahuila San Luis Potos San Luis Potos

    Ciudad Victoria Tamaulipas Quertaro Quertaro

    Matamoros Tamaulipas Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal

    http://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisDivNorte.pdfhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisDivNorte.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Zacatecashttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisPabloGonzalez.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Luis_Potosihttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Luis_Potosihttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisPabloGonzalez.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Zacatecashttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisDivNorte.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jalisco
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    Monterrey Nuevo Len Aguascalientes Aguascalientes

    http://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalientes
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    Name: _____________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010

    Name of State Location of State Attractions (Use Route2010 document)

    Whos in/Whos not(Use Route 2010

    document)

    Oaxaca

    Guerrero

    Veracruz

    Michoan

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    March 15, 2005

    Mother Culture, or Only a Sister?By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD

    n a coastal flood plain etched by rivers flowing through swamps and alongside fields of maize and beans, thepeople archaeologists call the Olmecs lived in a society of emergent complexity. It was more than 3,000 years

    ago along the Gulf of Mexico around Veracruz.

    The Olmecs, mobilized by ambitious rulers and fortified by a pantheon of gods, moved a veritable mountain of

    earth to create a plateau above the plain, and there planted a city, the ruins of which are known today as SanLorenzo. They left behind palace remnants, distinctive pottery and art with anthropomorphic jaguar motifs.

    Most impressive were Olmec sculptures: colossal stone heads with thick lips and staring eyes that are assumed

    to be monuments to revered rulers.

    The Olmecs are widely regarded as creators of the first civilization in Mesoamerica, the area encompassing

    much of Mexico and Central America, and a cultural wellspring of later societies, notably the Maya. Some

    scholars think the Olmec civilization was the first anywhere in America, though doubt has been cast by recent

    discoveries in Peru.

    Archaeologists have split sharply over how much influence the Olmecs had on contemporary and subsequentMesoamerican cultures. Were Olmecs the "mother" culture? Or were they one among "sister" cultures whose

    interactions through the region produced shared attributes of religion, art, political structure and hierarchical

    society?

    Last month, the simmering pot of mother-sister controversy was stirred anew by Dr. Jeffrey P. Blomster, an

    Olmec archaeologist at George Washington University. In a report in the journal Science, he and other

    researchers described evidence of the widespread export of Olmec ceramics that they said supported "Olmecpriority in the creation and spread of the first unified style and iconographic system in Mesoamerica."

    Dr. Blomster's team analyzed the chemistry of 725 pieces of pottery decorated with symbols and designs in theOlmec style and collected throughout the region. The researchers compared the composition of the ceramics

    with local clays. They determined that most of these were not imitations of the Olmec style made by local

    potters. In a significant number of pots, the clay matched the chemistry of material found around San Lorenzo.

    "The evidence is overwhelming that San Lorenzo, the first Olmec capital, was doing the exporting," Dr.

    Blomster said. "The Olmecs were disseminating their culture and it was something of great interest to others."

    The research, he added, showed that San Lorenzo did not appear to be importing artifacts emblematic of other

    cultures or that regional contemporaries were exchanging such material with one another. The city on the

    artificial plateau seemed to be the hub of regional culture and central, he said, to understanding the origin anddevelopment of complex society in Mesoamerica.

    Dr. Richard A. Diehl of the University of Alabama wrote in Science that the findings "provide powerful supportfor the mother-culture school," adding, "San Lorenzo thus dominated in the commercial relationships and

    attendant spread of Olmec iconography and belief systems."

    But Dr. Diehl, a proponent of the mother school and the author of "The Olmec," published last year, said in an

    interview that the "connections we are seeing may not have lasted more than a generation, perhaps the time of a

    particular ruler, and at most, not more than a century or century and a half."

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    The Blomster research dealt with pottery from the latter half of the early formative period of Mesoamerican

    culture, which extended from 1500 to 900 B.C. The last centuries of this period were the time of San Lorenzo'sascendance, but afterward the city was largely abandoned and the Olmec hub gravitated to La Venta, nearby in

    what is now the state of Tabasco.

    Dr. Blomster collaborated with Dr. Hector Neff, an archaeologist at California State University, Long Beach,

    and Dr. Michael D. Glascock of the Research Reactor Center at the University of Missouri. The Missouri centeranalyzed the pottery and clay samples from San Lorenzo and six other Mexican sites from the era of Olmec

    prominence.

    Proponents of the sister school are not letting the interpretation of the new research go unchallenged. They may

    be a minority in Mesoamerican studies, but a vocal and formidable one, including such stalwarts as Dr. Kent V.

    Flannery and Dr. Joyce Marcus of the University of Michigan and Dr. David C. Grove, a professor emeritus at

    the University of Illinois.

    Dr. Grove disputed Dr. Blomster's conclusions, saying that the research demonstrated only that Olmec pottery

    was traded, not that the trade disseminated Olmec political and religious concepts around the region. Others

    questioned the assertion that no pottery of other cultures had found its way to San Lorenzo.

    The mother-culture advocates, said Dr. Susan D. Gillespie, a Mesoamerican archaeologist at the University ofFlorida, who is married to Dr. Grove, were "flogging a dead horse, the idea that the Olmec invented civilization,

    carried it to all of Mesoamerica and it's the basis of the Maya."

    Dr. Gillespie acknowledged that the Olmecs established a vibrant culture and that their accomplishments were

    extraordinary. She also agreed that they were innovative and that their leaders presided over a political system

    capable of mobilizing labor for public works. It was no easy task raising an artificial plateau or hauling heavy

    blocks of basalt 40 miles to San Lorenzo from volcanic fields and fashioning them into the stone heads thatstand as high as 10 feet.

    Olmecs also contributed games with rubber balls, which became popular and fiercely played by later regionalcultures. The Aztecs, much later, used the name in their own language for "rubber people" - Olmec - to describe

    the culture that was by then long vanished but not forgotten. No one knows what the ancient Olmecs called

    themselves.

    "But others in the area were doing things equally complex, though different," Dr. Gillespie said. "Other areas

    were also taking steps on their own toward the development of Mesoamerican civilization."

    That, and an active interchange of ideas and beliefs among various neighboring societies, is the essence of the

    argument advanced by sister-culture proponents. They further contend that the concept of the Olmecs as a

    mother culture grew out of 19th-century ethnocentrism, in which the construction of stone sculptures is a sign ofcivilization because that is a hallmark of early Western civilizations.

    Many of these archaeologists have concentrated their research and excavations on non-Olmec areas withevidence of ancient complex societies, like the Valley of Oaxaca, the central basin of Mexico and the Pacific

    coastal sites of Chiapas in southwestern Mexico. Dr. Gillespie, though, has studied Olmec workshops that were

    operating in the culture's heyday, mainly producing stone artifacts thought to be altar thrones.

    Dr. Blomster cited recent excavations by Dr. Ann Cyphers of the National University of Mexico that

    "emphasize the higher sociopolitical level that the Olmecs achieved relative to contemporaneous groups in

    Mesoamerica," a view contrary to the sister-culture position. Dr. Cyphers said the rulers of San Lorenzo appear

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    to have lived in a palace with huge basalt columns and sculptures, while leaders in the adjacent Valley of

    Oaxaca had places not much better than the wattle-and-daub huts of commoners.

    Dr. Michael D. Coe, an archaeologist at Yale who is an authority on the Olmec and the Maya cultures, sides

    more with the mother-culture school, saying that "much of the complex culture in Mesoamerica has an Olmecorigin."

    In the new edition of his book "The Maya," Dr. Coe writes that during four centuries of San Lorenzo's prime,

    ending about 900 B.C., "Olmec influence emanating from this area was found throughout Mesoamerica, with

    the curious exception of the Maya domain - perhaps because there were few Maya populations at that timesufficiently large to have interested the expanding Olmecs."

    But early Olmec rulers were aware of the territory where the Maya eventually established imposing cities.

    Three years ago, scientists reported finding a rich lode of jadite, including huge boulders of it, in the jungles ofGuatemala. Traces of ancient mining were uncovered, and some of the outcroppings were of blue jade, the

    prized gemstone Olmec artists used for carving delicate human forms and scary masks.

    Archaeologists said the discovery not only solved a mystery of the origin of Olmec jade, but also showed thatthe Olmecs exerted wide influence over the region, either directly or by trade through intermediaries.

    The Olmec influence on the Maya began to show up in artifacts, starting before 100 B.C. By then, Dr. Coe and

    other scholars said, Olmec art, religion, rubber-ball games and the ceremonial dress of rulers had clearly found

    its way to Maya cities.

    Dr. Diehl of Alabama said there was "good evidence that Olmec sculpture is portraying beliefs" also related in

    Popol Vuh, the epic of creation found in Maya writing. This cosmology predated the Maya and was widespread

    in Mesoamerica, but its origins are murky.

    The classic maize god of the Maya, scholars say, appears to be a clear descendant of a similar Olmec god. AMaya wall painting in San Bartolo, Guatemala, shows a resurrected maize god surrounded by figures offeringhim gifts of tamales and water. "The deity's head is purely Olmec," Dr. Coe said.

    The assumption is that aspects of Olmec culture reached the Maya indirectly, probably through what is knownas the Izapa civilization in the territory extending from the Gulf Coast across to the Pacific Coast of Chiapas, in

    Mexico, and of Guatemala. The city known as Izapa is the site of imposing temple mounds in Chiapas, a place

    where the Olmec sculpture and Maya painting and glyphs seemed to converge.

    Dr. John E. Clark, an archaeologist at Brigham Young University, has excavated in the area for years and is

    involved with current research, he said, showing strong links between San Lorenzo and ancient sites in Chiapas.

    The classic maize god of the Maya, scholars say, appears to be a clear descendant of a similar Olmec god. A

    Maya wall painting in San Bartolo, Guatemala, shows a resurrected maize god surrounded by figures offering

    him gifts of tamales and water. "The deity's head is purely Olmec," Dr. Coe said.

    The assumption is that aspects of Olmec culture reached the Maya indirectly, probably through what is known

    as the Izapa civilization in the territory extending from the Gulf Coast across to the Pacific Coast of Chiapas, inMexico, and of Guatemala. The city known as Izapa is the site of imposing temple mounds in Chiapas, a place

    where the Olmec sculpture and Maya painting and glyphs seemed to converge.

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    Dr. John E. Clark, an archaeologist at Brigham Young University, has excavated in the area for years and is

    involved with current research, he said, showing strong links between San Lorenzo and ancient sites in Chiapas.

    Were these truly commercial ventures? Dr. Diehl said there was so far no archaeological evidence suggesting

    that the Olmecs conquered or proselytized its neighboring societies. Neither is there a clear picture of whathappened to San Lorenzo.

    Nothing in the ruins or later legends points to conquest by an invading army. More likely, some scientists think,

    the city was abandoned by the ninth century B.C. because of natural catastrophe: the rivers they depended on

    probably changed course, the result of silt and tectonic shifts in the coastal landscape.

    La Venta, the new capital, came to an equally mysterious end around 400 B.C., and it was not long until the

    Olmecs lapsed into decline. Pockets of the culture persisted in Tres Zapotes, near the former capitals, and

    scattered communities in southern Mexico.

    By the time the first major civilization of Mesoamerica was disappearing, the Olmecs blending into other

    societies, it apparently had reached out far enough in trade and influence to pass on a legacy of politics, art and

    religion to the up-and-coming Maya. A few mother-culture archaeologists, citing the new research, liken therelationship of the Olmecs to the Maya to the Greeks and Romans of Western civilization.

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    Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010

    Homework #2: Mother Culture, Or Only a Sister?

    Directions- Students will read theNew York Times article entitled, Mother Culture, or Only a Sister? and

    answer the following questions.

    1. Where was the Olmec civilization located?

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    2. What are the two sides of the argument involving the Olmec civilization?

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    What contribution did each individual to support their side of the argument?

    Individual Contribution

    Dr. Jeffrey P. Blomster

    Dr. Richard A. Diehl

    Drs. Flannery, Marcus, and Grove

    Dr. Susan Gillespie

    Dr. Michael D. Coe

    Dr. Ann Cyphers

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    Dr. John E. Clark

    3. Construct a response to the question posed in the title of the article.

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

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    Lesson Plan #2: Africans Visibility in Mexico

    Unit: Pan-Africanist thought in Nas Discography

    Grades: 9-12

    Length of lesson Two 50-minute class periods

    LESSON OVERVIEWBuilding on the previous nights homework assignment, students will explore Ivan Van Sertimas thesis of the

    presence of Africans in the Americas through an analysis, examination, and comparison of Egyptianartifacts/practices with those of the civilizations of Mesoamerica, that is, the Olmecs.

    ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS1. What is Van Sertimas thesis? How does he support his thesis?2. How can Van Sertimas work help us to understand its impact on Nas music and his view of himself?

    ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDINGS1. Through an analysis and comparison of Egyptian artifacts/practices with that of the Olmec civilization, Ivan

    Van Sertima establishes an African presence in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus,

    3. The work of Van Sertima is central in unpacking and understanding Pan-Africanist thought in Nas music,specifically, Were Not Alone.

    4. The African presence in Mesoamerica did not begin with slavery but can be linked to Egyptian civilization5. The achievements of Egyptian civilization can be seen in specific accomplishments and artifacts of the

    Olmec civilization.

    OBJECTIVES1. To compare the artifacts/practices of Egypt with that of the Olmec civilization for similarities and

    differences2. To determine Van Sertimas influence on Nas and the transmission of Pan-Africanist thought in his music

    MATERIALS1. Music and lyrics to Were Not Alone2. Excerpts from Ivan Van Sertimas They Came Before Columbus3. Pictures of artifacts from the Egyptian and Olmec civilizations

    PROCEDURE1. (Assessment activity) Students will review their homework assignments and be quizzed on it. They will

    answer the following questions and grade each others quizzes.

    a. What is the name of the civilization that was discussed in the article? [1]b. Where is the civilization located geographically? [1]c. What was the name of their first capital city? [1] Their second capital city? [1]d. What was the other civilization that emerged in Central America? [1]

    [Insert Quiz #2: Mesoamerican Civilization]

    After collecting the quizzes, the teacher will pose the following question, What did you learn about the

    presence of Africans in Mexico from the previous nights homework assignment?

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    2. (Preview activity) In their notebooks, students will respond to the following question, Observe the giantOlmec head. What might it tell us about the person/people that created it?

    3. Using their maps of Mexico from the previous lesson, students will highlight the areas in Central Americawhere the Olmec civilization was established in blue.

    [Insert Maps of Olmec Civilization]

    The teacher will pose the following questions, Compare the information found on both maps. What

    observations can be made?

    4. Students will listen (and read the lyrics to) Were Not Alone by Nas and answer the following questions.a. What are the ideas that are mentioned in the song? Use these ideas to organize broader headings.b. What is the mood of the song?c. In the 3rd stanza, Nas mentions, I used to worship a certain Queens police murderer/ til I read the

    words of Ivan Van Sertima/ he inserted something in me that made me worthier/ now I speak revolution/

    Im his hood interpreter.

    1) What is the mood of this song?2) How do these lines convey this mood?

    [Insert Were Not Alone lyrics and answer sheet]

    5. In expert groups of 2-3, students will be assigned a specific Egyptian artifact/practice from Ivan VanSertimas They Came Before Columbus to read as well as pictures of Egyptian/Mesoamerican artifacts.

    a. Describe the Egyptian/Mesoamerican artifact.b. What similarities does the Egyptian and Mesoamerican artifact/practice share?c. What is Van Sertimas thesis? How does he use the artifact/practice to support it?

    [Insert Egyptian/Mesoamerican artifact/practice chart]

    6. In general groups, students will share the information they obtained about their specific artifact/practice.

    The teacher will pose the following question, How convincing is Van Sertimas thesis? How does this

    clarify Nass statement about Van Sertima?

    7. (Assessment activity) How credible is Van Sertimas thesis? Construct a letter to Nas in which you:a. Acknowledge the impact of Van Sertima on Nas,b. Summarize Van Sertimas thesis and the points that he uses to justify it,c. Explain the reason for writing the letter, and

    d. Explain why you support or disagree with Van Sertimas thesis

    [This assessment will be graded using the Constructed Response rubric]

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    Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010

    Quiz #2: Mesoamerican Civilization

    ___________

    5

    Directions- Use your reading of the Mother Culture, or Only a Sister article to respond to

    the following questions.

    1. What is the name of the civilization that was discussed in the article? [1]

    ________________________________________________________________________

    2. Where is the civilization located geographically? [1]

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    3. What was the name of their first capital city? [1] Their second capital city? [1]

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

    4. What was the other civilization that emerged in Central America? [1]

    _______________________________________________________________________________________

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    Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010

    Quiz #2:Mesoamerican Civilization Answer Sheet

    ___________

    5

    Directions- Use your reading of the Mother Culture, or Only a Sister article to respond to

    the following questions.

    1. What is the name of the civilization that was discussed in the article? [1]

    Olmec Civilization

    2. Where is the civilization located geographically? [1]

    Along the Gulf of Mexico around Veracruz

    3. What was the name of their first capital city? [1] Their second capital city? [1]

    Name of first capital was San Lorenzo, second capital was La Venta

    4. What distinction has been given to the Olmec civilization?

    First civilization in Mesoamerica

    5. What was the other civilization that emerged in Central America? [1]

    The Mayans

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    Maps of Olmec civilization

    "We're Not

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    Alone" by Nas (feat. Mykel)

    [Chorus: Mykel]

    Where there's life there is water

    We depend on mama nature

    there's a message for tomorrowEverything connects to you

    Some say soon it will be over

    you can see it in the weather

    out of tune with mama nature

    what you do comes back to you

    We're not alone [4x]

    [Verse: Nas]

    Confucius, Confucius

    Sigmund Freud

    And Fard Muhammad

    Is it evolution or God?

    Searching for the truth is a threat

    Seems the closer we get to the truth

    State troopers or FEDs come out to silence you

    My house in Malibu probably tapped

    Because living next door to Demi Moore

    Plus, I'm blackPlus, I want vengeance for the poor

    Who's attacked daily

    Patriot Act never scared me

    Jake in the Taurus

    Sticky in the jar-s

    Niggas I'm with got warrants

    America's brown and

    Twenty years from now

    Every town will be brown and Latin

    An African lookin Manhattan

    I'ma tell you what I seen with my three eyes

    Word to me, not a hoax, back in 9-9

    A spacecraft in the skyline

    In L.A., in daytime, ask Horse if I'm lying

    [Chorus: Mykel]

    Every mother, every father

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    Raise your sons and your daughters

    With respect and with honor

    From the seed comes a fruit

    Its an unbroken circle

    All of life is universal

    And we're all in the struggleIf i know one thing is true...

    We're not alone [4x]

    [Verse]Evidence remains in debate

    Documents of our own Air Force base

    Additional terrestrial information

    Other planets with life population

    My observation

    Scientists study pictures of a flying disc

    Right on earth, anthropologists are finding shit

    Visitors, probably live with us

    They can mimic us

    It's sort of what we seeing in the cinemas

    [Chorus]

    Take a look in the mirrorAnd see the bigger picture

    Its good to be alive

    Its good to be alive

    Nobody is an island

    we are part of an environment

    Only way we gone survive

    Is if we harmonize

    We're not alone [4x]

    [Verse]Reginald Lewis

    The black billionaire

    Before Oprah or Bob Johnson

    How'd he disappear?

    Conspiracy theories, UFO's in the air

    I've seen it with my own two eyes

    And I swear, like Warren Buffet

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    Real money I'm just trying to touch it

    The diamond-encrusted shit, live illustrious

    'Cause we was deprived of it, suffered

    Now we pop to prove anything's possible

    My pimp strut was invented when they whipped us

    Now we diddy-bop just to show you that our strength's upJust when niggas about to see they cut

    Global warming about to burn us up

    Niggas never really seen paper in this world

    American blacks the teenager of this world

    Give us twenty more years to grow up

    Already geniuses; what I mean is this

    I used to worship a certain Queens police murderer

    'Til I read the words of Ivan van Sertima

    He inserted something in me

    That made me feel worthier

    Now I spit revolution

    I'm his hood interpreter

    [Chorus]

    Take a look in the mirror

    And see the bigger picture

    Its good to be alive

    Its good to be aliveNobody is an island

    we are part of an environment

    Only way we gone survive

    Is if we harmonize

    We're not alone [4x]

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    Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010

    Directions- Listen (and read the lyrics) to Were Not Alone by Nas and answer the following questions.

    1. What are the ideas that are mentioned in the song? Use these ideas to organize broader headings.

    2. In the 3rd stanza, Nas mentions, I used to worship a certain Queens police murderer/ til I read the words ofIvan Van Sertima/ he inserted something in me that made me worthier/ now I speak revolution/ Im his hoodinterpreter.

    a. What does Nas mean to convey through these specific lines?

    ____________________________________________________________________________________

    ___________________________________________________________________________________

    b. How do these lines convey this mood?

    ____________________________________________________________________________________

    ____________________________________________________________________________________

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    Name: __________________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010

    Artifact/Practice Egyptian Mesoamerican Similarities

    Mummification

    Pyramid

    Sculpture

    What is Van Sertimas thesis? How does he use the artifact/practice to support it?

    __________________________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________________________