look to the east: pan-africanism in nas' discography
TRANSCRIPT
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Lesson Plan #1: Africans Invisibility in Mexico
Unit: Pan-Africanist Thought in Nas Discography
Grades: 9-12
Length of lesson: Two 50 minute class periods
LESSON OVERVIEWBuilding on the previous nights homework assignment, students will explore the history of Africans in Mexico
by developing a linear timeline of the presence of Africans in Mexico as well as gaining a geographicalunderstanding of the role that geography plays in their current position and plight.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS1. How can geography explain the position and plight of Mexicos Afro-Mexican population?2. How does the history of Africans in Mexico help us to understand their present position and plight?
ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDINGS1. Mexicos population is not monolithic but includes the descendants of Africans, who are outnumbered by
the large Spanish-speaking population.
2. Using a geographical lens, students will be able to find the presence of the descendants of Africans inMexico and understand the relationship between location and status in society.
OBJECTIVES1. To learn that among Mexicos Spanish-speaking population are the descendants of African slaves,2. To be introduced to major events in the history of Africans in Mexico,3. To use geography to locate Afro-Mexicans and their current position and plight.
MATERIALS1. Copies of Quiz #1:Memin Pinguin2. Completed homework assignment (from previous night)3. Physical/political maps of Mexico4. Copies of Black Minority Invisible in Bicentennial Plans article and answer sheet5. Student atlases or world maps6. Markers
PROCEDURE1. (Assessment activity) Students will be given 10 minutes to review their homework assignments from the
previous night in preparation for a quiz. They will have 10 minutes to answer the following questions and
grade each others quizzes.a. What is the name of the cartoon character on the Mexican stamp? [1]b. In what year was it created? [1]c. How do its supporters of stamp defend it? How do its detractors criticize it? [2]d. Who is the president of Mexico in 2005? [1]e. Why would the author say that Mexicos release of the stamp shows the gulf in racial sensibilities
between the countries? [2]
[Insert Quiz #1: Memin Pinguin]
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After collecting the quizzes, the teacher will pose the following question, What did you learn about
Mexicos population from the previous nights homework assignment?
2. (Preview activity)In their notebooks, students will respond to the following question, How does where youlive impact your quality of life?
3. Students will use a pencil to draw a mental map of Mexico and identify the following in their notebooks:a. Mexico Cityb. State of Guerreroc. State of Oaxacad. State of Veracruze. State of Michoacnf. Pacific Oceang. Atlantic Oceanh. Gulf of Mexicoi. Caribbean Seaj. Texas
k. Arizona
The teacher will pose the following question, What does your mental map of Mexico reveal about your
knowledge of Mexico? Why is knowledge of Mexicos political geography important?
4. With a red marker, students will correct their mental map of Mexico using their atlases or textbooks.
The teacher will use document camera to put correct map and pose the following question, How does a
correct map of Mexico affect your understanding of Mexico?
[Insert political map of Mexico]
5. Individually, students will read the article entitled, Black Minority Invisible in Bicentennial Plans byEmilio Godoy and answer the following questions.
a. Why are the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Michoacn important?b. Compare the year that theMemin Pinguin stamp was released with the Mexicos bicentennial
anniversary of its independence from Spain. What observation can be made about how Afro-Mexicans
are being treated?
c. Describe the event(s) as it pertains to Afro-Mexicans:1) 15702) 1580-16503) 1810
4) 18295) 2010d. Use the information in your timeline to explain the absence of Afro-Mexicans in Mexicos bicentennial
celebration.
[Insert article and answer]
The teacher will pose the following question, What additional information did you obtain about the
treatment of Mexicos African population? How can it help us to understand the position/plight of Afro-
Mexicans?
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6. In expert groups of 2-3, students will use the Afro-American Towns and Route 2010 documents tocomplete their assigned state in the appropriate row:
[Insert chart and state reading assignment]
7. Students will meet in general groups to complete their chart.
The teacher will pose the following question, What does an examination of Mexicos schedule reveal about
how it wants to commemorate its independence?
8. (Assessment Activity) How can the description of the Mexican states be re-written to include the presence,history, and activity of Afro-Mexicans? Construct a paragraph articulating your proposal that will be
attached to the summary of the Mexican state.
[This assignment will be assessed using Constructed Response rubric]
9. (Homework for Day 2)Students will read the New York Times article entitled, Mother Culture, or Only a
Sister? and answer the following questions.a. Where was the Olmec civilization located?b. What are the two sides of the argument involving the Olmec civilization?
1) Identify the individuals on both sides of the argument.2) What contribution did each individual make to their side of the argument?
c. Construct a response to the question posed in the title of the article.
[Insert article and answer sheet]
[Homework assignment will assessed through quiz]
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Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010
Quiz #1:Memin Pinguin
___________
7
Directions- Use your reading of the New Racial Gaffe in Mexico; This Time Its a Tasteless
Stamp Set article to respond to the following questions.
1. What is the name of the cartoon character on the Mexican stamp? [1]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. In what year was it created? [1]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. How do its supporters of stamp defend it? How do its detractors criticize it? [2]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Who was the president of Mexico in 2005? [1]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why would the author say that Mexicos release of the stamp shows the gulf in racial sensibilities betweenthe countries? [2]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010
Quiz #1:Memn Pingun Answer Sheet
___________
7
Directions- Use your reading of the New Racial Gaffe in Mexico; This Time Its a Tasteless
Stamp Set article to respond to the following questions.
f. What is the name of the character on the Mexican stamp? [1]
Memn Pingun
g. In what year was it created? [1]
1943
h. How do supporters of stamp defend it? How do detractors criticize it? [2]
Supporters:1) Spokesman for the Mexican ambassador believed that civil rights leaders were overreacting; not
intended to be interpreted on a racial basis in Mexico or anywhere else2) For Carlos Cabellero, assistant marketing director for the Mexican Postal Service, character
embodied many good values and was a beloved part of Mexican culture, not a racist caricature
Detractors:1) Anthropologists and civil rights leaders see the character as reinforcing stereotypes of Blacks as
lazy, mischievous, and uneducated2) Sergio Penalosa, civil rights leader in Mexicos community of Black residents, said stamps were a
political mistake
i. Who was the president of Mexico in 2005? [1]
Vicente Fox
j. Why would the author say that Mexicos release of the stamp shows the gulf in racial sensibilities betweenthe countries? [2]
Those in power see it as innocuous and innocent while those in the minority group see as an insult.
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Political Map of Mexico
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Black Minority Invisible in Bicentennial PlansBy Emilio Godoy
MEXICO CITY, Oct 2, 2009 (IPS) Mexico has big plans for celebrating its 200th anniversary ofindependence from Spain next year. But Mexicans of African descent are as invisible in those plans asthey are in everyday life. In the extensive schedule of activities planned by the government of Felipe Caldern
there is no specific event involving Afro-Mexicans, who number between 250,000 and 500,000, according tounofficial estimates, and mainly live in the southern states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, Veracruz in the southeastand Michoacn in the west.
"It looks to us like the Mexican government wants to forget about such a cruel part of the past as slavery. Andbecause of that, the black population does not appear in official documents or textbooks," Israel Reyes,
president of the Alliance for the Strengthening of Indigenous Regions and Afro-Mexican Communities
(AFRICA), told IPS.
Given the significant decline in the native population as a result of the Spanish Conquista and diseases brought
by the European invaders, the Spanish colonialists began importing slaves from Africa in the 16th century.
Historians estimate that between 1580 and 1650, some 250,000 African slaves were brought to Mexico, mainly
through the port of Veracruz, to work in the sugarcane fields and on cattle ranches.
"There was a very strong African presence," Mara Velsquez from the National Institute of Anthropology and
History told IPS. "All of those stories that have been handed down in different parts of Mexico (reflecting the
influx of Africans) should be made known."
Based on early census data, Mexican anthropologist Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrn estimates that the blackpopulation in colonial Mexico numbered around 20,500 in 1570, 35,000 in 1646, and nearly 16,000 in 1742.
In other words, according to U.S. anthropologist Bobby Vaughn, blacks far outnumbered the Spanish in earlycolonial times, with the black population three times that of the Spanish in 1570 and 2.5 times in 1646.
Vaughn, who specializes in studies on Afro-Mexicans, says that not until 1810 did the Spanish outnumber
blacks.
Mexicans of African descent had to wait over two centuries to be free of slavery, although before Roman
Catholic priests Miguel Hidalgo and Jos Mara Morelos, two of the country's national heroes, abolished slaveryin 1810, slaves had already made several attempts at winning freedom.
The first was the rebellion led by Gaspar Yanga, who escaped from a sugar plantation in Veracruz in 1570 and
established a "maroon" or "palenque" settlement of escaped slaves. The community became the present-daytown of Yanga, in the centre of the state of Veracruz, with a population of nearly 20,000.
Finally, Vicente Guerrero (1783-1831), who came from a poor mixed-race peasant family with a significant
African heritage and was one of the first presidents of independent Mexico, signed the last abolitionist decree in
1829. Non-governmental organizations that work on issues involving Afro-Mexicans have tried in vain to get
the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) to include a question about the black population inthe 2010 national census.
"We have been informed that, because of the time and resources that would be involved in modifying the censusby adding the question, it is not possible to include the issue," said Reyes, who along with two other researchers
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compiled "De afromexicanos a pueblo negro" (From Afro-Mexicans to Black People) the record of a forum of
the same name held in 2007.
The NGOs want the population of African descent to be recognized in the Mexican constitution. "This idea of
recognition must be reflected in our laws, and in the constitution itself," said Reyes, whose network was legallyestablished in 2007.
Although the plans for the central government's celebrations next year make no reference to Afro-Mexicans, the
recently created official bicentennial committee in the impoverished southern state of Oaxaca does plan to
include activities on black Mexican culture.
And Reyes hopes the same thing will happen in the states of Guerrero, Michoacn and Veracruz.
"An increase in awareness and fair recognition of people of African descent are needed. More information andmore studies are necessary," said Velsquez. Afro-Mexican culture is reflected in dances like the "danza de los
negros" (dance of the black people), instruments like the "hand piano," song-stories of slave uprisings,
handicrafts, and the paintings of Juan Correa (1646-1716), whose mother was a slave and who was one of
Mexico's most important colonial-era artists. (END)
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Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010
Directions- Read the article entitled, Black Minority Invisible in Bicentennial Plans by Emilio Godoy and
answer the following questions.
1. Why are the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Michoacn important?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Compare the year that theMemin Pinguin stamp was released with the Mexicos bicentennial anniversary ofits independence from Spain. What observation can be made about how Afro-Mexicans are being treated?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Complete the timeline by identifying the major event that took place in the following years:
Year 1570 1580-1650 1810 1829 2010
Event
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Use the information in your timeline to explain the absence of Afro-Mexicans in Mexicos bicentennialcelebration.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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STATES WITH AFRO-MEXICAN POPULATION
GUERRERO
Located in Mexicos southern region along the Pacific coast, Guerrero borders the states of Mexico to the north,Morelos, Puebla and Oaxaca to the east, and Michoacan to the northwest. Known for its warm climate, in this
state you can visit the port of Acapulco, a top-notch tourist resort that has one of the most famous bays in theworld. Acapulco has excellent hotels, numerous stores and shopping malls, many restaurants and the bestnightlife in the country. Your visit to Acapulco wouldnt be complete without witnessing the fearless cliff
divers at La Quebrada, who take a 45-meter (150-foot) plunge into the ocean. Also near Acapulco and worthseeing is the luxurious tourist resort, Punta Diamante. Farther down the coast youll arrive at Ixtapa-
Zihuatanejo, two beautiful beach destinations. Zihuatanejo is a picturesque town, while Ixtapa is a modern port
They have gorgeous beaches, great hotels and a spectacular marina, which has docking for up to 600 boats.
Also in the state of Guerrero is Taxco, a magical town famous for its crafts and silver items, particularly
jewelry. At this place be sure to check out the splendid architecture of the Santa Prisca church, a masterpiece ofMexican Baroque architecture. Taxco also hosts many notable events, such as the Silver Fair and Holy Week
festivities. To truly admire the beauty of this town, we recommend that you take the cable car ride that departsfrom Hotel Monte Taxco. Near Taxco, you can visit the Cacahuamilpa Caverns, considered the most beautifulcaverns in the country and a popular spot for cave diving. For all that and so much more, be sure to visit
Guerrero, the state that has everything.
OAXACA
Located in Mexicos southern region along the Pacific coast, Oaxacas terrain consists of extensive valleys andmountain chains. In this state, known for its important history and culture, youll have the opportunity to visit
various town and cities inhabited by about 16 distinct ethnic groups. In many of those places, the indigenouspeople have preserved the traditions and customs of old. First you can visit the city of Oaxaca, the state capitala colonial city with some of the nations most magnificent architecture. There youll see Baroque edifices, green
quarry stone constructions and you can visit important museums like the Museo de las Culturas de Oaxaca,which is housed in the Ex-Convent of Santo Domingo. You can also enjoy the citys traditional fiestas, such as
Noche de Rabanos and Guelaguetz
Oaxaca also has diverse archaeological sites, including the Zapotec ruins at Monte Alban, declared a World
Heritage Site by the UNESCO, and Mitla, which is known for it fret-ornamented structures. Nearby you can
check out the Arbol del Tule, a 2,000-year-old tree that measures 11 meters in diameter. You can also visit theChacahua Lagoons, an ecological zone with mangroves and beaches, as well as the beautiful bays of Huatulco
and Escondido, where you can do all kinds of water sports.
VERACRUZ
Located in Mexicos eastern region along the Gulf coast, Veracruz borders the states of Tamaulipas to the northOaxaca to the south, San Luis Potosi, Hidalgo and Puebla to the west, and Tabasco to the east. This state has a
tropical climate and impressive natural scenery, such as the Citlatapetl Volcano and Pico de Orizaba, the highest
peak in the nation. Youll also see picturesque cities and towns that have preserved their local architecture.
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In the city of Veracruz, an important commercial center, you can visit Fort San Juan de Ulua, which has been
converted into an interesting museum. You can also take a stroll along the boardwalk, where every yearVeracruzs famous carnival takes place. In the citys plazas, known for their beautiful gardens, you can watch
couples dance to the rhythm of danzon, an experience that will take you back to another era.
In Xalapa, the state capital, you can walk down cobblestone streets full of music, color and folklore, while in
Tlacotalpan, a town that lies along the Papaloapan River, you can enjoy its wonderful Historic Center, whichwas declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO. There you can witness the towns famous Virgen de la
Candelaria procession.
Along the coast you can visit the Costa Esmeralda, a 50-km (31-mi) beach strip north of the port. Finally, ifyoud like to see some ruins, theres no better place than the archaeological zone of El Tajin, which also was
declared an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
MICHOACN
Located in Mexicos southwestern region in an area with abundant natural beauty, thanks to the volcanic rock
formations of the Sierra Madre del Sur.
In this territory youll discover vast natural areas and national parks such as Cupatitzio Canyon and the Jose
Maria Morelos park. At these places you can go camping, do ecotourism outings and extreme sports, includingmountain bike riding and paragliding. Also of interest is the protected Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary, where the
fir forest serves as nesting grounds for the monarch butterfly. In the state of Michoacan youll also find a wide
variety of cultural events, some of which have many years of tradition, such as the Day of the Dead celebrationat Lake Patzcuaro and on its nearby islands. There youll see some of the most visited churches in the state, try
the excellent local cuisine and find all kinds of regional crafts at the stores and markets. Later, you can check
out the nearby archaeological zones of Tzintzuntzan and Ihuatzio. In the city of Morelia, the state capital, youllsee magnificent buildings in the Historic Center, which was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.
The notable edifices include the Cathedral and the Palacio de Clavijero, both of which remind visitors of the
citys fascinating history. Other interesting sites are the Hospital de la Huatapera de Uruapan and the Zamora
Cathedral. On Michoacans coast youll find gorgeous beaches like Playa Azul and Lazaro Cardenas, whichoffer lodging and restaurants, and Maruata, Michoacans most famous beach and the nesting grounds for the
black sea turtle.
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ROUTE 2010
TT
he historical events that we will commemorate in 2010 took place over a very extensive geographical
area. For those individuals interested in retracing the military campaigns, here we describe just six of
the routes involved: three for the Independence movement and three for the Mexican Revolution. The
routes were planned based on the accessibility of the chosen destinations using the federal highway
system. Both non-toll roads and toll roads administered by CAPUFE (the Federal Toll Roads and
Bridges Agency) are included.
The Communications and Transportation Ministry will post signs along these routes. This will be done
in stages so that in 2010 all of the routes are marked. The Tourism Ministry will provide information
for tourists that will be available at strategic points along the highways. The National Institute of
Anthropology and History (INAH) will reinforce its offices along the routes where there are historic
sites, museums and monuments in its charge. All of the historical and geographical information, along
with the corresponding maps, will be available on the bicentennial web page.
In addition, special signs that say Mexico is My Museum will be installed at the most important pointsalong the routes so that the public can learn more about the sites and their roles in the historical
events of the Independence movement and the Revolution. A one-minute message about the location
will be available by calling a 1-800 number from any telephone.
Some of the places along the routes have a different name now than they did during the
Independence movement and the Revolution. We have used their current names in order to make it
easy to locate them on a map.
Routes of the Independence Movement
1. The Freedom Route
http://www.google.com/bookmarks/mark?op=add&bkmk=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.bicentenario.gob.mx%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D5%26Itemid%3D53&title=ROUTE%202010http://twitter.com/home?status=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.bicentenario.gob.mx%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D5%26Itemid%3D53http://english.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?view=article&id=5%3Aroute-2010&tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=&option=com_content&Itemid=53http://english.bicentenario.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_mailto&tmpl=component&link=aHR0cDovL2VuZ2xpc2guYmljZW50ZW5hcmlvLmdvYi5teC9pbmRleC5waHA/b3B0aW9uPWNvbV9jb250ZW50JnZpZXc9YXJ0aWNsZSZpZD01OnJvdXRlLTIwMTAmSXRlbWlkPTUz -
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TThis routeinaugurated by President Adolfo Lpez Mateos in 1960 to commemorate the 150th
anniversary of the beginning of the Independence movementfollows the progress of Miguel Hidalgo
y Costilla from the town of Dolores to Chihuahua. For the 200th anniversary, we propose to expand
the route by including sites associated with Father Hidalgos main collaborators.
MIGUEL HIDALGO Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Corralejo Guanajuato Acmbaro GuanajuatoQuertaro Quertaro Monte de las Cruces Mxico
Dolores Hidalgo Guanajuato Aculco Mxico
Atotonilco Guanajuato Guadalajara Jalisco
San Miguel de Allende Guanajuato Puente de Caldern Jalisco
Guanajuato Guanajuato Pabelln de Hidalgo Aguascalientes
Morelia Michoacn Acatita de Bajn Coahuila
Charo-Indaparapeo Michoacn Chihuahua Chihuahua
Jos Antonio Torres Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Zacoalco Jalisco Puente de Caldern Jalisco
Guadalajara Jalisco Guadalajara Jalisco
Jos Mara Mercado Download map (PDF)
City State
http://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisHidalgo.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Miguel_de_Allendehttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Chihuahuahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisTorres.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisMercado.pdfhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisMercado.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisTorres.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Chihuahuahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Michoacanhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreliahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Miguel_de_Allendehttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisHidalgo.pdf -
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San Blas Nayarit
Jos Mara Gonzlez de Hermosillo Download map (PDF)
City State
El Rosario Sinaloa
Francisco Osorno Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Zacatln Puebla Apan Hidalgo
Pachuca Hidalgo
Ignacio Rayn Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Tlalpujahua Michoacn Huichapan Hidalgo
Zitcuaro Michoacn La Jaujilla Michoacn
2. The Sentiments of the Nation Route
TT
his route is based on the military campaigns led by Jos Mara Morelos y Pavn and his collaborators
in the states of Michoacn, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Morelos, Mexico, Puebla, Veracruz and Chiapas. The
route reflects Morelos military strategy of dividing his army into several sections commanded by
individuals such as Mariano Matamoros, the Galeana brothers, the Bravo family, Guadalupe Victoria,
Vicente Guerrero, Manuel Mier y Tern and others, and following a model of total war in the center
and the south of the country. Also included is the route followed by Xavier Mina. Although he plays
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his role after Morelos death, militarily he was subject to the authority created by Morelos. The heroic
efforts of the Mezcala rebels at the Laguna de Chapala also deserve to be commemorated on these
routes.
JOS MA. MORELOS Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Carcuaro Michoacn Oaxaca Oaxaca
Nocuptaro Michoacn Acapulco Guerrero
Charo-Indaparapeo Michoacn Chilpancingo Guerrero
Tecpan de Galeana Guerrero Morelia Michoacn
Chichihualco Guerrero Puruarn Michoacn
Chilpancingo Guerrero Ario de Rosales Michoacn
Tixtla Guerrero Apatzingn Michoacn
Cuautla Morelos Temalac Guerrero
Tehuacn Puebla Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal
Orizaba Veracruz San Cristbal Ecatepec Mxico
Nicols Bravo Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Chichihualco Guerrero Coscomatepec Veracruz
San Agustn del Palmar Puebla Morelia Michoacn
Medelln Veracruz Puruarn Michoacn
Puente Nacional Veracruz Cporo (Zitcuaro) Michoacn
Vicente Guerrero Download map (PDF)
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City State City State
Tixtla Guerrero Acapulco Guerrero
Izcar de Matamoros Puebla Acatln Puebla
Tehuantepec Oaxaca Teloloapan Guerrero
Santa Cruz Huatulco Oaxaca Cuilapam Oaxaca
Hermenegildo Galeana Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Tecpan de Galeana Guerrero Acapulco Guerrero
Chichihualco Guerrero Roqueta Guerrero
Tixtla Guerrero Fuerte de San Diego Guerrero
Taxco Guerrero Morelia Michoacn
Toluca Mxico Puruarn Michoacn
Cuautla Morelos El Salitral (Coyuca) Guerrero
Oaxaca Oaxaca
Guadalupe Victoria
City State City State
Cuautla Morelos Boquilla de Piedra Veracruz
Oaxaca Oaxaca Huatusco VeracruzPuente Nacional Veracruz Perote Veracruz
Mariano Matamoros
City State City State
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Jantetelco Morelos San Agustn del Palmar Puebla
Izcar de Matamoros Puebla Tonal Chiapas
Cuautla Morelos Morelia Michoacn
Oaxaca Oaxaca Puruarn Michoacn
Yanhuitln Oaxaca Morelia Michoacn
Manuel Mier y Tern Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Zitcuaro Michoacn Huajuapan de Len Oaxaca
Oaxaca Oaxaca Tehuacn Puebla
Xavier Mina Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Soto la Marina Tamaulipas El Sombrero Guanajuato
Peotillos San Luis Potos Los Remedios Guanajuato
Marcos Castellanos y Encarnacin Rosas (Chapala)
CityState
Isla de Mezcala Jalisco
3. The Route of the Army of Three Guarantees Download map (PDF)
TThis is the route taken by Agustn de Iturbide from Iguala to Mexico City in 1821 to consolidate
Mexicos independence.
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City State City State
Iguala Guerrero Quertaro Quertaro
Acatempan Guerrero Puebla Puebla
Teloloapan Guerrero Azcapotzalco Distrito Federal
San Juan del Ro Quertaro Crdoba Veracruz
Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal
Routes of the Revolution
1. The Route of Democracy (Francisco I. Madero) Download map (PDF)
TThis route follows the triumphal path of Francisco I. Madero in 1911 from Ciudad Jurez to Mexico
City.
City State City State
Parras Coahuila Torren Coahuila
San Luis Potos San Luis Potos Zacatecas Zacatecas
Ciudad Jurez Chihuahua Aguascalientes Aguascalientes
Piedra Negras Coahuila Len Guanajuato
San Pedro de las
ColoniasCoahuila Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal
Lecumberri Distrito Federal
2. The Zapatista Route
TT
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his route encompasses the theater of operations of the Liberation Army of the South in the states of
Morelos, Puebla, Mexico and the Federal District.
City State City State
Anenecuilco Morelos Cuernavaca Morelos
Jonacatepec Morelos Tlaltizapn Morelos
Cuautla Morelos Xochimilco Distrito Federal
Yautepec Morelos Cd. de Mxico Distrito Federal
Ayoxuxtla Puebla Chinameca Morelos
Jojutla Morelos
3. The Route of the Constitutionalist Revolution
TThis route is based on the political and military actions taken by four individuals in the north of the
country. Venustiano Carranza
City State City State
Cuatrocinegas Coahuila Chihuahua Chihuahua
Saltillo Coahuila Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal
Monclova Coahuila Veracruz Veracruz
Hacienda de Guadalupe Coahuila Quertaro Quertaro
Hermosillo Sonora Tlaxcalantongo Puebla
lvaro Obregn Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Hacienda de Siquisiva,
Navojoa
Sonora Tepic Nayarit
http://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisAlvaroObregon.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Nayarithttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Nayarithttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisAlvaroObregon.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Veracruzhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Pueblahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Moreloshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Morelos -
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Nogales Sonora Orendin Jalisco
Cananea Sonora Guadalajara Jalisco
Naco Sonora Colima Colima
Guaymas Sonora Teoloyucan Mxico
Culiacn Sinaloa Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal
Topolobampo Sinaloa Aguascalientes Aguascalientes
Mazatln Sinaloa Celaya Guanajuato
San ngel Distrito Federal
Francisco Villa Download map (PDF)
City State City State
San Juan del Ro Durango San Pedro de las Colonias Coahuila
Hacienda de la Loma Durango Zacatecas Zacatecas
Ciudad Jurez Chihuahua Aguascalientes Aguascalientes
Tierra Blanca Chihuahua Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal
Chihuahua Chihuahua Sabinas Coahuila
Torren Coahuila Canutillo Durango
Hidalgo del Parral Chihuahua
Pablo Gonzlez Download map (PDF)
City State City State
Lampazos Nuevo Len Tampico Tamaulipas
Monclova Coahuila Saltillo Coahuila
Candela Coahuila San Luis Potos San Luis Potos
Ciudad Victoria Tamaulipas Quertaro Quertaro
Matamoros Tamaulipas Ciudad de Mxico Distrito Federal
http://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisDivNorte.pdfhttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisDivNorte.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Zacatecashttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisPabloGonzalez.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Luis_Potosihttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretarohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Queretaro_esthttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_San_Luis_Potosihttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisPabloGonzalez.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Zacatecashttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Coahuilahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Durangohttp://www.bicentenario.gob.mx/Rutas/RutasPDF/CroquisDivNorte.pdfhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guanajuatohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Aguascalienteshttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Distrito_Federalhttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Sinaloahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Mexicohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jaliscohttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Guadalajarahttp://www.visitmexico.com.mx/wb/Visitmexico/Visi_Jalisco -
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Monterrey Nuevo Len Aguascalientes Aguascalientes
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010
Name of State Location of State Attractions (Use Route2010 document)
Whos in/Whos not(Use Route 2010
document)
Oaxaca
Guerrero
Veracruz
Michoan
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March 15, 2005
Mother Culture, or Only a Sister?By JOHN NOBLE WILFORD
n a coastal flood plain etched by rivers flowing through swamps and alongside fields of maize and beans, thepeople archaeologists call the Olmecs lived in a society of emergent complexity. It was more than 3,000 years
ago along the Gulf of Mexico around Veracruz.
The Olmecs, mobilized by ambitious rulers and fortified by a pantheon of gods, moved a veritable mountain of
earth to create a plateau above the plain, and there planted a city, the ruins of which are known today as SanLorenzo. They left behind palace remnants, distinctive pottery and art with anthropomorphic jaguar motifs.
Most impressive were Olmec sculptures: colossal stone heads with thick lips and staring eyes that are assumed
to be monuments to revered rulers.
The Olmecs are widely regarded as creators of the first civilization in Mesoamerica, the area encompassing
much of Mexico and Central America, and a cultural wellspring of later societies, notably the Maya. Some
scholars think the Olmec civilization was the first anywhere in America, though doubt has been cast by recent
discoveries in Peru.
Archaeologists have split sharply over how much influence the Olmecs had on contemporary and subsequentMesoamerican cultures. Were Olmecs the "mother" culture? Or were they one among "sister" cultures whose
interactions through the region produced shared attributes of religion, art, political structure and hierarchical
society?
Last month, the simmering pot of mother-sister controversy was stirred anew by Dr. Jeffrey P. Blomster, an
Olmec archaeologist at George Washington University. In a report in the journal Science, he and other
researchers described evidence of the widespread export of Olmec ceramics that they said supported "Olmecpriority in the creation and spread of the first unified style and iconographic system in Mesoamerica."
Dr. Blomster's team analyzed the chemistry of 725 pieces of pottery decorated with symbols and designs in theOlmec style and collected throughout the region. The researchers compared the composition of the ceramics
with local clays. They determined that most of these were not imitations of the Olmec style made by local
potters. In a significant number of pots, the clay matched the chemistry of material found around San Lorenzo.
"The evidence is overwhelming that San Lorenzo, the first Olmec capital, was doing the exporting," Dr.
Blomster said. "The Olmecs were disseminating their culture and it was something of great interest to others."
The research, he added, showed that San Lorenzo did not appear to be importing artifacts emblematic of other
cultures or that regional contemporaries were exchanging such material with one another. The city on the
artificial plateau seemed to be the hub of regional culture and central, he said, to understanding the origin anddevelopment of complex society in Mesoamerica.
Dr. Richard A. Diehl of the University of Alabama wrote in Science that the findings "provide powerful supportfor the mother-culture school," adding, "San Lorenzo thus dominated in the commercial relationships and
attendant spread of Olmec iconography and belief systems."
But Dr. Diehl, a proponent of the mother school and the author of "The Olmec," published last year, said in an
interview that the "connections we are seeing may not have lasted more than a generation, perhaps the time of a
particular ruler, and at most, not more than a century or century and a half."
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The Blomster research dealt with pottery from the latter half of the early formative period of Mesoamerican
culture, which extended from 1500 to 900 B.C. The last centuries of this period were the time of San Lorenzo'sascendance, but afterward the city was largely abandoned and the Olmec hub gravitated to La Venta, nearby in
what is now the state of Tabasco.
Dr. Blomster collaborated with Dr. Hector Neff, an archaeologist at California State University, Long Beach,
and Dr. Michael D. Glascock of the Research Reactor Center at the University of Missouri. The Missouri centeranalyzed the pottery and clay samples from San Lorenzo and six other Mexican sites from the era of Olmec
prominence.
Proponents of the sister school are not letting the interpretation of the new research go unchallenged. They may
be a minority in Mesoamerican studies, but a vocal and formidable one, including such stalwarts as Dr. Kent V.
Flannery and Dr. Joyce Marcus of the University of Michigan and Dr. David C. Grove, a professor emeritus at
the University of Illinois.
Dr. Grove disputed Dr. Blomster's conclusions, saying that the research demonstrated only that Olmec pottery
was traded, not that the trade disseminated Olmec political and religious concepts around the region. Others
questioned the assertion that no pottery of other cultures had found its way to San Lorenzo.
The mother-culture advocates, said Dr. Susan D. Gillespie, a Mesoamerican archaeologist at the University ofFlorida, who is married to Dr. Grove, were "flogging a dead horse, the idea that the Olmec invented civilization,
carried it to all of Mesoamerica and it's the basis of the Maya."
Dr. Gillespie acknowledged that the Olmecs established a vibrant culture and that their accomplishments were
extraordinary. She also agreed that they were innovative and that their leaders presided over a political system
capable of mobilizing labor for public works. It was no easy task raising an artificial plateau or hauling heavy
blocks of basalt 40 miles to San Lorenzo from volcanic fields and fashioning them into the stone heads thatstand as high as 10 feet.
Olmecs also contributed games with rubber balls, which became popular and fiercely played by later regionalcultures. The Aztecs, much later, used the name in their own language for "rubber people" - Olmec - to describe
the culture that was by then long vanished but not forgotten. No one knows what the ancient Olmecs called
themselves.
"But others in the area were doing things equally complex, though different," Dr. Gillespie said. "Other areas
were also taking steps on their own toward the development of Mesoamerican civilization."
That, and an active interchange of ideas and beliefs among various neighboring societies, is the essence of the
argument advanced by sister-culture proponents. They further contend that the concept of the Olmecs as a
mother culture grew out of 19th-century ethnocentrism, in which the construction of stone sculptures is a sign ofcivilization because that is a hallmark of early Western civilizations.
Many of these archaeologists have concentrated their research and excavations on non-Olmec areas withevidence of ancient complex societies, like the Valley of Oaxaca, the central basin of Mexico and the Pacific
coastal sites of Chiapas in southwestern Mexico. Dr. Gillespie, though, has studied Olmec workshops that were
operating in the culture's heyday, mainly producing stone artifacts thought to be altar thrones.
Dr. Blomster cited recent excavations by Dr. Ann Cyphers of the National University of Mexico that
"emphasize the higher sociopolitical level that the Olmecs achieved relative to contemporaneous groups in
Mesoamerica," a view contrary to the sister-culture position. Dr. Cyphers said the rulers of San Lorenzo appear
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to have lived in a palace with huge basalt columns and sculptures, while leaders in the adjacent Valley of
Oaxaca had places not much better than the wattle-and-daub huts of commoners.
Dr. Michael D. Coe, an archaeologist at Yale who is an authority on the Olmec and the Maya cultures, sides
more with the mother-culture school, saying that "much of the complex culture in Mesoamerica has an Olmecorigin."
In the new edition of his book "The Maya," Dr. Coe writes that during four centuries of San Lorenzo's prime,
ending about 900 B.C., "Olmec influence emanating from this area was found throughout Mesoamerica, with
the curious exception of the Maya domain - perhaps because there were few Maya populations at that timesufficiently large to have interested the expanding Olmecs."
But early Olmec rulers were aware of the territory where the Maya eventually established imposing cities.
Three years ago, scientists reported finding a rich lode of jadite, including huge boulders of it, in the jungles ofGuatemala. Traces of ancient mining were uncovered, and some of the outcroppings were of blue jade, the
prized gemstone Olmec artists used for carving delicate human forms and scary masks.
Archaeologists said the discovery not only solved a mystery of the origin of Olmec jade, but also showed thatthe Olmecs exerted wide influence over the region, either directly or by trade through intermediaries.
The Olmec influence on the Maya began to show up in artifacts, starting before 100 B.C. By then, Dr. Coe and
other scholars said, Olmec art, religion, rubber-ball games and the ceremonial dress of rulers had clearly found
its way to Maya cities.
Dr. Diehl of Alabama said there was "good evidence that Olmec sculpture is portraying beliefs" also related in
Popol Vuh, the epic of creation found in Maya writing. This cosmology predated the Maya and was widespread
in Mesoamerica, but its origins are murky.
The classic maize god of the Maya, scholars say, appears to be a clear descendant of a similar Olmec god. AMaya wall painting in San Bartolo, Guatemala, shows a resurrected maize god surrounded by figures offeringhim gifts of tamales and water. "The deity's head is purely Olmec," Dr. Coe said.
The assumption is that aspects of Olmec culture reached the Maya indirectly, probably through what is knownas the Izapa civilization in the territory extending from the Gulf Coast across to the Pacific Coast of Chiapas, in
Mexico, and of Guatemala. The city known as Izapa is the site of imposing temple mounds in Chiapas, a place
where the Olmec sculpture and Maya painting and glyphs seemed to converge.
Dr. John E. Clark, an archaeologist at Brigham Young University, has excavated in the area for years and is
involved with current research, he said, showing strong links between San Lorenzo and ancient sites in Chiapas.
The classic maize god of the Maya, scholars say, appears to be a clear descendant of a similar Olmec god. A
Maya wall painting in San Bartolo, Guatemala, shows a resurrected maize god surrounded by figures offering
him gifts of tamales and water. "The deity's head is purely Olmec," Dr. Coe said.
The assumption is that aspects of Olmec culture reached the Maya indirectly, probably through what is known
as the Izapa civilization in the territory extending from the Gulf Coast across to the Pacific Coast of Chiapas, inMexico, and of Guatemala. The city known as Izapa is the site of imposing temple mounds in Chiapas, a place
where the Olmec sculpture and Maya painting and glyphs seemed to converge.
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Dr. John E. Clark, an archaeologist at Brigham Young University, has excavated in the area for years and is
involved with current research, he said, showing strong links between San Lorenzo and ancient sites in Chiapas.
Were these truly commercial ventures? Dr. Diehl said there was so far no archaeological evidence suggesting
that the Olmecs conquered or proselytized its neighboring societies. Neither is there a clear picture of whathappened to San Lorenzo.
Nothing in the ruins or later legends points to conquest by an invading army. More likely, some scientists think,
the city was abandoned by the ninth century B.C. because of natural catastrophe: the rivers they depended on
probably changed course, the result of silt and tectonic shifts in the coastal landscape.
La Venta, the new capital, came to an equally mysterious end around 400 B.C., and it was not long until the
Olmecs lapsed into decline. Pockets of the culture persisted in Tres Zapotes, near the former capitals, and
scattered communities in southern Mexico.
By the time the first major civilization of Mesoamerica was disappearing, the Olmecs blending into other
societies, it apparently had reached out far enough in trade and influence to pass on a legacy of politics, art and
religion to the up-and-coming Maya. A few mother-culture archaeologists, citing the new research, liken therelationship of the Olmecs to the Maya to the Greeks and Romans of Western civilization.
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Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010
Homework #2: Mother Culture, Or Only a Sister?
Directions- Students will read theNew York Times article entitled, Mother Culture, or Only a Sister? and
answer the following questions.
1. Where was the Olmec civilization located?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the two sides of the argument involving the Olmec civilization?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
What contribution did each individual to support their side of the argument?
Individual Contribution
Dr. Jeffrey P. Blomster
Dr. Richard A. Diehl
Drs. Flannery, Marcus, and Grove
Dr. Susan Gillespie
Dr. Michael D. Coe
Dr. Ann Cyphers
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Dr. John E. Clark
3. Construct a response to the question posed in the title of the article.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson Plan #2: Africans Visibility in Mexico
Unit: Pan-Africanist thought in Nas Discography
Grades: 9-12
Length of lesson Two 50-minute class periods
LESSON OVERVIEWBuilding on the previous nights homework assignment, students will explore Ivan Van Sertimas thesis of the
presence of Africans in the Americas through an analysis, examination, and comparison of Egyptianartifacts/practices with those of the civilizations of Mesoamerica, that is, the Olmecs.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS1. What is Van Sertimas thesis? How does he support his thesis?2. How can Van Sertimas work help us to understand its impact on Nas music and his view of himself?
ESSENTIAL UNDERSTANDINGS1. Through an analysis and comparison of Egyptian artifacts/practices with that of the Olmec civilization, Ivan
Van Sertima establishes an African presence in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus,
3. The work of Van Sertima is central in unpacking and understanding Pan-Africanist thought in Nas music,specifically, Were Not Alone.
4. The African presence in Mesoamerica did not begin with slavery but can be linked to Egyptian civilization5. The achievements of Egyptian civilization can be seen in specific accomplishments and artifacts of the
Olmec civilization.
OBJECTIVES1. To compare the artifacts/practices of Egypt with that of the Olmec civilization for similarities and
differences2. To determine Van Sertimas influence on Nas and the transmission of Pan-Africanist thought in his music
MATERIALS1. Music and lyrics to Were Not Alone2. Excerpts from Ivan Van Sertimas They Came Before Columbus3. Pictures of artifacts from the Egyptian and Olmec civilizations
PROCEDURE1. (Assessment activity) Students will review their homework assignments and be quizzed on it. They will
answer the following questions and grade each others quizzes.
a. What is the name of the civilization that was discussed in the article? [1]b. Where is the civilization located geographically? [1]c. What was the name of their first capital city? [1] Their second capital city? [1]d. What was the other civilization that emerged in Central America? [1]
[Insert Quiz #2: Mesoamerican Civilization]
After collecting the quizzes, the teacher will pose the following question, What did you learn about the
presence of Africans in Mexico from the previous nights homework assignment?
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2. (Preview activity) In their notebooks, students will respond to the following question, Observe the giantOlmec head. What might it tell us about the person/people that created it?
3. Using their maps of Mexico from the previous lesson, students will highlight the areas in Central Americawhere the Olmec civilization was established in blue.
[Insert Maps of Olmec Civilization]
The teacher will pose the following questions, Compare the information found on both maps. What
observations can be made?
4. Students will listen (and read the lyrics to) Were Not Alone by Nas and answer the following questions.a. What are the ideas that are mentioned in the song? Use these ideas to organize broader headings.b. What is the mood of the song?c. In the 3rd stanza, Nas mentions, I used to worship a certain Queens police murderer/ til I read the
words of Ivan Van Sertima/ he inserted something in me that made me worthier/ now I speak revolution/
Im his hood interpreter.
1) What is the mood of this song?2) How do these lines convey this mood?
[Insert Were Not Alone lyrics and answer sheet]
5. In expert groups of 2-3, students will be assigned a specific Egyptian artifact/practice from Ivan VanSertimas They Came Before Columbus to read as well as pictures of Egyptian/Mesoamerican artifacts.
a. Describe the Egyptian/Mesoamerican artifact.b. What similarities does the Egyptian and Mesoamerican artifact/practice share?c. What is Van Sertimas thesis? How does he use the artifact/practice to support it?
[Insert Egyptian/Mesoamerican artifact/practice chart]
6. In general groups, students will share the information they obtained about their specific artifact/practice.
The teacher will pose the following question, How convincing is Van Sertimas thesis? How does this
clarify Nass statement about Van Sertima?
7. (Assessment activity) How credible is Van Sertimas thesis? Construct a letter to Nas in which you:a. Acknowledge the impact of Van Sertima on Nas,b. Summarize Van Sertimas thesis and the points that he uses to justify it,c. Explain the reason for writing the letter, and
d. Explain why you support or disagree with Van Sertimas thesis
[This assessment will be graded using the Constructed Response rubric]
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Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010
Quiz #2: Mesoamerican Civilization
___________
5
Directions- Use your reading of the Mother Culture, or Only a Sister article to respond to
the following questions.
1. What is the name of the civilization that was discussed in the article? [1]
________________________________________________________________________
2. Where is the civilization located geographically? [1]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. What was the name of their first capital city? [1] Their second capital city? [1]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. What was the other civilization that emerged in Central America? [1]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
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Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010
Quiz #2:Mesoamerican Civilization Answer Sheet
___________
5
Directions- Use your reading of the Mother Culture, or Only a Sister article to respond to
the following questions.
1. What is the name of the civilization that was discussed in the article? [1]
Olmec Civilization
2. Where is the civilization located geographically? [1]
Along the Gulf of Mexico around Veracruz
3. What was the name of their first capital city? [1] Their second capital city? [1]
Name of first capital was San Lorenzo, second capital was La Venta
4. What distinction has been given to the Olmec civilization?
First civilization in Mesoamerica
5. What was the other civilization that emerged in Central America? [1]
The Mayans
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Maps of Olmec civilization
"We're Not
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Alone" by Nas (feat. Mykel)
[Chorus: Mykel]
Where there's life there is water
We depend on mama nature
there's a message for tomorrowEverything connects to you
Some say soon it will be over
you can see it in the weather
out of tune with mama nature
what you do comes back to you
We're not alone [4x]
[Verse: Nas]
Confucius, Confucius
Sigmund Freud
And Fard Muhammad
Is it evolution or God?
Searching for the truth is a threat
Seems the closer we get to the truth
State troopers or FEDs come out to silence you
My house in Malibu probably tapped
Because living next door to Demi Moore
Plus, I'm blackPlus, I want vengeance for the poor
Who's attacked daily
Patriot Act never scared me
Jake in the Taurus
Sticky in the jar-s
Niggas I'm with got warrants
America's brown and
Twenty years from now
Every town will be brown and Latin
An African lookin Manhattan
I'ma tell you what I seen with my three eyes
Word to me, not a hoax, back in 9-9
A spacecraft in the skyline
In L.A., in daytime, ask Horse if I'm lying
[Chorus: Mykel]
Every mother, every father
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Raise your sons and your daughters
With respect and with honor
From the seed comes a fruit
Its an unbroken circle
All of life is universal
And we're all in the struggleIf i know one thing is true...
We're not alone [4x]
[Verse]Evidence remains in debate
Documents of our own Air Force base
Additional terrestrial information
Other planets with life population
My observation
Scientists study pictures of a flying disc
Right on earth, anthropologists are finding shit
Visitors, probably live with us
They can mimic us
It's sort of what we seeing in the cinemas
[Chorus]
Take a look in the mirrorAnd see the bigger picture
Its good to be alive
Its good to be alive
Nobody is an island
we are part of an environment
Only way we gone survive
Is if we harmonize
We're not alone [4x]
[Verse]Reginald Lewis
The black billionaire
Before Oprah or Bob Johnson
How'd he disappear?
Conspiracy theories, UFO's in the air
I've seen it with my own two eyes
And I swear, like Warren Buffet
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Real money I'm just trying to touch it
The diamond-encrusted shit, live illustrious
'Cause we was deprived of it, suffered
Now we pop to prove anything's possible
My pimp strut was invented when they whipped us
Now we diddy-bop just to show you that our strength's upJust when niggas about to see they cut
Global warming about to burn us up
Niggas never really seen paper in this world
American blacks the teenager of this world
Give us twenty more years to grow up
Already geniuses; what I mean is this
I used to worship a certain Queens police murderer
'Til I read the words of Ivan van Sertima
He inserted something in me
That made me feel worthier
Now I spit revolution
I'm his hood interpreter
[Chorus]
Take a look in the mirror
And see the bigger picture
Its good to be alive
Its good to be aliveNobody is an island
we are part of an environment
Only way we gone survive
Is if we harmonize
We're not alone [4x]
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Name: ______________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010
Directions- Listen (and read the lyrics) to Were Not Alone by Nas and answer the following questions.
1. What are the ideas that are mentioned in the song? Use these ideas to organize broader headings.
2. In the 3rd stanza, Nas mentions, I used to worship a certain Queens police murderer/ til I read the words ofIvan Van Sertima/ he inserted something in me that made me worthier/ now I speak revolution/ Im his hoodinterpreter.
a. What does Nas mean to convey through these specific lines?
____________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
b. How do these lines convey this mood?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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Name: __________________________________________ Date: __________ July 2010
Artifact/Practice Egyptian Mesoamerican Similarities
Mummification
Pyramid
Sculpture
What is Van Sertimas thesis? How does he use the artifact/practice to support it?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________