looking out, looking in 12 th edition chapter 5 1 language: barrier or bridge chapter summary...
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 1
Language: Barrier or Bridge
Chapter Summary
•Language is Symbolic
•Understanding and Misunderstanding
•The Impact of Language
•Gender and Language
•Culture and Language
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 2
Language is Symbolic
Signs
•Signs have a direct connection with communication
•Language is symbolic
•Symbols enable more effective communication•Not all languages use the same symbols
•Messages mean different things to different people•“Take a little of the top,” means one thing to you and another
to the barber
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 3
Understanding and Misunderstanding
Understanding Words
•Semantic Rules•The way users of language assign meaning to a word
•Bikes are for riding and books are for reading
•Equivocation•Statements that have more than one associated meaning
•Some amusing newspaper headlines
•“Family Catches Fire Just in Time, “Trees Can Break Wind,”
and “Man Stuck on Toilet; Stool Suspected”
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 4
Understanding and Misunderstanding
Understanding Words
•Relative Language•Words that gain meaning by comparison
•“Fast and Slow,” “Smart and Stupid,” “Short and Long.”
•Relative language is not always clear
•How cheap is cheap?
•Static Evaluation•Statements that contain or imply the word is
•Subscripting is a devise that reduces static evaluation
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 5
Understanding and Misunderstanding
Understanding Words
•Abstraction•Abstract vs. Behavior Language
•Specific things people do or say
•Overly abstract language can lead to
serious problems
•Specific language can be
undesirable and even seen as rudeFIGURE 5.1Page 161
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 6
Understanding and Misunderstanding
Understanding Structure
•Syntactic Rules•Govern the grammar of language
•We tend to notice when they’re violated
•African-American English (AAE)
•It is important to look past syntax in order to avoid
miscommunication
•“I be angry,” vs. “I am angry.”
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 7
Understanding and Misunderstanding
Understanding Context
•Pragmatic Rules•Pragmatic rules govern the way speech works in everyday
interaction
•Pragmatic rules govern common saying such as:
•“How’s it going,” and “What’s up.”
•If someone were to answer these questions literally we’d be
confused
•Even e-mail has PRAGMATIC RULES (stop yelling)
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 8
The Impact of Language
Naming and Identity
•Research suggests that names are more than just
means of identification
•Names can shape and reinforce a child's identity•Naming a child after a family member can create a bond
•Names also play a role in the identity of groups•Labeling of ethnic groups have changed as our culture has
developed different sensitivities
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 9
The Impact of Language
Affiliation•Communicators are attracted to those with similar
speaking styles•Communicators who wish to show group affiliation will adapt
•This process is called convergence
•Converges can also take place in the virtual world•E-mail and IM users have commonly recognized acronyms
•“LOL,” “ROTFL,” “JK,” and “BRB.”
•Can you think of any others?
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 10
The Impact of Language
ABC News Video
Click on box to play video
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 11
The Impact of Language
PowerNotice the difference between the two statements
“Excuse me, sir. I hate to say this, but I . . . uh . . . I guess I won’t be able to turn in the assignment on time. I had a personal emergency, and . . . well . . .it was just impossible to finish it by today. I’ll have it on your desk on Monday, OK?”
“I won’t be able to turn in the assignment on time. I had a personal emergency, and it was impossible to finish it by today. I’ll have it on your desk Monday.”
or
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 12
The Impact of Language
Disruptive Language•Opinion Statements
•Opinion statements can never be proved or disproved
•Consider these examples from page 173
You tell a lot of ethnic jokes. You’re a bigot.
You forgot my birthday. You don’t care about me.
Fact Opinion
You keep interrupting me. You’re a control freak.
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 13
The Impact of Language
Disruptive Language•Fact-Interference Confusion
•Conclusions arrived at from an interpretation of evidence
•Instead of trying to guess the other person’s emotion use
the skill of perception checking we learned in Chapter 3
•Emotive Language•Seems to describe but actually announces the speakers
attitude toward it
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 14
The Impact of Language
Disruptive Language•Remember to take responsibility for your emotions
•Nonemotive statements are more accurate and have a better chance of being received accurately by others
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 15
The Impact of Language
The Language of Responsibility•“It”
•These statements replace the personal pronoun “I” with it
•“I” language clearly Identifies the speaker
•“But” •The word “but” cancels the thought before it
•“You’re a really great person, but I think we should see other
people”
•“You’ve done great work for us, but we’re going to have to let
you go”
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 16
The Impact of Language
The Language of Responsibility•“I” and “You” Language
•“I” language accepts responsibility
•“You” expresses judgment•“You left this place a mess!”
•“You didn’t keep your promise!”
•“You” language doesn’t have to contain the word “you”•That was a stupid joke, translates to your jokes are stupid.
•Mind your own business translates to you’re too nosey
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 17
The Impact of Language
The Language of Responsibility•A complete “I” statement has four elements. It
describes•the other person’s behavior
•your interpretation
•your feelings
•consequence that the other person’s behavior has for you
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 18
The Impact of Language
The Language of Responsibility•“We” Language
•Implies the issue is the concern of both parties•“We need to figure out a budget that doesn’t bankrupt us.”
•“We aren’t doing a very good job of keeping this place clean.”
•“We” language suggests that “we’re” in this together
•“We” statements are not always appropriate
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 19
Gender and Language
Content•Conversation Traits
Female•Personal and domestic subjects•Relationships•Family•Health•Reproductive matters
Male•Music•Current events•Sports•Business •Other men
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 20
Gender and Language
Reasons for Communicating •The goals of almost all ordinary conversations contain
•Being friendly
•Showing interest
•Talking about topics that interest the other person
•If these rules are ignored the conversation can
become unpleasant for all who are involved
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 21
Gender and Language
Conversational Style•Women ask more questions in mixed-sex
conversations
•Men tend to interrupt more in mixed-sex conversations
•Women use conversation to pursue social needs•Statements of emotion are much more common
•“I’ve felt the same way myself.”
•“How did you feel about that?”
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 22
Gender and Language
Nongender Variables•The link between gender and language is not clear cut
•The language between the sexes is more similar than
different
•Woman use less powerful language•Historical role in society at large
•Powerless speech can help build rapport
•Men and women speak within their gender roles
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 23
Culture and Language
Verbal Communication Styles•Each language has its own unique style
•Verbal styles vary in their directness•High-context culture
•Value language to maintain social harmony
•Low-context culture•Value language to express thoughts and feelings
•Is the language Elaborate or Succinct
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 24
Culture and Language
Language and Worldview•Linguistic Relativism
•The worldview of a
culture is shaped and
reflected by the
language its
members speak
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Looking Out, Looking In12th EditionChapter 5 25
Language: Barrier or Bridge
Chapter Summary
•Language is Symbolic
•Understanding and Misunderstanding
•The Impact of Language
•Gender and Language
•Culture and Language