19th Century Timeline1865-1895

Kathreen LopezU.S. History HMr. Buchanan

Period 3March 17th, 2013

1848 1857 1866

Karl Marx

German philosopher who advocated communism. In 1848, he and Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto, which outlined the theory of class struggle. Which was later used by Eugene Debs and other labor activists to solve problems faced by workers.

Frederick Law Olmsted

Spearheaded the movement for planned urban parks. In 1857, Olmsted, along with English born architect Calvert Vaux, helped draw up a plan for “Greensward,” which was selected to become Central Park, in New York.

Buffalo Soldiers

Originally were members of the U.S. Calvary Regiment of the United States Army, formed in September 21, 1866 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

1867

Several Southern states added the Grandfather Clause. The clause stated that even if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1, 1867.

In 1867, Oliver Hudson Kelley started the Patrons of Husbandry, an organization for farmers that became popularly known as the Grange.

18701868 1869

Political Machine

An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city, it also offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.

Tammany Hall

New York City’s powerful Democratic political machine. Headed by William M. Tweed, better known as Boss Tweed, in 1868.

The 1st Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s, linking the well developed railway network of the Eastern coast with the rapidly growing California. The main line was officially completed on May 10, 1869.

Between 1869 and 1871, Boss Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city. One scheme, the construction of the New York County Courthouse, involved extravagant gaft. The project cost taxpayers $13 million, while the actual construction cost was $3 million. The difference went into the pockets of Tweed and his followers. It was finally broken in 1871.

In 1870, at age 21, Jacob Riis left his native Denmark for the U.S. Riis found work as a police reporter, a job that took him into some of New York City's worst slums, where he was shocked at the conditions in the overcrowded. Airless, filthy tenements, Riis used his talents to expose the hardships of New York City's poor.

Gilded Age was during the 1870s and the 1880s where the U.S. economy rose at the fastest rate in its history. During this time, patronage became a controversial issue.

Social Darwinism, emerging in 1870s, a philosophy that grew out of the English naturalist Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution.

John D. Rockefeller established the Standard Oil Company which took a different approach to merges with trusts. In 1870, Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company of Ohio processed 2 or 3% of the country's crude oil. In a decade it would control 90% of the refining business.

1871 18761873

Chief Joseph assumed his role as chief of the Nez Perce. Best known for his resistance to the U.S. Governments attempt to force his tribe onto reservations.

Battle of Little Big Horn, also called Custer's Last Stand, was an engagement between the combined forces of the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne tribes against the 7th Calvary of the U.S. Army. The most famous of all the Indian Wars, the remarkable victory for occurred over 2 days on June 25-26, 1876 near Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory.

Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone with Thomas Watson in 1876. Opening the way to a worldwide communication network.

Jim Crow Laws are racial segregation, separation of whites and blacks, laws passed by Southern States. They were put into affect in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems throughout the South.

Andrew Carnegie left his job at the Pennsylvania Railroad when he received dividends from buying stock. He then entered the steel business in 1873 and by 1899, the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain.

1877 1879 1880

Nez Perce were forced out of their tribal lands in Wallowa County, Oregon.

National Farmers Alliance was first founded in 1877. Also known as the Southern Alliance.

In 1879, Dumbbell Tenements were built. Sparked by the increasing shortage of adequate housing for New York's poor immigrants and a new law that established that every inhabitable room must have at least one window for fresh air to come in.

Thomas Alva Edison, in 1876 became a pioneer of the new industrial frontier in Menlo Park, New Jersey. There he perfected the incandescent light bulb-patented in 1880 and later invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.

Bessemer Process developed around 1850s. By 1880, American manufacturers were using this method to produce more than 90% of the nations steel.

George Pullman, in 1880, built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois prairie. Pullman residents lived in clean, well-constructed brick houses and apartment buildings with at least one window in every room. In addition, the town offered services and facilities such as doctors' offices, shops, and athletic fields.

Ragtime originated in the 1800s in the saloons of the South. A blend of African-American spirituals and European musical forms.

1881 1883 1886

Sitting Bull surrendered to the federal government in 1881.

Booker T. Washington, a prominent African-American educator who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. By 1881, he headed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, now called Tuskegee University in Alabama.

Joseph Pulitzer, a Hungarian immigrant who had bought the New York World in 1883, pioneered popular innovations, such as a large Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage, and womens' news.

Colored Farmers' Alliance organized by R.M. Humphrey in 1886, in Houston, Texas. Consisting of about 250,000 African-American farmers of the South.

Settlement houses in the United States were founded by Charles Stove and Stanton Coit in New York City in 1886. They are community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants.

Samuel Gompers led the Cigar Makers' International Union to join with other craft Unions in 1886.

George Westinghouse, an inventor who added innovations that made electricity safer and less expensive. His firm faith in the alternating-current system led to the founding of the Westinghouse Electric Company in 1886.

1884

Mugwumps were Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the U.S. Presidential election of 1884.

1887 1888 1889

In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act aiming to “Americanize” the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations and gave some of the reservation lands to individual Native Americans. The government would sell the remainder of the reservation to settlers, and the resulting income would be used by Native Americans to buy farm implements.

Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887. It reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a 5-member Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) for that purpose.

In 1888, George Eastman introduced his Kodak camera.

Jane Adams, one of the most influential members of the settlement house movement, founded Chicago's Hull House in 1889.

December 28, 1890, the 7th Calvary wounded about 350 starving and freezing Sioux and took them to camp at Wounded Knee.

1890

In 1890, Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.

Urbanization- growth of cities caused by the technological boom in the 19th century and it happened mostly in the regions of the Northeast and Midwest.

Until about 1890, police forces were hired and fired by political bosses to prevent graft-the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

1892 1894

Omaha Platform was the official Populist Party platform as of July 4, 1892.

Ellis Island was the chief immigration station from 1892 to 1924 in the United States. America was becoming a melting pot as new immigrants began arriving.

Ida B. Wells moved to Memphis int the early 1880s to work as a teacher. Later became an editor in a local paper with a Radical justice theme in her reporting. The events of March 9, 1892 turned that theme into a crusade when 3 African-American businessmen were lynched.

Plessy vs. Ferguson, in 1892 Homer Plessy was arrested, tried, and convicted for breaking Louisiana's segregation law. Plessy appealed. Supreme Court handed down it's decision on May 1896. Court ruled that separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution

July 2, 1892, a Populist Party Convention in Omaha, Nebraska, demanded reforms to lift burden of debt from farmers and other workers and to give the people a greater voice in their government.

Eugene V. Debs attempted to form and industrial union with skilled and unskilled laborers. In 1894, the new union (American Railway Union (ARU)) won a strike.

The Pullman Company laid off more then 3,000 of its 5,800 employees and cut the wages of the rest by 25 to 50%, without cutting the cost of employee housing. A strike was called in the Spring of 1894, when the Pullman Company failed to restore wages or decrease rent. Known as the Pullman Strike.

1895 1896 1903

William Randolph Hearst, a wealthy man who purchased the New York Morning Journal in 1895 and was Joseph Pulitzer's main competitor. Hearst, who already owned the San Francisco Examiner, sought to out do Pulitzer by filling the Journal with exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty, hypnotism, and even an imaginary conquest of Mars.

W.E.B. Dubois was the 1st African-American to receive a doctorate from Harvard in 1895. In 1905, Dubois founded the Niagara Movement, which insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the African-American community would have well-educated leaders.

William Jennings Bryan delivered the “cross of gold speech” on July 9, 1896 at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The issue was whether to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ration of silver to gold of 16 to 1. After his speech, women and men screamed and waved their hats and canes. The next day he was nominated for President on the 5th ballot.

Orville and Wilbur Wright, on December 17, 1903, at Kitty hawk, North Carolina, had their first successful flight.

1910

Immigrants who arrived on the west coast gained admission at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940, about 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered the United States through Angel Island.

By 1910 about 10 million Americans shopped by mail-order catalog.

Work Cited

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Work Cited

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