lo’s - the meaning of ecology, population symbiotic relationships - can explain population...
DESCRIPTION
Population Individuals of a given species occurring at one place at one time Population ecology – Study of population growth & interactionsTRANSCRIPT
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LO’s
- the meaning of ecology, population symbiotic relationships- can explain population demographics and ways in which population sizes are regulated.- can explain various types of symbiotic relationships.
Ecology Population
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Ecology• Study of the interactions between organisms and the
environment• Study of the physical and biological variables
governing the distribution & growth of living things
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Population • Individuals of a given species occurring at one
place at one time• Population ecology– Study of population growth & interactions
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Population
Is a groups of individual of the same species that live in the same area
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1. Population Density:
2. Spatial Distribution:• Dispersion: The pattern of spacing a population within
an area (Way that individuals are arranged• 3 main types of dispersion• Clumped• Uniform• Random
Population Characteristics
• Number of organisms per unit area• Density influences survival
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• Individuals evenly spaced• Often results from territoriality• Also plants with allelopathy
• Lacking definite order• Individuals do not influence
others growth
• Individuals form clusters• Clumping due to interaction of
individuals
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Population Limiting Factors
3. Population growth rate– How fast a given population
grows– Factors that influence this
are:• Natality • Mortality• Emigration - movement
out of a population• Immigration - movement
into a population
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Population Size
• (births + immigrants) – (deaths + emmigrants) = Population change
• Immigration – movement into a population
• Emigration – movement out of a population
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Carrying Capacity• Indefinite exponential growth is limited• Shortages of growth factors will limit population
growth• Carrying capacity = maximum number that can be
supported in a particular environment
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Population size
(births + immigrants) – (deaths + emigrants) = Population change
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Boom & Bust Cycle
• Sometimes populations do not level off• Exponential growth with a sudden die-off
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Interactions Within Communities
Community• Grouping of populations living together in a
particular area at a particular time
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Abiotic Factors• Nonliving factors
within the environment– Air– Water– Rocks
• Abiotic factors affect living (biotic) factors
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Biotic components are the living things that shape an ecosystem.
Biotic factor - any living component that affects another organism - needs energy to do work and food for proper growth - Plants, animals, fungi, protiste and bacteria
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Ecosystem• Biotic & abiotic factors in a certain area• Biotic and abiotic factors combine to create a system
(ecosystem)
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Habitat
• Space within an area where an organism lives
• Each organism plays a certain role
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Niche• Two ways of defining– An organism’s role in the environment– Organism’s use of biotic & abiotic resources
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Density Dependent Factors
• Factors that affect a population only if its density changes• Types of density dependent factors– Competition – Predation – Parasitism
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Competition
• Interaction among organisms for the same resources– Food– Living space
• Regulates population size & is a driving force of evolutionary change
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Competition Types• Intraspecific – among the same species• Interspecific – between species
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Predation
• One species will kill & eat another
• Interactions maintain natural populations
• More prey results in more predators
• Less prey reduces predator numbers
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Parasitism• One species living at the expense of another• Regulates populations by weakening or killing
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Symbiosis is a close relationship between two or more different species.
There are 3 types of symbiosis we will discover:
Commensalism—A relationship where one species obtains food or shelter from the other species. Does not harm or help the other species.
Mutualism—A relationship where both species benefit from the relationship
Parasitism-- A relationship between two species in which one species (the parasite) nourishes itself to the disadvantage of the other species (the host).
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Demography• Statistical study of human population • Human population is in exponential growth
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Human Population Growth has Different Patterns
• Stable population– Remains the same– Same number entering reproductive age as at
end of reproductive age
• Population pyramid– Graphic representation of population age– Shows patterns in population change
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Biotic and abiotic factors are interrelated. If one factor is changed or removed, it impacts the availability of other resources within the system
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