Tiffany glassFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Girl with Cherry Blossoms illustrates many types of glass employed by Tiffany including elaborate polychrome painting of the face, drapery glass for the dress, opalescent glass for the blossoms, streaky glass in the border, fracture-streamer glass in the background and what may be iridescent glass in the beads.

Tiffany glass refers to the many and varied types of glass developed and produced from 1878 to 1933 at the Tiffany Studios, by Louis Comfort Tiffany.

In 1865, Tiffany traveled to Europe, and in London he visited the Victoria and Albert Museum, whose extensive collection of Roman and Syrian glass made a deep impression on him. He admired the coloration of medieval glass and was convinced that the quality of contemporary glass could be improved upon. In his own words, the "Rich tones are due in part to the use of pot metal full of impurities, and in part to the uneven thickness of the glass, but still more because the glass maker of that day abstained from the use of paint".

Tiffany was an interior designer, and in 1878 his interest turned towards the creation of stained glass, when he opened his own studio and glass foundry because he was unable to find the types of glass that he desired in interior decoration. His inventiveness both as a designer of windows and as a producer of the material with which to create them was to become renowned.[1] Tiffany wanted the glass itself to transmit texture and rich colors and he developed a type of glass he called Favrile.

Scholars have determined that the glass was produced by a team led by Tiffany, but including other designers such as Clara Driscoll.[2][3]

Contents

 [hide]

1 Types o 1.1 Opalescent glass o 1.2 Favrile glass o 1.3 Streamer glass o 1.4 Fracture glass o 1.5 Fracture-streamer glass o 1.6 Ripple glass o 1.7 Ring mottle glass o 1.8 Drapery glass o 1.9 Techniques for cutting Tiffany glass

2 Locations and collections 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

[edit] Types

[edit] Opalescent glass

The term opalescent glass is commonly used to describe glass where more than one color is present, being fused during the manufacture, as against flashed glass in which two colors may be laminated, or silver stained glass where a solution of silver nitrate is superficially applied, turning red glass to orange and blue glass to green. Some opalescent glass was used by several stained glass studios in England from the 1860s and 1870s onwards, notably Heaton, Butler and Bayne. Its use became increasingly common. Opalescent glass is the basis for the range of glasses created by Tiffany.[4]

[edit] Favrile glass

Main article: Favrile glass

Tiffany patented Favrile glass in 1880. The trade name Favrile was derived from the French word, fabrile, meaning handcrafted.

Favrile glass often has a distinctive characteristic that is common in some glass from Classical antiquity: it possesses a superficial iridescence. This iridescence causes the surface to shimmer, but also causes a degree of opacity. This iridescent effect of the glass was obtained by mixing different colors of glass together while hot.

According to Tiffany:

"Favrile glass is distinguished by brilliant or deeply toned colors, usually iridescent like the wings of certain American butterflies, the necks of pigeons and peacocks, the wing covers of various beetles."

[edit] Streamer glass

Streamer glass

Fracture glass

Fracture-streamer glass

Herringbone ripple glass

Ring mottle glass

Drapery glass incorporated in a reproduction of Tiffany's "Magnolia" lampshade

Streamer glass refers to a sheet of glass with a pattern of glass strings affixed to its surface. Tiffany made use of such textured glass to represent, for example, twigs, branches and grass.

Streamers are prepared from very hot molten glass, gathered at the end of a punty (pontil) that is rapidly swung back and forth and stretched into long, thin strings that rapidly cool and harden. These hand-stretched streamers are pressed on the molten surface of sheet glass during the rolling process, and become permanently fused.

[edit] Fracture glass

Fracture glass refers to a sheet of glass with a pattern of irregularly shaped, thin glass wafers affixed to its surface. Tiffany made use of such textured glass to represent, for example, foliage seen from a distance.

The irregular glass wafers, called fractures, are prepared from very hot, colored molten glass, gathered at the end of a blowpipe. A large bubble is forcefully blown until the walls of the bubble rapidly stretch, cool and harden. The resulting glass bubble has paper-thin walls and is immediately shattered into shards. These hand blown shards are pressed on the surface of the molten glass sheet during the rolling process, to which they become permanently fused.

[edit] Fracture-streamer glass

Fracture-streamer glass refers to a sheet of glass with a pattern of glass strings, and irregularly shaped, thin glass wafers, affixed to its surface. Tiffany made use of such textured glass to represent, for example, twigs, branches and grass, and distant foliage.

The process is as above except that both streamers and fractures are applied to sheet glass during the rolling process.

[edit] Ripple glass

Ripple glass refers to a sheet of textured glass with marked surface waves. Tiffany made use of such textured glass to represent, for example, water or leaf veins.

The texture is created during the glass sheet-forming process. A sheet is formed from molten glass with a roller that spins on itself while travelling forward. Normally the roller spins at the same speed as its own forward motion, much like a steam roller flattening tarmac, and the resulting sheet has a smooth surface. In the manufacture of rippled glass, the roller spins faster than its own forward motion. The rippled effect is retained as the glass cools.

[edit] Ring mottle glass

Ring mottle glass refers to sheet glass with a pronounced mottle created by localized, heat-treated opacification and crystal-growth dynamics. Ring mottle glass was invented by Tiffany in the early 20th century. Tiffany's distinctive style exploited glass containing a variety of motifs such as those found in ring mottle glass, and he relied minimally on painted details.

When Tiffany Studio closed in 1928, the secret formula for making ring mottle glass was forgotten and lost. Ring mottle glass was re-dicscovered in the late sixties by Eric Lovell of Uroboros Glass. Traditionally used for organic details on leaves and other natural elements, ring mottles also find a place in contemporary work when abstract patterns are desired.

[edit] Drapery glass

Drapery glass refers to a sheet of heavily folded glass that suggests fabric folds. Tiffany made adundant use of drapery glass in ecclesiastical stained glass windows to add a 3-dimensional effect to flowing robes and angel wings, and to imitate the natural coarseness of magnolia petals.

The making of drapery glass requires skill and experience. A small diameter hand-held roller is manipulated forcefully over a sheet of molten glass to produce heavy ripples, while folding and creasing the entire sheet. The ripples become rigid and permanent as the glass cools. Each sheet produced from this artisanal process is unique.

[edit] Techniques for cutting Tiffany glass

In order to cut streamer, fracture or ripple glass, the sheet may be scored on the side without streamers, fractures or ripples with a carbide glass cutter, and broken at the score line with breaker-grozier pliers.

In order to cut drapery glass, the sheet may be placed on styrofoam, scored with a carbide glass cutter, and broken at the score line with breaker-grozier pliers, but a bandsaw or ringsaw are the preferred.

[edit] Locations and collections

Stained glass in situ

New York o Albion – Pullman Memorial Universalist Churcho Auburn – Willard Chapelo Brooklyn – Flatbush Reformed Church and Church houseo Irvington – Irvington Presbyterian Churcho Irvington – Reading Room, Irvington Town Hallo Manhattan, New York City – West End Collegiate Church, West End Avenueo Manhattan , New York City – St. Michael's Church, New York City,

Amsterdam Avenue at 99th Streeto Roslyn , Trinity Episcopal Church[5]

o Saugerties – St. Mary of the Snow, 36 Cedar Street Massachusetts

o Boston – Arlington Street Churcho Boston – Church of the Covenant

Pennsylvania o Montgomery Township – Robert Kennedy Memorial Presbyterian Churcho Philadelphia – Church of the Holy Trinityo Williamsport – Christ Community Worship Center, formerly the Presbyterian

Church of the Covenant Florida

o St. Augustine – Flagler College Georgia

o Macon – St. Paul's Episcopal Church Illinois

o Chicago – Macy's on State Street, formerly Marshall Field'so Chicago – Second Presbyterian Church on South Michigan Avenue

Indiana o Indianapolis – Second Presbyterian Church

Kansas o Topeka – First Presbyterian Church

Maryland o Baltimore – Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church

Michigan o Grand Rapids – Temple Emanuel

Tennessee o Memphis – Grace-St. Luke's Episcopal Church

Virginia o Richmond – Congregation Beth Ahabah

Washington o Seattle – Pierre P. Ferry House

Museums

Neustadt Collection of Tiffany Glass, Long Island City, New York [6] Haworth Art Gallery , Accrington, England [7]

[edit] See also

Tiffany lamp Stained glass

[edit] References

Notes

1. ̂ Lee, Lawrence; Seddon, George and Stephens, Francis. Stained Glass, 1976, Spring Books ISBN 0-600-56281-6

2. ̂ Taylor, Kate (February 13, 2007). "Tiffany's Secret Is Over". New York Sun. Retrieved 2009-11-16.

3. ̂ Kastner, Jeffrey (February 25, 2007). "Out of Tiffany’s Shadow, a Woman of Light". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-16.

4. ̂ The use of the term opalescent is actually a misnomer. Opalescence actually refers to the quality of changing color under transmitted light, rather than the quality of having several colors present. A rare example of true opalescent glass is the Roman Lycurgus cup in the British Museum

5. ̂ Trinity Church History6. ̂ Neustadt Collection of Tiffany Glass7. ̂ Haworth Art Gallery

[edit] External links

Media related to Tiffany glass at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Tiffany lampshades at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Tiffany stained glass windows at Wikimedia Commons

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Louis Comfort TiffanyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Louis Comfort Tiffany

c.1908

BornFebruary 18, 1848New York, New York

DiedJanuary 17, 1933 (aged 84)New York, New York

Resting place Green-Wood Cemetery

EducationPennsylvania Military AcademyEagleswood Military Academy

Known for Favrile glass

Spouse Mary Woodbridge Goddard (c1850-1884)

ParentsCharles Lewis TiffanyHarriet Olivia Avery Young

Louis Comfort Tiffany (February 18, 1848 – January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts and is best known for his work in stained glass. He is the American artist most associated with the Art Nouveau [1] and Aesthetic movements.

Tiffany was affiliated with a prestigious collaborative of designers known as the Associated Artists, which included Lockwood de Forest, Candace Wheeler, and Samuel Colman. Tiffany designed stained glass windows and lamps, glass mosaics, blown glass, ceramics, jewelry, enamels and metalwork.[2]

Contents

[hide]

1 Early life 2 Career 3 Family 4 Death 5 Societies 6 Collections 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

Tiffany's painting depicting a market outside of the walls of Tangier

The Entrance Hall of the White House in 1882, showing the newly installed Tiffany glass screens.

[edit] Early life

Tiffany was the son of Charles Lewis Tiffany, founder of Tiffany and Company; and Harriet Olivia Avery Young. He attended school at Pennsylvania Military Academy [3] in Chester, Pennsylvania, and Eagleswood Military Academy in Perth Amboy, New Jersey. His first artistic training was as a painter, studying under George Inness and Samuel Colman in New York City and Léon Bailly in Paris.

[edit] Career

Tiffany started out as a painter, but became interested in glassmaking from about 1875 and worked at several glasshouses in Brooklyn between then and 1878. In 1879, he joined with Candace Wheeler, Samuel Colman and Lockwood de Forest to form Louis Comfort Tiffany and Associated American Artists. Tiffany's leadership and talent, as well as his father's money and connections, led this business to thrive.

In 1881 Tiffany did the interior design of the Mark Twain House in Hartford, Connecticut, which still remains, but the new firm's most notable work came in 1882 when President Chester Alan Arthur refused to move into the White House until it had been redecorated. He commissioned Tiffany, who had begun to make a name for himself in New York society for the firm's interior design work, to redo the state rooms, which Arthur found charmless. Tiffany worked on the East Room, the Blue Room, the Red Room, the State Dining Room and the Entrance Hall, refurnishing, repainting in decorative patterns, installing newly designed mantelpieces, changing to wallpaper with dense patterns and, of course, adding Tiffany glass to gaslight fixtures, windows and adding the opalescent floor to ceiling glass screen in the Entrance Hall.[4][5][6]

A desire to concentrate on art in glass led to the breakup of the firm in 1885 when Tiffany chose to establish his own glassmaking firm that same year. The first Tiffany Glass Company was incorporated December 1, 1885 and in 1902 became known as the Tiffany Studios.

In the beginning of his career, Tiffany used cheap jelly jars and bottles because they had the mineral impurities that finer glass lacked. When he was unable to convince fine glassmakers to leave the impurities in, he began making his own glass. Tiffany used opalescent glass in a variety of colors and textures to create a unique style of stained glass. This can be contrasted with the method of painting in enamels or glass paint on colorless glass that had been the dominant method of creating stained glass for hundred of years in Europe. (The First Presbyterian Church building of 1905 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is unique in that it uses Tiffany windows that partially make use of painted glass.) Use of the colored glass itself to create stained glass pictures was motivated by the ideals of the Arts and Crafts movement and its leader William Morris in England. Fellow artists and glassmakers Oliver Kimberly and Frank Duffner, founders of the Duffner and Kimberly Company and John La Farge were Tiffany's chief competitors in this new American style of stained glass. Tiffany, Duffner and Kimberly, along with La Farge, had learned their craft at the same glasshouses in Brooklyn in the late 1870s.

In 1893, Tiffany built a new factory called the Stourbridge Glass Company, later called Tiffany Glass Furnaces, which was located in Corona, Queens, New York. In 1893, his company also introduced the term Favrile in conjunction with his first production of blown glass at his new glass factory. Some early examples of his lamps were exhibited in the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago. At the Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris, he won a gold medal with his stained glass windows The Four Seasons

Tiffany Studios Daffodil stained glass leaded lampshade, now known to be one of head designer Clara Driscoll's creations

Close-up of a Tiffany Studios "Venetian" desk lamp, c.1910-1920

Louis Comfort Tiffany (far left) with his parents (seated), pictured holding Tiffany's twin daughters Louise and Julia

He trademarked Favrile (from the old French word for handmade) on November 13, 1894. He later used this word to apply to all of his glass, enamel and pottery. Tiffany's first commercially produced lamps date from around 1895. Much of his company's production was in making stained glass windows and Tiffany lamps, but his company designed a complete range of interior decorations. At its peak, his factory employed more than 300 artisans. Recent scholarship led by Rutgers professor Martin Eidelberg suggests that a team of talented single women designers led by Clara Driscoll played a big role in designing many of the floral patterns on the famous Tiffany lamp as well as for other creations.[7][8][9][10][11]

Tiffany interiors also made considerable use of mosaics. The mosaics workshop, largely staffed by women, was overseen until 1898 by the Swiss-born sculptor and designer Jacob Adolphus Holzer.

In 1902, Tiffany became the first Design Director for Tiffany & Co., the jewelry company founded by his father.[12]

Tiffany used all his skills in the design of his own house, the 84-room Laurelton Hall, in the village of Laurel Hollow, on Long Island, New York completed in 1905. Later this estate was donated to his foundation for art students along with 60 acres (243,000 m²) of land, sold in 1949, and destroyed by a fire in 1957.

[edit] Family

Louis married Mary Woodbridge Goddard (c1850-1884) on May 15, 1872 in Norwich, Connecticut and had the following children:

Mary Woodbridge Tiffany (1873–1963) who married Graham Lusk; Charles Louis Tiffany I (1874-1874); Charles Louis Tiffany II (1878–1947); and

Hilda Goddard Tiffany (1879–1908), the youngest.

After the death of his wife, he married Louise Wakeman Knox (1851–1904) on November 9, 1886. They had the following children:

Louise Comfort Tiffany (1887–1974); Julia DeForest Tiffany (1887–1973) who married Gurdon S. Parker then married Francis

Minot Weld;[13]

Annie Olivia Tiffany (1888–1892); and Dorothy Trimble Tiffany (1891–1979), who, as Dorothy Burlingham, later became a noted

psychoanalyst and lifelong friend and partner of Anna Freud.

[edit] Death

The Holy City (1905) – St. John's vision on the isle of Patmos, one of eleven Tiffany windows at Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church in Baltimore, Maryland. It has 58 panels and is thought to be one of the largest Tiffany Studios windows

Tiffany died on January 17, 1933, and is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.[14]

[edit] Societies

American Watercolor Society Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1900

National Academy of Design in 1880 Societé des Beaux Arts Society of American Artists in 1877

[edit] Collections

The Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art in Winter Park, Florida houses the world's most comprehensive collection of the works of Louis Comfort Tiffany, including Tiffany jewelry, pottery, paintings, art glass, leaded-glass windows, lamps, and the Tiffany Chapel he designed for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. After the close of the exposition, a benefactor purchased the entire chapel for installation in the crypt of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York in New York City. As construction on the cathedral continued, the chapel fell into disuse, and in 1916, Tiffany removed the bulk of it to Laurelton Hall. After the 1957 fire, the chapel was rescued by Hugh McKean,[15] a former art student in 1930 at Laurelton Hall, and his wife Jeannette Genius McKean,[16] and now occupies an entire wing of the Morse Museum which they founded. Many glass panels from Laurelton Hall are also there; for many years some were on display in local restaurants and businesses in Central Florida. Some were replaced by full-scale color transparencies after the museum opened.

A major exhibit at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art on Laurelton Hall opened in November 2006. An exhibit at the New-York Historical Society in 2007 featured new information about the women who worked for Tiffany and their contribution to designs credited to Tiffany.[17] In addition, since 1995 the Queens Museum of Art has featured a permanent collection of Tiffany objects, which continues Tiffany’s presence in Corona, Queens where the company's studios were once located.

Significant collections of Tiffany windows outside the United States are the 17 windows in the former Erskine and American United Church, now part of the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in Montreal, Canada,[18] and the two windows in the American Church in Paris, on the Quai d'Orsay, which have been classified as National Monuments by the French government; these were commissioned by Rodman Wanamaker in 1901 for the original American Church building on the right bank of the Seine.

The Haworth Art Gallery in Accrington, England [19] contains a collection of over 140 examples of the work of Louis Comfort Tiffany, including vases, tiles, lamps and mosaics. The collection, which claims to be the largest collection of publicly owned Tiffany glass outside of the United States, contains a fine example of an Aquamarine vase and the noted Sulphur Crested Cockatoos mosaic.

[edit] Gallery

Stained glass windows

Window of St. Augustine, in the Lightner Museum, St. Augustine, Florida.

Angel of the Resurrection (1904), in the Indianapolis Museum of Art

Girl with Cherry Blossoms (c. 1890)

The Tree of Life stained glass

The New Creation, at Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, Baltimore, Maryland

The Baptism of Christ, at Brown Memorial

Nicodemus Came to Him by Night, First Presbyterian Church, Lockport, NY

John the Baptist at Arlington Street Church in Boston

Sermon on the Mount at Arlington Street Church in Boston

Christ the Consoler at Pullman Memorial Universalist Church, Albion, NY

Pastoral window at Second Presbyterian Church (Chicago, Illinois)

"Education" in Linsly-Chittenden Hall at Yale University

[edit] See also

Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church , Baltimore, Maryland

Education (Chittenden Memorial Window) Haworth Art Gallery , the largest public collection of

Tiffany glass in Europe[20]

Louis C. Tiffany Garden Museum Mae Station

Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, Illinois

The Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation

Trinity Episcopal Church , Buffalo, NY

[edit] References

Notes

1. ̂ David Lander "The Buyable Past: Quezal Glass," American Heritage, April/May 2006.2. ̂ William Warmus. The Essential Louis Comfort Tiffany. New York: Abrams, 2001. Pages 5-8.3. ̂ "Widener University: Distinguished Alumni". Widener University. Retrieved 2008-10-06.4. ̂ "Victorian Ornamentation" on WhiteHouseMuseum.org5. ̂ "White House Timelines: Architecture" on the White House Historical Association website6. ̂ "White House Timelines: Decorative Arts" on the White House Historical Association

website7. ̂ KATE TAYLOR (February 13, 2007). "Tiffany's Secret Is Over". New York Sun. Retrieved

2009-11-16.8. ̂ Caitlin A. Johnson (April 15, 2007). "Tiffany Glass Never Goes Out Of Style". CBS News.com.

Retrieved 2009-11-16.9. ̂ Jeffrey Kastner (February 25, 2007). "Out of Tiffany’s Shadow, a Woman of Light". New

York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-16.10. ̂ Vivian Goodman (January 14, 2007). "Exhibition Honors Woman Behind the Tiffany Lamp".

Retrieved 2009-11-16.11. ̂ Staff writer (April 7, 2006). "Spare Times". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-16.12. ̂ "Louis Comfort Tiffany" on the Tiffany & Co. website13. ̂ "Mrs. Parker Weds Francis M. Weld". The New York Times. 1930-08-18.14. ̂ "Louis C. Tiffany, Noted Artist, Dies. Philanthropist, Craftsman And Son Of Founder Of

Jewelry Firm Pneumonia Victim. Devised Glass Formulae. Decorative Work In Medium Was Widely Known. Devoted Oyster Bay Estate To Students.". New York Times. 1933-01-18. Retrieved 2008-04-14.

15. ̂ Hugh McKean16. ̂ Jeannette Genius McKean17. ̂ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070223/ap_en_ot/art_tiffany_girls[dead link]

18. ̂ Mathieu, Christine Johanne. The History of the Tiffany Windows at the Erskine and American Church, Montreal Concordia University (Master of Arts Thesis), 1999

19. ̂ [1]20. ̂ "Haworth Art Galler" on the Hyndburn Borough Council website

Sources

Tiffany, Louis Comfort & de Kay, Charles. The Art Work of Louis C. Tiffany. Doubleday, Page & Co, New York, 1916

Further reading

Couldrey, Vivienne. The Art of Louis Comfort Tiffany. Bloomsbury Publications, London, 1989, ISBN 0-7475-0488-1

Duncan, Alastair. Tiffany Windows. Thames & Hudson, London, 1980, ISBN 978-0-500-23321-4

Koch, Robert H. Louis C. Tiffany - Rebel in Glass. 3rd Ed., Crown Publishers Inc, New York, 1982, ASIN B 0007DRJK0

Logan, Ernest Edwin. The Church That Was Twice Born: A History of the First Presbyterian Church Of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1773-1973. Pickwick-Morcraft, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1973

Rago, David. "Tiffany Pottery" in American Art Pottery. Knickerbocker Press, New York, 1997

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Louis Comfort Tiffany

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Louis Comfort Tiffany

Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Tiffany, Louis Comfort". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

"Winter" one of Tiffany's The Four Seasons windows which won the Gold Medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition

The Corning Museum of Glass Information on 2009-2010 Tiffany Treasures exhibition Charles Hosmer Morse Museum of American Art, Winter Park, Florida Eight windows in the Euclid Avenue Temple in Cleveland Louis Comfort Tiffany - Artist and Businessman Louis Comfort Tiffany at Find a Grave Louis Comfort Tiffany Pictorial Histories Press Release on Metropolitan 2006-07 exhibition about Laurelton Hall Tiffany and The Associated Artists' work on the Mark Twain House When Louis Tiffany Redesigned the White House Tiffany Lamps - Information, Valuation and History. Willard Memorial Chapel Virtual visit of Tiffany Glass exhibit at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (2010) (Japanese) Louis C. Tiffany Garden Museum

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This page was last modified on 6 January 2012 at 01:48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional

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