lous 2013 hoering brominated flame retardants

8/11/2019 LOUS 2013 Hoering Brominated Flame Retardants

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Survey of brominated flameretardantsPart of the LOUS-review

Version of Public Hearing

October 20!



2 brominated flame retardants

Title:

brominated flame retardants

Authors:

"arsten Lassen

#llan #stru$ %ensen 2

&i'e "roo'es !

(rans "hristensen

"hristian )yander %e$$esen

#nna %uliane "lausen Son*a Hagen &i''elsen

Published by:

+he ,anish nvironmental Protection #gency

Strandgade 2.

/0 "o$enhagen

,enmar'

www1mst1d'english

"O34 #S5 ,enmar'2 )4PS"+5 ,enmar'! 6uilding 7esearch stablishment 86795 U11

Year:

20!

ISBN no.

:;;;;;;<

Disclaimer:

3hen the occasion arises5 the ,anish nvironmental Protection #gency will $ublish re$orts and $a$ers concerning re-

search and develo$ment $ro*ects within the environmental sector5 financed by study grants $rovided by the ,anish nvi-ronmental Protection #gency1 4t should be noted that such $ublications do not necessarily reflect the $osition or o$inion

of the ,anish nvironmental Protection #gency1

However5 $ublication does indicate that5 in the o$inion of the ,anish nvironmental Protection #gency5 the content

re$resents an im$ortant contribution to the debate surrounding ,anish environmental $olicy1

3hile the information $rovided in this re$ort is believed to be accurate5 the ,anish nvironmental Protection #gency

disclaims any res$onsibility for $ossible inaccuracies or omissions and conse=uences that may flow from them1 )either

the ,anish nvironmental Protection #gency nor "O34 or any individual involved in the $re$aration of this $ublication

shall be liable for any in*ury5 loss5 damage or $re*udice of any 'ind that may be caused by $ersons who have acted based

on their understanding of the information contained in this $ublication1

Sources must be ac'nowledged1



brominated flame retardants !

Contents

Preface ...................................................................................................................... 7

Conclusion and summary ..........................................................................................

!on"lusion o# sammenfatnin# ................................................................................ $

$. Introduction to the substance #rou% ................................................................. &

1 ,efinition of the substance grou$ 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2.

12 Physical and chemical $ro$erties of selected brominated flame retardants 111111111111111111111 /2

1! (unction of the substances for main a$$lication areas 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 //

&. 'e#ulatory frame(or"...................................................................................... )7

21 Legislation 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 />

211 ;isting legislation 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 />

2112 7#"H 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?>

211! Other legislationinitiatives 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?@

212 4nternational agreements 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?.

2121 +he Stoc'holm "onvention im$lementation $lan 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A

21! co-labels 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A!

21/ Summary and conclusions 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 AA

*. +anufacture and uses ...................................................................................... ,

!1 &anufacturing 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A.

!11 &anufacturing $rocesses 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A.

!112 &anufacturing sites 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >0

!11! &anufacturing volumes 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >0

!12 4m$ort and e;$ort 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111>!

!121 4m$ort and e;$ort of brominated flame retardants in the U 111111111111111111111111111 >/

!1! Uses of brominated flame retardants11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >?

!1!1 "onsum$tion of 6(7s in the U 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >?

!1!12 #$$lications of 6(7s 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >@

!1!1! "onsum$tion of 6(7s in ,enmar' 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .0

!1/ Historical trends in use 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .A

!1? Summary and conclusions 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .>

). -aste mana#ement ......................................................................................... $$

/1 3aste from manufacture and industrial use of brominated flame retardants 1111111111111111 0

/12 3aste $roducts from the use of brominated flame retardants in mi;tures and

articles 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0

/121 Standards for treatment of $lastics containing 6(7s 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0!

/1212 Uncontrolled final dis$osal of 3 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0/

/121! POPs 6(7s in waste in the U and ,enmar' 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0/

/1 7ecycling 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0>

/12 7elease of brominated flame retardants and degradation $roducts from waste

dis$osal 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0>

/121 &unici$al solid waste incineration and uncontrolled combustion 1111111111111111111 0>

/1212 6(7s emission from landfills 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0

/121! 6(7s in sewage sludge 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 0



/ brominated flame retardants

/1! Summary and conclusions 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 /

/. 0n1ironmental ha2ards and e3%osure .............................................................. $$,

?1 nvironmental haBard 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A

?11 "lassification 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A

?112 P6,s 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >

?11! H6",, 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 .

?11/ +66P# and derivatives 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2

?11? ,6,P and 6+6P4 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 22

?11A Other 6(7s 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2/

?12 nvironmental fate 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2/

?121 P6,s 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2/

?1212 H6",, 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2A

?121! +66P# 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2A

?121/ ,6,P and 6+6P4 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2.

?121? Other 6(7s 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 !0

?1! nvironmental e;$osure 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 !?

?1!1 Sources of release 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 !?

?1!12 &onitoring data 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 !@ ?1/ nvironmental im$act 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111/@

?1? Summary and conclusions 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?

,. 4uman health effects and e3%osure ................................................................ $/)

A1 Human health haBard 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?/

A11 "lassification 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?/

A112 P6,s 8with focus on deca6,9 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?/

A11! H6",, 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ?@

A11/ +66P# and derivatives 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A0

A11? ,6,P and 6+6P4 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A2

A11A Other brominated flame retardants 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A!

A11> "ombination effects 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A. A12 Human e;$osure 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A.

A121 ,irect e;$osure 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 A.

A1212 4ndirect e;$osure 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >

A1! 6io-monitoring data 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >@

A1!1 6lood serum and adi$ose tissue 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >@

A1!12 Human mil' 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 >.

A1!1! Hair 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @0

A1/ Human health im$act 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @

A1? Summary and conclusions 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111@/

7. Information on alternati1es ............................................................................ $55

>1 4dentification of $ossible alternatives 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @@ >11 ,eca6, 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111@.

>112 H6",, 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ..

>11! +66P# and derivatives 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 22

>11/ #lternatives to 6(7s in te;tiles 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111112@

>11? #lternatives to other 6(7s 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2.

>12 Historical and future trends 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2.

>1! Summary and conclusions 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 220

5. 61erall findin#s and conclusions .................................................................... &&&

@1 &ain findings 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 222

@12 ,ata ga$s 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 22?

. Abbre1iations and acronyms .......................................................................... &&5



brominated flame retardants ?

'eferences ............................................................................................................ &*&

#$$endi; C 6ac'ground information to cha$ter 2 on legal framewor' 1111111111111111 2/@

#$$endi; 2C Physical and chemical $ro$erties 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2?/

#$$endi; !C 6(7s mar'eted by ma*or manufacturers 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2A?

#$$endi; /C Substance flow diagram for deca6, and H6",, 11111111111111111111111111111 2>

#$$endi; ?C Su$$lemental data on the a$$lications of the 6(7s 111111111111111111111111111 2>!

#$$endi; AC Self classification of selected brominated flame retardants 11111111111111112@



A brominated flame retardants



brominated flame retardants >

Preface

Bac"#round and obecti1es

+he ,anish nvironmental Protection #gencyDs List of Undesirable Substances 8LOUS9 is intended

as a guide for enter$rises1 4t indicates substances of concern whose use should be reduced or elimi-

nated com$letely1 +he first list was $ublished in ..@ and u$dated versions have been $ublished in

20005 200/ and 200.1 +he latest version5 LOUS 200. 8,anish P#5 209 includes /0 chemical

substances and grou$s of substances which have been documented as dangerous or which have

been identified as $roblematic using com$uter models1 (or inclusion in the list5 substances must

fulfil several s$ecific criteria1 6esides the ris' of leading to serious and long-term adverse effects on

health or the environment5 only substances which are used in an industrial conte;t in large =uanti-

ties in ,enmar'5 i1e1 over 00 tonnes $er year5 are included in the list1

Over the $eriod 202-20? all /0 substances and substance grou$s on the LOUS will be surveyed1

+he surveys include collection of available information on the use and occurrence of the substances5

internationally and in ,enmar'5 as well as information on environmental and health effects5 alter-

natives to the substances5 e;isting regulations5 monitoring and e;$osure5 and on-going activities

under 7#"H5 among others1

On the basis of the surveys5 the ,anish P# will assess the need for any further information5 regula-

tion5 substitution$hase out5 classification and labelling5 im$roved waste management or increased

dissemination of information1

+his survey concerns certain brominated flame retardants1 +hese substances were included in the

first LOUS in ..@ and have remained on the list since that time1

+he entry in LOUS for these substances is E"ertain brominated flame retardants E with three e;am-

$les from the grou$C ,ecabromdi$henyl ether 8deca6,95 additive use of tetrabromobis$henol #

8+66P#9 and he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,91

+he main reason for the inclusion in LOUS is that FCertain brominated flame retardants are either

persistent or can be degraded to persistent compounds, bioaccumulative or toxic.

+he main ob*ective of this study is5 as mentioned5 to $rovide bac'ground for the ,anish P#Ds con-

sideration regarding the need for further ris' management measures1

The %rocess

+he survey has been underta'en by "O34 #S 8,enmar'9 in coo$eration with )4PS"+ 8,enmar'9

and 6uilding 7esearch stablishment 8U119 from &arch to October 20!1 +he wor' has been fol-

lowed by an advisory grou$ consisting ofC

• &i''el #aman SGrensen5 ,anish P#5 "hemicals

• ,orte 6*erregaard Lerche5 ,anish P#5 "hemicals

• atrine Smidt5 &il*Gstyrelsen5 Soil and 3aste

• Lulu rger5 ,anish Veterinary and (ood #dministration

• Hilde 6alling5 ,anish Health and &edicines #uthority

•

Helle (abiansen5 +he ,anish Plastics (ederation• Lone &i''elsen5 +he cological "ouncil



@ brominated flame retardants

• %ette 6*erre Hansen5 ,anish "om$etence "entre on 3aste5 ,#O(#

• "arsten Lassen5 "O34 #S

• #llan #stru$ %ensen5 )4PS"+

Data collection

+he survey and review is based on the available literature on the substances5 information from da-

tabases and direct in=uiries to trade organisations and 'ey mar'et actors1

+he literature search included the following data sourcesC

• Legislation in force from 7etsinformation 8,anish legal information database9 and U7-Le;

8U legislation database9I

•

Ongoing regulatory activities under 7#"H and intentions listed on "H#Ds website 8incl1

7egistry of 4ntentions and "ommunity 7olling #ction Plan9I

• 7elevant documents regarding 4nternational agreements from HL"O&5 OSP#75 the Stoc'-

holm "onvention5 the P4" "onvention5 and the 6asel "onventionI

• ,ata on harmonised classification 8"LP9 and self-classification from the "JL inventory data-

base on "H#s websiteI

• ,ata on ecolabels from the ,anish ecolabel secretariat 8)ordic Swan and U (lower9I

• Pre-registered and registered substances from "H#Ds websiteI

• Production and e;ternal trade statistics from urostatDs databases 8Prodcom and "ome;t9I

• ;$ort of dangerous substances from the de;im databaseI

• ,ata on $roduction5 im$ort and e;$ort of substances in mi;tures from the ,anish Product

7egister 8confidential data5 not searched via the 4nternet9I

• ,ate on $roduction5 im$ort and e;$ort of substances from the )ordic Product 7egisters as

registered in the SP4) databaseI

• 4nformation from "irca on ris' management o$tions 8confidential5 for internal use only5 not

searched via the 4nternet9I

• &onitoring data from the )ational "entre for nvironment and nergy 8,"95 the Keological

Survey for ,enmar' and Kreenland 8KUS95 the ,anish Veterinary and (ood #dministration5and the uro$ean (ood Safety #uthority 8(S#9I

• 3aste statistics from the ,anish P#I

• "hemical information from the 4"4S databaseI

• 7e$orts5 memorandums5 etc1 from the ,anish P# and other authorities in ,enmar'I

• 7e$orts $ublished at the websites ofC

• +he )ordic "ouncil of &inisters5 "H#5 the U "ommission5 O",5 4#7"5 4P"S5 3HO5

OSP#75 HL"O&5 and the 6asel "onventionI

• nvironmental authorities in )orway 8lif95 Sweden 8em4 and )aturvrsver'et95 Kerma-

ny 8U6#95 U 8,(7# and nvironment #gency95 the )etherlands 8V7O&5 74V&95 #us-

tria 8U6#91 4nformation from other U &ember States was retrieved if =uoted in identified

literatureI• US P#5 #gency for +o;ic Substances and ,isease 7egistry 8US#9 and nvironment "ana-

daI

• Pub&ed and +o;net databases for identification of relevant scientific literature1

,irect en=uiries were also sent to ,anish and uro$ean trade organisations and a few 'ey mar'et

actors in ,enmar'1



brominated flame retardants .

Conclusion and summary

Over the $eriod 202-20?5 all /0 substances and substance grou$s on the ,anish nvironmental

Protection #gencyDs List of Undesirable Substances 8LOUS9 will be sub*ect to survey and review1 On

the basis of the results5 the ,anish P# will assess the need for any further regulationC substitu-

tion$hase out5 classification and labelling5 im$roved waste management or increased dissemina-

tion of information1

+his survey concerns brominated flame retardants 86(7s91 +he brominated flame retardants were

included in the first list in LOUS in ..@ and have remained on the list since that time1 +he entry in

LOUS for the brominated flame retardants is Ecertain brominated flame retardantsE with three

e;am$les from the grou$C ,ecabromdi$henyl ether 8deca6,95 additive use of tetrabromo-

bis$henol # 8+66P#9 and he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,91 4t is not further s$ecified whichother brominated flame retardants are considered to be included1 +his survey addresses to some

e;tent all brominated flame retardants5 but focuses in some cha$ters on the three main brominated

flame retardantsC deca6,5 +66P# and H6",,5 as well as two of the main brominated alternatives

to deca6,5 decabromodi$henyl ethane 8,6,P9 and ethylenebis8tetrabromo$hthalimide9

86+6P491 #s a conse=uence5 this summary contains sections for each of the focus substances as

well as sections addressing all brominated flame retardants1

The substance #rou%

(lame retardants are added to $olymeric materials5 both natural and synthetic5 to enhance the

flame-retardancy $ro$erties of the $olymers1 (ire safety regulations are to a large e;tent the driver

for the use of flame retardants1 (ire safety regulations in general do not include any s$ecific re-

=uirements for the use of brominated flame retardants or other flame retardants1 +he regulations

ty$ically define some fire tests which the materials5 articles or building com$onents should $ass5

but it is u$ to the manufacturer or the builder to decide how the re=uirements are to be met1

6rominated flame retardants have in common that they contain bromine and are used to $revent

the ignition of $lastic materials and te;tiles1 +hey all act by the same mechanismC through the re-

lease of hydrogen bromine during when the material is ignited which interru$ts the further com-

bustion $rocess1 Otherwise5 the brominated flame retardants form a com$le; grou$ of substancesC

aromatic5 cycloali$hatic5 ali$hatic5 $olymeric and inorganic substances5 all containing bromine1

Some of the substances are used as additives5 where the substances are not chemically bound in the

$olymer material5 while others are used as reactive substances build into the $olymer structure and

not $resent as the original substance in the final $olymer 8e;ce$t for trace amounts of un-reactedsubstances91 +his survey has identified A. brominated flame retardants which have been $re-

registered under 7#"H andor are $roduced by the ma*or international manufacturers of bromin-

ated flame retardants1 (urthermore5 / substances described in the literature5 but not $re-

registered or mar'eted by the ma*or manufactures5 are e;amined in the survey1

Production and use of brominated flame retardants

8lobal - +he total global $roduction of brominated flame retardants increased from ?05000 ty in

../ to a$$ro;imately !A05000 ty in 201 +he increase in $roduction and consum$tion has $ri-

marily been in #sia1 On a global scale5 the brominated flame retardants account for a$$ro;imately

20M of the consum$tion of flame retardants1 Historically5 the P6,s and +66P# 8and its deriva-

tives9 have been the main brominated flame retardants5 accounting for nearly 2! of the global




$roduction in ../1 Klobally5 the ma*ority of the brominated flame retardants are manufactured by

four ma*or manufacturers5 and the substances are manufactured in the U at one site only1

# detailed brea'down by substance and a$$lication area is not available1 +he ma*or use area is

electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 where the brominated flame retardants are also the dominating

flame retardants1 Other a$$lication areas include wiring and $ower distributionI te;tiles5 car$ets

and furnitureI building materialsI means of trans$ortation 8vehicles5 trains5 air$lanes5 shi$s5 etc195and $aints and fillers1

09 - 4n the U5 detailed data are available for three of the main brominated flame retardantsC

deca6,5 H6",, and +66P#5 together accounting for a$$ro;imately /0M of the total consum$-

tion1 (or other brominated flame retardants5 data on the total $roduction in and im$ort to the U

are available in tonnage bands 8e1g1 00-5000 ty9 from the registration database from "H#s

website for brominated flame retardants for which the total im$ort and $roduction in 20! was

above 00 ty1 (or $olymeric brominated flame retardants no registration data are available1 +he

consum$tion volumes are described further in the following sections1

Denmar" # com$rehensive inventory of the use of brominated flame retardants in ,enmar' was

carried out in ...1 6rominated flame retardants in im$orted articles and mi;tures accounted for

a$$ro;imately .0M of the total content of brominated flame retardants in end-$roducts $laced on

the mar'et in ,enmar' in ...1 Of the total turnover of !!0-AA0 tonnes of brominated flame re-

tardants in end-$roducts5 more than >0M was in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment1 +his is li'ely

still the situation1 +he brominated flame retardants in articles on the ,anish mar'et are more a

reflection of the general use $atterns in the U and globally rather than of the use $attern in ,anish

industry1 # full u$date of the ... inventory has been beyond the framewor' of this survey1

4n ,anish industry5 the main a$$lication of brominated flame retardants in ... and 202 was

reactive brominated $olyols used for $roduction of flame-retarded $olyurethane foams for building

insulation1

'e#ulatory focus

+he regulatory focus in the U and ,enmar' has so far been on the two substance grou$s $olybro-

minated di$enylethers 8P6,s9 and $olybrominated bi$henyls 8P66s95 while H6",, has only very

recently become sub*ect to authorisation under 7#"H and listed under the Stoc'holm "onvention

on Persistent Organic Pollutants 8POPs91 +he legislation is further described for each substance

grou$ below1 One legal instrument at the U level addresses the brominated flame retardants as a

grou$C +he 3 ,irective on waste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 839 re=uires selective

treatment and $ro$er dis$osal for materials and com$onents of 3 with brominated flame re-

tardants1 (urthermore5 )ordic ecolabelling criteria for some $roduct grou$s address all brominated

flame retardants in common5 while the )ordic and U ecolabelling criteria for many $roducts focus

on s$ecific brominated flame retardants or brominated flame retardants assigned s$ecific ris'-$hrases1

PBD0s and PBBs

'e#ulatory frame(or" +he P6,s and P66s have so far been considered the most $roblemat-

ic of the brominated flame retardants1 6oth grou$s are additive flame retardants1 +he ,anish #c-

tion Plan for brominated flame retardants from 200 had as one of its main aims an international

restriction on the use of the P6,s and P66s1 +he use of he;a665 tetra6,5 $enta6,5 he;a6,

and he$ta6, 8refers to $articular substances within the grou$s9 is today strictly restricted by the

Stoc'holm "onvention5 and are addressed by the POPs 7egulation 87egulation 8"9 )o @?0200/9

and the 7oHS ,irective in the U which are the main im$lementing instruments for the $rovisions

of the convention in the U1 +he ,anish national im$lementation $lan for the Stoc'holm "onven-

tion furthermore includes an action $lan for the further im$lementation of the $rovisions of the



brominated flame retardants

Stoc'holm "onvention in ,enmar'1 +etra6, and $enta6, are main constituents of the com-

mercial c-$enta6,5 while he;a6, and he$ta6, are some of the constituents of the commercial

c-octa6,1 +he restriction of the substances is a de facto restriction of the commercial $roducts1

+he substances are furthermore addressed by the "LP 7egulation on classification and labelling5

waste legislation5 im$orte;$ort restrictions5 emissions legislation and environmental monitoring

legislation1

+he deca6, is restricted in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment by the 7oHS ,irective5 as are the

other P6,s and P66s5 with some e;em$tions and some a$$lication areas outside the sco$e of the

directive1 +he e;em$tions for P6, and P66S in the 7oHS directive are not included in the ,anish

7oHS statutory order1 )o harmonised classification has been established for deca6, and the

substance is not individually addressed by U legislation5 e;ce$t for the electrical and electronic

e=ui$ment and some ecolabelling criteria1 4t is however listed in the 7#"H "andidate List and

has5 on the basis of an #nne; NV dossier5 been $ro$osed by "H# for inclusion in the list of sub-

stances for authorisation1 +he substance has been nominated for inclusion in the list of restricted

substances under the Stoc'holm "onvention and is currently under review by the POPs 7eview

"ommittee1 4n the US# and "anada5 voluntary agreements on $hasing out deca6, have been

entered into between the most of the ma*or international manufacturers and the federal authorities1

9se +he global consum$tion of the P6,s in 200 was ?A500 ty5 of which deca6, accounted

for nearly .0M1 )o u$dated global data on the consum$tion of deca6, have been available1 +he

consum$tion of $enta6, and octa6, has more or less ceased globally today5 while the consum$-

tion of deca6, in recent years has li'ely been decreasing due to regulatory action 8the 7oHS ,i-

rective9 and the above-mentioned $artly voluntary $hase out of $roduction and im$ort in )orth

#merica1 4n the U5 the average consum$tion of deca6, for the $eriod 200-20 was ?5000-

>5?00 ty1 #$$ro;imately ! was used for te;tiles5 while the remaining $art was used for $lastic

$arts for means of trans$ort and electrical and electronic e=ui$ment e;em$ted from or out of the

sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective1 ,eca6, was not used in $roduction $rocesses in ,enmar' in signifi-

cant amounts either in ... nor 2025 but deca6, may be $resent in various im$orted articles e1g1

cars and other means of trans$ort1 4n $roduction $rocesses in ,enmar'5 deca6, was mainly re-$laced by +66P# and its derivatives in the ..0s1 +he $hase out in ,enmar' occurred as a conse-

=uence of the voluntary $hase out by Kerman manufacturers of $lastics materials because the

P6,s could not meet the re=uirements of the Kerman dio;in ordinance1 #t the U level5 deca6,

in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment has mainly been re$laced by ,6,P and5 a$$arently5 to a

smaller degree by 6+6P45 ++6P-+# 85!5?-+riaBine5 25/5A-tris825/5A-tribromo$heno;y9-95 $oly-

meric brominated flame retardants and non-brominated flame retardants 8in some cases with a

change in the base resin as well91

4n 2025 about A0 ty octa6, in $olycarbonate was im$orted for use in the electronics industry in

,enmar'1 +he use of octa6, is sur$rising5 as the $roduction of the substance has been $hased out

in most countries and the substance is banned for all uses in ,enmar'1

4n terms of P6+ $ro$erties5 he;a66 and four P6,s are listed as $ersistent organic $ollutants

8POPs9 in #nne; # of the Stoc'holm "onvention1 ,eca6, has been suggested as a SVH" 8Sub-

stance of Very High "oncern9 under 7#"H on the basis that it can undergo debromination in the

environment to form substances with P6+ or vPv6 $ro$erties1

0n1ironmental and health issues - Some P6,s and P66s can affect neurodevelo$ment and

have been associated with re$roductive im$airment5 but e$idemiological evidence and to;ico'inetic

information are still s$arse1 4t has become a$$arent that non-descended testes in young boys are

P6+ Persistent5 bioaccumulative and to;ic to organisms in the enviroment1 vPv6 very bioaccumulative and very $ersistent




lin'ed with e;$osure to P6,s and that P66s are lin'ed to an early age menarche and $ubic hair

develo$ment1

Alternati1es +he successful re$lacement of deca6, in and the voluntary $hase out in the

US# clearly demonstrates that alternatives are available1 +he advantage of deca6, is mainly that

it is chea$er than the alternatives1 ,ro$-in alternatives as ,6,P and 6+6P4 seem on some

$arameters to have a better environmental and health $rofile than deca6,5 but some concernshave been raised about their environmental $erformance1 Polymeric brominated flame retardants

and non-halogenated alternatives are also mar'eted for the main use areas5 but at higher costs1 (or

use in $lastics H4PS and #6S5 some of the main alternatives have been the co$olymeric $lastics

blends PPH4PS and P"#6S with non-halogenated flame retardants1 3hile there is no single

re$lacement flame retardant for deca6, for te;tiles5 the multitude of o$tions on the mar'et5 in-

cluding alternative flame retardants5 inherently flame retarded fibres5 fibre blends5 barrier layers5

nonwovens and other a$$roaches5 ma'e it clear that viable mar'et-ready a$$roaches e;ist1 +he

same a$$lies to the use of H6",, in te;tiles1

# restriction of deca6, is not e;$ected to have any negative im$act on manufacturers of $lastic

$arts5 te;tiles or furniture in ,enmar'1

4BCDD

'e#ulatory frame(or" H6",, has recently been sub*ect to authorisation under 7#"H 8#n-

ne; N4V to 7#"H9 with a sunset date of 2 #ugust 20?1 H6",, has in &ay 20! been listed for

restriction under the Stoc'holm "onvention with a time-limited e;em$tion for building materials of

e;$anded $olystyrene 8PS9 or e;truded $olystyrene 8NPS91 4n the U5 the restriction enters into

force by &ay 20/1 # dossier for a harmonised "lassification and Labelling has been submitted1

9se +he global consum$tion of H6",, has increased from A5>00 ty in 200 to !5000 ty in

201 4n the U5 the average consum$tion of H6",, for the $eriod 200-20 was 05000-25?00

ty and H6",, is currently the 6(7 used in the highest =uantities in the U1 #$$ro;imately .0 M

of the consum$tion of H6",, in the U is used as additive flame retardant in $olystyrene1 PS-containing H6",,5 in the form of PS or NPS5 is mainly used as rigid thermal insulation $an-

elsboards for buildings5 and for road and railway construction to $revent frost heaves and $rovide

a lightweight load-s$reading construction material1 +he remaining $art is used for flame retarding

the $lastic H4PS and for te;tiles1

H6",, is used in ,enmar' as a flame retardant for the manufacture of PS sheets for building

a$$lications and $ac'aging for electronics1 +he total consum$tion for $roduction in ,enmar' was

about tonne in 202 as com$ared to A-! tonnes in ...1 4n ...5 most of the $roduced flame-

retarded PS was e;$orted1 4n ... the main consum$tion of H6",, in buildingconstruction

materials was in im$orted flame retarded NPS5 accounting for -2. tonnes H6",,1 +he situation

is li'ely similar at $resent1 "urrently5 NPS im$orted from origins other than the )ordic countriescontains H6",,1 (or a$$lications in buildings and construction in ,enmar'5 flame-retardant

grades of PS and NPS are not re=uired5 as the materials are still combustible and in any case need

to be covered by a non-combustible material to $revent ignition1 +he consum$tion of flame-

retarded PS in ,enmar' a$$ears to be increasing for in FBero energyF houses of a new construc-

tion5 wherein the walls are built of flame-retardant PS bloc's covered with a non-combustible

material1 +he flame retarded PS for this $ur$ose is im$orted1

0n1ironmental and health issues H6",, is a $ersistent organic $ollutant1 +he substance is

classified as to;ic to re$roduction1

Altenati1es Polymeric brominated flame retardants have recently been introduced as dro$-in

alternatives to H6",, and the ma*or manufacturers of brominated flame retardants are currently




increasing the $roduction ca$acity for the $olymeric brominated flame retardants to meet the e;-

$ected demand1 )o inde$endent evaluation of the health and environmental $ro$erties of the $ol-

ymeric alternatives are available1 #ccording to industry information5 the $olymeric brominated

flame retardants are $otentially $ersistent 8not biodegradable9 but with low $otential for bioaccu-

mulation and low $otential for to;icity1 )on-halogenated alternatives for PSNP# are not mar'et-

edI but the flame-retardant PSNPS can be re$laced by other insulation materials1 +he alternatives

have different advantages and disadvantages as com$ared with the flame-retarded PS5 but theyty$ically have better fire $erformance and contain chemical substances less $roblematic than

H6",,1 #$art from this5 the flame retarded PS scores well in the com$arison with the other ma-

terials 8$rovided that the fire $erformance is acce$table95 in $articular if the PS ultimately is dis-

$osed of by incinerated with energy recovery1 +he $rice of the chea$est alternatives ranges from

a$$ro;imately the same $rice as for flame retarded PS to a$$ro;imately !0M more1 PS with

$olymeric brominated flame retardants have not yet been com$ared with material alternatives1

"om$ared to other U &ember States5 the use of flame-retardant PSNPS is small in ,enmar'

because non-flammable insulation materials have been the $referred o$tion and non- flame-

retardant grades of PS are used1 # restriction of H6",, is not e;$ected to have a significant nega-

tive im$act on manufacturers of PSNPS or users of the materials in ,enmar'1

TBBPA

'e#ulatory frame(or" # harmonised "LP classification has been agreed u$on for +66P# due

to its to;icity to organisms in the a=uatic environments1 Otherwise5 the substance is not individually

addressed by any U or ,anish legislation1

9se - Klobally5 +66P# is still the main 6(75 accounting for about /0M of total global $roduction

and mainly used as reactive flame retardants in $rinted circuit boards for electronic e=ui$ment1 4n

the U5 the average consum$tion of +66P# for $roduction of articles in 200-20 was 5000-25?00

tyI the substance thus accounts for a smaller $art of the consum$tion of brominated flame retard-

ants for $roduction of articles in the U1 #bout .0M of the consum$tion in the U is as reactive

flame retardants for $rinted circuit boards5 ?M was used as reactive flame retardant for other a$$li-cations while about ?M was used as additive 6(71 +he ma*ority of the amount of +66P# in end-

$roducts sold in the U 8where the +66P# is mainly built into the $olymer structure9 is im$orted

into the U in finished articles and com$onents5 $rimarily from #sia1

0n1ironmental and health issues - Only additive use of +66P# is mentioned as an e;am$le of

brominated flame retardants included in LOUS1 +he rationale is that in reactive use of +66P#5 the

+66P# is not $resent per se in the final $roducts5 but has been built into the $olymer structure5

which may be considered a brominated $lastic1 +he U 7is' #ssessment estimated that volatile loss

during service life of articles from additive flame retardantsD use was a$$ro;imately ?M of the total

emissions of +66P# to the air5 whereas losses from the service-life of articles where +66P# was

used reactively was considered negligible1 However5 according to the U 7is' #ssessment5 directconsumer e;$osure to +66P# is li'ely to be insignificant and (S# concludes that the available

data indicate that current dietary e;$osure to +66P# in the U does not raise a health concern1 +he

substance is classified as to;ic in the a=uatic environment5 but does not meet the 7#"H P6+ crite-

ria based on the currently available data and is not covered by any $i$eline activities under 7#"H1

+66P# can undergo debromination under anaerobic conditions to form bis$henol-# and is thus

lin'ed to the discussion about the $otential im$act of that substance1 +he main source of releases of

+66P# to the environment was assessed to be manufacturing $rocesses in the U 7is' #ssessment1

# voluntary $rogram by manufacturers and downstream users of the substance 8V"#P9 has signif-

icantly reduced the total releases in recent years1

Alternati1es - #lternatives to the additive use of +66P# are in general the same as alternatives to

deca6,1 #lternatives to the reactive use of +66P# are usually non-halogenated flame retardants1



/ brominated flame retardants

+he current develo$ment of re$lacing +66P# in $rinted circuit boards mainly a$$ears to be $art of

a $rocess whereby all halogen containing com$ounds and $lastics are re$laced in order to be able to

mar'et the e=ui$ment as halogen-free1

DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI

'e#ulatory frame(or" - +he two substances are not s$ecifically addressed by current ,anish

and U legislation5 but ,6,P is included in the "ommunity 7olling #ction Plan under 7#"H1

9se - ,P,P a$$ears to be the main substitute for deca6, so farI the data indicate that ,6,P

is among the main additive flame retardants in the U5 "hina and %a$an1 4n the U5 the registered

$roduction and im$ort of ,6,P is indicated as 000Q without an u$$er limit1 6+6P4 is regis-

tered in the U with a $roduction and im$ort in the 00-5000 ty tonnage band1

+he two substances have a$$lication s$ectra in $olymers =uite similar to deca6, and can be used

as dro$-in alternatives to deca6,1

0n1ironmental and health issues ,,P is found in sewage sludge in the )ordic "ountries

in concentrations of the same magnitude as deca6,1 +he studies indicate that contamination of

the Swedish environment with ,6,P has already a$$roached that of deca6,5 and that this con-

tamination is occurring $rimarily via the atmos$here1 (urther monitoring in the #rctic has been

suggested for ,6,P by ,"5 the ,anish "entre for nvironment and nergy1 Very limited data on

6+6P4 are available as the substance has not been included in screenings of brominated flame

retardants in the )ordic and #rctic environments1

,6,P is $ersistent but does not meet the 7#"H P6+ criteria based on the available dataI how-

ever5 there are currently insufficient reliable data1 # U nvironment 7is' #ssessment considered

that there was a $otential for ,6,P to undergo reductive debromination by analogy with deca6-

,1 4t has recently been shown that ,6,P may have $otential to undergo $hotolytic debromina-

tion reactionsI however5 the environmental significance of such reactions is currently un'nown1

#ccording to an U e;$ert grou$ on identification of P6+ and vPv6 substances evaluation56+6P4 was not considered a P6+ substance1 #lternatives to ,6,P and 6+6P4 are either

$olymeric brominated flame retardants or non-halogenated flame retardants5 some of which have

better environmental and health $rofiles in screening assessments1

Alternati1es R +he two substances are the main alternatives to deca6,1 Polymeric brominated

flame retardants and non-halogenated flame retardants which may be used as alternatives to

deca6, may be used as alternatives to the two substances1

6ther B;'S

'e#ulatory frame(or" ;ce$t for the re=uirements of the 3 ,irective and some eco-

labels5 the brominated flame retardants are not addressed by any U or ,anish legislation1 Pen-tabromoethylbenBene 8P669 and P66-#cr are included in the OSP#7 list of "hemicals for Priority

#ction1

9se - (or the other brominated flame retardants5 information on global and U $roduc-

tionconsum$tion is more limited1 +he global consum$tion seems to have increased from about

05000 ty in 200 to about ?05000 ty in 201

,ata on the consum$tion of other brominated flame retardants in the U are scarce and uncertain1

(or the non-$olymeric brominated flame retardants5 the registrations at "H#s website indicate

total im$ort and $roduction 8of each substance9 in tonnage bands 8e1g1 00-5000 ty95 but for the

$olymeric brominated flame retardants no data are available as the $olymers are not sub*ect to

registration under 7#"H1 +he brominated flame retardants registered in the highest tonnage8a$art from the substances mentioned above9 are the reactive halogenated $olyether$olyol 65 25/5A-




tribromo$henol 8+6P9 and the additive 6(7 ++6P-+#5 which are all registered in the 5000-

05000 ty tonnage band1 +ribromoneo$entyl alcohol 8+6)P#9 is registered with confidential ton-

nage1 Other additive brominated flame retardants registered with an im$ort and $roduction in the

00-5000 ty tonnage band are tris8tribromo-neo$entyl9$hos$hate 8++6)PP95 $oly $entabromo-

benByl acrylate 8P66-#cr9 and tetrabromo$hthalate ester 86H-+6P91 +he main a$$lications of

the different brominated flame retardants are 'nown and described in this survey5 but detailed

brea'downs of the use of each substance by end-a$$lication areas are not available1

0n1ironmental and health issues # screening of A FnewF brominated flame retardants in the

)ordic environment indicated that the concentrations of the FnewF brominated flame retardants

are5 with a few e;ce$tions5 in the same order of magnitude or lower com$ared to the sum of 6,

congeners 6,-2@5 -/>5 -..5 -005 -?! and -?/ addressed as $riority substances under the 3ater

(ramewor' ,irective1

Of the additive brominated flame retardants with registered im$ort or $roduction in the U 8i1e1

$roduction and im$ort is above 00 ty9 the following have not been included in the recent screen-

ing of brominated flame retardants in the )ordic environment5 and no data on their occurrence in

the )ordic or #rctic environments have been identifiedC 6+6P45 ++6P-+#5

bis8$entabromo$heno;y9 benBene 8/T-Pe6PO6,20@9 and ++6)PP1 +he screening of brominatedflame retardants in the )ordic environment also identified some reactive brominated flame retard-

ants in significant concentrations 8,6P and +6P91 (our of the registered reactive brominated flame

retardants have not been included in the screeningC ,6)PK5 HHP-+6P and +6P-#nh5 halo-

genated $olyether$olyol 6 and tetrabromo$hthalic anhydride based diol1

Some emerging brominated flame retardants have not been studied in much detail5 but the non-

$olymeric brominated flame retardants are su$$osed to have somewhat similar effects as the more

studied brominated flame retardants1 One of these is H66 which may be more $ersistent and to;ic5

and therefore haBardous5 than the P6,s1

Since the to;icological mechanisms of the different brominated flame retardants seem to be related5

mi;tures of brominated flame retardants may have additive and synergistic effects1

Alternati1es R +he alternatives to other brominated flame retardants are non-halogenated flame

retardants and material alternatives without flame retardants1 +he available alternative assess-

ments do not include an assessment of degradation $roducts and the $erformance of the flame-

retardant materials during fire or uncontrolled combustion1 +he $resence of brominated flame

retardants has been demonstrated to negatively affect e1g1 the formation of smo'e and5 during

thermal stress5 they result in formation of haBardous substances1 &ost studies have however ad-

dressed the P6,s and other brominated flame retardants with high ris' of formation of haBardous

substances and not as yet the $olymeric brominated flame retardants5 for e;am$le1 +he significance

of formation of haBardous substances and fumes in a lifecycle $ers$ective seems to be the main

issue when com$aring the im$act of the non-regulated brominated flame retardants and non-halogenated flame retardants5 but detailed assessments are not available yet1 ,ata on the effect of

non-halogenated flame retardants on the formation of fumes and haBardous substances are limited

and com$arative assessments of different ty$es of brominated flame retardants and non-

halogenated flame retardants on these $arameters are missing1

+he authors of a recent review of $ersistence5 bioaccumulation and to;icity of non-halogenated

flame retardants5 as one of the outcomes of the U funded )(47O $ro*ect5 conclude that large

data ga$s were identied for the $hysicalRchemical $ro$erties and the P6+ $ro$erties of the re-

viewed non-halogenated flame retardants1 +o assess whether the reviewed non-halogenated flame

retardants are truly suitable alternatives5 each com$ound should be e;amined individually by com-

$aring its P6+ values with those of the e=uivalent halogenated ame retardant1 Until more data are




..5...M1 (urthermore5 it is indicated that the incineration of brominated flame retardants may

contribute a small fraction to the total generated dio;ins and furans and that the filters for control

of emissions of dio;ins and furans are also efficient in ca$turing the brominated and mi;ed bro-

minatedchlorinated dio;ins and furans1

3hilst the emission from incinerators with modern flue gas controls may be of little concern5 much

literature indicated that the emissions of dio;ins and furans from fires 8including incidental landfillfires9 and uncontrolled burning of 6(7-containing $lastics may be significant1

A%%lication of slud#e on a#ricultural soils R+he ma*ority of the brominated flame retardants

in sewage water ends u$ in the sludge fraction in the sewage treatment $lants1 ,eca6,5 H6",,

and ,6,P are the dominant brominated flame retardants in munici$al sewage sludge1 +he availa-

ble data indicate that the levels of deca6, and H"6,, levels in sewage sludge in the U and

4reland is a$$ro;imately a factor of 0 higher than in other U &ember States5 indicating a lin' to

the wides$read use of these substances in te;tiles and furniture in the two countries1 7ecent anal-

yses of A FnewF brominated flame retardants in sewage sludge in the )ordic countries show that

the concentration of ,6,P is on the same magnitude as found for deca6, and H6",, in other

studies5 whereas the concentrations for the remaining ? brominated flame retardants are consider-

ably lower1 +he results confirm that ,6,P to a large e;tent have substituted for deca6, in a$$li-

cations that may lead to releases to wastewater1

# ris' evaluation from 202 of the a$$lication of 6(7-containing sludge to agricultural land in

,enmar'5 which included a detailed assessment of deca6, and +66P#5 concluded that it was very

unli'ely that the levels of brominated flame retardants found in ,anish sludge should $ose a signif-

icant ris' to the soil dwelling organisms and the soil =uality in general5 if the current a$$lication

guidelines of sewage sludge were followed1

+ain data #a%s

,etailed data on the use of brominated flame retardants other than the P6,s5 H6",, and +66P#

globally and in the U are not available in the $ublic literature1 +he $ublic $art of the 7#"H regis-trations $rovides as mentioned some indication on the $roduction and im$ort in the U tonnage

bands5 but the $olymeric brominated flame retardants are not sub*ect to registration and no infor-

mation on the mar'et volumes of these substances are available1 +he consum$tion of some the

other brominated flame retardants is e;$ected to be increasing5 but the lac' of data constrain an

assessment of the trends in the use of the brominated flame retardants and the monitoring of the

effects of regulatory action1 +he lac' of detailed data on the consum$tion by a$$lication areas fur-

thermore constrains an assessment of the $otential releases and e;$osure of humans and the envi-

ronment1

,ata on the fate5 e;$osure and environmental and health haBards for most end$oints are missing

for most brominated flame retardants1

nowledge on the actual fate of 3 e;$orted for waste management outside ,enmar' is limited1

)o data on the actual recycling of 6(7-containing waste in ,enmar' or the U have been identi-

fied1

+he significance of the different brominated flame retardants on the formation of brominated and

mi;ed brominatedchlorinated dio;ins and furans by different ty$es of thermal $rocesses is not

'nown for most brominated flame retardants1




!on"lusion o# sammenfatnin#

4 $erioden 202-20? vil alle /0 stoffer og stofgru$$er $ &il*Gstyrelsens liste over uGns'ede stoffer

8LOUS9 blive 'ortlagt5 og &il*Gstyrelsen vil $ grundlag af resultaterne vurdere behovet for yderli-

gere regulering5 substitutionudfasning5 'lassificering og mWr'ning5 forbedret affaldshndtering

eller Gget udbredelse af information1

,enne undersGgelse vedrGrer bromerede flammehWmmere1 ,e bromerede flammehWmmere o$-

trdte $ den fGrste udgave af LOUS i ..@ og er forblevet $ listen siden da1 Kru$$en er angivet i

LOUS som Fvisse bromerede flammehWmmereF med tre e'sem$ler fra gru$$enC ,ecabromdi$henyl

ether 8deca6,95 additiv brug af tetrabrombis$henol # 8+66P#9 og he;abromcyclododecan

8H6",,91 ,et er i''e nWrmere s$ecificeret5 hvil'e andre bromerede flammehWmmere der ansesfor at vWre omfattet1 ,enne undersGgelse omhandler i et vist omfang alle bromerede flammehWm-

mere5 men fo'userer i nogle 'a$itler $ de tre vigtigste af stofferneC deca6,5 +66P# og H6",,

samt to af de vigtigste bromerede alternativer til deca6,5 nemlig decabromodi$henylethan 8,6,-

P9 og ethylenbis8tetrabrom$hthalimid9 86+6P491 Som fGlge heraf indeholder denne sammen-

fatning afsnit for hvert af fo'usstofferne samt afsnit5 der gr $ tvWrs af alle bromerede flamme-

hWmmere1

Stof#ru%%en

(lammehWmmere tilsWttes $olymere materialer5 bde naturlige og syntetis'e5 for at Gge materia-

lernes flammehWmmende egens'aber1 6rugen af flammehWmmere er i vid udstrW'ning en 'onse-

'vens af regler om brandsi''erhed1 7eglerne for brandsi''erhed indeholder i''e s$ecifi''e 'rav

om at anvende bromerede flammehWmmere eller bestemte andre ty$er af flammehWmmere1 7eg-

lerne definerer ty$is' nogle flammetests som materialer5 arti'ler eller bygnings'om$onenter s'al

'unne leve o$ til5 men det er o$ til $roducenten af arti'lerne eller bygherren at beslutte5 hvordan

'ravene 'an o$fyldes1

,e bromerede flammehWmmere har til fWlles5 at de indeholder brom og bruges til at forhindre5 at

$lastmaterialer og te'stiler antWndes1 ,e vir'er alle ved den samme grundlWggende me'anismeC

(rigivelse af brombrinte nr materialet antWndes5 som blo'erer den videre forbrWndings$roces1

,erudover er de bromerede flammehWmmere en 'om$le's gru$$e af stofferC #romatis'e5 cycloali-

fatis'e5 alifatis'e5 $olymere og uorganis'e stoffer5 der alle indeholder brom1 )ogle af stofferne an-

vendes som additiver5 hvor stofferne i''e er 'emis' bundet i $olymermaterialet5 mens andre bruges

som rea'tive stoffer5 som bygges ind $olymerstru'turen5 og derfor i''e er til stede som det o$rinde-lige stof i den fWrdige $olymer 8med undtagelse af s$ormWngder af ureageret stof91 4 denne under-

sGgelse er der fundet A. bromerede flammehWmmere5 som er blevet $rWregistreret under 7#"H5

ellerog er $roduceres og mar'edsfGres af store internationale $roducenter af bromerede flamme-

hWmmere1 ,esuden er der fundet / stoffer bes'revet i litteraturen5 men som i''e er $rWregistrere-

de eller mar'edsfGres af de store $roducenter1

Produ"tion o# an1endelse af bromerede flammeh<mmere

8lobalt - ,en samlede globale $rodu'tion af bromerede flammehWmmere er steget fra ?01000

tonsr i ../ til ca1 !A01000 tonsr i 201 Stigningen i $rodu'tion og forbrug har fGrst og frem-

mest fundet sted i #sien1 P globalt $lan udgGr de bromerede flammehWmmere ca1 20M af det tota-

le forbrug af flammehWmmere1 Historis' set har P6, og +66P# 8og dets derivater95 vWret de

vigtigste bromerede flammehWmmere5 og de tegnede sig for nWsten 2! af den globale $rodu'tion i




../1 Klobalt fremstilles hoved$arten af de bromerede flammehWmmere af fire store $roducenter5

og stofferne fremstilles i U 'un af Xn vir'somhed1

n detal*eret o$gGrelse af stoffer og anvendelsesomrder $ globalt $lan er i''e tilgWngelig1 ,et

stGrste anvendelsesomrde er ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr5 hvor bromerede flammehWmmere

ogs er de dominerende flammehWmmere1 #ndre anvendelsesomrder omfatter elinstallationer og

eldistributionI te'stiler5 tW$$er og mGblerI byggematerialerI trans$ortmidler 8'GretG*er5 tog5 fly5s'ibe5 osv19 samt maling og fugemasser1

09 = ,er er detal*erede data til rdighed $ U-$lan for tre af de vigtigste bromerede flamme-

hWmmereC ,eca6,5 H6",, og +66P#5 som tegner sig for om'ring /0M af det samlede forbrug1

(or andre i''e-$olymere bromerede flammehWmmere5 er der o$lysninger om den samlede $rodu'-

tion i og im$ort til U i mWngdeintervaller 8f1e's1 00-1000 tonsr95 fra registreringsdatabasen $

det uro$Wis'e emi'alieagenturs 8"H#s9 h*emmeside1 ,isse data er 'un tilgWngelige for brome-

rede flammehWmmere med en samlet im$ort og $rodu'tion i 20! $ over 00 tonsr5 og der er

ingen data for $olymere bromerede flammehWmmere1 ,e mar'edsfGrte mWngder er yderligere

bes'revet i de fGlgende afsnit1

Danmar" n omfattende 'ortlWgning af brugen af bromerede flammehWmmere i ,anmar' blev

udfGrt i ...1 6romerede flammehWmmere i im$orterede arti'ler og blandinger tegnede sig for

om'ring .0M af mWngderne af de samlede mWngder af bromerede flammehWmmere i slut$rodu'-

ter solgt i ,anmar' i ... 1 #f den samlede omsWtning $ !!0-AA0 tonsr bromerede flamme-

hWmmere i slut$rodu'ter udg*orde ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr mere end >0M1 ,et er sandsyn-

ligvis stadig tilfWldet1 6romerede flammehWmmere i arti'ler $ det dans'e mar'ed er en afs$e*ling

af det generelle brugsmGnster i U og globalt snarere end brugen af bromerede flammehWmmere i

dans' industri1 n fuld o$datering af o$gGrelsen fra ... har vWret uden for rammerne af denne

undersGgelse1

4 dans' industri var den vigtigste anvendelse af bromerede flammehWmmere i ... og 202 rea'ti-

ve bromerede $olyoler5 som anvendes til $rodu'tion af flammehWmmet $olyuretans'um til byg-ningsisolering1

>o1#i1nin#sm<ssi#t fo"us

,et lovgivningsmWssige fo'us i U og ,anmar' har hidtil vWret $ de to stofgru$$er $olybromere-

de di$enylethere 8P6,9 og $olybromerede bi$henyler 8P6695 mens H6",, for gans'e nylig er

blevet autorisations$ligtig i henhold til 7#"H5 og o$fGrt under Stoc'holm-'onventionen om $er-

sistente organis'e mil*Ggifte 8POP-stoffer91 Lovgivningen er yderligere bes'revet for hver en'elt

stofgru$$e nedenfor1 P U-$lan er der et en'elt lovgivningsmWssigt instrument5 som omhandler

de bromerede flammehWmmere samletC 3-dire'tivet om affald af ele'tris' og ele'tronis' ud-

styr 839 'rWver sele'tiv behandling og 'orre't borts'affelse af materialer og 'om$onenter

indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere1 ,e nordis'e mil*GmWr'e'riterier 8Svanen9 for visse$rodu'tgru$$er omhandler ogs de bromerede flammehWmmere samlet5 mens bde nordis'e og

U- mil*GmWr'e'riterier 8U blomsten9 for mange $rodu'tgru$$er udelu''er anvendelsen af s$e-

cifi''e bromerede flammehWmmere eller bromerede flammehWmmere5 som er tildelt s$ecifi''e

risi'o-sWtninger1

PBD0 o# PBB

'e#ulerin# - P6, og P66 har hidtil vWret betragtet som de mest $roblematis'e af de bromerede

flammehWmmere1 6egge gru$$er er additive flammehWmmere1 ,en dans'e handlings$lan for

bromerede flammehWmmere fra 200 havde som et af sine vigtigste ml en international begrWns-

ning af brugen af P6, og P661 #nvendelse af he;a665 tetra6,5 $enta6,5 he;a6, og he$ta6-

, 8refererer til bestemte stoffer inden for gru$$erne9 er i dag begrWnset af Stoc'holm-

'onventionen5 og er i U omfattet af POP-forordningen 8forordning 8(9 nr1 @?0200/9 og 7oHS-



brominated flame retardants 2

dire'tivet5 som er de vigtigste instrumenter til gennemfGrelse af 'onventionens bestemmelser i U1

,en dans'e nationale im$lementerings$lan for Stoc'holm-'onventionen omfatter desuden en

handlings$lan for yderligere im$lementering af bestemmelserne i Stoc'holm-'onventionen i ,an-

mar'1 +etra6, og $enta6, er de vigtigste bestanddele af den 'ommercielle flammehWmmer c-

$enta6,5 mens he;a6, og he$ta6, er nogle af bestanddelene i den 'ommercielle flamme-

hWmmer c-octa6, og begrWnsning af stofferne er en de facto begrWnsning af de 'ommercielle

$rodu'ter1 Stofferne er desuden omfattet af "LP-forordningen om 'lassificering og mWr'ning5 afaffaldslovgivningen5 im$orte's$ort restri'tioner5 samt lovgivning om emissionsbegrWnsning og

mil*Govervgning1

An1endelse 6rug af deca6, er5 i lighed med de andre P6, og P665 begrWnset i ele'tris' og

ele'tronis' udstyr ved 7oHS-dire'tivet med nogle undtagelser og nogle $rodu't'ategorier5 som

uden for dire'tivets anvendelsesomrde1 Undtagelserne i 7oHS dire'tivet for P6, og P66 er i''e

gWldende i den dans'e 7oHS be'endtgGrelse1 ,er er i''e etableret en harmoniseret 'lassificering

for deca6, og stoffet er5 med undtagelse af ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr og nogle mil*GmWr'e-

'riterier5 i''e individuelt behandlet af U-lovgivningen1 ,et er dog o$fGrt $ 'andidatlisten under

7#"H5 og er $ grundlag af et bilag NV-dossier blevet foreslet af "H# for o$tagelse $ listen

over stoffer5 som 'rWver autorisation1 Stoffet er desuden blevet nomineret til o$tagelse $ listen

over begrWnsede stoffer under Stoc'holm-'onventionen5 og er i G*ebli''et under evaluering af o-

mitXen for Vurdering af Persistente Organis'e &il*Ggifte under 'onventionen1 4 US# og "anada er

frivillige aftaler om udfasning af deca6, indget mellem flere af de store internationale $roducen-

ter og de fGderale myndigheder1

,et globale forbrug af de P6, var i 200 ?A100 tonsr5 hvoraf deca6, tegnede sig for nWsten

.0M1 4ngen o$daterede globale o$gGrelser af forbruget af deca6, har vWret til rdighed1 6rugen af

$enta6, og octa6, er mere eller mindre o$hGrt global5 mens forbruget af deca6, i de seneste

r formentlig har vWret faldende $ grund af lovgivningsmWssige tiltag 87oHS-dire'tivet95 og den

nWvnte frivillige delvise udfasning af $rodu'tion og im$ort i )ordameri'a1 4 U var det gennem-

snitlige forbrug af deca6, i $erioden 200-20 ?1000->1?00 tonsr1 "a1 ! blev anvendt til

te'stiler5 mens den resterende del blev brugt til $lastdele til trans$ortmidler og ele'tris' og ele'tro-nis' udstyr undtaget eller uden for 7oHS-dire'tivets anvendelsesomrde1 ,eca6, blev i''e brugt

i $rodu'tions$rocesser i ,anmar' i vWsentlige mWngder5 hver'en i ... eller 2025 men deca6,

'an vWre til stede i fors'ellige im$orterede arti'ler f1e's1 biler og andre trans$ortmidler1 4 dans'

$rodu'tion blev deca6, i ..0erne $rimWrt erstattet af +66P# og dets derivater1 Udfasningen i

,anmar' var $rimWrt en fGlge af en udfasning af deca6, hos tys'e $roducenter af $lastmateria-

ler5 fordi P6, i''e 'unne o$fylde 'ravene i den tys'e dio;in be'endtgGrelse1 P U-$lan er de-

ca6, i ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr tilsyneladende $rimWrt blevet erstattet af ,6,P og i min-

dre grad af 6+6P45 ++6P-+# 85!5?- triaBin5 25/5A- tris 825/5A- tribromfeno;y9-95 $olymere bro-

merede flammehWmmere og af i''e-bromerede flammehWmmere 8i nogle tilfWlde ved en samtidig

Wndring af basis$olymeren91

4 202 blev om'ring A0 tons octa6, i $olycarbonat im$orteret til brug i ele'troni'industrien i

,anmar'1 6rugen af octa6, er overras'ende5 da $rodu'tionen af stoffet er udfaset i de fleste lan-

de5 og stoffet er forbudt til alle anvendelser i ,anmar'1

+il? o# sundhed 4 relation til P6+-egens'aber ! er he;a66 og fire P6,er o$fGrt som $ersi-

stente organis'e mil*Ggifte 8POP-stoffer9 i bilag # til Stoc'holm-'onventionen1 ,eca6, er foresl-

et som et sWrligt $roblematis' stof 8Substance of Very High "oncern5 SVH"9 under 7#"H $ det

grundlag5 at det 'an underg debromering i mil*Get og dermed danne lavere-bromerede P6,er

med P6+- eller vPv6-egens'aber1

! P6+ Persistente5 bioa''umulerbare and to'sis'e over for organismer i mil*Get1 vPv6 meget bioa''umulerbare og meget$ersistente




)ogle P6,er og P66er 'an $vir'e nervesystemets og er blevet 'nyttet til re$rodu'tive defe'ter5

men e$idemiologis' evidens og to'si'o'inetis'e data er stadig s$arsomme1 ,er er undersGgelser

der viser5 at i''e-nedfaldne testi'ler hos unge drenge er forbundet med udsWttelse for P6, og at

P66 er 'nyttet til tidlig start $ menstruation og tidlig udvi'ling af 'Gnsbehring1

Alternati1er - Uds'iftningen af deca6, i ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr og den frivillige udfas-

ning i US# viser 'lart5 at der findes brugbare alternativer1 (ordelen ved deca6, er hovedsageligtat stoffet er billigere end alternativerne1 F,ro$-inF alternativer som ,6,P og 6+6P4 synes $

nogle $arametre at have en bedre mil*G- og sundhedsmWssig $rofil end deca6,5 men der er blevet

re*st en vis be'ymring er om deres mil*Gegens'aber1 Polymere bromerede flammehWmmere og

i''e-halogenerede alternativer mar'edsfGres ogs til de vWsentligste anvendelsesomrder5 men

$risen er tilsyneladende hG*ere end $risen $ deca6,1 )ogle af de vigtigste alternativer til brugen

af deca6, i $lastty$erne H4PS og #6S har vWret co$olymere $lastty$er5 PPH4PS og P"#6S

med i''e- halogenerede flammehWmmere1 ,er er i''e en en'elt flammehWmmer5 som 'an erstatte

deca6, i alle anvendelser i te'stiler5 men der er mange muligheder $ mar'edet5 herunder alter-

native flammehWmmere5 fibre som i sig selv er flammehWmmende5 fiberblandinger5 barrierelag5

fiberdug og andre metoder5 som viser at brugbare alternativer e'sisterer1 ,et samme gWlder for

anvendelsen af H6",, i te'stiler1

n begrWnsning af deca6, forventes i''e at have nogen negativ indvir'ning $ $roducenter af

$lastdele5 te'stiler eller mGbler i ,anmar'1

4BCDD

>o1#i1nin# - H6",, er for nylig blevet omfattet af 'ravene om autorisation under 7#"H 8bilag

N4V til 7#"H9 med en solnedgangsdato 8Fsunset dateF9 den 21 august 20?1 H"6,, er desuden i

ma* 20! blevet o$fGrt $ listen over stoffer5 som s'al begrWnses5 under Stoc'holm-'onventionen

med en tidsbegrWnset undtagelse for byggematerialer af e's$anderet $olystyren 8PS95 eller e's-

truderet $olystyren 8NPS91 6egrWnsningen vil trWde i 'raft i U i ma* 20/1 t forslag til harmoni-

seret 'lassificering og mWr'ning er blevet indsendt og er under evaluering1

An1endelse ,et globale forbrug af H6",, er steget fra A1>00 tonsr i 200 til !1000 tonsr i

201 4 U var det gennemsnitlige forbrug af H6",, i $erioden 200-20 01000-21?00 tonsr

og H6",, er for G*ebli''et den af de bromerede flammehWmmer5 der anvendes i de stGrste mWng-

der i U1 Om'ring .0 M af forbruget af H6",, i U er som additiv flammehWmmer i $olystyren1

Polystyren med H6",,5 i form af PS eller NPS5 anvendes hovedsageligt som isolerings$lader i

bygninger og i ve*- og *ernbane'onstru'tioner for at undg frosts'ader og fungere som et let 'on-

stru'tionsmateriale5 der 'an fordele try''et $ 'onstru'tionen1 ,en resterende del anvendes til at

flammehWmme $lastty$en H4PS og i te'stiler1

H6",, er i ,anmar' anvendt som flammehWmmer til fremstilling af PS-$lader til byggeforml

og til PS-emballage til ele'troni'1 ,et samlede forbrug til $rodu'tion i ,anmar' var om'ring toni 2025 hvil'et er et mar'ant fald i forhold til de A-! tons anvendt i ...1 4 ... blev hoved$arten

af den fremstillede flammehWmmet PS e's$orteret1 4 ... var det vWsentligste forbrug af H6",,

'nyttet til im$orteret flammehWmmet NPS5 som tegnede sig for -2. tons H6",,5 og det er det

sandsynligvis stadigt1 NPS im$orteret fra andre lande end de nordis'e lande indeholder i dag

H6",,1 +il anvendelser i bygninger og anlWg i ,anmar' er flammehWmmede 'valiteter af PS og

NPS i''e $'rWvet5 da materialerne stadig er brWndbare og under alle omstWndigheder s'al vWre

dW''et af et i''e-brWndbart materiale5 som bes'ytter mod antWndelse1 (orbruget af flammehWm-

met PS i ,anmar' synes at vWre stigende i visse ty$er Fnul-energi huseF af en ny 'onstru'tion5

hvor vWggene er bygget af flammehWmmet PS-blo''e be'lWdt med et i''e-brWndbart materiale1

,et flammehWmmede PS til dette forml im$orteres1



brominated flame retardants 2!

+il? o# sundhed = H6",, er o$fGrt som $ersistente organis'e mil*Ggift 8POP-stof9 i bilag # til

Stoc'holm-'onventionen1 Stoffet er 'lassificeret som re$rodu'tionsto'sis'1

Alternati1er - Polymere bromerede flammehWmmere er for nylig blevet indfGrt som Fdro$-inF

alternativer til H6",,5 og de stGrste $roducenter af bromerede flammehWmmere i verden er i

G*ebli''et ved at Gge $rodu'tions'a$aciteten for de $olymere bromerede flammehWmmere for at

'unne imGde'omme den forventede efters$Grgsel1 ,er er i''e fundet uafhWngige evalueringer af desundheds-og mil*GmWssige egens'aber af de $olymere alternativer1 4fGlge information fra industri-

en5 er de $olymere bromerede flammehWmmere $otentielt $ersistente 8i''e bionedbrydelige95 men

har et lavt $otentiale for bioa''umulation og et lavt $otentiale for to'sicitet1 ,er mar'edsfGres i''e

i''e-halogenerede alternativer til brug i PSNPS5 men flammehWmmet PSNPS 'an erstattes af

andre isoleringsmaterialer1 #lternativerne har fors'ellige fordele og ulem$er i forhold til flamme-

hWmmet PS5 men de har ty$is' bedre brandegens'aber og indeholder mindre $roblematis'e 'e-

mis'e stoffer1 Prisen for de billigste alternativer s$Wnder fra mere eller mindre den samme $ris som

for flammehWmmet PS til om'ring !0M mere1 PS med $olymere bromerede flammehWmmere er

endnu i''e blevet sammenlignet med de alternativer materialer1

Sammenlignet med andre U-medlemsstater5 er forbruget af flammehWmmet PS NPS lille i

,anmar'5 dels fordi i''e-brandbare isoleringsmaterialer har vWret den foretru'ne lGsning og dels

fordi der anvendes i''e- flammehWmmede 'valiteter af PSNPS1 n begrWnsning af H6",, for-

ventes i''e at have vWsentlig negativ indvir'ning $ $roducenter af PSNPS eller brugere af mate-

rialerne i ,anmar'1

TBBPA

'e#ulerin# -

An1endelse +66P# er den vigtigste bromerede flammehWmmer globalt set og tegner sig for

om'ring /0M af den samlede globale $rodu'tion1 +66P# bruges $rimWrt som rea'tiv flamme-

hWmmer i $rint'ort til ele'tronis' udstyr1 4 U var det gennemsnitlige forbrug af +66P# til $ro-

du'tion af arti'ler i 200-20 1000-21?00 tonsr og stoffet udgGr dermed en mindre del af for-

bruget af bromerede flammehWmmere til $rodu'tion af arti'ler i U1 Om'ring .0 M af forbruget iU er som rea'tiv flammehWmmere til $rint'ort5 ?M som rea'tiv flammehWmmer til andre forml5

mens om'ring ?M blev brugt som additiv flammehWmmer i $last1 Hoved$arten af +66P# i slut$ro-

du'ter5 der sWlges i U5 8hvor +66P# hovedsageligt er bygget ind i $olymerstru'turen9 im$orteres

til U med fWrdige arti'ler og 'om$onenter5 fGrst og fremmest fra #sien1

+66P# er tildelt en harmoniseret 'lassificering $ grund af stoffets giftighed overfor organismer i

vandmil*Get1 Her ud over er stoffet i''e er individuelt omfattet af nogen dans' eller U-lovgivning1

+il? o# sundhed un additiv brug af +66P# er nWvnt som e'sem$el $ bromerede flamme-

hWmmere5 der er omfattet af LOUS1 7ationalet er5 at +66P# ved rea'tiv anvendelse i''e som sdan

til stede i de endelige arti'ler5 men er blevet indbygget i den $olymere stru'tur5 og materialet 'an betragtes som en bromeret $last1 U-risi'ovurderingen for +66P# anslr5 at afgivelse af +66P# til

luft fra arti'ler5 hvor stoffet er anvendt som additiv flammehWmmer5 udg*orde ca1 ? M af de samle-

de emissioner af +66P# til luft5 mens tab fra rea'tiv brug af +66P# i arti'ler blev anslet at vWre

ubetydelige1 4 fGlge U-risi'ovurderingen er den dire'te forbrugere's$onering for +66P# sandsyn-

ligvis ubetydelig5 og den uro$Wis'e (Gdevareautoritet5 (S#5 'on'luderer5 at de foreliggende data

indi'erer5 at den nuvWrende e's$onering for +66P# via 'osten i U i''e giver anledning til

sundhedsmWssig be'ymring1 Stoffet er 'lassificeret som giftigt i vandmil*Get5 men det o$fylder

baseret $ de tilgWngelige data i''e 7#"H P6+-'riterierne1 ,er er ingen $lanlagte tiltag for

+66P# under 7#"H1 Under anaerobe forhold 'an +66P# underg debromering5 hvorved der

dannes bis$henol-# 86P#9 og +66P# er sledes 'nyttet til dis'ussionen om den $otentielle effe't af

6P#1 ,en vigtigste 'ilde til udsli$ af +66P# til mil*Get blev i U-risi'ovurderingen vurderet at vWre

fremstillings$rocesser1 Som resultatet af et frivilligt $rogram 8V"#P9 som omfatter $roducenter og



2/ brominated flame retardants

brugere af +66P# lWngere nede i $rodu't'Wden 8downstream-users95 er de samlede udsli$ blevet

vWsentligt reduceret i de seneste r1

Alternati1er - #lternativer til den additive brug af +66P# er i store trW' de samme stoffer5 som

'an anvendes som alternativer til deca6,1 #lternativer til rea'tiv anvendelse af +66P# er $rimWrt

i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere1 ,en nuvWrende udvi'ling i retning af at erstatte +66P# i

$rint'ort synes $rimWrt at vWre en del af en $roces5 hvor alle halogenholdige stoffer og $lastty$er

erstattes for at 'unne mar'edsfGre udstyret som halogenfrit1

DBDP0 o# 0BT0BPI

'e#ulerin# - An1endelse ,P,P synes at vWre det vigtigste erstatningsstof for deca6,5 og de tilgængelige

data indi'erer5 at ,6,P er blandt de vigtigste additive bromerede flammehWmmere i U5 ina og

%a$an1 4 U er den registrerede $rodu'tion og im$ort af ,6,P angivet som 000Q5 uden en Gvre

grWnse1 6+6P4 er i U registreret med en $rodu'tion og im$ort i 00-1000 tonsr intervallet1

,e to stoffer er i''e s$ecifi't omfattet af gWldende dans' og U-lovgivning5 men ,6,P indgr i

den lGbende handlings$lan for (Wlless'abet 8"O7#P9 under 7#"H1

,e to stoffer har anvendelsess$e'tre in $olymerer5 som helt svarer til s$e'tret for deca6,5 og 'an

anvendes som Fdro$-inF alternativer til deca6,1 ,,P er fundet i s$ildevandsslam i )orden i

'oncentrationerne af samme stGrrelsesorden som deca6,1 UndersGgelser viser5 at forurening af

det svens'e mil*G med ,6,P allerede har net et niveau svarende til niveauet af deca6,5 og at

denne forurening $rimWrt er et resultat af atmosfWris' nedfald1 Yderligere overvgning af ,6,P i

#r'tis er blevet foreslet af ," R )ationalt "enter for &il*G og nergi1 ,er er meget begrWnsede

data vedrGrende fore'omsten af 6+6P4 i mil*Get5 da stoffet i''e har vWret omfattet af screeninger

af bromerede flammehWmmere i de nordis'e og ar'tis'e mil*Ger1

+il? o# sundhed ,6,P er $ersistent5 men o$fylder i''e 7#"H P6+-'riterierne5 baseret $

de tilgWngelige data1 ,er er dog i G*ebli''et i''e tilstrW''eligt mange $lidelige data til at 'omme

med en endelig vurdering1 n britis' mil*Grisi'oanalyse 'on'luderer5 at der er et $otentiale for5 at,6,P 'an gennemg redu'tiv debromering analog med debromeringen af deca6,5 og det er for

nylig vist5 at ,6,P 'an have $otentiale for at gennemg fotolytis'e debromeringsrea'tioner1 ,en

mil*GmWssige betydning af sdanne rea'tioner er dog i G*ebli''et u'endt1 4fGlge en U-

e's$ertgru$$e om identifi'ation og evaluering af P6+ og vPv6-stoffer 8P6+-e's$ertgru$$en9 'an

6+6P4 i''e betragtes som et P6+-stof1 #lternativer til ,6,P og 6+6P4 er enten $olymere

bromerede flammehWmmere eller i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere5 hvoraf nogle har bedre

mil*G-og sundhedsmWssige $rofiler i screeningsvurderinger1

Alternati1er R ,e to stoffer er de almindeligste alternativer til deca6,1 #lternativer er de samme

$olymere bromerede flammehWmmere og i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere5 som 'an anvendes

som alternativer til deca6,1

Andre bromerede flammeh<mmere

An1endelse (or de Gvrige bromerede flammehWmmere er information om den globale $rodu'ti-

on og $rodu'tion og forbrug i U mere begrWnset1 ,et globale forbrug ser ud til at vWre steget fra

om'ring 01000 tonsr i 200 til om'ring ?01000 tonsr i 201

,ata om forbruget af andre bromerede flammehWmmere i U er f og usi're1 (or de i''e-$olymere

bromerede flammehWmmere5 viser registreringerne $ "H#s h*emmeside den samlede im$ort og

$rodu'tion af hvert stof i mWngdeintervaller 8f1e's1 00-1000 tonsr91 (or $olymere bromerede

flammehWmmere foreligger der i''e o$gGrelser5 da $olymerer er fritaget for registrering under

7#"H1 ,e bromerede flammehWmmere5 som er registreret i den hG*este tonnage 8bortset fra de

stoffer5 der er nWvnt ovenfor95 er de rea'tive flammehWmmere halogeneret $olyether$olyol 6 og



brominated flame retardants 2?

25/5A- tribrom$henol 8+6P9 samt den additive bromerede flammehWmmer ++6P-+#5 som alle er

registreret i 1000-01000 tonsr mWngdeintervallet1 +ribromneo$entylal'ohol 8+6)P#9 er regi-

streret med fortrolig tonnage1 #ndre additive bromerede med en registreret samlet im$ort og $ro-

du'tion i 00-1000 tonsr intervallet er tris8tribrom-neo$entyl9$hos$hat 8++6)PP95 $oly $enta-

brombenBylacrylat 8P66-#"79 og tetrabrom$hthalatester 86H - +6P91 ,e vWsentligste anvendel-

ser af de fors'ellige bromerede flammehWmmere er 'endt og bes'revet i denne 'ortlWgning5 men

detal*erede o$delinger af forbruget af hvert stof $ de fors'ellige anvendelsesomrder er i''e til-gWngelige1

6ortset fra 'ravene i 3-dire'tivet5 som vedrGrer alle bromerede flammehWmmere5 og nogle

mil*GmWr'er er de Gvrige bromerede flammehWmmere i''e omfattet af nogen dans' eller U-

lovgivning1 PentabromethylbenBen 8P669 og P66-#cr indgr i OSP#7-listen over 'emi'alier med

$rioriteret indsats1+il? o# sundhed n screening af A FnyeF bromerede flammehWmmere i det

nordis'e mil*G viste5 at 'oncentrationerne af de FnyeF bromerede flammehWmmere med f undta-

gelser var i samme stGrrelsesorden eller lavere end summen af 6, congenere 6, -2@5 -/>5 -..5 -

005 -?! og -?/5 som er $rioriterede stoffer under Us vandrammedire'tiv1

#f de additive bromerede flammehWmmere med en registreret im$ort eller $rodu'tion i U 8dvs1

$rodu'tion og im$ort er over 00 tonsr9 er fGlgende stoffer i''e medtaget i den seneste screening

af bromerede flammehWmmere i de nordis'e mil*G og ingen data om deres fore'omst i de nordis'e

eller ar'tis'e mil*Ger er blevet fundetC 6+6P45 ++6P-+#5 bis8$entabrom$heno;y9 benBen 8/-

Pe6PO6,20@9 og ++6)PP1 Screeningen af bromerede flammehWmmere i de nordis'e mil*G fandt

ogs nogle rea'tive bromerede flammehWmmere i betydelige 'oncentrationerC ,6P og +6P1 (ire af

de registrerede rea'tive bromerede flammehWmmere er i''e medtaget i screeningenC ,6)PK5

HHP-+6P og +6P-#nh5 halogeneret $olyether$olyol 6 og tetrabrom$hthalsyreanhydrid-

baseret diol1

(lere af de FnyeF bromerede flammehWmmere er i''e blevet undersGgt i detal*er5 men de i''e-

$olymere bromerede flammehWmmere formodes at have nogle af de samme vir'ninger som de

mere velundersGgte bromerede flammehWmmere1 n af disse er H665 som formentlig er mere$ersistent og giftigt end P6,1

,a de to'si'ologis'e me'anismer af de fors'ellige bromerede flammehWmmere synes at vWre rela-

terede5 'an blandinger af bromerede flammehWmmere have additive og synergistis'e vir'ninger1

Alternati1er - #lternativerne til andre bromerede flammehWmmere er i''e-halogenerede flam-

mehWmmere og alternative materialer uden flammehWmmere1 ,e tilgWngelige vurderinger af al-

ternativer omfatter i''e en vurdering af nedbrydnings$rodu'ter eller en vurdering af5 hvorledes de

flammehWmmede materialer o$fGrer sig i forbindelse med brand eller u'ontrolleret afbrWnding1

+ilstedevWrelsen af bromerede flammehWmmere har vist sig at have en negativ indflydelse $ f1e's1

dannelsen af rGg5 og under termis' stress 'an de resultere i dannelse af farlige stoffer1 ,e flesteundersGgelser har dog behandlet P6, og andre bromerede flammehWmmere med hG* risi'o for

dannelse af farlige stoffer5 men i''e e'sem$elvis de $olymere bromerede flammehWmmere1 6etyd-

ningen af dannelse af farlige stoffer og rGg i et livscy'lus-$ers$e'tiv synes at vWre det vigtigste

s$Grgsml5 nr man sammenligner vir'ningen af i''e-regulerede bromerede flammehWmmere med

i''e- halogenerede flammehWmmere5 men detal*erede vurderinger er endnu i''e tilgWngelige1 ,ata

om vir'ningen af i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere $ dannelsen af rGg og farlige stoffer er be-

grWnset5 og sammenlignende vurderinger af fors'ellige ty$er af bromerede flammehWmmere og

i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere $ disse $arametre mangler1

(orfatterne til en nylig sammenfatning om $ersistens5 bioa''umulation og giftighed af i''e-

halogenerede flammehWmmere5 som er et af resultaterne af det U-finansierede )(47O $ro*e't5

'on'luderer5 at der var store datamangler for fysis'-'emis'e egens'aber og P6+-egens'aber for de



2A brominated flame retardants

i''e-halogenerede flammehWmmere1 (or at 'unne vurdere5 om de i''e-halogenerede flamme-

hWmmere er egnede alternativer5 s'al hvert stof undersGges en'eltvis ved at sammenligne stoffets

P6+-egens'aber med egens'aberne af de tilsvarende halogenerede flammehWmmere1 4ndtil flere

data foreligger5 er det fortsat umuligt $rWcist at vurdere risi'oen af hver af disse forbindelser5 ogs

de som allerede mar'edsfGres intensivt1

+il?m<r"e"riterier,e nordis'e mil*GmWr'e'riterier for en bred vifte af $rodu'tgru$$er udelu''er brugen af nogle

eller alle bromerede flammehWmmere i mil*GmWr'ede $rodu'ter1 ,e nG*agtige 'riterier varierer fra

$rodu'tgru$$e til $rodu'tgru$$e1 4 nogle $rodu'tgru$$er er det 'un bromerede flammehWmmere5

der er tildelt sWrlige risi'o-sWtninger 8f1e's1 sWtninger der vedrGrende "&7-egens'aber /95 der i''e

m anvendes1 4 andre er det angivet5 at visse flammehWmmere i''e m vWre til stedeC nten alle

flammehWmmere5 alle halogenerede flammehWmmere eller alle halogenerede organis'e flamme-

hWmmere1 4 mange af 'riterierne for ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr er der undtagelser for rea'tivt

anvendte bromerede flammehWmmere og flammehWmmere i $lastdele $ mindre end 2? g1

U mil*GmWr'e'riterierne omfatter generelt i''e brugen af rea'tive flammehWmmere1 riterierne

for fors'elligt ele'tris' og ele'tronis' udstyr udelu''er brugen af additive flammehWmmere5 der

o$fylder 'riterierne for 'lassificering i bestemte fare'lasser1 4 $ra'sis vedrGrer restri'tionerne i de

fleste af 'riterierne - ud over de generelle U begrWnsninger af P6, og P66 - hovedsagelig additiv

brug af +66P# og brugen af H6",,1 riterierne for madrasser5 gulvbelWgning5 te'stilvarer og

mGbler udelu''er enhver brug af additive flammehWmmere i arti'lerne1

Affaldsh@ndterin#

Borts"affelse af affald indeholdende bromerede flammeh<mmere - #ffald af ele'tris' og

ele'tronis' udstyr 839 re$rWsenterer den stGrste affaldsfra'tion indeholdende bromerede

flammehWmmere1 #ndre stGrre affaldsfra'tioner er isoleringsmaterialer fra byggeri 8PSNPS og

PU s'um9 og affald fra o$hugning af 'GretG*er1 6romerede flammehWmmere i te'stiler5 mGbler5

maling osv1 vil udgGre en lille del i ,anmar'5 men 'an vWre mere betydelige i andre U medlems-

stater1 3-dire'tivet 'rWver5 at $last5 der indeholder bromerede flammehWmmere5 bGr f*ernesfra det indsamlede 3 til sele'tiv behandling1 ,en dans'e be'endtgGrelse 'rWver endvidere5 at

det f*ernede $last indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere s'al afleveres til vir'somheder5 der er

god'endt til at hndtere brom-holdigt affald1 4 ,anmar' bliver $last indeholdende bromerede

flammehWmmere fra 3 borts'affet til almindelig affaldsforbrWnding1 ,et samme er situatio-

nen for $last indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere fra byggese'toren og te'stiler og mGbler1

Plast fra fragmentering af 'GretG*er5 borts'affes $ 'ontrolleret losse$lads1

n del udt*ente ele'tris'e og ele'tronis'e $rodu'ter i nogle U lande synes stadig at blive hndteret

u'ontrolleret i lande uden for U5 enten ved ulovlig e's$ort af 35 eller fordi det e's$orteres

som brugt udstyr til genbrug i udvi'lingslande1 ,en endelige borts'affelse af $last indeholdende

bromerede flammehWmmere 8eventuelt efter genbrug9 er i alle tilfWlde uanset formlet med e'-s$orten formentlig u'ontrolleret afbrWnding eller u'ontrolleret de$onering $ fyld$ladser1

Bromerede flammeh<mmere som er P6Pstoffer SWrlige bestemmelser for affald5 der

indeholder POP-stoffer5 er fastsat i ommissionsforordning 8U9 nr1 >?A200 om Wndring af POP-

forordningen1 (or he;a66 er der fastsat en grWnsevWrdi for sWrlige borts'affelselsesforanstaltnin-

ger $ ?0 mg'g5 men det har ingen $ra'tis' betydning for ,anmar'5 da he;abromo$henyl sand-

synligvis i''e er til stede i affaldet1 ,er er endnu i''e blevet fastsat 'oncentrationsgrWnser for de

fire P6,er1 #fhWngigt af hvil'e grWnser5 der fastsWttes af U-'ommissionen5 'an se$arat ind-

samling og behandling af visse affaldsfra'tioner blive nGdvendig1

/ "&7 carcinogene5 mutagene eller re$rodu'tionsto'sis'e



brominated flame retardants 2>

;orbr<ndin# o# u"ontrolleret afbr<ndin# n af de vigtigste be'ymringer i relation til for-

brWnding af $last indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere har vWret risi'oen for dannelse af

bromerede og blandede bromeredechlorerede dio;iner og furaner1 ,e foreliggende data viser5 at

destru'tionseffe'tiviteten for bromerede flammehWmmere i forbrWndingsanlWg til husholdningsaf-

fald i nordis'e lande generelt er bedre end ..5...M1 ndvidere er det vist5 at forbrWnding af bro-

merede flammehWmmere 'an bidrage med en mindre del af de samlede dannede dio;iner og fura-

ner5 og at filtre til 'ontrol af emissioner af chlorerede dio;iner og furaner ogs er effe'tive til atfange de bromerede og blandede bromeredechlorerede dio;iner og furaner1

&ens emissionen fra forbrWndingsanlWg med moderne rGggasrensning ser ud til at vWre lille5 er der

meget litteratur der indi'erer5 at emissioner af dio;iner og furaner fra brande 8herunder utilsigtede

losse$ladsbrande9 og u'ontrolleret afbrWnding af $last indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere

'an vWre betydelig1

An1endelse af slam %@ landbru#sord StGrstedelen af bromerede flammehWmmere i s$ilde-

vandet ender i slamfra'tionen i rensningsanlWg1 ,eca6,5 H6",, og ,6,P er de dominerende

bromerede flammehWmmere i 'ommunalt s$ildevandsslam1 ,e tilgWngelige data viser5 at niveauet

af deca6, og H"6,, i s$ildevandsslam i Storbritannien og 4rland er ca1 en fa'tor 0 hG*ere end i

andre U-medlemsstater5 hvil'et indi'erer en sammenhWng med den udbredte brug af disse stoffer

i te'stiler og mGbler i to lande1 )ylige analyser af A FnyeF bromerede flammehWmmere i slam fra

rensningsanlWg i de nordis'e lande viser5 at 'oncentrationen af ,6,P er i samme stGrrelsesorden

som 'oncentrationerne af deca6, og H6",, fundet i andre undersGgelser5 mens 'oncentratio-

nerne af de resterende ? bromerede flammehWmmere er betydeligt lavere1 7esultaterne be'rWfter5

at ,6,P i vid udstrW'ning har erstattet deca6, i anvendelser5 der 'an fGre til udsli$ til s$ilde-

vand1

n risi'ovurdering fra 202 om anvendelsen af slam indeholdende bromerede flammehWmmere $

landbrugs*ord i ,anmar'5 som indeholdt en detal*eret vurdering af deca6, og +66P#5 'on'lude-

rede5 at det var meget usandsynligt5 at niveauet af bromerede flammehWmmere i dans' slam udgGr

en vWsentlig risi'o for de *ordlevende organismer og *ordens 'valitet i almindelighed5 hvis de a'tu-elle retningslin*er for anvendelse af s$ildevandsslam fGlges1

i#ti#ste dataman#ler

,etal*erede data om brugen af andre bromerede flammehWmmere end P6,5 H6",, og +66P#

globalt og i U er i''e tilgWngelige i den offentlige litteratur1 ,en offentlige del af 7#"H registre-

ringer giver som nWvnt en vis indi'ation af $rodu'tion og im$ort i U mWngdeintervaller5 men

$olymere bromerede flammehWmmere er i''e er underlagt registrering5 og der er ingen tilgWngeli-

ge o$lysninger om de mar'edsfGrte mWngder af disse stoffer1 (orbruget af nogle de andre bromere-

de flammehWmmere end de gamle 'endte forventes at vWre stigende5 men manglen $ data be-

grWnser en vurdering af tendenserne i forbruget af bromerede flammehWmmere og overvgning af

vir'ningerne af regulatoris'e indgreb1 &anglen $ detal*erede data om forbruget af de bromeredeflammehWmmere $ anvendelsesomrder begrWnser desuden en vurdering af de $otentielle udsli$

og e's$onering af mennes'er og mil*G1

,ata om stoffernes s'Wbne5 e's$onering samt mil*G-og sundhedsmWssige effe'ter for de fleste

Fend$ointsF mangler for nWsten alle bromerede flammehWmmere1

Viden om den fa'tis'e s'Wbne af 35 som e's$orteres til behandling uden for ,anmar'5 er

begrWnset1

,er er i''e fundet data om den fa'tis'e genanvendelse af affald indeholdende bromerede flamme-

hWmmere i ,anmar' eller U1



2@ brominated flame retardants

6etydningen af de fors'ellige bromerede flammehWmmere $ dannelsen af bromerede og blandede

bromeredechlorerede dio;iner og furaner ved fors'ellige ty$er af termis'e $rocesser er i''e 'endt

for de fleste bromerede flammehWmmere1



brominated flame retardants 2.

$. Introduction to the substance #rou%

$.$ Definition of the substance #rou%

(lame retardants are added to $olymeric materials5 both natural and synthetic5 to enhance the

flame-retardancy $ro$erties of the $olymers1

+he flame retardants may be divided into several families1 +he grou$ing varies5 but often the flame

retardants are divided into five main families of flame-retardant chemicalsC

• 4norganic flame retardants including aluminium trio;ide5 magnesium hydro;ide5 ammonium

$oly$hos$hate5 and red $hos$horus1 +his family re$resents about ?0M of the total mar'et vol-

ume1

• 6rominated flame retardants 86(7s91 +he grou$ is sometimes considered to include only the

organic brominated flame retardants5 but the inorganic flame retardant ammonium bromide is

included in this survey1

• "hlorinated flame retardants1

• Organo$hos$horous flame retardants1 +he most im$ortant organo$hos$horous flame retard-

ants are $hos$hate esters1 Organo$hos$horous flame retardants with bromine content areconsidered to be included in the grou$ of brominated flame retardants in this survey1 +he non-

halogenated $hos$horous-based organic and inorganic flame retardants are sometimes con-

sidered together because they re$resent a s$ecific mar'et segment1

• )itrogen-based organic flame retardants1

#ccording to the ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s5 more than !0 bromine com$ounds are in use today5

although only a few are used in large amounts 86(74P5 2091 #$$endi; ! lists !0 "#S numbers of

6(7s5 and @ 6(7s with $ro$rietary "#S numbers 8non-disclosed "#S numbers95 manufactured and

mar'eted by the ma*or global manufacturers of flame retardants1

Over time more than >0 different 6(7s have been mar'eted1 Several of the 6(7s are banned today5

but may still be $resent in $roducts in use in society or in the environment1

# gross list of 6(7s has been $o$ulated on the basis ofC

• # list of 6(7s mar'eted by ma*or manufacturers shown in #$$endi; !1

• 6(7s evaluated by the uro$ean (ood Safety #uthority 8(S#91 (S# has in recent years $ub-

lished a number of assessments re$orts addressing 6(7s1

• # review $a$er suggesting a novel abbreviation standard for organobromine 8and other9 ame

retardants 86ergman et al.5 202a9I

• # substance flow analysis of 6(7s in ,enmar' from ... which identified / 6(7s used for

$roduction $rocesses in ,enmar' 8Lassen et al.5 ...9I



!0 brominated flame retardants

• # survey of brominated flame retardants in the )ordic environment 8Schlabach et al.5 2091

(or all substances in the gross list it has been chec'ed if they are $re-registered or registered under

7#"H1 (or substances im$orted or manufactured in the 00-000 ty range the deadline for reg-

istration was %une 20!1 +he registered volume is based on the u$date of the registration database

of ! %une 20!1

+he 6(7s from the gross list has been divided into two tables1

+able includes a list of A. identified 6(7s5 which have been $re-registered under 7#"H andor

are $roduced by the ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s1 Some of the $ro$rietary 6(7s 8with non-

disclosed "#S )umber9 may in fact consist of the same substances 8the total number would conse-

=uently be less than A.9 and H6",, is re$resented by two "#S numbers5 so the total may actually

be about A? 6(7s1

+he manufacturing and use of the 6(7s are further described in cha$ter 05 but the registered ton-

nages are indicated in +able with the aim of $rioritiBation of the substances for the survey1 +he

substances are either registered by an individual or a *oint submission1 4n the case of a *oint submis-

sion5 the indicated tonnage band is the total of all manufactured andor im$orted volumes1 +he

registration of H6",, is5 for instance5 a *oint submission by > com$anies with a total registered

tonnage of 05000-005000 ty1 4n some cases the substances are registered by more than one indi-

vidual submissionI in these instances5 each of the individual tonnage bands are indicated5 i1e1 the

total registered tonnage is the sum of the individual submissions1

+he $resent study concerns all 6(7s5 but in some cha$ters more focus is $ut on the substances

manufactured in larger volumes and5 therefore5 currently of greater concern1 (or some of the manu-

factured 6(7s the "#S numbers are indicated as $ro$rietary 8not disclosed9 and it has not been

$ossible to identify these substances in the 7#"H databases1 (urthermore5 some of the $olymeric

flame retardants are $olymers and5 as such5 are not sub*ect to $re-registration and registration

under 7#"H1 (or at least one "#S number5 the substance has been introduced after the $re-registration deadline and is conse=uently not included in the database of $re-registered substances

8and still not registered91

+he abbreviations used in this re$ort are in accordance with a novel abbreviation standard for or-

ganobromine 8and other9 ame retardants suggested by 6ergman et al. 8202a91 +he abbreviations

used are the so-called $ractical abbreviations 8P7#691 +he 4nternational OrganiBing "ommittee for

the bi-annual international sym$osia for 6(7s recommends that authors follow this abbreviation

system in order to facilitate communication and minimiBe confusion1 4n all tables derived from the

literature5 the abbreviations have been changed to be consistent throughout the re$ort1 Original

abbreviations from the cited literature are listed together with the abbreviations used in this re$ort

in #$$endi; 25 which includes chemical and $hysical $ro$erties of the substances1

#$$endi; 2 also indicates the common names for the substances5 which are generally used in this

re$ort1 +he substance names indicated in +able are the names as they a$$ear in $re-registrations

and registrations1




TAB>0 $

4,)+4(4, 6(7S 3H4"H #7 4+H7 P7-7K4S+7, #),O7 P7O,U", 6Y &#%O7 &#)U(#"+U77S 34+H

4),4"#+4O) O( 7K4S+7, +O))#K 8#S UP,#+, 6Y "H# 2A %ULY 20!9

CAS No 0C No Substance name $ Abb. ) 'A / 'e#istered

tonna#e band

ty &

Prere#istered

Su%%lied

by maor

manu

facturers

*

01alu

ated by

0;SA

$$,*$/ 2/-A0/-. 6is8$entabromo$henyl9

ether

deca6, # 05000 -

005000

; (S#5

20b

$$57, 20/-2>@-A 25/5A-+ribromo$henol +6P #7 5000 - 05000 ; (S#5

202b

$&,7&7 20/->..-. tris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9

$hos$hate

+,6PP # - (S#5

202a

$*/&&)5 ZA0!-.-> Pratherm " 20 8as indicat-

ed in the $reregistration 9

- # - ;

$*,/), 2!>-!>-2 ,ecabromo-5-bi$henyl ,eca66 # - - (S#5

200

$)5*$ Polydibromo-styrene co$ol-

ymer

- # )ot $re-registered 8$ol-

ymer9

;

$//,$**7 ZA0?-0@-@ H-4ndene5 25!-dihydro-

55!-trimethyl-!-$henyl-5

octabromo deriv1

O6+&P4 # - - (S#5

202a

$/57&/))$ ?00-!..-A 2525A5A-+etrabromo-/5/-

iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol5oligomeric reaction $roducts

with -chloro-25!-

e$o;y$ro$ane and 25/5A-

tribromo$henol

- # - ; -

$5*,/5&77 - 2-ethylhe;yl-25!5/5?-

tetrabromobenBoate

H-+66 # )ot $reregis-

tered

;

$$5,7$ A0A-2?/-/ +ri:!-bromo-252-

bis8bromomethyl9$ro$yl<$h

os$hate1

++6)PP # 00 - 5000

-0

; -

&/,,*/& 2/!-@@?-0 2-82-Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl 2-hydro;y$ro$yl !5/5?5A-

tetrabromo$hthalate

HHP-+6P # 00 - 5000 ; (S#5202a

&$5/))& 2//-A>-? 5-84so$ro$ylidene9 bis:!5?-

dibromo-/-825!-

dibromo$ro$o;y9benBene<

+66P#-6,6P

7 00 - 5000 ; (S#5

20c

&*)55*5& 2/?-A@@-? 25!5?5A-+etrabromo-$-

;ylene

+6N # - - (S#5

202a

&/*&75* 2/A-@?0-@ 5-4so$ro$ylidenebis:/-

8allylo;y9-!5?-

dibromobenBene<

+66P#- b#

#7 - ; (S#5

20c





tonna#e band

ty &

Prere#istered

Su%%lied

by maor

manu

facturers

*

01alu

ated by

0;SA

&/,*7) 2/>-/@-/ 525?5A5.50-He;abromocyclododecane

H6",, # 05000 -

005000 ;&ainly

indicated

as "#S )o

!./-??-A

(S#520a

&/7$*,) ZA0>->@/-. 5!5?-+riaBine5 25/5A-

tris825/5A-

tribromo$heno;y9-

++6P-+# # 5000 - 05000 ; (S#5

202a

&,)/$7 2/>-/2A-? 6is82-ethylhe;yl9 tetrabro-

mo$hthalate

6H-+6P

# 00 - 5000 ; (S#5

202a

*7&5)& 22-!/A-0 252-:8-&ethylethylidene9bis:825A-

dibromo-/5-

$henyle-

le-

ne9o;ymethylene<<biso;iran

e

+66P#-6K

7 -; (S#5

20c

*$75&,) 2?0-@02- ,ibromostyrene ,6S #7 - - (S#5

202a

*$)//, 22-A.?-. 525?5A5.50-

He;abromocyclododecane

H6",, # Preregistered RH6",, regis-tered under "#S)o 2?A!>-..-/

; (S#5

20a

*&/*)5$ 2?-0@/-2 ,i$henyl ether5 $entabromo

derivative

$enta6, # - - (S#5

20b

*&/*,/& 2?-0@>-. ,i$henyl ether5 octabromo

derivative

octa6, # - - (S#5

20b

*&/557,) 2?-@-A )5)-ethylenebis8!5/5?5A-

tetrabromo$hthalimide9

6+6P4 # 00 - 5000 ; (S#5

202a

*&755/ 22-.!-2 2-8allylo;y9-5!5?-

tribromobenBene

+6P-# #7 - ; (S#5

202b

*&, 22-.A>-> 252-

bis8bromomethyl9$ro$ane-

5!-diol

,6)PK 7 00 - 5000 ; (S#5

202a

**&&*5 222-0!A-@ 52-,ibromo-/-852-

dibromoethyl9cyclohe;ane

,6-,6"H

# - - (S#5

202a

**75&, 2?-A@-@ /5/-iso$ro$ylidenebis:25A-

dibromo$henyl< diacetate

+66P#- bO#c

# - - (S#5

20c



brominated flame retardants !!


tonna#e band

ty &

Prere#istered

Su%%lied

by maor

manu

facturers

*

01alu

ated by

0;SA

*)/7$$, 2?2-0.>-A 525!5/5>5>-He;achloro-?-8tetrabromo-

$henyl9bicyclo:2121<he$t-2-

ene

H"+6PH # -

- (S#5202a

*/$,/ 2?2-!>2-0 5!5?-tribromo-2-825!-

dibromo$ro$o;y9benBene

,P+ # - - (S#5

202b

*///$$$ 222-A0-@ #llyl $entabromo$henyl

ether9

P6P# #7 - - (S#5

202b

*,*//$5 2?2-../-2 He;abromo-5-bi$henyl He;a66 # - (S#5

200

*,)5*/7/ 2?!-0?>-0 252-dimethyl$ro$an--ol5tribromo derivative

+6)P# 7 +onnage ,ata"onfidential

4ntermediateUse Only

; -

*75/*/$ 2?!-A.2-! 5-:ethane-52-

diylbiso;y<bis:25/5A-

tribromobenBene<

6+6P # - ; (S#5

202a

*75/*,$/ 2?!-A.!-. 6enBene5 5T-8-

methylethylidene9

bis:!5?-dibromo-/-metho;y

+66P#-

6&

7 - - -

*/,&$, 2?/-?22-0 6enBene5 525!5/-

tetrabromo?-chloro-A-

methyl

+6"+ # - - -

*,*/7/ 2?/-??-. /5/-sul$honylbis:25A-

dibromo$henol<

+66PS #7 - - (S#5

202b

)$,&)/& 22/-00?-/ /5/-iso$ro$ylidenebis82-

825A-

dibromo$heno;y9ethanol9

+66P#-6H

#7 - (S#5

20c

)&7/7//$ 2??-.2.-A bis:!5?-dibromo-/-825!-

dibromo$ro$o;y9$henyl<

sul$hone

+66PS-6,6P

# - - (S#5

202b

/$*,//$ 2?>-?2A-0 >5@-,ibromo-525!5/55-

he;achloro-

5/5/a5?5A5>[email protected]

decahydro-5/-

methanobenBocyclooctene

,6H"+, # - - (S#5

202a

/&)*) 2?>-.!-/ 5!5?-+ris825!-

dibromo$ro$yl9-5!5?-

triaBine-25/5A8H5!H5?H9-

trione

+,6P-+#+O

# - - (S#5

202a



!/ brominated flame retardants


tonna#e band

ty &

Prere#istered

Su%%lied

by maor

manu

facturers

*

01alu

ated by

0;SA

/5,/,,/ 2A-?2A-A 525/5?-tetrabromo-!5A-6is8$entabromo$heno;y9

benBene

/T-

Pe6PO6-,20@

# -

- (S#5202a

/))7//$ 2A->A>-> 8Pentabromo$henyl9methyl

acrylate

P66-#cr 7 00 - 5000 ; (S#5

202a

/))7/7* - Poly 8$entabromobenByl

9acrylate

- 7 not $reregis-

trered

;

,$//57 20-/!A-? 25/-dibromo$henol ,6P #7 - - (S#5

202b

,57$ 20-A>-! Pentabromo$henol P6P #7 - - (S#5

202b

,*&7$ 2-@?-/ +etrabromo$hthalic anhy-

dride

+6P-#nh 7 00 - 5000 ; -

,,7$7& 2AA-/??-/ 2-Pro$enoic acid5 5T:8-

methylethylidene9bis:825A-

dibromo-/5$henylene9o;y-

25-ethanediyl<< ester

+66P#-

6H6#

7 - - -

,5))$,&* A/-?0!-! 2-butyne-5/-diol5 $olymer

with 2-

8chloromethyl9o;irane5

brominated5 dehydrochlo-

rinated5 metho;ylated

- 7 5000 - 05000 ; -

,5&57$ ZA/-@>-0 Phenol5 /5/-8-


dibromo-5 $olymer with 252-

:8-


dibromo-/5-

$he-

nylene9o;ymethylene<<bis:o

;irane<

- # - ; -

7$*)&77* ZA?-2@2-A "arbonic dichloride5 $oly-

mer with /5/-8-


dibromo$henol<5 bis825/5A-

tribromo$henyl9 ester

7,+-> # - ; -

7)7 20-2!A-. 2525A5A-+etrabromo-/5/-

iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol

+66P# #7 5000 - 05000 ; (S#5

20c



brominated flame retardants !?


tonna#e band

ty &

Prere#istered

Su%%lied

by maor

manu

facturers

*

01alu

ated by

0;SA

5)5/&/* 2@/-!AA-. 5-8thane-52-diyl9bis:$entabromobenBene

<

,6,P # 5000 Q ; (S#5202a

5/&&* 20-?.!-0 25!5/5?5A-

PentabromoethylbenBene

P66 # - (S#5

202a

575&$ 20->>!-. He;abromobenBene H66 # - (S#5

202a

575*& 20->>/-/ 25!5/5?5A-

Pentabromotoluene

P6+ #7 - (S#5

202a

55)7/,7 ZA@->-0 6enBene5 ethenyl-5 homo$ol-

ymer5 brominated:6rominated Polystyrene<

- # - ; -

)**),)& ZA.-02-@ "arbonic dichloride5 $oly-

mer with /5/-8-


dibromo$henol< and $henol

- # - ; -

$$/75*5 - 6enBene5 ethenyl-5 $olymer

with 5!-butadiene5 bromin-

ated

- # )ot indentifiedin $reregistra-tion database8$olymer9

;

Pro%rietary Physical blend of brominat-ed $olystyrene and a $olyes-

ter resin

- # )ot indentifiedin $reregistra-tion database

;

Pro%rietary 7eactive diol blend - 7 -F- ;

Pro%rietary #romatic reactive diol - 7 -F- ;

Pro%rietary 6rominated $olymer - # -F- ;

Pro%rietary +etrabromo$hthalic #nhy-

dride 6ased ,iol

- 7 -F- ;

Pro%rietary Phos$horus-6romine (lame7etardant

- [ -F-

;

Pro%rietary Phos$horus-6romine (lame

7etardant

- [ -F- ;

Z Substances without an " number R the number is a list number a$$lied for the $re-registration1

Z "hemical name according to $re-registrationregistration1

Z2 Substances registered with "H#C +he database on registered substances includes as of %une 20!C

- substances manufactured or im$orted at 00 tonnes or more $er year5

- carcinogenic5 mutagenic or to;ic to re$roduction substances above tonne $er year1

Substances which are $re-registered but not registered are indicated by a F-F

Z! 4dentified at web-sites of ma*or manufacturers &arch 2021 Substances and $roducts listed in #$$endi; !1

Z/ Practical abbreviations5 P7#6s 86ergman et al.5 202a91



!A brominated flame retardants

Z? 7C reactive5 #C additiveI see main te;t for descri$tion for additive vs1 reactive use of 6(7s1 SourceC 6ergman

et al. 82029 R for substances not included in this review $a$er information is searched in the technical liter-

ature1

Substances from the gross list5 which are not $re-registered or $roduced by the ma*or manufactur-

ers5 are included in +able 21 +he substances are listed se$arately as most of the substances are$robably not currently manufactured or im$orted into the U5 but are rather manufactured outside

the U 8not by the ma*or global manufacturers91

One of the substances in +able 2 has been demonstrated to be $resent in the environment in a sur-

vey of brominated flame retardants in the )ordic environment 8Schlabach et al.5 209C +6# 8"#S

)o1 A0>-..-@91

TAB>0 &

4,)+4(4, 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 3H4"H #7 )O+ P7-7K4S+7, O7 SUPPL4, 6Y &#%O7

&#)U(#"+U77S

CAS No 0C No Substance name $ Abb. 01aluated by0;SA

Source

$5)55/$

$&//,,/*

5*5)*77

- Octabromotrimethyl-

$henyl indane

O6+&P4 ; (S#5 202a

$/&&&/ - +ribromoneo$entyl

alcohol :same substance

as "#S )o !A/@!-?>-?<

+6)P# ; (S#5 202a

$,5)*))// - Phenol5 25/5A-

tribromo!-

8tetrabromo$entadecyl9

+6P,-+6P ; (S#5 202b

&/)/5$ - He;abromocyclodecane H6"Y, ; (S#5 202a

*$)/75 - "yclooctane5 525?5A-

tetrabromo

+6"O - 6ergman et

al.5 202a

*7)$)&) - Phenol5 /5/T-8-

methylethyli-

dene9bis:25Adibromo-5

di$ro$anoate 8."49

+66P#-6P - 6ergman et

al.5 202a

*5/&$/$, 2?!-.@?-A 6enBene5 525!5/5?-

$entabromoA-8bromomethyl9

P666 - 6ergman et

al.5 202a

)7$7$*5 - 6enBene5 5T-

:o;ybis8methylene9<bis

:25!5/5?5A-

$entabromo8."49

,6,6 - 6ergman et

al.5 202a

//&/*5) - 2-Pro$enoic acid5 5T-

:8-methylethylidene9

bis825A-dibromo-/5-

$henylene9< ester

+66P#-6# - 6ergman et

al.5 202a



brominated flame retardants !>

CAS No 0C No Substance name $ Abb. 01aluated by

0;SA

Source

/75&57 - -825!-,ibromo$ro$yl9-

!5?-diallyl-5!5?-triaBine-

25/5A8H5!H5?H9-trione

,6P-+#+O ; (S#5 202a

/5)/* - 6enBene5 525!5/5?-$entabromoA-

8chloromethyl9

P66" - 6ergman et

al.5 202a

,75 - 25/5A5-tribromoanisol +6# - 6ergman et

al.5 202a

7$/,7/ - 6enBene5 5T-

sulfonylbis:!5

?-dibromo-/-metho;y

+6PPS-6& ; (S#5 202b

7/7/$,* - 5!-6is825!-

dibromo$ro$yl9-?-allyl-

5!5?-triaBine-25/5A8H5!H5?H9-trione

6,6P-+#+O ; (S#5 202a

+he brominated flame retardants5 as defined in this survey5 can be divided into five classesC

• #romatic 6(7s 8with a double carbon ring structure95 such as tetrabromobis$henol #

8+66P#95 $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,s9 and $olybrominated bi$henyls 8P66s9C the

largest grou$ of 6(7sI

• "ycloali$hatic 6(7s 8with a single carbon ring structure95 $rimarily he;abromocyclododecane

8H6",,9I

•

#li$hatic 6(7s 8with carbon chains without ring structures95 a few flame retardants which areused in relatively small =uantitiesI

• Polymeric 6(7s 8with re$eating carbon units9 such as brominated $olystyreneI

• 4norganic 6(7s 8without carbon95 includes ammonium bromide only1

4n some conte;ts only the three first classes are considered to be included in the grou$ of brominat-

ed flame retardants1

+ost common B;'s

+he most common 6(7s are decabromodi$henyl ether 8deca6,95 tetrabromobis$henol #

8+66P#9 and he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,95 according to information from the ma*or manu-

facturers5 and confirmed by the registered volumes 86(74P5 2091 ,eca6, and H6",, are both

registered with a total $roduction Q im$ort in the 05000 - 005000 ty range5 while +66P# are

registered in the 5000 - 05000 ty range1

6esides these substances5 four 6(7s are registered with a $roduction Q im$ort of more than 5000

tyC

• 5-8thane-52-diyl9bis:$entabromobenBene 8,6,P5 additive 6(79I

• 5!5?-+riaBine5 25/5A-tris825/5A-tribromo$heno;y9 8++6P-+#5 additive 6(79I

• 25/5A-+ribromo$henol 8+6P5 reactive 6(79I

• 2-butyne-5/-diol5 $olymer with 2-8chloromethyl9o;irane5 brominated5 dehydrochlorinated5

metho;ylated 8halogenated $olyether$olyol 65 reactive 6(791



!@ brominated flame retardants

;ocus of the sur1ey

LOUS 200. includes E"ertain brominated flame retardants E with three e;am$les from the grou$C

,ecabromdi$henyl ether 8deca6,95 additive use of tetrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 and he;a-

bromocyclododecane 8H6",,91 +hese are also the 6(7s currently used in the highest =uantities

and some of the 6(7s which are given most attention as concerns $ossible legislative actions1 Some

alternatives to deca6,5 $rimarily ,6,P5 have drawn some attention as well as u$coming high-

volume 6(7s1 3ithin the limits of this survey5 a decision was made to describe the environmentaland health $ro$erties of these substances in more detail and focus the assessment of alternatives on

alternatives to these substances1 +he additive (7 ++6P-+# with a registered volume in the 5000 -

05000 ty range was not indicated as registered at "H#s website until the u$date of 2A %uly

20!5 and was not included in the list of substances with $articular focus5 as the review of environ-

mental and health haBards were finaliBed at that time1

(or the other 6(7s5 available information on their use and $resence in environment as well as $o-

tential human e;$osure is briefly reviewed in order to identify u$coming issues and ma*or data

ga$s1

PBD0s and PBBs

Historically5 the $olybrominated di$henyl ethers or P6,s5 together with +66P# and its deriva-

tives5 have been the main grou$s of 6(7s1 +he $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,s9 with three

to ten bromine atoms were used in commercial additive flame retardants1

+hree different P6,s were commercially available5 but the commercial $roducts were not $ure

substances1 +hey were referred to as commercial $enta-5 octa- and decabromodi$henyl ether5 but

each $roduct was a mi;ture of brominated di$henyl ethers1 +he commercial $roducts are often

abbreviated c-$enta6,5 c-octa6, and c-deca6,1 +he e;act com$osition of the commercial

$roducts varied and according to the U 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort for deca6, FThe actual compo-

sition of the products from different producers/suppliers is regarded as confidential information"

(ECB, !!. 4n ..?5 the $roducers in the US# and uro$e committed themselves to $roducing c-

deca-6, with an average $urity of .>M or better 8Lassen et al.5 200A91 +y$ical contents5 as re$ort-ed in the U 7is' #ssessment for deca6,5 are shown in +able !1

TAB>0 *+YP4"#L "O&POS4+4O) O( "O&&7"4#L P6,S 86#S, O) "65 20029

Com%onent Number of

bromine atoms

Commercial %roduct E by (ei#ht

c%entaBD0

$

coctaBD0

&

cdecaBD0

&

Tribromodi%henylethers ! 012

Tetrabromodi%henylethers / !A10

Pentabromodi%henylethers ? ??1

4e3abromodi%henylethers A @1A ?1?

4e%tabromodi%henylethers > /21!

6ctabromodi%henylethers @ !A1

Nonabromodi%henylethers . !1. 21?

Decabromodi%henylethers 0 21 .>1/

Total ..1. ..1. ..1.

Z ,ata from 2000I Z2C data from ..>1



brominated flame retardants !.

+oday5 mainly c-deca6, is in commercial use1 +he $roduction of $enta6, and octa6, has

ceased by the ma*or global manufacturers of brominated flame retardants 8see Section !11!95 but

the substances may still be $roduced by minor $roducers 8e1g1 in "hina9 or $resent in $roducts in

use in society5 or in recycled materials1 Some im$ort of $enta6, into the U is re$orted in statis-

tics5 and information on the use of octa6, in ,enmar' has been obtained 8see "ha$ter !91

+he P6,s consist of many different congeners5 each re$resenting a s$ecific configuration of the bromine atoms on the bi$henyl grou$5 and in monitoring they are referred to by a s$ecific congener

number e1g1 6,-/>1 ,eca6,5 with only one $ossible configuration5 is referred to as 6,-20.1

,ecabromodi$henyl ether, decaB#E, C$% &o '')-'*-+

+he manufacturing of brominated bi$henyls 8P66s9 which have a structure similar to P"6s but with bromine substituting for hydrogen in the bi$henyl5 have ceased5 but the substances may still be

$resent in $roducts used in society1 +he commercial $roducts of the brominated bi$henyls5 c-

he;a66 and c-deca665 consisted of a mi;ture of different P66s1

exabromobiphenl, hexaBB, C$% &o ))++-!'-

+he P66s and P6,s are the most well described of the substances5 and much information on hu-

man health and environmental effects as well as monitoring data is available1 #s the use of $enta-

and octa6, is highly restricted today5 the descri$tion of environmental and health im$acts of the

P6,s will5 as well as descri$tion of alternatives5 mainly focus on deca6,5 which is still used1 +he

other substances are described in the conte;t of their $resence in the environment5 in $roducts in

society and in waste streams1

TBBPA and deri1ati1es

+etrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 and derivatives are a grou$ of aromatic 6(7s in which four hy-

drogens in the bis$henol structure are re$laced by bromine1 (rom a global $ers$ective5+66P# andderivatives have been the most im$ortant grou$ of brominated flame retardants for decades1

Tetrabromobisphenol $, TBB$,C$% &o 0*-*1-0

Tetrabromobisphenol $ bis (alll etherTBB$-b$E,

C$% &o +)0-*-)



/0 brominated flame retardants

+etrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 can be used both as an additive 6(7 and as a reactive 6(71

+66P# is used as reactive flame retardant in the $roduction of e$o;y resins5 re$lacing bis$henol #5

$artially or totally5 in the reaction with e$ichlorhydrin1 3hen +66P# is used as a reactive flame

retardant5 the chemical identity of the com$ound is lost in the $rocess of $olymerisation1 +his

means that +66P# per se is not $resent in the final $roduct e;ce$t for a trace content of unreacted

+66P#1 +66P# can be used as an additive flame retardant in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 8#6S95$olystyrene 8PS9 and $henolic resin1 4n this case the substance is $resent in the $olymer and can be

released from the surface1 #s mentioned in the $reface5 it is stated in the LOUS that only the addi-

tive use of +66P# is included in the list1

6esides +66P#5 a number of 6(7s are used reactively5 including 25/5A-tribromo$henol 825/5A -

+6P95 tetrabromo$hthalic anhydride and reactive diol blends1

4BCDD

He;abromocyclododecane5 H6",,5 is a cycloali$hatic com$ound with si; bromine atoms and the

most common non-aromatic 6(71 +he bromine atoms can have different configurations5 and com-

mercial H6",, is made u$ of three Echiral diastereomers\ which com$licates a ris' assessment

8"65 200@91 +he three diastereomers5 ]-5 - and _-H6",,5 shown in the figure below5 are all

chiral and e;ist as $airs of enantiomers in technical H6",,1 #fter release to the environment5 the

enantiomers may interact differentially with other chiral molecules in biological systems 8"65

200@91

+he sum of the diastereomers are commonly referred to as H6",,1

2-BC## 3-BC## 4-BC## (ECB, !!

exabromocclododecane, BC##, C$% +)0-**-1, the line indicates the mirror plane

Stereomerism is also an issue for other cycloali$hatic 6(7s such as 52-dibromo-/-852-

dibromoethyl9cyclohe;ane 8,6-,6"H91

DecaBD0 alternati1es,eca6, has been re$laced to a large e;tent by other 6(7s e1g1 in electrical and electronic e=ui$-

ment5 and some of the substitutes are themselves of some concern and increasingly included in

surveys and studies1 ;am$les are the aromatic 6(7sC decabromodi$henyl ethane, 8,6,P95 eth-

ylenebis8tetrabromo$hthalimide9 86+6P49 and +66P# and derivatives1 +he two first are shown

below1 #s they are alternatives to deca6, with a nearly similar a$$lication $rofile5 the consum$-

tion of these substances may increase significantly in the future1



brominated flame retardants /

#ecabromodiphenl ethane, #B#E,

C$% &o 1+-+)-*

Ethlenebis(tetrabromophthalimide,

EBTEB5,

C$% &o )+-0-1

25/5A-+ris825/5A-tribomo$heno;y9-5!5?-triaBine 8++6P-+#9 is registered in the tonnage band of

5000-0500o ty by one com$any which re$resents #sian manufacturers1 +he substance is indicat-

ed to be used in the $olymers H4PS and #6S in electronics and may be one of the main alternatives

to the regulated octa6, in #6S5 and alternative to deca6, for H4PS and other $olymers1 Very

limited information on the use of the substance is available1

5C6, !'

',),+-Tria7ine, ,1,-tris(,1,-tribromophenox, ++6P-+#, C$% &o +0')-!-1

Brominated %olymers

6rominated $olymers have been used for certain a$$lications for many years5 but have in recent

years been increasingly mar'eted as FgreenF alternatives to e1g1 regulated 6(7s1 ;am$les are the

$ro$rietary $olymeric 6(7s Kreen#rmor+& and Kreen"rest+& from the manufacturer #lbemarle

which are mar'eted as alternatives to deca6, and H6",,5 res$ectively5 and the merald 4nnova-

tion+& series from "hemtura1 +he structure of a recently introduced $olymeric alternative to

H6",,5 which is manufactured by three of the ma*or manufacturers5 is shown below1

8% E$, !''a

Ben7ene, ethenl-, polmer 9ith ',)-butadiene, brominated

C$% &o ''*+*0-*)-

Other e;am$les of $olymeric 6(7s are brominated e$o;y and brominated $olyacrylate5 shown

below1 +he brominated e$o;y has brominated benBene rings in the bac'bone5 whereas the bromin-

ated $olyacrylate $olymers contain brominated aromatic side chains1




5C6, !'

5C6, !' Brominated epox, C$% &o )!0-1- Brominated polacrlate, C$% &o +*110-+0-)

(or the assessment of these $olymeric substances it may be of im$ortance as to what e;tent the

degradation of the $olymers leads to the formation of brominated aromatic com$ounds1

Antinomy trio3ide

&any of the additive brominated flame retardants are used together with antimony trio;ide 8Sb/OA5

"#S )o !0.-A/-/9 which acts as a synergist 8+roitBsch5 200/91 #ntimony trio;ide is classified as

carcinogenic according to the "LP 7egulation 8"arc1 25 H!?91

$.& Physical and chemical %ro%erties of selected brominated flame retardants

+he names5 other identifiers5 $hysical and chemical $ro$erties of the three high-volume 6(7s are

shown in +able /1 # list with selected $hysical and chemical $ro$erties of all 6(7s is included in

#$$endi; !1

+he listed $ro$erties mainly refer to the registration dossiers available at "H#s website1 +he reg-

istration dossiers may include different values for the same $arameterI in this case5 all values are

indicated1 Please consult the registrations for the original references1

TAB>0 )PHYS4"#L #), "H&4"#L P7OP7+4S O( SL"+, 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S

BisF%entabromo%henylG ether 'eference

0C number 2/-A0/-. %oint submission registration

at "H#s website

CAS number A!-.-? -E-

Synonyms ,ecabrominated di$henyl ether5 deca6,5

5-o;ybis8$entabromobenBene9

-E-

+olecular formula "26r0O -E-

Physical state Solid5 at 20" and 0! hPa -E-

+eltin#free2in# %oint !0/ "5 measurement $erformed at sea level

and room tem$erature

-E-

Boilin# %oint )o data -E-

'elati1e density 21A!5 at 20 " -E-

a%our %ressure 0100000/A! Pa at 2 " -E-



brominated flame retardants /!

Surface tension )o data -E-

-ater solubility Fm#lG 01 gl at 2? " -E-

>o# P Foctanol(aterG A1A2? at 2? " -E-

+olecular (ei#ht

ran#e

&&H,,Htetrabromo))H

iso%ro%ylidenedi%henol FTBBPAG

'eference

0C number 20-2!A-. %oint submission registration

at "H#s website

CAS number >.-./-> -E-

Synonyms +etrabromobis$henol #5 +66P#5 +66P-#5

252-6is8!5?-dibromo-/-

hydro;y$henyl9$ro$ane5 Phenol5 /5/T-8-

methylethylidene9 bis:25A-dibromo

6ergman et al 15 202

+olecular formula

"?H26r/O2

-E-


+eltin#free2in# %oint !0/ "5 measurement $erformed at sea level

and room tem$erature

-E-


'elati1e density 21>

1>?0 'gl

212 'gl at / "

-E-

a%our %ressure 010000. Pa at 20 "

Surface tension no data -E-

-ater solubility Fm#lG Slightly soluble 801-00 mgl9

010@ mgl at 20 " and $H >1A @1

01>2 mgl at ? "

/1A mgl at 2? "

1>> mgl at !? "

-E-

>o# P Foctanol(aterG ?1.0! at 2? "

/1?/

-E-

+olecular (ei#ht

ran#e

?/!1@> 6ergman et al 15 202

4e3abromocyclododecane 'eference

0C number 2/>-/@-/I 22-A.?-. %oint submission registration

at "H#s website

CAS number 2?A!>-..-/ 8mi;ture of mainly three dia- -E-



// brominated flame retardants

stereomers9

!./-??-A 8not registered9

Synonyms H6",,5 H6",5 cyclododecane5 525?5A5.50-

he;abromo

6ergman et al 15 202

+olecular formula "2H@6rA -E-


+eltin#free2in# %oint @?1. 010/ " 8.?M confidence interval91

@21> " 8results for H6",, 29

20 -20? " 8for highest melting version9

&elting $oints of $ure isomers of H6",C

H6",, 8_-isomer9 20@ - 20"

H6",, 2 8-isomer9 A. - >0"

H6",, ! 8]-isomer9 > - >!"

-E-


'elati1e density 21/0! 'gl -E- a%our %ressure A12> ; 0-? Pa at 2" -E-

Surface tension )o data -E-

-ater solubility Fm#lG ]-H6",, /@1@1. gl

^-H6",, /1>01? gl

_-H6",, 21012 gl

H6",, technical $roduct5 sum of above5

a$$ro;imately A? gl

!1/ gl at 2?"

Slightly soluble 801-00 mgl9

-E-

>o# P Foctanol(aterG ?1A2? at 2?"+he Log ow of H6",, is within the range

of ?10>-?1/> 8]-H6",, ?10> 010.5 ^-

H6",, ?12 010.5 _-H6",, ?1/>

0109 under the conditions of the calcula-

tions $resented1

-E-

+olecular (ei#ht

ran#e

A/1> 6ergman et al 15 202

$.* ;unction of the substances for main a%%lication areas+he brominated flame retardants are used to $revent the ignition of $lastic materials and te;tiles1

# fire starts with an ignition source 8for e;am$le a match9 setting combustible material 8for e;am-

$le a $iece of $lastic9 on fire1 +he fire s$reads5 heats u$ the surroundings and once the materials in

the room have formed enough flammable gases and are sufficiently hot5 flashover ta'es $lace1 +his

is the start of the fully develo$ed fire whereby tem$eratures u$ to 5200 " can be reached1 8(7#5

20!91

,e$ending on their nature5 flame reactants can act chemically andor $hysically in the solid5 li=uid5

or gas $hases 8+roitBsch5 200/91 +hey interfere with combustion during a $articular stage of this

$rocess5 for e;am$le during heating5 decom$osition5 ignition5 or flame s$read 8+roitBsch5 200/91



brominated flame retardants /?

+he brominated flame retardants and other halogenated flame retardants 8generally chlorinated9

act mainly though gas $hase mechanisms 8+roitBsch5 200/91 ,ue to the release of hydrogen halide

during decom$osition5 halogen com$ounds act by re$lacing the highly reactive OH and H radicals

by the less reactive halogen radical1 6y dissi$ating the energy of the OH radicals by tra$$ing5 the

thermal balance is modified and this strongly reduces the combustion rate1 8+roitBsch5 200/9

6rominated flame retardants dehydrogenate $olymers by virtue of abstracting hydrogen atomsneeded to $roduce hydrogen bromide1 +his $rocess enhances charring of the $olymer at the e;-

$ense of volatile combustible $roducts5 thus contributing to the flame retardancy of the $olymer1

8(7#5 20!9

+he overall flame retardancy mechanism of all the halogenated (7s is conse=uently the same1 +he

choice of halogenated (7 de$ends on the ty$e of $olymer to be made flame retardant5 for e;am$le

in relation to the behaviour of the halogenated flame retardant under $rocessing conditions 8stabil-

ity5 melting5 distribution91 8+roitBsch5 200/9

4n the series of ali$hatic5 cycloali$hatic5 and aromatic halogen com$ounds5 the strength of the bond

between the halogen and the basic structure of the molecule increases5 which means that the tem-

$erature stability also rises5 but that the flame retardancy effectiveness may decrease1 Polybromin-

ated di$henyl ethers 8for instance deca6,95 being aromatic com$ounds5 have more tem$erature

stability than cycloali$hatic bromine com$ounds 8such as5 for instance5 he;abromocyclododecaneC

H6",95 and can therefore be utiliBed with $lastics that must be $rocessed at relatively high tem$er-

atures1 However5 they do re=uire antimony trio;ide as a synergist to raise their effectiveness

8LeisewitB et al.5 20091

Often the addition of metallic com$ounds such as Binc or antimony o;ides enhance the efficiency of

6(7s5 by allowing the formation of transition s$ecies5 Emetal o;ohalides\5 which allow the de$osit

of a $rotective layer of metal o;ides on the surface of the material1 #ntimony trio;ide Sb2O! does

not have flame retardant $ro$erties on its own5 but is an effective synergist for bromine- and chlo-

rine-based flame retardants1 4t acts as a catalyst5 facilitating the brea'down of these halogenatedflame retardants to active free radicals1 4t also reacts with the halogens to $roduce volatile antimony

halogen com$ounds5 which are themselves directly effective in removing the high energy H and

OHradicals that feed the gas $hase of the fire5 thus strengthening the flame-su$$ressing effect of

the flame retardants1 8(7#5 20!I +roitBsch5 200/91

+he a$$lication of the 6(7s5 loading in different $lastic ty$es5 etc1 is further described in section

!1!1



/A brominated flame retardants



brominated flame retardants />

&. 'e#ulatory frame(or"

+his cha$ter gives an overview of how 6(7s are addressed in e;isting and u$coming U and ,anish

legislation5 international agreements and by U and )ordic eco-label criteria1

4n #$$endi; 5 a brief overview of legal instruments in the U and , and how they are related is

$resented1 +he a$$endi; also gives a brief introduction to the chemicals legislation5 e;$lains the

lists referred to in section 2112 on 7#"K5 and $rovides a brief introduction to international

agreements and the U and )ordic ecolabelling schemes1

&.$ >e#islation

+his section will first list e;isting legislation addressing 6(7s and then give an overview of on-goingactivities5 focusing on which substances are in the $i$eline in relation to various 7#"H $rovisions1

&.$.$ 03istin# le#islation

+able ? $rovides an overview of e;isting legislation addressing 6(7s1 (or each area of legislation5

the table first lists the U legislation 8if a$$licable9 and then 8as concerns directives9 e;isting trans-

$osition into ,anish law andor other national rules1 +he latter will only be elaborated u$on in case

of ,anish rules differing from U rules1

4n ,enmar'5 the ,anish P# $ublished an action $lan for brominated flame retardants in 200

8,anish P#5 20091 +he target of the action $lan was to internationally eliminate the use of P6,s

and P66s in the short term and to identify and eliminate other $roblematic 6(7s in the longer

term1 4t was stated that 6(7s5 which can migrate from $roducts5 shall not be used if they are $ersis-tent5 are bioaccumulative and harmful effects on human health or the environment are sus$ected1

Some actions initiated on the basis of the action $lan were dissemination of information on 6(7s

and alternatives5 and a number of studies on the feasibility of $hasing out selected brominated

flame retardants5 as well as assessments of human health and environmental effects of alternatives

to the 6(7s1

+he first measures for reducing the emission of 6(7s at U level were introduced in 200! with the

7oHS ,irective5 restricting P6,s in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment $laced on the U mar'et5

and with ,irective 200!" 8an amendment to ,irective >A>A."95 which introduced a

general restriction on $enta6, and octa6, in concentrations above 01M1

+able ? illustrates that current U legislation mainly focuses on the P6,s and P66s and includes

strict restrictions on the use of these substances5 a re=uirement for e;$ort notification $rocedure

and listing as $ossible $riority substances under the 3ater (ramewor' ,irective1

He;a665 tetra6,5 $enta6,5 he;a6, and he$ta6,5 are strictly restricted by the POPs regula-

tion 87egulation 8"9 )o @?0200/9 which is the main im$lementing instrument of the Stoc'holm

"onvention in the U1 +he tetra6, and $enta6, are main constituents of the commercial $en-

ta6,5 whereas he;a6, and he$ta6, are some of the constituents of the commercial octa6,1

+he e;em$tions generally allow very low concentrations in substances5 $re$arations and the ad-

dressed articles1 +he uro$ean "ommission is currently wor'ing on setting s$ecific concentration

limits in waste for the covered brominated flame retardants and other new substances under the

Stoc'holm "onvention1



/@ brominated flame retardants

(or P6,s in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 the restrictions are currently effectively an inter-

$lay between the POPs 7egulation5 the 7#"H 7egulation and the 7oHS ,irective1 +he POPs 7eg-

ulation and the 7#"H 7egulation have an e;em$tion for electrical and electronic e=ui$ment with-

in the sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective1 +he 7oHS ,irective 8and the ,anish 7oHS Statutory Order9

a$$lies to articles $laced on the U mar'et5 whereas $roduction for e;$ort is outside the sco$e of

the ,irective and is therefore regulated by the POPs 7egulation and the 7#"H 7egulation1 +hisalso a$$lies to electrical and electronic $arts for a range of a$$lications including large-scale sta-

tionary tools and fi;ed installations5 means of trans$ort5 $hotovoltaic $anels5 and military e=ui$-

ment1 (or such ty$e of e=ui$ment5 the deca6, can still be a$$lied5 whereas other P6,s and

P66s will be restricted by the POPs 7egulation and the 7#"H 7egulation1 +he 7oHS ,irective

includes some e;ce$tions for medical devices and monitoring and control instruments and s$are

$arts 8see +able ? for details91 (or the e;ce$ted e=ui$ment and some s$are $arts octa6, and $en-

ta6, may still be used1 (or this e=ui$ment and some s$are $arts5 the U legislation does not a$-

$ear to be in accordance with the Stoc'holm "onvention1 "ontrary to this5 the ,anish 7oHS statu-

tory order do not have a general e;em$tion for medical devices and monitoring and control instru-

ments5 but substancea$$lications s$ecific e;em$tions for this e=ui$ment1 P66 and P6, are not

among the substances e;em$ted for use in this e=ui$ment in ,enmar'1

+he uro$ean "ommission has $ut forward a $ro$osal for a regulation on shi$ recycling on 2!

&arch 202 8"O&82029 @@5 final91 P66s and P6,s are included in a list of items for inventory of

haBardous substances1

;ire re#ulations

(ire safety regulations are the driver for using flame retardants to a large e;tent1 +he anne; NV

re$ort for deca6, 8U5 2029 lists e;am$les of fire regulation in different U &ember States and

fire safety standards a$$licable for various a$$lication areas of 6(7s1

(ire safety regulations in general do not include any s$ecific re=uirements for the use of 6(7s1 +he

regulations ty$ically define some fire tests which the materials5 article or building com$onent

should $ass5 but it is u$ to the manufactureruser to decide how the re=uirements can be met1

# detailed descri$tion of fire safety standards in ,enmar'5 Kermany and U is $rovided in Lassen

et al. 8...91 4t has been beyond the sco$e of this re$ort to $rovide an u$dated descri$tion of fire

regulations and fire standards in ,enmar' and internationally1 (ire tests are $erformed by ,64 -

,anish 4nstitute of (ire and Security +echnology and other authorities in ,enmar'1 4nformation on

re=uirements and test methods is available from the institutes website 8,645 20!91

(ire safety regulation is mentioned here with the sco$e of identifying $otential a$$lication areas of

the 6(7s1 Section !1!12 discusses the necessary loadings of 6(7s in different materials in order to

meet the fire safety standards1 4n "ha$ter 0 on alternatives5 it is discussed to what e;tent the fire

safety re=uirement can be met by the use of other flame retardants or use of other materials1 4t is beyond the sco$e of this re$ort to discuss to what e;tent the fire safety regulation and standards are

able to reduce the ris' of fire and reduce the number of fatalities from fires1 4t is furthermore be-

yond the sco$e to discuss to what e;tent the benefits of using the 6(7s is counterbalanced by the

environmental and health im$acts of the flame retardants1 (ire statistics for different &ember

States and the correlation between number of fire deaths and fire regulation has recently been re-

viewed in a study for the uro$ean "ommission5 Health and "onsumers ,K 8#rcadis5 2091

+he fire safety standards that are a$$licable to $lastics$olymers will de$end on the end-use1

Legislation that sets safety goals for goods su$$lied to the U mar'et includes the Keneral Product

Safety ,irective 8200.?"95 the +oy Safety ,irective 8@@!>@" now re$laced by

200./@"95 the 7adio and +elecommunications +erminal =ui$ment ,irective 8...?"95 the

&achinery ,irective 8200A/2"9 and the "onstruction Products ,irective [email protected]"9 8U5



brominated flame retardants /.

20291 +hese $ieces of legislation do not s$ecify $articular levels of fire safety $erformance within

the legal te;t but in some cases5 e1g1 the "onstruction Products 7egulation5 very general re=uire-

ments for fire $erformance 8referred to as Eessential re=uirements\9 are described in the legal te;t1

+hese essential re=uirements are clarified by reference to harmonised fire $erformance standards

and classifications1 8U5 2029

(or the electrical and electronic e=ui$ment and means of trans$ortation5 the re=uirements are to alarge e;tent the same across the U5 but ma*or differences e;ist as concerns te;tilesfurniture and

building materials5 resulting in differences in the use of 6(7s among U &ember States1

+here are no harmonised fire safety standards within the U that are a$$licable to the use of flame

retardants in te;tiles1 4nstead a $atchwor' of fire safety re=uirements has develo$ed with some

&ember States $lacing re=uirements on domestic furniture and some on furniture used in $ublic

buildings 8U5 20291 +his means that there are differences in the fire $erformance re=uired for

te;tiles de$ending on the country to which they are su$$lied and their intended end use1 +he most

stringent re=uirements for domestic furniture have been introduced in the U and in 4reland1 +his

legislation is $articularly demanding because it re=uires the $erformance of u$holstery te;tiles to be

assessed when the te;tile is $laced over untreated foam1 +his means that in addition to its own fire

$erformance5 the te;tile must $rovide $rotection to the filling below1

# com$ilation of international building regulations relevant for PSNPS insulation $anels de-

scribes the re=uirements a$$lied in different U &ember States and in other $arts of the world1

86lom=uist et al.5 20091 4n the U5 the uroclass System for classification of building $roducts

defines a range of fire classes1 +he uroclass system im$lements #rticle 20 of the "onstruction

Products ,irective1 (urthermore5 a number of uro$ean $roducts standards define re=uirements

regarding reaction-to-fire $erformance of the $roducts1 +he building regulations in the individual

&ember States are decided nationally1 4n some countries 8e1g1 Kermany9 the re=uirements are set at

material level5 whereas in others the re=uirements concern the fire safety $erformance of the build-

ing 8e1g1 in Sweden for some a$$lications9 which does not result in a formal re=uirement that the

building materials used are flame retardant1 +his situation results in different use $atterns for flameretarded PSNPS building insulation material across the U1

+he fire regulations mainly concern the following areasC

• 0lectrical and electronic eui%ment. +his is regulated in ,enmar' by the )ational lec-

trical "ode Standard Handboo' 8,anishC StWr'stGmsbe'endtgGrelsen9 which is a framewor'

of se$arate Statutory Orders for the different areas covered1 +he re=uirements are mainly

based on international 4"- and ")L" standards with some s$ecific ,anish additions1

• -irin#1 #lso regulated by the )ational lectrical "ode Standard Handboo'1

• Buildin# materials1 6uilding materials are regulated by the 200 6uilding 7egulations5

670 8,anishC 6ygningsreglementet91 "ombustible insulation materials can be used for somes$ecific a$$lications $rovided that the combustible material is $rotected against ignition

sources 8details s$ecified in the regulations91 +he regulations do not re=uire that combustible

insulation materials are flame retardant1

• Protecti1e clothin#. 4n ,enmar'5 there are no fire re=uirements for clothing te;tiles e;ce$t

for some ty$es of $rotective clothing5 which are regulated by different ,anishuro$ean

standards1 8Lassen et al., ...9

• ;urniture. S$ecific re=uirements a$$ly to furniture used in shi$s and building rooms intend-

ed for more than ?0 $ersons 8,645 20!91

• Car%ets1 "ar$ets used in esca$e routes and other areas with re=uirements for fire and smo'e

shall meet the uro$ean fire class ,fl-s and be tested using international standards

8Kulvbranchen5 20!91



?0 brominated flame retardants

• +eans of trans%ort1 S$ecific fire regulations a$$ly to vehicles5 trains5 shi$s and aircraft

which are based on international standards1 +he re=uirements a$$ly to a range of com$o-

nentsmaterials1 4n shi$s5 for e;am$le5 s$ecific re=uirements a$$ly to $rimary dec' coverings5

vertically su$$orted te;tiles and films5 u$holstered furniture5 bedding com$onents among oth-

er materialscom$onents 8,645 20!91

TAB>0 /U #), ,#)4SH LK4SL#+4O) #,,7SS4)K 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 8#S O( %ULY 20!9

>e#al instrument $ 09

National

Substances Fas

indicated in the

instrumentG

'euirements as concerns B;'s

>e#islation addressin# %roducts

'e#ulation F0CG No

5/&) of the 0uro%ean

Parliament and of the

Council on %ersistent or

#anic %ollutants as re#ards Anne3es I and III FP6Ps

'e#ulationG

The B;'s are added by

Commission re#ulation No

7/7&$ amendin# 'e#ula

tion F0CG No 5/&)

as re#ards Anne3es I and III

U

U

He;a66 8"#S )o

!A!??-0-@9

+etra6,5 "2HA6r/O

Penta6,5 "2H?6r?OHe;a6,5 "2H/6rAO

He$ta6,5 "2H!6r>O

Production5 mar'eting and use of the five 6(7s are

$rohibited1

6y way of derogation5 $roduction5 mar'eting and use of

the following is allowed for the four P6,sC

1 "oncentrations of the substances e=ual to or below 0

mg'g 80500 M by weight9 when it occurs in substances5

$re$arations5 articles or as constituents of the flame-

retarded $arts of articles1

21 Production5 $lacing on the mar'et and use of the

following shall be allowedC

8a9 articles and $re$arations containing concentrations

below 01 M of by weight when $roduced $artially or fully

from recycled materials or materials from waste $re-

$ared for re-useI

8b9 electrical and electronic e=ui$ment within the sco$e

of ,irective 2002.?" of the uro$ean Parliament

and "ouncil 8Z91

!1 Use of articles already in use in the Union before 2?

#ugust 200 containing +etrabromodi$henyl ether as a

constituent of such articles shall be allowed1 #rticle /8295

third and fourth sub$aragra$hs shall a$$ly in relation to

such articles1

3aste management $rovisions are mentioned under

legislation addressing waste below1

'e#ulation F0CG No

$7&, concernin# the

'e#istration 01aluation

Authorisation and 'e

striction of Chemicals

F'0AC4G

U +ris 825! dibromo$ro-

$yl9 $hos$hate

8"#S )o 2A->2->9

P66s

8"#S )o ?.?!A-A?-9

Sub*ect to restriction 8#nne; NV449

1 Shall not be used in te;tile articles5 such as garments5

undergarments and linen5 intended to come into contact

with the s'in1

21 #rticles not com$lying with $aragra$h shall

not be $laced on the mar'et1

Octa6,

"2H26r@O

1 Shall not be $laced on the mar'et5 or usedC

j as a substance5

j as a constituent of other substances5 or in

mi;tures5 in concentrations greater than 01 M by weight1

21 #rticles shall not be $laced on the mar'et if





National

Substances Fas

indicated in the

instrumentG


8c9 e=ui$ment which is s$ecifically designed5 and is to be

installed5 as $art of another ty$e of e=ui$ment that is

e;cluded or does not fall within the sco$e of this ,i-rectiveI

8d9 large-scale stationary industrial toolsI

8e9 large-scale fi;ed installationsI

8f9 means of trans$ort for $ersons or goods5 e;cluding

electric two-wheel vehicles which are not ty$e-a$$rovedI

8g9 non-road mobile machinery made available e;clu-

sively for $rofessional useI

8h9 active im$lantable medical devicesI

8i9 $hotovoltaic $anels intended to be used in a system

that is designed5 assembled and installed by $rofession-

als for $ermanent use at a defined location to $roduce

energy from solar light for $ublic5 commercial5 industrial

and residential a$$licationsI

8*9 e=ui$ment s$ecifically designed solely for the $ur$os-

es of research and develo$ment only made available on a

business-to-business basis1

+he restriction shall not a$$ly toC

1 &edical devices and monitoring and control instru-

ments which are $laced on the mar'et before 22 %uly

20/5 to in vitro diagnostic medical devices which are

$laced on the mar'et before 22 %uly 20A and to indus-

trial monitoring and control instruments which are$laced on the mar'et before 22 %uly 20>

21 cables or s$are $arts for the re$air5 the reuse5 the

u$dating of functionalities or u$grading of ca$acity of

the followingC

8a9 $laced on the mar'et before %uly 200AI

8b9 medical devices $laced on the mar'et before 22 %uly

20/I

8c9 in vitro diagnostic medical devices $laced on the

mar'et before 22 %uly 20AI

8d9 monitoring and control instruments $laced on the

mar'et before 22 %uly 20/I

8e9 industrial monitoring and control instruments $laced

on the mar'et before 22 %uly 20>I

8f9 which benefited from an e;em$tion and which

was $laced on the mar'et before that e;em$tion e;$ired

as far as that s$ecific e;em$tion is concerned1

!1 7eused s$are $arts5 recovered from $laced on the

mar'et before %uly 200A and used in e=ui$ment $laced

on the mar'et before %uly 20A5 $rovided that reuse

ta'es $lace in auditable closed-loo$ business-to-business

return systems5 and that the reuse of $ars is notified to



brominated flame retardants ?!


National

Substances Fas

indicated in the

instrumentG


the consumer1

Be"endt#?relse om be

#r<nsnin# af im%ort o# sal#

samt fremstillin# til e"s%ort

inden for 09 af ele"tris" o#

ele"tronis" udstyr der

indeholder 1isse farli#e

stoffer

F'4Sbe"endt#?relsenG

JStatutory 6rder on the

restriction of the im%ort

and mar"etin# as (ell of

manufacturin# (ithin the

09 for e3%ort of electricaland electronic eui%ment

containin# certain ha2ard

ous substances K

B0! nr $)$ af *$&$&

)ational P66s

P6,s

+he ,anish Statutory Order differs from the 7oHS di-

rective in the way that the Statutory Order does notinclude general e;em$tions for medical e=ui$ment and

other e=ui$ment e;em$ted from the 7oHS directive1 +he

e;em$tions only concern s$ecific substances in the

e=ui$ment e;em$ted in the 7oHS directive e1g1 FLead

used in ;-ray tubesF in medical e=ui$ment1 +he use of

P66 and P6, is not e;em$ted in any e=ui$ment1

'e#ulation F0CG No

$&&*& of * No1ember

& on cosmetic %roducts

Fa%%ly from $$ Luly &$*G

U Octa6, 8"#S )o

!2?!A-?2-09

4ncluded in list of substances $rohibited in cosmetic

$roducts

Be"endt#?relse om

"osmetis"e %rodu"ter

JStatutory 6rder on cosmet

ic %roductsK

B0! nr )&& af )/&,

)ational Octa6, 8"#S )o

!2?!A-?2-09

4ncluded in list of substances $rohibited in cosmetic

$roducts

>e#islation addressin# (aste

Commission re#ulation

F09G No 7/,&$ amend

in# 'e#ulation F0CG No

5/&) as re#ards An

ne3es I and

FAmendin# the P6Ps 'e#u

lationG

U He;a6, 8"#S )o

!A!??-0-@9

+etra6,5 "2HA6r/O

Penta6,5 "2H?6r?O

He;a6,5 "2H/6rAO

He$ta6,5 "2H!6r>O

3aste management $rovisionsC

+he substances shall be dis$osed of in such a way as to

ensure that the $ersistent organic $ollutant content is

destroyed or irreversibly transformed so that the remain-

ing waste and releases do not e;hibit the characteristics

of $ersistent organic $ollutants1

He;abromobi$henyl

Limit value for dis$osal $rovisionsC ?0 mg'g1

Permanent storage shall be allowed only when s$ecified

conditions are met C?5000 mg'gC

"oncentration limits for the four P6,s in the conte;t of

waste management are not set yet1

Directi1e &$&$09 on

(aste electrical and elec

tronic eui%ment FrecastG

F-000Directi1eG

U 6rominated flame

retardants 86(7s9

Plastic containing brominated flame retardants is sub*ect

to selective treatment for materials and com$onents of

waste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 8391



?/ brominated flame retardants


National

Substances Fas

indicated in the

instrumentG


Pro$er treatment5 other than $re$aring for re-use5 and

recovery or recycling o$erations shall5 as a minimum5

include the removal and a selective treatment1

=ui$ment outside the sco$eC

(rom ! #ugust 202 to / #ugust 20@ 8transitional

$eriod95 sub*ect to $aragra$h !5 falling outside the

categories set out in #nne; 41 8industrial tools5 stationary

e=ui$ment5 etc19

8a9 =ui$ment which is necessary for the $rotection of

the essential interests of the security of &ember States5

including arms5 munitions and war material intended for

s$ecifically military $ur$osesI

8 b9=ui$ment which is s$ecifically designed and in-

stalled as $art of another ty$e of e=ui$ment that is e;-

cluded from or does not fall within the sco$e of this

,irective5 which can fulfil its function only if it is $art of

that e=ui$mentI

8c9 filament bulbs1

Be"endt#?relse om mar

"edsf?rin# af ele"tris" o#

ele"tronis" udstyr samt

h@ndterin# af affald af ele"

tris" o# ele"tronis" udstyr

F-000 Be"endt#?relsenG

JStatutory 6rder on %lacin#

on the mar"et of electrical

and electronic eui%ment

and mana#ement of (aste

of electrical and electronic

eui%mentK

B0! nr $&, af $&$&&$$

)ational 6rominated flame

retardants 86(7s9

Plastics containing brominated flame retardants must be

delivered to com$anies that are authoriBed to handle

brominated waste under the nvironmental Protection

#ct k !! or similar legislation abroad1

Plastic with bromine content of less than ? $$m 8mg'g9

can be returned for re$rocessing and recycling by com-

$anies that have been a$$roved under the nvironmen-

tal Protection #ct k !! or similar legislation abroad

Printed circuit boards that are not recycled5 shall follow-

ing dismantling of ca$acitors5 batteries5 accumulators

and mercury containing com$onents5 including L",

dis$lays with gas discharge lam$s5 be delivered to $lants

that are a$$roved for treatment of metallic waste con-taining brominated flame retardants5 P"6s and berylli-

um under the nvironmental Protection #ct k !! or

similar legislation abroad1

+he sco$e of the ,anish statutory order is wider than the

3 ,irective

>e#islation addressin# emissions

'e#ulation F0CG No

$,,&, concernin# the

establishment of a 0uro%e

an Pollutant 'elease and

Transfer 'e#ister FP'T'

U +he o$erator of a facility that underta'es one or more of

the activities s$ecified in the 7egulation above the a$$li-

cable ca$acity thresholds shall re$ort the amounts annu-

ally to its com$etent authority if the releases are above

the following threshold for releasesC



brominated flame retardants ??


National

Substances Fas

indicated in the

instrumentG


'e#ulationG

P6,s 8total of $enta-

6,5 octa-6, anddeca-6,19

He;a66

+o airC -

+o landC 'gyear+o waterC 'gyear

+o airC 01 'gyear

+o landC 01 'gyear

+o waterC 01 'gyear

Bekendtgørelse om visse

virksomheders afgivelse af

miljøoplysninger

FP'T'be"endt#?relsen G

[Statutory Order on certain

companies’ delivery ofenvironmental infor-

mation]

B0! no &$ of **&$

)ational Same Same

Directi1e &,0C of

the 0uro%ean Parliament

and of the Council of &*

6ctober & establishin# a

frame(or" for Community

action in the field of (ater

%olicy

F-ater ;rame(or" Directi1eG

U P6,s

Penta6, 8congener

number -2@5 -/>5 -..5 -

005 -?! and -?/9

4ncluded in #nne; NC EList of $riority substances in the

field of water $olicy E1

Only $enta6, is included in the list of $riority haBard-

ous substances

As amended by

Directi1e &5$/0C on

en1ironmental uality

standards in the field of

(ater %olicy

U P6,s #nnual #verage cological uality Standards 8##-S9

and &a;imum #llowable "oncentration 8&#"9 in gl

for $enta6,

##-S5 4nland surface watersC 01000?

##-S5 Other surface watersC 010002

&#"-S5 4nland surface watersC not a$$licable

&#"-S5 Other surface watersC not a$$licable

8)ew $ro$osal 8"O&82095 @>A final9C

P6,s should as regards S cover tetra-5 $enta-5 he;a-

and he$ta6, only

He;abromocyclododecane included in #nne; N1

Bekendtgørelse om miljø-

kvalitetskrav for vandom-

råder og krav til udledning

af forurenende stoffer til

vandlø! søer eller havet

[Statutory Order on en1i

ronmental uality stand

ards for the auatic en1i

ronments and reuirements

re#ardin# dischar#es of

)ational P6,s Same as ,irective 200@0?"



?A brominated flame retardants


National

Substances Fas

indicated in the

instrumentG


%ollutants to streams la"es

and the sea ]

B"# nr $%&& af &'(%)(&%$%

Bekendtgørelse om

kvalitetskrav til

miljømålinger JStatutory

6rder on uality reuire

ment to en1ironmental

analysesK

B0! no of $75&$$

)ational P6,s

Penta6, 8congener

number -2@5 -/>5 -..5 -

005 -?! and -?/9

Sets re=uirements concerning =uality control of chemical

analyses of environmental and $roduct sam$les and

re=uirements concerning standard deviation on the

measurements1 "oncerns analyses $re$ared as $art of

the authoritiesD enforcement of the ,anish nvironmen-

tal Protection #ct5 the "hemical Substances and Prod-

ucts #ct and other legal instruments in the field of the

environment and analysis $re$ared as $art of environ-

mental monitoring $rogrammes1

Z Unofficial translation of name of ,anish legal instruments1

Standard conditions for industrial installations or acti1ities

)one of the standard conditions for industrial installations or activities listed in #nne; 44 to the

,anish Order of nvironmental $ermitting 8Kod'endelsesbe'endtgGrelsen5 6 )o /?/ of

2022029 s$ecifically address brominated flame retardants 8cf1 #nne; ? to 6 )o /@A of

2?0?20291

C>ASSI;ICATI6N AND >AB0>>IN8

+able A lists brominated flame retardants for which a harmonised "LP classification and labelling

have been agreed u$on 8as of !0 %uly5 20!91 4t shows that harmonised classification has been es-

tablished for octa6,5 $enta6, and +66P1

TAB>0 ,H#7&O)4S, "L#SS4(4"#+4O) #""O7,4)K +O #))N V4 O( 7KUL#+4O) 8"9 )O 2>2200@ 8"LP 7KUL#+4O)9

Inde3 No International

Chemical

Identification

CAS No Classification

4a2ard Class and

Cate#ory CodeFsG

4a2ard

statement

CodeFsG $

A02-0./-00-/ ,i$henyletherI octabromo

derivate 8octa6,9

!2?!A-?2-0 7e$r1 6 H!A0,f

A02-0@!-00-/ ,i$henyl ether5 $en-

tabromo derivative $en-

tabromodi$henyl ether

8$enta6,9

!2?!/-@-. S+O+ 7 2 Z

Lact1

#=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic

H!>! ZZ

H!A2

H/00

H/0

A0/-0>/-00-0 +etrabromobis$henol-#I

2525 A5A-tetrabromo-/5/-


8+66P#9

>.-./-> #=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic

H/00

H/0

A02-0.-00-/ He;abromocyclododecane

525?5A5.50-

he;abromocyclododecane

8H6",,9

2?A!>-..-/

!./-??-A

7e$r1 2

Lact1

H!A

H!A2



brominated flame retardants ?>

Z +he classification shall be considered as a minimum classification1

ZZ +he classification under A>?/@" indicating the route of e;$osure has been translated into the corre-

s$onding class and category according to this 7egulation5 but with a general haBard statement not s$ecifying

the route of e;$osure as the necessary information is not available1

Z H!A0,fC &ay damage the unborn child1 Sus$ected of damaging fertility1

H!AC Sus$ected of damaging fertility or the unborn childH!A2C &ay cause harm to breast-fed children

H!>!C &ay cause damage to organs through $rolonged or re$eated e;$osure

H/00C Very to;ic to a=uatic life

H/0C Very to;ic to a=uatic life with long lasting effects

Self classification

4ndustry classifications for substances without harmonised classifications and labelling agreements

are summarised in #$$endi; A and ta'en into account in "ha$ters 0 and 0 on environment and

human health assessments1

&.$.& '0AC4

+his section concerns $i$eline activities under 7#"H5 whereas e;isting regulation is included in

+able ?1

Community rollin# action %lan FC6'APG

One brominated flame retardant5 ,6,P5 is included in the "ommunity rolling action $lan

8"O7#P9 8"H#5 202a9 for 2025 whereas no 6(7s are included in the most recent draft "ommu-

nity 7olling #ction Plan5 20!-20? 8"H#5 20!e91

TAB>0 7SU6S+#)"S 4) +H "O&&U)4+Y 7OLL4)K #"+4O) PL#) (O7 202-20/ 8"H#5 202#9

CAS No 0C No Substance Name Year +ember

State

Initial #rounds for

concern

5)5/&/* 2@/-!AA-. 5-8ethane-

52diyl9bis:$entabromo

benBene<5

,6,P

202 United

ingdom

nviron-

mentSus$ected P6+I

;$osure3ide dis-

$ersive use5 high

aggregated tonnage

'e#istry of Intentions

+able @ shows 7egistry of 4ntentions by "H# and &ember StatesD authorities for restriction $ro-

$osals5 $ro$osals for harmonised classifications and labelling and $ro$osals for identifying bromin-ated flame retardants as Substances of Very High "oncern 8SVH"91

,eca6, has been recommended by "H# for inclusion in the authorisation list and a $ublic con-

sultation is on-going until 2! Se$tember 20!5



?@ brominated flame retardants

TAB>0 567O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 4) 7K4S+7Y O( 4)+)+4O)S 8#S O( !0 %ULY 20!9

'e#istry of: CAS No Substances Sco%e Fre%roduced as

indicated in the 'e#

istry of intentionsG

Dossier in

tended by:

Date of

submission:

4armonised Classification and >abellin# intentions

Anne3 M

dossiers

submitted

2?A!>-..-/

!./-??-A

He;abromocyclododecane5

H6",,

Pro$osed classification

according to "LPC

7e$r1 2 H!Afd 8Sus-

$ected of damaging

fertility1 Sus$ected of

damaging the unborn

child19

Lact1 ffects H!A2 8&ay

cause harm to breast-fed

children9

Sweden SubmittedC

00A200@

:slightly

different

classification

has been

agreed u$on<

S4C intentions

Anne3 M

dossiers

submitted

A!-.-? ,ecabromodi$henylether5

deca6,

P6+ United ingdom 0A0@202

2?A!>-..-/ He;abromocyclododecan5

H6",,

P6+ Sweden !00A200@

Candidate list

#s of &arch 20! deca6, and H6",, have been included in the candidate list with the sco$e of

being P6+ substances 8and vPv6 for deca6,91 Please note that H6",, has been included in #n-

ne; N4V to 7#"H 8and is conse=uently not a FcandidateF anymore91

TAB>0 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S O) +H "#),4,#+ L4S+ 8"H#5 20!6I L#S+ UP,#+,C 200A20!9

CAS No 0C No Substance Name Date of

inclusion

'eason for

inclusion

Decision num

ber

$$,*$/ 2/-A0/-. 6is8$entabromo$henyl9 ether5

deca6,

2022. P6+ 8#rticle ?> d9I

vPv6 8#rticle ?> e9

,A.202

&/,*7)

*$)//,

F$*)&*7/,G

F$*)&*7/$7GF$*)&*7/&5G

22-A.?-.

2/>-/@-/

He;abromocyclododecane

8H6",,9 and all ma*or diastereoi-

somers identifiedC #l$ha-

he;abromocyclododecaneI 6eta-he;abromocyclododecaneI Kam-

ma-he;abromocyclododecane

200@02@ P6+ 8article ?>d9 ,A>200@

Anne3 MI recommendations

+he latest list of #nne; N4V recommendations does not include any 6(7s1

&.$.* 6ther le#islationinitiati1es

0CAP

+he Voluntary missions "ontrol #ction Programme 8V"#P9 is a voluntary initiative of member

com$anies of the uro$ean (lame 7etardant #ssociation 8(7#9 together with the industryDs globalorganisation5 the 6romine Science and nvironmental (orum R 6S( 8V"#P5 2091 +he $ro-



brominated flame retardants ?.

gramme aims to reduce emissions of deca6,5 H6",, and +66P# through the $romotion of envi-

ronmental management and manufacturing $rocess best $ractices throughout the value chain5 from

$roducers to downstream users1 +he $rogramme $ublishes an annual $rogress re$ort for uro$e

and )orth #merica5 res$ectively1

Nor(ay

+he legislation in )orway on brominated flame retardants goes beyond the legislation in the U as)orway has a general ban on $roduction5 im$ort5 e;$ort and $lacing on the mar'et of substances5

mi;tures and articles containing deca6, in concentrations above 01 M ww 8(O7 200/-0A-0 nr

.22C91 +he use in vehicles and most other means of trans$ort is e;em$ted1

9.S.A.

On ,ecember >5 200.5 as the result of negotiations with US P#5 the two U1S1 $roducers of

decabromodi$henyl ether 8deca6,95 #lbemarle "or$oration and "hemtura "or$oration5 and the

largest U1S1 im$orter5 4"L 4ndustrial Products5 4nc15 announced commitments to $hase out deca6-

, in the U1S1#1 8US P#5 20291 +he com$anies have committed to end $roduction5 im$ortation5

and sales of deca6, for most uses in the U1S1#1 by ,ecember !5 2025 and to end all uses by the

end of 20!1

Canada

4n )orth #merica the first restriction was ado$ted in "anada in 200@ with a ban on manufacture of

P6,s5 including deca6,5 under the +he Polybrominated ,i$henyl thers 7egulations 8nvi-

ronment "anada 200@ as cited by )orway520!91 # voluntary agreement between nvironment

"anada and three large worldwide $roducers of deca6, include a $hase-out of deca6, e;$orts

and sales for electrical and electronic e=ui$ment by the end of 2005 for trans$ortation and military

uses by the end of 20! and for all other uses by the end of 202 8nvironment "anada 200 b5 as

cited by )orway520!91 #ccording to the announcement5 nvironment "anada is also considering a

ban on P6, use in articles 8nvironment "anada 200 b as cited by )orway5 20!91

&.& International a#reements+able 0 gives an overview of how brominated flame retardants are addressed by various interna-

tional agreements1

TAB>0 $4)+7)#+4O)#L #K7&)+S #,,7SS4)K 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S

A#reement Substances 4o( the selected brominated flame retardants

are addressed

6SPA' Con1ention 6rominated flame retardants

P6,s and P66s

25!5/5?5A-PentabromoethylbenBene5 P66

8Pentabromo$henyl9methyl acrylate5 P66-#cr

4ncluded in list OSP#7 List of "hemicals for Priority

#ction 87evised 209

(or P66 and P66-#"7 it is indicated that no bac'-

ground document is $re$ared because there is no current

$roduction and use interest9

+he OSP#7 bac'ground document on certain brominat-

ed flame retardants addresses P6,s5 P66s and H6",,

8OSP#7 200.95 but it is not clear from the list if F6ro-

minated flame retardantsF only include those 6(7s

covered by the bac'ground document1

Lead country for 6(7sC Sweden



A0 brominated flame retardants

,ecabromodi$henyl ether5 deca6,

6enBene5 525!5/5?-$entabromo-A-

8bromomethyl95 P666

,ecabromobi$henyl5 ,eca66

Pentabromodi$henyl ether5 $enta6,

Octabromodi$henyl ether5 octa6,

2-8allylo;y9-5!5?-tribromobenBene5 +6P-#

5!5?-+ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9-5!5?-triaBine-

25/5A8H5!H5?H9-trione5 +,6P-+#+O

4ncluded in Section # of list of substances of $ossible

concernC Substances which warrant further wor' by

OSP#7 because they do not meet the criteria for Sections

6 R , and substances for which5 for the time being5

information is insufficient 8it is not indicated which of

the substances are listed due to insufficient information9

He;abromo-5-bi$henyl5 he;a66

)onabromobi$henyl5 nona66

Octabromobi$henyl5 octa66

+etrabromo$hthalic anhydride5+6P-#nh

4ncluded in Section " of list of substances of $ossible

concernC Substances which are not $roduced andor

used in the OSP#7 catchment or are used in sufficiently

contained systems ma'ing a threat to the marine envi-

ronment unli'ely

40>C6+ F4elsin"i

Con1entionG


Octabromodi$henyl ether5 octa6,

,ecabromodi$henyl ether5 deca6,He;abromocyclododecane5 H6",,

8not indicated if it is the substances or the

commercial $roducts which are addressed9

4ncluded in list of HL"O& $riority haBardous sub-

stances 8HL"O& 7ecommendation ! of &ay 2009

He;abromobi$henyl Selected substance for immediate $riority action 8HL-

"O& 7ecommendation1 .? of &arch ..@9

6rominated and antimony-containing flame

retardant used in leather $rocessing industry

6#+ measuresC Substitution

HL"O& 7ecommendation 2?2 of &arch 200/9

'otterdam Con1en

tion FPIC Con1en

tionG

P66s

+ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9 $hos$hate

4ncluded in #nne; 444 to the "onvention and sub*ect to

the P4" $rocedure

Stoc"holm Con1en

tion

He;abromobi$henyl5 he;a66

+etrabromodi$henyl ether5 tetra6,


He;abromodi$henyl ether5 he;a6,

He$tabromodi$henyl ether5 he$ta6,

Listed in #nne; #5 FList of restricted substancesF1

+he re=uirements are trans$osed into the U POPs

7egulation 87egulation 8"9 )o @?0200/9 and refer-

ence is made to +able !

He;abromocycledodecane5 H6",, #t the si;th meeting of the "onference of the Parties5

&ay 20! the Parties decided to include H6,, in #nne;

# to the "onvention with s$ecific e;em$tions for $roduc-

tion and use in e;$anded $olystyrene and e;truded

$olystyrene in buildings 8S"-A!91 ach Party that uses

the e;em$tion shall register the e;em$tion by the secre-

tariat1 #ll registrations of s$ecic e;em$tions shall e;-

$ire ve years after the date of entry into force of the

"onvention with res$ect to H6",,1

+he restriction will enter into force in the U by &ay

20/



brominated flame retardants A

Octabromodi$henyl ether5 octa6, +he substance has been suggested by the uro$ean

"ommunity for inclusion in the relevant anne;es1

4t has been reviewed by the POPs 7eview "ommittee of

the "onvention5 which has suggested that the ris' of

octa6, is managed by inclusion of the congeners of

commercial octa6, 8c-octa6,9 with POPs character-

istics i1e1 the he;a6, and the he$ta6,1

Octa6, is conse=uently not included in #nne; #1

,ecabromodi$henyl ether5 deca6, +he substance has been suggested by the )orway for

inclusion in the relevant anne;es 8)orway5 20!91

4s currently 8October 20!9 under review by the POPs

7eview "ommittee of the "onvention1

Basel Con1ention P66s 4ncluded in "ategory Yo of waste to be controlledC

F3aste substances and articles containing or contami-

nated with $olychlorinated bi$henyls 8P"6s9 andor

$olychlorinated ter$henyls 8P"+s9 andor $olybromin-ated bi$henyls 8P66s9F1 #ddressed by technical guide-

lines for the environmentally sound management of

wastes consisting of the substances 86asel5 year not

indicated91

Other 6(7s )ot s$ecifically addressed by a waste category but may

be included in various categoriesC Y/? F Organohalogen

com$ounds other than substances referred to in this

#nne;F5 waste metal cables5 or Fwaste electrical and

electronic assemblies or scra$1111F

Under the convention technical guidelines for the envi-

ronmentally sound management of the Enew\ 6(7 POPssubstances are develo$ed1

Con1ention on

>on#ran#e Trans

boundary Air Pol

lution FC>'TAPG

He;abromobi$henyl5 he;a66 4ncluded in #nne; 5 substances scheduled for elimina-

tion1 limination of $roduction and use1

+etrabromodi$henyl ether5 tetra6,


He;abromodi$henyl ether5 he;a6,

He$tabromodi$henyl ether5 he$ta6,

limination of $roduction and use1

# Party may allow recycling and final dis$osal of articles

that may contain these substances $rovided that the

recycling and final dis$osal is carried out in an environ-

mentally safe manner and does not lead to the recovery

of any of these substances for the $ur$ose of their reuse1

&.&.$ The Stoc"holm Con1ention im%lementation %lan

He;a665 and four of the P6,s5 tetra-5 $enta-5 he;a- and he$tabromodi$henyl ether5 are included

in the list of restricted substances 8#nne; #9 of the Stoc'holm "onvention 8with e;em$tions9 and in

the list of substances for elimination in the POPs Protocol under the U)" L7+#P "onvention1 4t

is the individual substances 8each consisting of several congeners9 which are covered by the conven-

tion1 #s the commercial $roducts consists of mi;tures of these substances5 the inclusion of the four

substances means that the commercial $roducts c-$enta6, and c-octa6, de facto are restricted

by the "onvention1 +he convention further restricts the use of H6",, 8with e;em$tions9 and he;a-

bromobi$henyl5 he;a661 ,eca6, has recently been suggested by )orway for inclusion in #nne;

#1




Action %lan for reduction of he3aBB and the four PBD0s in Denmar"

#s $art of the u$dated ,anish national im$lementation $lan for Stoc'holm "onvention submitted

to the secretariat for the "onvention in #ugust 2025 an action $lan for the reduction of he;a66 and

tetra6,5 $enta6,5 he;a6, and he$ta6, in ,enmar' was develo$ed1

+he following table indicates the new initiatives that will be ta'en in relation to the release of the

substances throughout their life cycle1

#s Party to the "onvention the U has $re$ared an u$dated community im$lementation $lan for

the Stoc'holm "onvention as well5 but the u$dated $lan is not yet $ublished 8as of %uly 20!91

TAB>0$$ #"+4O) PL#) (O7 7,U"+4O) O( he;a665 tetra6,5 $enta6,5 he;a6, #), he$ta6, 4) ,)&#7

No. Initiati1e Descri%tion 'es%onsible

institution

Time frame

$ Validation of

destruction oftechnical $en-

ta6,

ncourage the uro$ean "ommission to $re$are a study to validate

whether technical $enta6, is sufficiently destroyed in ordinary wasteincineration1 On the basis of the results5 the need for treatment of

waste containing $enta6, in ,enmar' will be assessed1

:#s mentioned elsewhere in this re$ort the uro$ean "ommission has

answered on this sub*ect<

,anish P# )ot set

& Possible se$ara-

tion of house-

hold waste

containing

$enta6,

,e$ending on the results of 4nitiative 5 any re=uirements for se$arat-

ing im$ortant fractions of household waste containing $enta6, will

be $re$ared1

,anish P# )ot set

* Kuidelines

concerning

articles which

must not be

reused and

recycled

Pre$are guidelines concerning articles which must not be reused and

recycled as a conse=uence of a content of $enta6, e;ceeding the set

limit values1

,anish P# )ot set

) ;amine the

$ossibilities of

identifying

$enta6, in

shredder waste

4n 205 the ,anish P# established an innovation $artnershi$ for

shredder waste5 thus $utting focus on im$roved e;$loitation of re-

sources from waste5 managing substances of concern 8including POPs9

and reducing the amounts for landfilling5 e1g1 by establishing treatment

re=uirements for shredder waste1

+hrough the #ction $lan to $romote eco-efficient technology5 the

,anish P# has su$$orted several $ro*ects on shredder waste5 includ-

ing a $ro*ect aimed at identifying $otential substances of concern in

shredder waste 8e1g1 $enta6,9 and investigating the $ossibilities of

using sensor-based technology to identify and se$arate materials

containing such substances before or after the shredder $rocess1 +he

results from these $ro*ects are included in the wor' of the innovation

$artnershi$1

,anish P# )ot set



brominated flame retardants A!

&.* 0colabels

+able 2 gives an overview of how brominated flame retardants are addressed by the U and )ordic

eco-labelling schemes5 with an indication of re=uirements beyond e;isting restrictions in the U

87oHS ,irective5 7#"H #nne; NV445 etc19

+he )ordic ecolabelling criteria for a wide range of articles contain re=uirements which restrict the

use of some or all brominated flame retardants1 +he e;act criteria vary among the article grou$s1 4nsome grou$s only 6(7s that are assigned s$ecific 7- $hases 8e1g1 $hases concerning "&7 $ro$er-

ties9 are restricted5 whereas in others it is s$ecified that certain (7s must not be $resentC all (7s5 all

halogenated (7s5 or all halogenated organic (7s1 4n many of the criteria for electrical and electronic

e=ui$ment5 some e;em$tions for reactive 6(7s and $lastic $arts of less than 2? g a$$lies1

+he U ecolabelling criteria generally do not a$$ly to the use of reactive flame retardants1 +he crite-

ria for various electrical and electronic $roducts have restrictions on the use of additive flame re-

tardants which meet the criteria for classification in s$ecific haBard classes1 4n $ractice5 for most of

the criteria5 the restrictions 8beyond general U restrictions9 would mainly concern additive use of

+66P# and the use of H6",,1 +he criteria for bed mattresses5 te;tile floor coverings5 te;tile $rod-

ucts and furniture restrict any use of additive flame retardants in the articles1

TAB>0 $&"O-L#6LS +#7K+4)K SL"+, 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S

0colabel Articles Criteria rele1ant for B;' Fbeyond #eneral

09 restrictionsG

Document titlenumber

Nordic S(an #udiovisual e=ui$-

ment

(lame retardants containing organohalogen com-

$ounds are not $ermitted1

;em$tions from the re=uirement areC

Plastic $arts does not include cables

7eactive flame retardants in $rinted wired boards

8P369 i1e1 those which u$on use change their$ro$erties 8i1e1 are actually not contained in the

final $roduct in a concentration 01M9 such that

the identified 7-$hases above no longer a$$ly1

Plastic $arts weighing less than 2?g1

Process-induced technologically unavoidable

im$urities1 +he ma;imum allowable concentra-

tions are 01 w-M in homogenous material1

)ordic colabelling of

#udiovisual e=ui$ment5 Version /12

? ,ecember 200. R ! October 20/

"om$uters &ore or less the same as above )ordic colabelling of "om$uters5

version A1/ @ %une 200. R !0 %une

20/

4maging e=ui$ment &ore or less the same as above )ordic colabelling of

4maging e=ui$ment5 Version ?1/ /

%une 200> R !0 %une 20/

,ish washers Plastic $arts heavier than 2? grams shall not con-

tain additive flame retardant substances that are

assigned any of the ris' $hrases which concern

"&7 $ro$erties1 4n $ractice this restricts the

$resence of H6",,1

)ordic colabelling of ,ishwashers5

Version !1A / &arch 200> R ! %uly

20/

3ashing machines +he same as above )ordic colabelling of

3ashing machines5 Version /1> @

&arch 200/ R ! %uly 20/



A/ brominated flame retardants


09 restrictionsG


7efrigerators and

freeBers

+he same as above )ordic colabelling of

7efrigerators and freeBers5 Version ?1?

2. &ay 200@ R ! %uly 20/

&achines for $ar'sand gardens

H6",, and +66P# may not be actively added tothe $roduct1

Other halogenated organic flame retardants which

has been classified with some or combinations

listed 7-$hases may not be added in com$onents

weighing more than 2? g

)ordic colabelling of&achines for Par's and Kardens5

Version ?10 ! &arch 20! R !

&arch 20>

7echargeable bat-

teries

6attery charger may not contain flame retardants

with ris' classification as "&7 substances1 7e-

stricting in $ractice the use of H6",,1


7echargeable batteries5 Version /12 >

,ecember 200 R ! ,ecember 20?

+e;tile services Halogenated flame retardants must not be $resent

in laundry chemicals


+e;tile services5 Version !10 2 ,e-cember 202 R ! ,ecember 20A

+e;tiles5 hidess'ins

and leather

(lame retardants shall not be $resent1 +his also

a$$lies to flame retardants that are integrated in

the $roduct or material

)ordic colabelling of +e;tiles5

hidess'ins and leather1 4ncludes

$roducts for a$$arel and furnishings5

Version /10 2 ,ecember 202 R !

,ecember 20A

+oys Halogenated organic flame retardants shall not be

$resent


+oys5 Version 210 2 &arch 202 R !

&arch 20A

(urniture and fit-ments

&ore or less the same as above )ordic colabelling of(urniture and fitments5 Version /1/

> &arch 20 R !0 %une 20?

Outdoor furniture

and $layground

e=ui$ment5

&ore or less the same as above )ordic colabelling of

Outdoor furniture and $layground

e=ui$ment5 Version !10 > &arch

20 R !0 %une 20?

Laundry detergents Halogenated flame retardants must not be $resent )ordic colabelling of

Laundry detergents for

$rofessional use5 Version 212 ?

,ecember 200. R ! ,ecember 20/

3indows and e;te-

rior doors

+he same as above )ordic colabelling of

3indows and ;terior ,oors5 Version

!1/ / )ovember 200@ R ! ,ecember

20/

,is$osable bags5

tubes and accesso-

ries for

health care

Keneral restriction of substances with "&7 and

P6+ $ro$erties would restrict some of the 6(7s in

the articles


,is$osable bags5 tubes and accessories

for health care5 Version 1/ ! ,e-

cember 200> R ! ,ecember 20?



brominated flame retardants A?


09 restrictionsG


Printing com$anies5

$rinted matter5

envelo$es and other

converted $a$er$roducts


Printing com$anies5 $rinted matter5

envelo$es and other converted $a$er

$roducts5 Version ?10 ? ,ecember20 R ! ,ecember 20/

7emanufactured

O& +oner "ar-

tridges


7emanufactured O& +oner "ar-

tridges5 Version ?1 ? %une 202 R

!0 %une 20A

Panels for the build-

ing5 decoration and

furniture industries

Plastic $arts should not contain haBardous sub-

stances meeting the criteria for classification in

listed haBard classes1 3ould restrict the use of

H6",,


Panels for the building5 decoration

and furniture industries5 Version ?12

> &arch 20 R !0 %une 20?

Sanitary $roducts (lame retardants must not be added )ordic colabelling ofSanitary $roducts5 Version ?1/ ?

&arch 200@ R ! October 20?

Small houses5

a$artment buildings

and $re-school

buildings

6rominated flame retardants must not be $resent )ordic colabelling of

Small houses5 a$artment buildings

and $re-school buildings5 Version 21?

? ,ecember 200. R ! ,ecember

20/

09 ;lo(er )oteboo's +he $roduct should not contain haBardous sub-


listed haBard classes1 +he use of substances or

mi;tures which change their $ro$erties u$on

$rocessing 8e1g1 become no longer bioavailable5

undergo chemical modification9 so that the identi-

fied haBard no longer a$$lies is e;em$t from the

above re=uirement1 #dditive use of +66P# and

H6",, meets these criteria and would therefore

be restricted1

"ommission decision 20!!0U

Personal com$uters +he same as above "ommission decision 20!!>U

+elevisions Plastic $arts should not contain haBardous sub-


listed haBard classes1 +his re=uirement shall nota$$ly to reactive flame retardants i1e1 those which

u$on use change their $ro$erties 8i1e1 are actually

not contained in the final $roduct in a concentra-

tion 01 M91 #dditive use of +66P# and H6",,

meets these criteria and would therefore be re-

stricted1

"ommission decision 200.!00"



AA brominated flame retardants


09 restrictionsG


6ed mattresses Only flame retardants that are chemically bound

into mattress materials or onto the materialsD

surfaces 8reactive flame retardants9 may be used in

the $roduct1 Less than 01 M of the flame retardantmay remain in the form as before a$$lication5 if

the flame retardants used have any of 7-$hrases

listed in the decision1

"ommission decision 200.?.@"

+e;tile floor

coverings

+he same as above "ommission decision 200..A>"

+e;tile $roducts +he same as above "ommission decision 200.?A>"

(urniture +he same as above "ommission decision 200.@./"

&.) Summary and conclusions

B;'s in #eneral One legal instrument at the U level addresses the 6(7s as a wholeC +he 3

,irective on waste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 839 re=uires selective treatment and

$ro$er dis$osal for materials and com$onents of 3 with brominated flame retardants1 (ur-

thermore5 some of the ecolabels address all 6(7s in common1

PBD0s and PBBs +he main legal focus has so far been on the P6, and the P66s1 He;a665

tetra6,5 $enta6,5 he;a6, and he$ta6, are strictly restricted by the Stoc'holm "onvention

on Persistent Organic Pollutants 8POPs95 and are addressed by the POPs 7egulation 87egulation

8"9 )o @?0200/9 and the 7oHS ,irective which are the main im$lementing instruments for the

$rovisions of the convention in the U1 +he ,anish national im$lementation $lan for the Stoc'holm

"onvention includes an action $lan for the im$lementation of the $rovisions of the Stoc'holm "on-

vention in ,enmar'1 +he tetra6, and $enta6, are the main constituents of the commercial c-$enta6,5 whereas he;a6, and he$ta6, are some of the constituents of the commercial c-

octa6, and the restriction of the substances is a de facto restriction of the commercial $roducts1

+he substances are furthermore addressed by the "LP 7egulation 8classification and labelling95

waste legislation5 im$orte;$ort restriction5 emission legislation and environmental monitoring

legislation1

+ogether with the other P6,s and P66s5 deca6, is restricted in electrical and electronic e=ui$-

ment by the 7oHS ,irective with some e;em$tions 8but not in ,enmar'9 and some a$$lication

areas outside the sco$e of the directive1 )o harmonised classification has been established for

deca6, and the substance is not addressed by U legislation e;ce$t for the electrical and electron-

ic e=ui$ment and some ecolabelling criteria1 4t is listed in the 7#"H "andidate List and has been

$ro$osed by "H# for inclusion in the list of substances for authorisation on the basis of an #nne;

NV re$ort1 +he substance has been nominated for inclusion in the list of restricted substances under

the Stoc'holm "onvention1 4n the US and "anada5 voluntary agreements on $hasing out deca6,

have been entered between the ma*or international manufacturers and the federal authorities1

,eca66 is restricted in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment within the sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective5

but otherwise not restricted1 #ccording to the available information5 the substance is not manufac-

tured anymore in any country of the world1

4BCDD H6",, has recently been listed for restriction under the Stoc'holm "onvention with a

time-limited e;em$tion for building materials of PSNPS5 but the POPs 7egulation has still not

been amended as of #ugust 20!1 # dossier for harmonised "lassification and Labelling has been



brominated flame retardants A>

submitted1 H6",, is sub*ect to authorisation 8#nne; N4V to 7#"H9 with a sunset dateC 2 #ugust

20?1

TBBPA # harmonised "LP classification has been agreed u$on for +66P#1 Otherwise5 the sub-

stance is not s$ecifically addressed by any U or ,anish legislation1

DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI +he two substances are not s$ecifically addressed by current ,anish andU legislation5 but ,6,P is included in the "ommunity 7olling #ction Plan under 7#"H1

6ther B;'s ;ce$t for the re=uirements of the 3 ,irective5 the 6(7s are not addressed by

any U or ,anish legislation1 P66 and P66-#"7 are included in the OSP#7 list of "hemicals for

Priority #ction1

0colabel schemes +he )ordic ecolabelling criteria for a wide range of articles contain re=uire-

ments which restrict the use of some or all brominated flame retardants1 +he e;act criteria vary

among the article grou$s1 4n some grou$s only 6(7s that are assigned s$ecific 7is'- $hrases 8e1g1

$hases concerning "&7 $ro$erties9 are restricted5 whereas in others it is s$ecified that certain (7s

must not be $resentC all (7s5 all halogenated (7s5 or all halogenated organic (7s1 4n many of the

criteria for electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 some e;em$tions for reactive 6(7s and $lastic $arts

of less than 2? g a$$ly1

+he U ecolabelling criteria generally do not a$$ly to the use of reactive flame retardants1 +he crite-

ria for various electrical and electronic $roducts have restrictions on the use of additive flame re-

tardants which meet the criteria for classification in s$ecific haBard classes1 4n $ractice for most of

the criteria5 the restrictions 8beyond general U restrictions9 would mainly concern additive use of

+66P# and the use of H6",,1 +he criteria for bed mattresses5 te;tile floor coverings5 te;tile $rod-

ucts and furniture restrict any use of additive flame retardants in the articles1

oluntary a#reement on emission reduction - # voluntary uro$ean emission reduction

$rogramme has been introduced for the three main 6(7sC deca6,5 +66P# and H6",,1 +he$rogramme addresses emissions from the manufacture of 6(7s and industrial downstream uses1



A@ brominated flame retardants



brominated flame retardants A.

*. +anufacture and uses

*.$ +anufacturin#

+he mar'et for 6(7s is dominated by relatively few ma*or global manufacturersC #lbemarle "or$o-

ration 8U1S1#195 4"L 4ndustrial Products 84srael95 "hemtura 8U1S1#19 and +osoh "or$oration 8%a$an91

+he com$anies each manufacture a range of different 6(7s1 +he four com$anies established 6ro-

mine Science and nvironment (orum 86S(9 in ..> to commission research on 6(7s and bro-

mine and disseminate information to decision-ma'ers and other sta'eholders1 Until 205 three of

the manufacturers of 6(7s were further organised in +he uro$ean 6rominated (lame 7etardant

4ndustry Panel 86(74P95 but in 205 the members decided to dissolve the $anel and integrate the

industrys advocacy activities into (7#5 the uro$ean (lame 7etardant #ssociation5 which brings

together and re$resents the leading organisations which manufacture5 mar'et or use flame retard-ants in uro$e1

6esides these four manufacturers5 6(7s are manufactured by a number of com$anies which ty$ical-

ly $roduce a limited range of 6(7s1

4nformation on manufacturers in "hina and orea is limited1 (or the 7#"H registering of the

6(7s in the U5 the #sian manufacturers are assisted by re$resentatives including 8as indicated in

registrations9C +7 uro$e KmbH Kermany 8established by orea +esting and 7esearch 4nstitute95

)etSun U 61V1 8re$resentative of 3eifang Yucheng "hemical "o15 Ltd15 "hina9 and "hemical 4n-

s$ection and 7egulation Service 8"47S9 Limited 8head=uarters based in HangBhou5 "hina91

*.$.$ +anufacturin# %rocesses

6(7s are manufactured using different $rocesses1 Processes used for the main ty$es of 6(7s are

briefly described below on the basis of the U 7is' #ssessments for the substances1

P6,s are $roduced by direct bromination of di$henyl ether using a (riedel-"rafts catalyst1 4nfor-

mation re$orted in the 7is' #ssessment 8"65 20029 indicates that $roduction of deca6, is car-

ried out by using bromine as both the reactant and reaction medium1 ,i$henyl ether is added to the

bromine in the $resence of a catalyst and the rate of addition of di$henyl ether effectively controls

the rate of reaction1 +he reaction is a batch $rocess and the tem$erature of the reaction is around

the boiling $oint of the bromine solvent 8?. "9 8"65 200291

+etrabromobis$henol-# is $roduced by the bromination of bis$henol-# in the $resence of a solvent1+he bromination reaction may be conducted in the $resence of hydrocarbon solvent only or with

water5 ?0M hydrobromic acid or a=ueous al'yl monoethers1 3hen methanol is used as the solvent

the fumigant methyl bromide is $roduced as a co-$roduct1 +he $roduction $rocess is largely con-

ducted in closed systems 8"65 200A91

+he $roduction of H6",, is a batch $rocess1 lementary bromine is added to cyclododecatriene in

the $resence of a solvent 8"65 200@a91 +he $rocess tem$erature is 20 to >0 "5 and the reaction

ta'es $lace in closed systems1 +he sus$ension obtained is filtered5 the solvent is removed with wa-

ter5 and the $roduct is dried5 stored in a silo and $ac'ed1 #ccording to one $roducer5 $roduction

and trans$ortation of the material to silo and the $ac'aging are done in a closed system1 +he $rod-

uct is delivered as $owder or $ellets1



>0 brominated flame retardants

*.$.& +anufacturin# sites

#ccording to a $resentation by P4)(#5 which re$resents the uro$ean manufacturers of non-‐

halogenated $hos$horus5 inorganic and nitrogen 8P4)9 flame retardants5 brominated flame retard-

ants are $roduced at one site in the U 8in +he )etherlands9 8P4)(#5 20091 #ccording to the U

7is' #ssessment 7e$ort for H6",,5 the manufactured volume of H6",, at the site in +he )eth-

erlands was A5000 tonnes in 200?1 +66P# and P6,s were not manufactured in the U according

to the U 7is' #ssessment 7e$orts1 )o data on the manufacturing of other 6(7s in the U have been obtained1

6(7s are not manufactured in ,enmar'1

*.$.* +anufacturin# 1olumes

The #lobal flame retardants mar"et

+he worldwide $roduction and consum$tion of flame retardants 8(7s9 amounts to around 2 million

tonnes a year 8"lariant5 20!91 6(7s accounted for .1>M of the total in 20 8(igure 9 which would

corres$ond to a$$ro;imately !A05000 tonnes1

(in' et al. 8200@5 as cited by Har*u5 200.9 estimated the total 6(7 mar'et in 200? at !5000

tonnes1

#ccording to a 202 mar'et study by +ownsend 8as cited by "lariant5 20!95 the consum$tion of

flame retardants has grown substantially in the $ast / years5 notably in electronics5 and is e;$ected

to continue to grow at a global annualiBed rate of /-?M1 Use in $lastics accounts for a$$ro;imately

@?M of all flame retardants used5 with te;tiles and rubber $roducts accounting for most of the re-

maining fraction 8"lariant5 20!91

;I89'0 $

KLO6#L "O)SU&P+4O) O( (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 4) PL#S+4"S 6Y +YP 4) 20 8"L#74#)+5 20! "4+4)K +O3)S),SOLU+4O)S S+4&#+9

The #lobal mar"et of B;'s

+he global demand for 6(7s has been increasing as a conse=uence of the increasing usage of $oly-

meric materials in construction5 electronic and com$uter e=ui$ment1 +he global mar'et demand for

6(7s in ..0 was /?5000 tonnes and grew to more than !05000 tonnes in 2000 8#laee et al.5

200!9 while the demand in 20 was a$$ro;imately !A05000 tonnes as estimated above1

U$dated information on the global use of 6(7s by substances has not been available1 +he global

mar'et demands for P6,s5 +66P# and H6",, in 200 is shown in +able !1 "om$ared to the

estimate of the total 6(7 mar'et of !05000 tonnes in 20005 it can be estimated that the five listed

6(7s accounted for about 2! of the total global mar'et at that time1 +hese data indicate that the




total mar'et for other 6(7s was about 005000 ty in 2001 4n accordance with this5 Har*u et al.

8200.9 reach an estimate of about 005000 ty for other brominated flame retardants based on data

from 200?1 #ccording to O", 8../95 in ..2 other 6(7s accounted for !AM of the total 6(7

mar'et volume 8O",5 ../9I the $ercentage of other 6(7s seems to have been fairly stable over

time1

#s shown in +able !5 the consum$tion of the main 6(7s in #sia is more than four times the con-sum$tion in uro$e5 reflecting the fact that a ma*or $art of the electrical and electronic articles are

$roduced in #sia1

4n ,enmar'5 im$orted articles accounted for about .0M of the consum$tion in end $roducts in

...5 and today the $ercentage is li'ely even higher as the ma*ority of electrical and electronic

$roducts are $roduced in #sia1 4t means that the 6(7s in the end $roducts reflect the use $attern of

the 6(7s in #sia to a much higher e;tent than the use of 6(7s in $roduction $rocesses in ,enmar'1

TAB>0 $*

&#7+ ,&#), (O7 P6,S #), +3O O+H7 &#%O7 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S5 6Y 7K4O)5 4) 200

8+O))S9 86S( 200A5 #S "4+, 6Y L#SS) ET $6.5 200A9

;lame re

tardant

+ar"et demand FtonnesyearG

Americas 0uro%e Asia 'est of the

-orld

Total

"-$enta6, >500 ?0 ?0 00 >5?00

"-octa6, 5?00 A0 5?00 @0 !5>.0

"-deca6, 2/5?00 >5A00 2!5000 50?0 ?A500

H6", 25@00 .5?00 !5.00 ?00 A5>00

+66P# @5000 5A00 @.5/00 A00 .5>00

+O+#L ?!5.00 2.5/A0 >5.?0 25/!0 20!5>.0

PBD0s

C%entaBD0 - 6ased on the information $rovided by the bromine industry for the POPs 7eview

"ommittee under the Stoc'holm "onvention5 the estimated cumulative use of c-$enta6, since

.>0 was 005000 tonnes 8POP7"5 200A91 +he total mar'et demand decreased from @5?00 tons in

... to >5?00 tons in 200 86S(5 20091 #s of 200> c-$enta6, was not manufactured in uro$e5

%a$an5 "anada5 #ustralia and the U1S1#15 but no information on the status of the $roduction in "hi-

na was available 8POP7"5 200>a91 4t is $ossible that c-$enta6, is not $roduced in any country at

$resent1

CoctaBD0 4nformation $rovided by the bromine industry for the POPs 7eview "ommittee indi-

cates that c-Octa6, has been $roduced in +he )etherlands5 (rance5 US#5 %a$an5 U and 4srael5

but since 200/5 it was no longer $roduced in the U5 US# and the Pacific 7im 8lands around the

edges of the Pacific Ocean e1g1 %a$an and "hina91 )o information was available that indicates it was

being $roduced in develo$ing countries 8POP7"5 200>b91 Octa6, was commercialiBed sometime

in the mid-.>0s1 6y the early 2000s5 global $roduction was /5000 tonnesyear and by the time

$roduction ceased5 demand was ?00 tonnes1 #ssuming !0 years of $roduction at A5000 tonnes $er

year5 total $roduction volume would be around @05000 tonnes 8POP7"5 200>b91 #s mentioned

later in this cha$ter5 octa6, was still im$orted to ,enmar' in 20! with $olycarbonate raw mate-

rials5 demonstrating that the substance is still $roduced in at least one country 8details not $rovid-

ed91




CdecaBD0 #ccording to V"#P 8209 a range of ?5000->5?00 ty of c-deca6, was sold in the

U on average in the years 200.-20 8described further in the ne;t section91 +hese figures do not

include deca6, im$orted in $re$arations or articles1 +he $roductionim$ort volume of deca6,

in the U1S1#1 is re$orted to be in the range of 2?5000 R ?05000 ty in 2002 and in 200A 8US P#

4nventory U$date 7e$orting as cited by )orway5 20!91 +he V"#P re$orts for )orth #merica do

not include information on volumes sold1 #s described in section 211!5 the two U1S1 manufacturersand the largest im$orter have committed to ending $roduction5 im$ort5 and sales of c-deca6, for

all uses by the end of 20!1 +he current global use must conse=uently be e;$ected to be well below

the 2?5000-?05000 tonnes in 200A1 #mong the #sian countries5 c-deca6, is $roduced mainly in

"hina5 where its $roduction was u$ to !5?00 ty in 200 and u$ to !05000 ty in 200? 8Nia et al.,

200?I ou et al., 200> as cited by )orway5 20!91

PBBs1 R He;a66 has not been $roduced since the .>0s5 but deca66 8not covered by the Stoc'-

holm "onvention9 but was $roduced in (rance until 2000 8OSP#75 200.91 4t is $ossible that the

P66s are currently not $roduced in any country1

4BCDD

#ccording to the ris' management evaluation of H6",, $re$ared by the POPs 7eview "ommittee5

H6",, is $roduced in "hina5 uro$e5 %a$an5 and the US# 8POP7"5 2091 +he 'nown annual

$roduction in 20 was a$$ro;imately !5000 tonnes $er year 8@5000 tonnes in "hina and !5/2A

tonnes in uro$e and the U1S1#19 8data for "hina u$dated from POP7"5 20291 #vailable infor-

mation suggests that use of H6",, may be increasing1 (rom 200 to 20 the global mar'et de-

mand increased from A5>00 ty to !5000 ty 8POP7"5 205 20291 +he main share of the mar'et

volume is used in uro$e and "hina 8POP7"5 2091 Of the @5000 tonnes $roduced in "hina in

205 ?5?00-A5000 tonnes were e;$orted 8POP7"5 20291


#ccording to the OSP#7 bac'ground document on +66P#5 the substance is $roduced in the US#5

4srael5 %ordan and %a$an5 but not in the U 8OSP#75 2091 +he total global $roduction volume in20 was estimated to be in the range 205000-?05000 ty1 8OSP#75 209

6ther B;'s

#s indicated above5 until recently the total global mar'et volume of other 6(7s have been about

005000 ty5 but may have been increasing in recent years1 # brea'down of the global mar'et for

other 6(7s by substance has not been available1 +he following sections include scattered infor-

mation on the global mar'et of individual substances5 while a more detailed descri$tion of the con-

sum$tion of other 6(7s in the U is $rovided in section !1!11

DBDP0 ,6,P was introduced as an alternative to deca6, and has been on the mar'et for

more than 20 years1 +he mar'et for ,6,Ps is $robably increasing due to the restriction ondeca6, in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment in the U and the general $hase out of $roduction

in the U1S1#1 4nformation on the global $roduction of ,6,P has not been available1 +he total

consum$tion of the ,6,P in 3estern uro$e in ..@ was about 25?00 tonnes while5 according to

"H#s registration database5 the total im$ort to the U in 20 was in the 5000Q tonnes range

8u$$er limit not indicated5 see +able @91 4n "hina5 ,6,P was the second most used 6(7 in 200A

after deca6, 8Shi5 200.91 +he estimated domestic $roduction volumes in "hina were 2050005

250005 /5?005 and /5000 ty for deca6,5 ,6,P5 H6",5 and +66P#-,6P5 res$ectively1 4n

%a$an5 the consum$tion of ,6,P sur$assed the consum$tion of c-deca6, in ..>-..@ accord-

ing to 3atanabe and Sa'ai 8200!95 as cited by 7ic'lund et al. 8200@91

0BT0BPI 6+6P4 has a similar a$$lication $rofile as deca6, 8O",5 ../9 and has been on

the mar'et for more than 20 years1 4nformation on the global $roduction of 6+6P4 has not been



brominated flame retardants >!

available1 +he total consum$tion of 6+6P4 in 3estern uro$e in ..@ was about ?52?0 tonnes5

but the substance has not been registered and the im$ort statistics indicate an im$ort of a few hun-

dred tonnes only 8+able @91

BTBP0 - #ccording to #hi et al 1 8200@95 6+6P is $roduced and used in "hina5 but information on

its $roduction and consum$tion is not available1

*.& Im%ort and e3%ort

*.&.$ Im%ort and e3%ort of brominated flame retardants in Denmar"

,ata on im$ort and e;$ort of brominated flame retardants on their own are shown in +able /

based on data from Statistics ,enmar'1 +he only 6(7 for which the statistics $rovide s$ecific data

is 6+6P45 which is listed together with another 6(7 8"#S )o ?2.0>-0>-091 +he latter has not

been $re-registered and it is therefore assumed that the re$orted im$orte;$ort concern 6+6P4

only1 +he net im$ort of 6+6P4 to ,enmar' in 20 was 2 tonnes1

TAB>0 $)

,#)4SH P7O,U"+4O)5 4&PO7+ #), NPO7+ O( 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 8S+#+4S+4"S ,)&#75 20!9

CN5 code Te3t Im%ort ty 03%ort ty Production

A1era#e

&,&$

&$$

A1era#e

&,&$o

&$$

A1era#e

&7&$$

&$&

2.01.!0! Pentabromodi$henyl etherI 525/5?-tetrabromo-!5A-

bisF$entabromo$heno;yFbenBene :$en-ta6,<

0 0 0 0 0 0

2.0.1!0!? 52-bisF25/5A-tribromo$heno;yFethane forthe manufacture of acrylonitrile-

butadiene-styrene :abs< :6+6P<

0 0 0 0 0 0

2.0.1!0!@ 6rominated derivatives of aromatic ethers8e;cl1 Pentabromodi$henyl ether5 525/5?-tetrabromo-!5A-

bisF$entabromo$heno;yFbenBene and 52- bisF25/5A-tribromo$heno;yFethane for themanufacture of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene :abs<9

0 0 0 0 0 0

2.>1!.20 ster or anhydride of tetrabromo$hthalicacidI benBene-525/-tricarbo;ylic acidIiso$hthaloyl dichloride5 containing by

weight 01@M or less of tere$hthaloyl di-chlorideI na$hthalene-5/5?5@-tetracarbo;ylic acidI tetrachloro$hthalicanhydrideI sodium !5?-

bis8metho;ycarbonyl9benBenesul$honate

A A@ 0 0 0 0

2.2?1.20 !5!5/5/5?5?5A5A-octabromo-n5n-ethylenedi$hthalimide : EBTEB5 <I

n5n-ethylenebis8/5?-dibromohe;ahydro-!5A-methano$hthalimide9 :"#S )o?2.0>-0>-0<

2 0 0 0 0



>/ brominated flame retardants

*.&.$ Im%ort and e3%ort of brominated flame retardants in the 09

U e;ternal trade of the 6(7s is shown in +able ?1

+he average net im$ort of the 6(7s can be summarised as followsC

• Penta6, andor /T-Pe6PO6,20@ C 2A tonnes in 20 8average 2? ty for 200A-20091

"onsidering that $enta6, is restricted for nearly all $ur$oses it is most li'ely that the re$ort-ed im$ort concerns /T-Pe6PO6,20@1

• Other P6,sI mainly deca6,C ?5/.. ty in 20 8average .5!@. ty for 200A-2009

• 6+6PC confidential tonnes in 20 8average @2 ty for 200A-200>9

• 6+6P4C .@ tonnes in 20 8average AA ty for 200.-2009

• Other 6(7sC $art of /5A>/ tonnes in 20 8$art of average A5A?A for ty for 200.-20091

TAB>0 $/U2> N+7)#L 4&PO7+ #), NPO7+ O( SL"+, 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 8U7OS+#+5 202#9 Z

CN code Te3t Im%ort ty 03%ort ty

A1era#e

&,

&$

&$$ A1era#e

&,

&$

&$$

&.**$ Pentabromodi$henyl ether 8$enta6,9I

525/5?-tetrabromo-!5A-

bisF$entabromo$heno;yFbenBene 8"#S )o

[email protected]?-AA-?9

2? 2A 21> 01.

&.**/ 52-6is825/5A-tribromo$heno;y9 ethane5

for the manufacture of acrylonitrile-

butadiene- styrene 8#6S9 :6+6P5 "#S )o

!>@?!-?.-<

@2

8average

200A-

200>9

confi-

dential

.1A

8average

200A-

200>9

0

&.**5 6rominated derivatives of aromatic ethers

8e;cl1 $entabromodi$henyl ether5 525/5?-

tetrabromo-!5A-

bisF$entabromo$heno;yFbenBene and 52-

bisF25/5A-tribromo$heno;yFethane for the

manufacture of acrylonitrile-butadiene-

styrene :abs<9

.5!@. ?5/.. /.2 0?

&$7.*& ster or anhydride of tetrabromo$hthalic

acidI benBene-525/-tricarbo;ylic acidI

iso$hthaloyl dichloride5 containing by weight 01@M or less of tere$hthaloyl di-

chlorideI na$hthalene-5/5?5@-

tetracarbo;ylic acidI tetrachloro$hthalic

anhydrideI sodium !5?-

bis8metho;ycarbonyl9benBene-sul$honate

A5A?A /5A>/ 52! 25!20

&&/.$& !5!5/5/5?5?5A5A-octabromo-n5n-

ethylenedi$hthalimide : EBTEB5 <I

n5n-ethylenebis8/5?-dibromohe;ahydro-

!5A-methano$hthalimide9 :"#S )o ?2.0>-

0>-0<

00

8average

200.-

2009

@ 21?

8average

200.-

2009

?12

Z ,ata from other years are confidential1



brominated flame retardants >?

(or many of the 6(7s5 a significant $art of the im$ort of the substances would be in im$orted arti-

cles5 $rimarily electrical and electronic e=ui$ment im$orted from #sia1

,ata on im$ort of 6(7s in articles are generally not available1 +he U 7is' #ssessment for deca6-

, 8"65 200/9 estimates that net im$ort of deca6, in articles around 2000 was $robably small

com$ared to consum$tion in the U1

(or +66P#5 the U 7is' #ssessment 8"65 200>9 estimated im$ort to be significant whereas the

U 7is' #ssessment for H6",, 8"65 200@9 does not $rovide data5 but indicates that H6",,

contained in e;$anded $olystyrene 8PS9 and e;truded $olystyrene 8NPS9 for the construction

industry is not li'ely to be trans$orted long distances1 4t should be noted that even though the net

im$ort of deca6, in articles is considered relatively small5 deca6, in im$orted articles may still

account for a ma*or $art of the deca6, in articles sold on the U mar'et5 because a significant

$art of the deca6, used in the U may be incor$orated into articles e;$orted from the U1

# ma*ority of the +66P# 8indicated as the +66P# used to $roduce the +66P# flame retarded $las-

tics9 was im$orted into the U in finished articles and com$onents in 200!200?5 as shown in

+able A1 #ccording to the U 7is' #ssessment5 the im$ort of +66P# on its own 8Fas the sub-

stanceF9 decreased from !5@00 ty in the late ..0s to A5?00 ty in 200!200?1 +he im$ort of

+66P# in finished articles and com$onents in 200!200? accounted for A.M of the total im$ort5

and the $ercentage is li'ely higher today1 #s indicated in section !1!15 the im$ort of +66P# on its

own has further decreased to 5000-25?00 ty in 2001

+he change reflects the fact that an increasing fraction of electrical and electronic e=ui$ment sold in

the U is im$orted1

TAB>0 $,

4&PO7+ O( +66P# 4) +H U 4) 200! +O 200? 8"65 200>9

Im%ort FtyG

&*&/ data

TBBPA im%orted into the 09 as the substanceO A5?00

TBBPA im%orted into 09 as %artly finished %roducts

Fe.#. masterbatch e%o3y resinsG

A5000

Amount of TBBPA im%orted into the 09 in finished

articles and com%onents

2>5?00

Total /05000

*.* 9ses of brominated flame retardants

*.*.$ Consum%tion of B;'s in the 09

(7#5 the uro$ean (lame 7etardant #ssociation5 has been contacted in order to obtain u$dated

information on the use of 6(7s in uro$e5 but the organisation has not submitted any information1

,ata on the use of deca6,5 +66P# and H6",, in the U are available from the re$orting of the

Voluntary missions "ontrol #ction Programme 8V"#P95 which was develo$ed and first im$le-

mented in 200/ by three $roducers of flame retardants in $artnershi$ with user industries1 +he

V"#P $rogramme addresses deca6,5 +66P# and H6",, and $re$ares annual re$orts on used

volumes and emissions from manufacturers and industrial downstream users in uro$e1 +he re-

$orted volumes sold and emissions for the $eriod 200@ to 200 are shown in +able > 8V"#P5

2091 4n 205 in total !5?00- 205000 tonnes of the three 6(7s were sold for industrial down-



>A brominated flame retardants

stream uses in uro$e5 a decrease as com$ared to the 200> figures1 +he e;act figure for 200> is

205@2. tonnes 8V"#P5 200.91 +he V"#P $rogramme covers )orth #merica and the #sia-Pacific

regions as well5 but data on the volumes sold in those regions are not re$orted1

TAB>0 $7+O+#L VOLU& SOL, 6Y &&67S O( +H V"#P P7OK7#&& 8V"#P5 2029

Substance Total 1olume sold in 0uro%e ty $ Co1era#e

&$$ &&7 &5 & &$ &$$

DecaBD0 ?5000->5?00 ?5000->5?00 ?5000->5?00 >5?00-05000 25?00-?5000 @/M

4BCDD 05000- 25?00 >5?00-05000 >5?00-05000 05000-25?00 05000-25?00 .@M

TBBPA 25?00-?5000 25?00-?5000 5000-25?00 5000-25?00 5000-25?00 .?M

Z +he volumes sold in a s$ecific year are referred to in the re$ort as the survey results of the subse=uent year1

4n this table5 the volume data from the 20 survey are conse=uently referred to as 200 volume1

Z 4ndicates the $ercentage of the total volumes sold by (7# member com$anies covered by the survey1

+he only $ublished detailed mar'et analysis of the consum$tion of 6(7s in 3estern uro$e is re-

$orted in a ,anish substance flow analysis from ... 8Lassen et al.5 ...91 +he data5 re$resenting

..@5 are shown in +able @ together with an u$dated estimate based on information from registra-

tions 8+able 95 im$orte;$ort statistics 8section 09 and data from V"#P 8+able >91

,ue to the wide ranges indicated in the registration5 the total consum$tion can only be estimated

with high uncertainty at 25000->5000 ty1 +o this uncertainty5 substances should be added which

are not registered and or that have confidential "#S numbers 8which have not been included in the

search at "H#s web site91 (or the non-$olymeric substances5 the total is e;$ected to be small5 as

all substances manufactured or im$orted in volumes of more than 00 ty should now be regis-

tered1 +he total re$orted consum$tion of 6(7s in the U in 200A was a$$ro;imately />5000 ty

8Stevens et al.520091

#s indicated in +able @5 the total consum$tion of +66P# as a substance on its own has decreased

mar'edly from !5?0 ty in ..@ to 5000-25?00 ty in 2001 #bout .0M of the +66P# was used as

reactive 6(7 in the $roduction of $rinted circuit boards 8V"#O5 20291 4t is not indicated whether

the remaining $art is used as reactive 6(7 for other a$$lications or as additive 6(71 +he additive

use of +66P# in the U would be 2?0 ty as a ma;imum5 indicating that it re$resents a small $art

of the additive use of 6(7s1

+he brominated $olyols5 which are 6(7s used reactively5 accounted in ... for @5/00 ty5 and the

consum$tion may still be of the same magnitude as halogenated $olyether$olyol 6 as the main 6(75

with a registered im$ortmanufacture in the 5000-05000 ty range1

#mong the additive 6(7s5 deca6, and H6",, were the main 6(7s both in ..@ and in 2001

+he use of ,6,P may have increased from 25?00 ty consum$tion in ...5 but the registered

volume is only indicated as 000Q ty without an u$$er limit of the range1 ++6P-+# is registered

in the 5000 - 05000 ty range1 +he consum$tion of 6+6P4 in the U seems to have decreased

significantly from about ?5000 ty in ..@ to a few hundred tonnes in 2001

+wo of the 6(7s showing substantial consum$tion in ...5 $olybrominated $olystyrenes 8/5>? ty9

and $oly825A-dibromo$henylene o;ide9 8!52?0 ty95 are not registeredI the latter is also not $rereg-

istered5 indicating that it is not mar'eted in the U anymore1



brominated flame retardants >>

+he $olymeric 6(7s are not sub*ect to registering and therefore not included in the 200 estimate1

+he total consum$tion of the $olymeric 6(7s in ..@ was about .5000 ty and may have been of

the same magnitude in 2001 One $olymeric 6(7 8brominated $olystyrene9 has been $reregistered5

but none of the $olymeric 6(7s have been registered1

TAB>0 $5"O)SU&P+4O) O( 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 4) 3S+7) U7OP ..@ #), 4) +H U 4) 200

Substance F$5G $5 $ &$

As indicated in >assenet al* F$G +ar"et 1olume

ty

-estern 0uro%e

E of total +ar"et 1olume ty

09&7& ,

'eacti1e:

TBBPA !5?0 2 5000-25?00 Z!

TBBPA %olycarbonate oli#omer

F'DT7 and otherG

25?0 ! )ot registered

TBBPA bisF&*dibromo%ro%yl etherG

F+66P#-6,6PG

5?00 2 00-5000

Brominated %olyols @5/00 ! HHP-+6PC 00 - 5000+6P-#nhC 00-5000

Halogenated $olyether$olyol 6C5000 - 05000

Brominated e%o3y oli#omers 52?0 2 7elevant substances not registered8e1g1 +66P#-6K and end-ca$$ed

brominated e$o;y9

Dibromoneo%entyl #lycol

F,6)PK9 5?0 2 00-5000

6ther reacti1e 2?0 01/ +6PC 5000-05000

8$artly used for other a$$lications9+6)P#C "onfidentialP66-#crC 00-000

Subtotal reacti1e 2@5@00 /? !5000 R 2A5000Q non registered Q confidential

Additi1e:

PBD0s >50?0 deca6,C ?5000->5?00

PBBs A00 )ot $re-registered

4BCDD @5.?0 / 05000-25?00

0thylene bisFtetrabromo%htalimideG

F0BT0BPIG

?52?0 @ 00 - 50004m$C @ 8209

Polybrominated %olystyrenes /5>? > )ot registered 8$olymers9

Poly F&,dibromo%henylene o3ideG ) !52?0 ? )ot $re-registered 8$olymer9

Sayte3 5$ %ro%rietary %roduct

FDBDP0G

25?00 / 5000 Q

Polybrominated imides/ @?0 )ot registered



>@ brominated flame retardants

Substance F$5G $5 $ &$

As indicated in >assenet al* F$G +ar"et 1olume

ty

-estern 0uro%e

E of total +ar"et 1olume ty

09&7& ,

Brominated %henylindane

F6BT+PIG

>?0 )ot registered

PolyF%entabromoben2ylG acrylate ?00 01@ )ot $re-registered 8$olymer9

6ther additi1e >>? ++6P-+#C 5000 - 05000++6)PPC 00-000

6H-+6PC 00-000Substances not registered but cov-

ered by the statisticsC/T-Pe6PO6,20@C im$ortC 2A8205 together with $enta6,9

6+6PC 4m$ort confidential 8209@2 8average 200A200>9

Subtotal additi1e !/5>00 ?? @5000-/?5000Qnon registered Z2

Total Fadditi1e reacti1eG A25?00 00 25000->5000Q non registered Q confidentialZ2

Z SourceC Lassen et al.5 ...1 Substances names as indicated in Lassen et al. with abbreviations used in this

survey in brac'ets1

Z2 +he 000Q for ,6,P is calculated as 000-050001

Z! # $art may be used as additive 6(71

Z/ "#S )o A.@@2-->1 )ot $re-registered 8$olymer9 or $roduced by ma*or manufacturers1 &ar'eted by "hi-

nese manufacturers via the 4nternet1

Z? )ot clear which s$ecific substances are covered by this1

ZA U2> Q )orway and SwitBerland

*.*.& A%%lications of B;'s

+he 6(7s are a com$le; grou$ of substances with a wide range of a$$lications1 #s mentioned be-

fore5 the mechanism of flame retardancy is basically the same for all 6(7s1

+he o$timal 6(7 for a s$ecific a$$lication de$ends mainly on the $olymerste;tilescoating to be

$rovided with flame retarded $ro$erties5 the $rocessing conditions 8e1g1 $rocessing tem$erature95

desired characteristics of final $olymer 8e1g1 UV stability and colour9 and the $rice of the 6(7s1

+he a$$lication s$ectra of the main 6(7s from one of the ma*or manufacturers are shown in #$-

$endi; ? 8+able #?-29 +he other ma*or manufacturers have similar $ortfolios of 6(7s for a range of

$olymers5 te;tiles and coatings1

,eca6,5 with a high degree of bromination5 has traditionally been the cost-effective allround 6(7

used as additives in a wide range of thermo$lastics1 ,6,P5 6+6P4 and a newly introduced

$olymeric 6(7 have5 as mentioned earlier5 nearly the same a$$lication s$ectrum as deca6, and

have been used as substitutes for deca6,1 &ost of the other 6(7s have relatively narrow s$ectra

and are o$timised for s$ecific $olymers or te;tiles1 (or the reactive flame retardants5 s$ecific 6(7s

are used for the different thermosets e1g1 tetrabromo$hthalic anhydride diesteretheriol is used as a

reactive com$onent in $olyurethane1 +he a$$lication of each of the 6(7s is described in more detail

below1

+he flame retardant $olymers may be used for different a$$licationsI generally5 the same flame

retardants are used in a $olymer regardless of the end a$$lication e1g1 the same ty$es of 6(7 are



brominated flame retardants >.

used to manufacture flame retardant $olyamides used in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 trans-

$ortation or building a$$lications1

+he global $roduction of $olymers with 6(7s in 2000 is shown in the table below with an indica-

tion of the ty$ical content of 6(71 +he $olymer with the highest volume was flame retardant $oly-

styrene foams used mainly for building insulation5 with a global $roduction of A005000 ty1 Other

$olymers with a narrow a$$lication s$ectrum are (7 e$o;y 8mainly $rinted circuit boards9 and (7

$olyurethanes 8mainly insulation $anels95 whereas the other $olymers are used for $roduction of

various articles1

TAB>0 $

KLO6#L #))U#L P7O,U"+4O) O( POLY&7S 4) 2000 #), +H47 6(7 "O)+)+ 86#S, O) #L# ET $6.5 200!9

Polymer Abbre1ia

tion $

Ty%ical

B;' con

tent FEG

A'

$

Ty%e of B;' Annual

%roduc

tion of

%olymer

F$ tyG

+ain a%%lication areas

&

Polystyrene foam PS5 NPS 01@R/ # H6",, A00 6uilding insulation $anels

4i#him%act %oly

styrene

H4PS R? # deca6,5 bromin-

ated $olystyrene

!?0 Housing and other mould-

ed $arts for 5 sheets Z!

0%o3y resin $o;y .R !! 7 +66P# !00 Printed circuit boards for

Polyamides P# !R A # deca6,5 bromin-

ated $olystyrene

200 Switchgear5 fuse bo;es5

terminal bloc's5 $rint

connectors5 etc1 for

Polyolefins P5 PP ?R @ # deca6,5 $ro$yl-

ene dibromo

styrene

200 "able covering5 $i$es5

sheets for trans$ortation

and constructionI various

a$$lications

Polyurethanes PU 0R @ # deca6,5 esters of

+66P#

?0 4nsulation $anels

Polytere%hthalate P+5 P6+ @R # brominated $oly-

styrene5 +66P#

derivatives

?0 7elays5 motors5 switchgear

and other com$onents

9nsaturated %oly

esters

UP !R 2@ 7# +66P# ?0 +rans$ortation5 roof sheets5

sanitary ware5 switchgear

and other com$onents

Polycarbonate P" /R A 7# 6rominated $oly-

styrene5 +66P#-

derivatives

00 com$onents

Styrene co%oly

mers

#6S and

others

2R ? # octa6,5 bromin-

ated $olystyrene

?0 Housing and other mould-

ed $arts for

Z 4nformation added in this survey1 #additiveI 7 reactive

Z2 4nformation added in this survey5 based on Lassen et al.5 ...

Concentrations of B;'s in materials

+he concentration of 6(7s added to the different $olymers de$ends onC



@0 brominated flame retardants

• +he efficacy of the 6(7 8e1g1 determined by the bromine content of the 6(79 and synergistsI

• +he desired level of flame retardancy 8tested by different flammability tests9I

• +he flammability of the base resin 8e;$ressed by the Flimiting o;ygen inde;F or ELO4\ of base

resin91

# further descri$tion of the concentrations of 6(7s in different $lastic materials is included in #$-$endi; /1

+ain a%%lication areas

+he main a$$lication areas of materials with 6(7s as flame retardants areC

•

lectrical and electronic e=ui$mentI

• 3iring and $ower distributionI

• +e;tiles5 car$ets and furnitureI

• 6uilding materialsI

• &eans of trans$ortation 8vehicles5 trains5 air$lanes5 shi$s5 etc19I

• Paint and fillers1

# brea'down of the total mar'et volume by a$$lication area at global or U level is not available5

but a detailed brea'down of the use of 6(7s by a$$lication area in ,enmar' in ... is shown in

+able 22 in section !1!1!1

# list of a$$lications of deca6, is shown in #$$endi; ? 8+able #?-91 #$art from the uses in insu-

lation materials 8mainly H6",,95 the list of deca6, a$$lications covers the main a$$lication

areas of the additive 6(7s1 +he a$$lication of deca6, is therefore described in more detail in the

following1

DecaBD0

# brea'down of the consum$tion of deca6, by a$$lication area in the U is not available1 4n theU1S1#15 around 2005 the consum$tion of deca6, could be bro'en down as follows 8e;cluding

im$ort in articles9C #utomotive and trans$ortation 2AM5 building and construction 2AM5 te;tiles

2AM5 electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 89 !M and others .M1 #s a conse=uence of the re-

striction of deca6, in the 7oHS ,irective5 the use in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment would be

lower in the U1 ,eca6, may still be used for manufacturing of some ty$es of which are

outside the sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective or a$$lications currently e;em$ted1

+he 200 V"#P re$ort stated that te;tiles account for one third of the volume of deca6, sold

8V"#P5 20091 6ased on the su$$ly figures from the 200 V"#P re$ort5 this suggests that around

/5?00 tonnes $er annum are used in $lastics$olymers and 252?0 tonnes $er annum are used in

te;tiles 8U5 20291

Polymeric a%%lications #ccording to the #nne; NV re$ort for deca6, 8U5 20295 the follow-

ing range of $olymers has been identified as $ossible a$$lications for deca6, 8$lease note that

this is not a definitive list9C

1 Polyolefins R deca6, may be used in $oly$ro$ylene 8PP95 $olyethylene 8P95 $oly$ro$ylene

ether 8PP9 and ethylene vinyl acetate 8V#9 $olymers1 ;am$les of end uses where deca6,

may be $resent include $ower cables and wires insulation5 conduits5 stadium seating5 electrical

connectors5 electrical bo;es5 heat shrin'able material5 shi$$ing $allets and roofing membranes1

,eca6, may also be used in $olyethylene wood com$osites used in construction1



brominated flame retardants @

21 Styrenics R deca6, can be used in high-im$act $olystyrene 8H4PS95 acrylonitrile butadiene

styrene 8#6S9 and $oly$henylene o;ide$olystyrene blends 8PPOPS91 7oHS restricts the use of

deca6, for end uses of these $olymers in consumer electrical and electronic goods1

!1 ngineering thermo$lastics R deca6, may be used in the followingC

- $olyesters such as $olybutylene tere$hthalate 8e;am$les include circuit brea'ers5 soc'ets and

electrical connectors9 and $olyethylene tere$hthalate 8P+9I- $olyamides5 e1g1 nylon 8used for in*ection moulding a$$lications in trans$ort e1g1 wheel

covers and handles5 chair and seat belt mechanisms5 under-hood a$$lications9I

- $olycarbonate 8P"9 8used to ma'e window housings in trains and aircraft5 as well as automo-

tive com$onents such as headlam$s and bum$ers9 and $olycarbonate blends5 e1g1 P"#6SI

- $olyimides 8used for bearings in aircraft5 seals and gas'ets9 and

- melamine 8te;tile finishing a$$lications91

/1 +hermosets R deca6, is used in unsaturated $olyester resins 8UPS9 8used to ma'e a variety of

articles for construction including modular building $arts5 roofing materials5 $orch cano$ies

and decorative mouldings9 and e$o;y resins 8these have a$$lications in electronics5 construc-

tion and aeros$ace91

?1 lastomers R deca6, may be used in ethylene $ro$ylene diene monomer 8P,&9 rubber

8automotive radiator hoses and seals5 roofing membranes5 cable and wire insulation95 styrene-

butadiene rubber 8S6795 thermo$lastic $olyurethanes 8+PUs9 8automotive and wire and cable

a$$lications9 and ethylene vinyl acetate 8V#9 elastomers often used for wire and cable insula-

tion1

A1 3aterborne emulsions and coatings such as acrylic emulsions5 $olyvinyl chloride emulsions5

ethylene vinyl chloride emulsions and urethane emulsions1 +hese are used for coating5 im$reg-

nation and saturation of fibrous materials such as $a$er5 nonwovens 8e1g1 felt9 and woven te;-

tiles1

(or many of these $olymers5 other (7s will also be used1 +he choice of (7s will de$end on the fire

$erformance that is re=uired and the cost 8both of the raw materials and the sale $rice to the end

user91 +y$ically5 deca6, is used in $lastics$olymers at loadings of 0-?M by weight5 though in

some cases loadings as high as 20M may be re=uired 8sta'eholder communication5 2091 +he

amount of flame retardant that is re=uired for any given a$$lication de$ends on a number of fac-

torsI the fire $erformance re=uired for the finished $roduct 8in some cases determined by fire safety

standards95 the effectiveness of the flame retardant 8and synergist9 and the $hysical $ro$erties

re=uired for the end $roduct 8e1g1 colour5 density5 stability5 etc19 8see #$$endi; ? for more infor-

mation91

Te3tile a%%lications ,eca6, is a versatile flame retardant that can be used to treat a widerange of synthetic5 blended and natural fibres1 +he versatility of deca6, ma'es it $articularly

suitable for the most $o$ular te;tile fabrics used in the u$holstery mar'et at $resentC blends of

$olyester5 acrylic and viscose fibres1 nd-uses identified in 200! for te;tiles treated with deca6,

are listed in +able ?1 +he main end-uses were u$holstery5 window blinds5 curtains 8e1g1 for $ublic

occu$ancy areas including hos$itals95 mattress te;tiles 8some &ember States have s$ecific fire $er-

formance re=uirements for mattresses used in $ublic buildings5 e1g1 $risons95 tentage 8e1g1 military

tents and te;tiles also commercial mar=uees5 tents and canvasses9 and trans$ort 8e1g1 interior fab-

rics in cars5 rail $assenger rolling stoc' and aircraft9 8U5 20291 4t was suggested in the U 7#7

that u$holstery accounts for three =uarters of the total U te;tiles usage of deca6, 8"5 200291 4t

is $ossible that deca6, is also used in synthetic late; foam in mattresses5 but no further details of

this use are available 8U5 20291




,eca6, is not used in a$$lications with the $otential for $rolonged contact with s'in e1g1 clothing

te;tiles5 bedding5 or $rotective clothing1 4n 200!5 6(74P indicated that deca6, does not $lay an

im$ortant role as a flame retardant for car$ets 8as cited by 7P#5 200!9 and recent information

confirms that it is not used for commercial and residential car$ets 8U5 20291 However5 some air-

craft manufacturers have identified car$ets as a $ossible a$$lication for deca6, 8U5 20291

TAB>0 &US O( ,"#6, 4) +N+4LS 87P# 200!5 #S "4+, 6Y U5 2029

Domestic sector Contract sectors

+aterial

9 % h o l s t e r y

; i l t e r s f o r

c o o " e r s

B l i n d s

B l a c " o u t

c u r t a i n s

9 % h o l s t e r y

F h o s % i t a l s

t h e a t r e s e t c . G

A u t o m o t i 1 e

t e 3 t i l e s

8 e o t e 3 t i l e s a n d

( a l l c o 1 e r i n # s $

6 t h e r

Cotton

Polyester

Acrylic

iscose

Polyamide FnylonG

Poly%ro%ylene

Blends of all abo1e

Polyester cotton

8lass

Z pKeote;tilesD are te;tiles used in civil engineering to re$lace natural stabilisation of 8for e;am$le9 earthwor's

while natural materials grow and they are usually $ositioned underground 8$ossible areas of a$$lication in-

clude tunnels9 8U5 20291

CoctaBD0 and c%entaBD0

#ccording to the U 7is' #ssessment for octa6,5 in uro$e c-octa6, was $rimarily used in

acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 8#6S9 $olymers at 2-@M weight loadings in the final $roduct1

#round .?M of the total octa6, su$$lied in the U is used in #6S 8"65 200!91 Other minor uses5

accounting for the remaining ?M usage5 include high im$act $olystyrene 8H4PS95 $olybutylene ter-

e$hthalate 8P6+9 and $olyamide $olymers5 at ty$ical loadings of 2-?M weight in the final $roduct1

Other uses that have been re$orted for octa6, include nylon and low density $olyethylene $oly-

carbonate5 $henol-formaldehyde resins and unsaturated $olyesters 8O",5 ../95 and in adhesives

and coatings 83HO5 ../91

#s indicated elsewhere5 the use of octa6, is assumed to have ceased worldwide5 but a use of the

octa6, in $olycarbonate in ,enmar' has been confirmed for this survey1

(lame retarded #6S with octa6, has $redominantly been used for enclosures and structural $arts

of electrical and electronic e=ui$ment and may be $resent in recycled $lastics from electrical and

electronic waste1



brominated flame retardants @!

4t is considered that between .0M and .?M of the use of c-Penta6, globally was for the treatment

of $olyurethane 8PU9 foam 8U)P5 202a91 +hese foams were mainly used in automotive and u$-

holstery a$$lications1 &inor uses included te;tiles5 $rinted circuit boards5 insulation foam5 cable

sheets5 conveyer belts5 lac=uers and $ossibly drilling oils 8U)P5 202a91 +he total amount of c-

Penta6, used for these minor uses is estimated to account for ?M or less of the total usage1 #n

a$$ro;imate distribution of global c-Penta6, use of !AM in trans$ort5 A0M in furniture and a /M

residual in other articles is considered by U)P 82029 to be reasonable and is generally consistent with the analytical data for different waste streams1 +he average content of c-Penta6, in PU7

foam is re$orted to be around !-? M 8ww9 for u$holstery5 cushions5 mattresses5 and car$et $adding

used in $articular in countries with flammability standards for these a$$lications 8e1g1 United

States5 United ingdom91 PU7 foam in the trans$ort sector might have been used in lower concen-

trations for a$$lications such as seats or armhead rests at 01?- M 8ww9 8U)P5 202a91

4BCDD

+he main $art 8.0 M9 of H6",, used in the U is used as a flame retardant in $olystyrene 8PS91

PS-containing H6",,5 in the form of ;$anded PS 8PS9 or ;truded PS 8NPS95 is mainly used as

rigid thermal insulation $anelsboards for buildings and for road and railway constructions to $re-

vent frost heaves and $rovide a lightweight load-s$reading construction material1 H6",, is also

used to $rovide flame retardant $ro$erties to te;tiles 8for furniture5 automobile interiors1 etc19 and

in smaller =uantities in high-im$act PS 8H4PS91 +he latter $olymer material is ty$ically used in

electronic and electrical e=ui$ment1 Some other minor uses have been re$orted5 but it is not clear

whether they are relevant for the U1

9se in 0PS and MPS1 - )early all PS-containing H6",, is used in the building and construc-

tion industry5 with smaller =uantities used in 8non-food9 $ac'aging1

#ccording to an #nne; NV re$ort for H6",,5 in uro$e some /205000 tonnes of PS is used for

construction a$$licationsI >05000 tonnes of this is used in astern uro$e 8Sweden5 200@91 4n

3estern uro$e a$$ro;imately >0 M of this PS is in flame-retardant grades5 while in astern u-

ro$e it is more than .. M1 Pac'aging uses some 2?0 000 tonnes of PS in 3estern uro$e5 of which a$$ro;imately 0 M is flame-retardant grade1 H6",, is incor$orated as an integral and

enca$sulated com$onent within the $olymer matri; with uniform concentration throughout the

bead1 +he ma;imum concentration of H6",, in PS beads is assumed to be 01> M1 84O&5 200.9

PS foam is $roduced from PS beads through $re-e;$ansion of the beads with dry saturated

steam5 drying with warm air and sha$ing in sha$e moulds or in a continuous moulding machine1

NPS with H6",, is used in the construction industry as rigid insulation boards in constructions

and in road and railway emban'ments to $rotect against frost damage and as thermal insulation1 4t

is also used as insulation in sandwich constructions in vehicles such as caravans and lorries for cold

or warm trans$ort of goods1 8Sweden5 200@9

9se in 4IPS 4t is believed that the use of H6",, in H4PS is small 8less than 0M of total use9

and that its use in te;tiles is also small 84O&5 200@91 H4PS containing H6",, is used mainly in

electronic and electrical e=ui$ment such as video and stereo e=ui$ment5 distribution bo;es in elec-

trical lines5 and refrigerator lining1

9se in te3tiles (or the use in te;tiles5 H6",, is formulated to $olymer-based dis$ersions 8e1g1

acrylic or late;9 in water 84O&5 200@91 +his dis$ersion is then a$$lied to the te;tile1 +he dis$ersion

is a$$lied to the te;tile by bac' coating5 either as a $aste which is a$$lied to the te;tile and a scratch

'nife defines the final thic'ness5 or as a foam layer which is $ressed on the te;tile through a rotating

screen1 +he use of rotation screen is limited1 (lame-retarded te;tiles treated with H6",, are ty$i-

cally technical te;tiles and furniture fabric1 H6",, has certain $articular advantages when used on

synthetic fibres5 although this does not e;clude its use on cotton1 +y$ical end $roducts are u$hol-



@/ brominated flame retardants

stered furniture5 dra$eries5 interior te;tiles and automobile interior te;tiles1 ,ra$eries would only

be treated by bac'-coating in s$ecific 8institutional9 end-uses5 and then ty$ically only when there

are s$ecific fabric-related reasons for using H6",,1 +he H6",, $articles used for te;tile bac'-

coating need to be very small and micronised1 ,eca6, is the 6(7 of choice for bac' coating5 as

H6",, is more e;$ensive 84O&5 200@91 #ccording to industry information 8as cited by 4O&5

200@95 the concentration of H6",, in the dis$ersion may range from ? to /@ M1 However5 addi-

tional $roduct information indicates that a li'ely concentration of H6",, in the coated layer may be about 2? M5 corres$onding to 0 - ? M in the final dilution of the dis$ersion1 3ater and solvents

will leave the $re$aration when dried and concentrations of flame-retardants in the coating layer

will be higher than in the $re$aration1 +he formulated $roduct is used on technical te;tile and fur-

niture fabric5 on cotton fabrics5 and on cotton $olyester blends1 (or the calculations of e;$osure5 the

7#7 assumed that the bac'coating layer of the finished te;tile contains 2? M H6",,1 H6",, is

usually a$$lied with antimony trio;ide as a bac'-coating in a mass ratio of 2C 8i1e1 about A-? M

H6",, and /-0 M antimony o;ide by weight9 8)ational 7esearch "ouncil5 200091 84O&5 200.9


#ccording to the U 7#75 the $rimary use of +66P#5 accounting for a$$ro;imately .0M of +66P#

used5 is as a reactive 6(7 in the manufacture of e$o;y and $olycarbonate resins 8"65 200A91 3hen

used as a reactive 6(7 it becomes covalently bound in the $olymer and is only $resent in trace con-

centrations as unreacted monomer1 3hen used as a flame retardant in the $roduction of e$o;y

resins5 +66P# along with bis$henol-# is reacted with e$ichlorohydrin1 "ommercial flame retardant

e$o;y resins contain u$ to a$$ro;imately 20M bromine 8the ma;imum bromine content that can be

achieved in e$o;y resins is /@M if no bis$henol-# is used in the formulation91 +he main use of these

resins is in the manufacturing of rigid e$o;y-laminated $rinted circuit boards1 +he (7/-ty$e lami-

nate is by far the most commonly used laminate and is ty$ically made by reaction of around ?->M

+66P# in the e$o;y resin 8"65 200A91 +he bromine content of these circuit boards is around @-

20M on a resin weight basis or .-0M on a laminate weight basis 8the resin ma'es u$ around ?0M of

the total weight of the laminate91 +he most commonly used laminate is a$$ro;imately 1A mm thic'

and the +66P# content has been estimated at around 01/2 'gm2 8Lassen et al.5 ...91 +his ty$e of

laminate is ty$ically used in com$uters and telecommunications e=ui$ment1 +66P# is used in morethan .0M of (7-/ $rinted circuit boards1 8V"#P5 209 #ntimony o;ide is generally not used in

con*unction with tetrabromobis$henol-# in reactive flame retardant a$$lications1

#s well as use in the $rinted circuit board laminate itself5 e$o;y resins containing +66P# are also

used to enca$sulate certain electronic com$onents 8e1g1 $lastic$a$er ca$acitors5 micro$rocessors5

bi$olar $ower transistors5 4K6+ 84ntegrated Kate 6i$olar +ransistor9 $ower modules5 #S4"s 8#$$li-

cation S$ecific 4ntegrated "ircuits9 and metal o;ide varistors9 on the $rinted circuit board 8"65

200A91 +he concentration of +66P# in the $roduction of the resins used for enca$sulation is rela-

tively low5 a$$ro;imately 2M1

+66P# is also used as a reactive flame retardant in $olycarbonate 8P"9 and unsaturated $olyesterresins1 Polycarbonates are used in communication and electronics e=ui$ment5 electronic a$$lianc-

es5 trans$ortation devices5 s$orts and recreation e=ui$ment5 lighting fi;tures and signs1 Unsaturat-

ed $olyesters are used for ma'ing simulated marble floor tiles5 bowling balls5 glass reinforced $an-

els5 furniture $arts5 sewer $i$es cou$ling com$ounds5 automotive $atching com$ounds5 buttons5

and for enca$sulating electrical devices1

3here +66P# is used as an additive flame retardant5 it is generally used with antimony o;ide1 #6S

resins are used in automotive $arts5 $i$es and fittings5 refrigerators5 business machines and tele-

$hones and other a$$liances1

+66P# is also used in the manufacture of derivatives1 #ccording to the U 7#75 the main deriva-

tives $roduced from +66P# are +66P# dimethylether5 +66P# dibromo$ro$ylether 8+66P#-



brominated flame retardants @?

6,6P95 +66P# bis8allylether95 +66P# bis82-hydro;yethyl ether95 +66P# brominated e$o;y oli-

gomer5 and +66P# oligomers 8"65 20AA91 +he main use of these derivatives is as flame retardants5

usually in niche a$$lications1 +he total amount of tetrabromobis$henol-# derivatives used is less

than the amount of +66P# used 8a$$ro;imately 2?M on a weight basis9 8"65 200A91 #s indicated

above5 +66P#-6,6P is the only +66P# derivative registered in the U 8indicating that it is the

only derivative used in volumes of more than 00 ty91

DBDP0

Polymer a%%lications - #ccording to U nvironmental 7is' #ssessment5 the ma*or use of

,6,P in uro$e and the U 8accounting for at least .0M of the tonnage su$$lied9 was as an addi-

tive flame retardant for $olymers 8nvironment #gency5 200>91 +he $ro$erties of ,6,P ma'e it

suitable for a$$lications involving high tem$erature5 a re=uirement for colour stability or where

recycling is antici$ated1 +he substance can be used with a variety of $olymers5 similar to deca6,1

# summary of a$$lications is $rovided by nvironment #gency 8200>9 and includes adhesives5

building insulation and roofing materials5 cables5 coatings5 electronic com$onents and trans$orta-

tion1 4t has not been $ossible to obtain a brea'down of the amounts of ,6,P used in each a$$lica-

tion1 +y$ical loading rates are similar to deca6,1 ,6,P has also been detected in a water $i$e

insulating tube consisting of two different ty$es of $lastics 8an inner insulating layer and an outer$rotective layer9 8ier'egaard et al.5 200/91

Te3tile a%%lications - ,6,P is an additive flame retardant for te;tiles used for furniture and

furnishings 8nvironment #gency5 200>91 +he =uantities are relatively low com$ared to $olymer

a$$lications and account for less than 0M of the total volume1 )o information was available to the

nvironment #gency 8200>9 about s$ecific a$$lications5 but they are li'ely to be similar to those for

deca6, 8i1e1 late;-based bac'coatings for dra$ery and u$holstery fabric91 +y$ical loadings for

various fabrics are thought to be in the range of !0-@0 g dry coating $er m2 of fabricI the brominat-

ed flame retardant ma'es u$ around !0-/0M of the dry coating weight 8nvironment #gency5

200>91

Polymeric flame retardants

# number of $olymeric 6(7s are mar'eted covering the ma*or a$$lication areas of additive 6(7s1

Some brominated $olymers5 such as brominated $olystyrene and brominated e$o;y $olymers5 have

been used for many years5 whereas others have been introduced as alternatives to deca6, and

H6",, only in recent years1

+he $olymeric 6(7s are introduced by industry as the safest and most Eelegant\ flame retardants of

high molecular weight man-made materials1 #ccording to manufacturers5 due to their low solubility

in water5 $olymeric flame retardants5 once incor$orated into the end-$roduct $lastic matri;5 be-

come integrated with the $lastic and leaching is not e;$ected to occur1 84"L5 2029 (urthermore5

they do not migrate to the surface of the $lastic during aging5 thus eliminating any $otential bloom-

ing in the finished $roduct1

#s an e;am$le 4"L-4P $romotes several ranges of brominated $olymeric flame retardants for most

a$$lications5 and the other ma*or manufacturers have similar $ortfolios of $olymeric 6(7sC

• (7-02?C brominated $olyacrylate 8molecular weightC A005000 daltonI >M 6r9 is es$ecially

suitable for a$$lications in engineering thermo$lastics 8P+5 P6+5 nylon and styrenic co$oly-

mers91 &ar'eted for use in the automotive and electronics industry1

• (-2000 seriesC brominated e$o;y $olymers with a wide range of molecular weight1 #s an e;-

am$le the (-200 8molecular weightC 205000 daltonI ?2M 6r9 is suitable for P6+ and P+ used

in electronics1

•

(-!000 seriesC end-ca$$ed brominated e$o;y $olymers with various molecular weights1 #s ane;am$le the (-!00 8molecular weightC ?5000 daltonI ?2-?/M 6r9 is recommended for use in



@A brominated flame retardants

engineering thermo$lastics such as P6+5 styrenic co$olymers and their alloys ?and $olyamides

used in the automotive industry1

• (7-@0!PC brominated $olystyrene 8molecular weightC A005000 daltonI AAM 6r9 is most suit-

able for a$$lication in engineering thermo$lastics such as $olyamide5 P+5 P6+ and their al-

loys in the automotive and electronics industry1

• (7-22P5 a $ro$rietary $olymeric flame retardant 8molecular weightC A005000 daltonI AAM

6r9 84"L5 2029 is recommended for use in PS and NPS1

)o data on the actual uses of the $olymeric 6(7s and the used volumes have been available1 #s

mentioned elsewhere5 the $olymeric 6(7s are not sub*ect to 7#"H registrationsI conse=uently5 no

information in their use is available from "H#s registration web-site1

6ther B;'s

4nformation on the a$$lication of other 6(7s is briefly listed in +able 21 4f no reference is indicat-

ed5 the information builds on data $rovided in #nne; ! or elsewhere in this re$ort1

TAB>0 &$

#PPL4"#+4O) O( O+H7 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S #), #) 4),4"#+4O) O( +H N+)+ +O 3H4"H +H

SU6S+#)"S H#V 6) 7PO7+, 4) +H )O7,4" O7 #7"+4" )V47O)&)+

Abbre1iation Common

namedescri%tion

A%%lication 'e#istered im

%ort %roduction

ty

+anufac

tured by

maor man

ufacturers

Additi1e B;'s

)Q

PeBP6BD0&5

6is8$entabromo-$heno;y9

benBene

)o data on a$$lication im$ortC 2A 8205

together with $en-

ta6,9

not registeredB04T0BP +etrabromo$hthalate ester Primary re$lacement for $enta6, in

$olyurethane foam together with H-

+66 8""6P5 200@9

(lame retardant $lasticiBer for PV"

a$$lications such as wire and cable

insulation5 coated fabrics5 film and

sheeting1

00-000 ;

BTBP0 6is 8tribromo$heno;y9

ethane

Has been the main substitute for

octa6, with a wide a$$lication

$rofile1 (lame retardant for H4PS5

#6S5 $olycarbonate5 thermo$lastic5elastomers5 unsaturated $olyesters5

adhesives5 coatings5 and te;tiles

im$ort @2

8average

200A200>I conf1

for 209

;

DBDP0 ,ecabromodi$henyl

ethane

Has a similar a$$lication $rofile as

deca6,1 4s the main substitute for

deca6, in electrical and electronic

$roducts in which the use of deca6,

is restricted1

5000 Q ;

? #lloys are made by mi;ing traditional $olymers which have already been formed whereas co$olymers are made by mi;ing ofmonomers



brominated flame retardants @>

Abbre1iation Common

namedescri%tion


%ort %roduction

ty

+anufac

tured by

maor man

ufacturers

DB0DBC4 52-,ibromo-/-852-


+he substance was formerly mar'eted

under the trade name Sayte; 6"L-/A28#lbemarle95 but is not mar'eted by

any of the ma*or manufacturers today1

7e$orted to be used $rimarily in e;-

$andable $olystyrene beads 8used for

thermal insulation in housing91 4t was

also used as a flame retardant for

e;truded $olystyrene foam and for

adhesives in fabric and vinyl lamina-

tion5 electrical cable coatings5 high-

im$act $lastic $arts of a$$liances and

some construction materials 8""6P5

200@9

DB4CTD He;achlorocyclo$enta

dienyl-

dibromocyclooctane

)o u$dated information on use identi-

fied

7e$orted to be used as a flame retard-

ant is re$ortedly in Estyrenic $oly-

mers\ 84"PS5 ..>9

DPT0 5!5?-tribromo-2-825!-


)o u$dated information on use identi-

fied1

7e$orted t0 be used as flame retardant

in e;trusion grade $oly$ro$ylene

84"PS5 ..>9

0BT0BPI thylenebis8tetra-

bromo$hthalimide9

Has a similar a$$lication $rofiles as

deca6,1 Used as alternative to

deca6, in $articular in electrical and

electronic e=ui$ment1

00 - 5000

4m$C @ 8209;

04TBB thylhe;yl tetrabromo-

benBoate

Primary re$lacement for $enta6,s in

$olyurethane foam together with 6H-

+6P1 8""6P5 200@9

;

4BB He;abromobenBene )o u$dated information on use identi-

fied1

7e$orted t0 be used been used as aflame retardant in $olymers5 $lastics5

te;tiles5 wood and $a$er1 4ts $rimary

uses have been re$orted in the $lastics5

$a$er and electrical

industries 8""6P5 200@9

PB0B PentabromoethylbenBene )o u$dated information on use identi-

fied

7e$orted t0 be used for te;tilesI adhe-

sivesI $olyurethane foam1 +hermoset

$olyester resins5 coatings1 #dditive for

unsaturated $olyesters1 84"PS5 ..>9



@@ brominated flame retardants

Abbre1iation Common

namedescri%tion


%ort %roduction

ty

+anufac

tured by

maor man

ufacturers

PBT Pentabromotoluene )o u$dated information on use identi-

fied17e$orted t0 be used for unsaturated

$olyestersI $olyethyleneI $oly$ro$yl-

enesI $olystyreneI S67-late;5 te;tiles5

rubbersI #6S 84"PS5 ..>9

'DT7

F%artlyG

Pheno;y-terminated

carbonate oligomer of

+66P#

(lame retardant for thermo$lastic

resin systems

;

TBA +ribromoanisole )o information on actual uses identi-

fied

TBBPAbA0 +66P#- bis 8allyl ether9 #dditive flame retardant for PS andin foam $olystyrene1 +he unsaturated

end grou$s $rovide the uni=ue func-

tion of initiating (7 $erformance1

;

TBBPABDBP0 +66P#- bis 825!-

dibromo$ro$yl ether9

Suitable for $olyolefin and styrenic

resins1 nd use in 1

;

TBBPAB80 6rominated e$o;y Used to stabiliBe $lastic com$ositions

containing active halogen atoms such

as flame retardant Polystyrene foam

8NPS91 4t can also be used as a (7 in

e$o;y formulation

;

TBPA0 +ribromo$henyl allyl ether #dditive flame retardant for PS and

foamed $olystyrene

;

TTBNPP +ris8tribromo-

neo$entyl9$hos$hate

#dditive flame retardant develo$ed for

a$$lications such as PP and H4PS1

3ith high UV and light stability1 nd

use in 1

;

TTBNPP +ris8tribromo-

neo$entyl9$hos$hate

#dditive flame retardant develo$ed for

a$$lications such as PP and H4PS1

Kood UV and light stability1

00-000 ;

TTBPTAR 25/5A-+ris825/5A-tribromo$heno;y9-5!5?

triaBine

&a*or use of ++6P-+# is in #6S andH4PS

5000 - 05000 ;

Pheno;y-terminated


+66P#

(or thermo$lastic resin systems not sub*ect to regis-

tration

;

6rominated 6utadi-

eneStyrene 6loc' "o$ol-

ymer

#lternative to H6",, mar'eted by

three ma*or manufacturers of 6(71

(or e;$anded $olystyrene 8PSNPS9

for thermal insulation a$$lications1

not sub*ect to regis-

tration

;



brominated flame retardants @.

Abbre1iation Common

namedescri%tion


%ort %roduction

ty

+anufac

tured by

maor man

ufacturers

nd "a$$ed 6rominated

$o;y

Suitable for use in H4PS and #6S

including electronics a$$lications


tration

;

Polydibromo-styrene

co$olymer

,esigned for $olyamides and thermo-

$lastic $olyesters 8P6+ and P+9

which are used in and means of

trans$ort


tration

;

Physical blend of bromin-

ated $olystyrene and a

$olyester resin

,esigned s$ecifically for in*ection-

molding grades of $olybutylene ter-

e$hthalate 8P6+91 #dditive that wor's

well in unfilled5 fiberglass and fiber-

glassmineral-reinforced P6+ com$o-

sites


tration

;

#mmonium bromide &ainly used as flame retardant for

chi$board1

;

'eacti1e B;'s

DBNP8 ,ibromoneo$entyl glycol Used in "("-free foam systems de-

signed to meet more stringent stand-

ards of flame retardancy1

00-5000 ;

DBP 25/-dibromo$henol )o u$dated information on use identi-

fied

7e$orted to be used for e$o;y resinsI

$henolic resinsI intermediates 84"PS5..>9

4004PT0BP &i;ture of the

diesterether diol of tetra-

bromo$hthalic anhydride

and $hos$hate ester1

7eactive diol for rigid $olyurethane

and $olyisocyanurate foams5 urethane

elastomers and coatings

00 - 5000 ;

PBBAcr 8Pentabromo-

$henyl9methyl acrylate

Late;5 rubbers ;

TBNPA +ribromoneo$entyl alco-

hol

Used as a reactive intermediate for

high molecular weight flame retard-

ants5 $articularly in the $roduction of$hos$horus and bromine containing

(7s

;

TBP 25/5A-tribromo$henol 7eactive flame retardant with a high

content of aromatic bromine5 mainly

used as intermediate in the $roduction

of other 6(7s1 4t is also an effective

fungicide and wood $reservative

5000-05000 ;

T0BPAnh +etrabromo$hthalic anhy-

dride

,esigned as a reactive intermediate for

use in unsaturated or saturated $olyes-

ters5 $olyols5 esters and imides

00-5000 ;



.0 brominated flame retardants

Abbre1iation Common

namedescri%tion


%ort %roduction

ty

+anufac

tured by

maor man

ufacturers

Halogenated $olyeth-

er$olyol 6

Particularly well suited for the $roduc-

tion of rigid $olyurethane foams1

5000 - 05000 ;

#romatic reactive diol (or rigid $olyurethane and $olyisocy-

anurate foams5 urethane elastomers

and coatings

;

+etrabromo$hthalic anhy-

dride based diol

Uses include rigid foam5 $olyurethane

74&5 elastomers5 coatings5 adhesives5

and unsaturated $olyesters1

5000 - 05000 ;

Z See section ?1!121 )C among the 6(7s detected in highest concentration in the )ordic nvironment1 #C

detected in #rtic R mar'ed in bold and underline5 suggested as $articular relevant for monitoring in the #rc-

tic1

*.*.* Consum%tion of B;'s in Denmar"

+he only detailed survey of the use of 6(7s in ,enmar' dates from ... 8Lassen et al.5 200.91

+he study consisted of two $artsC a substance flow analysis of brominated flame retardants and an

assessment of alternatives to brominated flame retardants1

+he consum$tion by end use area and main grou$ of 6(7s is shown in +able 221 +he total con-

sum$tion was estimated at !20-AA0 tonnes bro'en down to />M +66P# and its derivatives5 2M

P6,s5 M P66s5 M H6",, and 2.M other brominated flame retardants1 #bout //M of the total

was used as reactive constituents1

+he $rinci$al fields of a$$lication wereC

• lectric and electronic e=ui$ment accounting for about >0M of the total

• 6uilding materials accounting for about ?M of the total

• +rans$ortation accounting for about 2M of the total

+he use of brominated flame retardants was wides$read1 6rominated flame retardants were $resent

in almost all $roducts containing electronic com$onents i1e1 virtually all electronic $roducts and

means of trans$ort and a large $ortion of electric $roducts1 4n addition5 brominated flame retard-

ants were used in a significant $art of $lastics in contact with live $arts in electric e=ui$ment such

as switches5 $lugs5 and soc'ets for lighting1 6rominated flame retardants were not $roduced in

,enmar' 8and are still not91 +he total im$ort of brominated flame retardants with chemicals5 $oly-

mer com$ounds and $lastic semi-manufactures for $roduction in ,enmar' was 2A0-!.0 tonnes in..>1 Of this +66P# accounted for about ?/M5 while P66s and P6,s in total accounted for only

about 2M1

#t that time5 there had been a mar'ed shift from P6,s to +66P# 8and derivatives9 in thermo$las-

tics used in ,anish $roduction1 +he total consum$tion of deca6, for manufacture in ,enmar'

was 01-012 ty while the consum$tion of +66P# and derivatives was !/-/2 tyI of this ..M was

used as additive 6(71

+his trend was also seen for housings of im$orted electronics5 although P6,s were still $resent in

many im$orted $roducts1 #ssessments on the overall uro$ean consum$tion only indicated a de-

crease in the consum$tion of P6,s in )orthern uro$e1 6(7s other than +66P# and derivatives

a$$ear to be dominating alternatives to the P6,s today1 ,ue to the 7oHS restriction of P6,s




and P66s in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 895 the $resence of these substances in the first

? use areas in +able 22 must be e;$ected to be significantly lower today and only $resent in ty$es of

still e;em$t from the 7oHS ,irective 8e1g1 medical devices and monitoring and control instru-

ments9 or beyond the sco$e of the directive 8e1g1 large-scale stationary industrial tools and large-

scale fi;ed installations19

6rominated $olyether$olyol was used reactively for $roduction of rigid $olyurethane foam for insu-lation in ,enmar' and H6",, was used for $roduction of e;$anded $olystyrene for e;$ort1

+here was at that time a significant difference between the consum$tion of 6(7s in ,anish $roduc-

tion of $lastics $arts and the distribution of 6(7s in the 3estern uro$ean mar'et1 P6,s in ,an-

ish $roduction only accounted for about 2M of the total 6(7 consum$tion in ..> in com$arison to

a$$ro;imately 2AM and M of the 31 uro$ean mar'et in ..A and ..@5 res$ectively1

4m$orted goods accounted for about .0M of consum$tion with end $roducts and at the same time

the ma*ority of the 6(7s and 6(7-containing raw materials used in ,anish $roduction were e;-

$orted with the $roduced articles1 +he use of 6(7s with final mi;tures and articles in ,enmar'

conse=uently reflected the general global use of the 6(7s rather than the use of 6(7s in ,anish

$roduction1

+he survey formed a basis for the develo$ment of an action $lan for brominated flame retardants

which was $ublished in 200 by the ,anish P# 8,anish P#5 20091

TAB>0 &&

"O)SU&P+4O) O( 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 4) ), P7O,U"+S 4) ,)&#7 ..>

0nd use area Total consum%tion of

B;'s

Consum%tion of s%ecific B;'s FtyG

ty E PBD0 TBBPA PBB 4BCD 6ther B;'s

Printed circuit boards 00-@0 2. 01!-?12 00-@0 0-2

Epox laminates *-'+! *-'+!

aper/phenolic laminates )-1. !.)-' .)-).

Electronic component encapsulates - :. 0.1-

;ther plastic parts :1 : : :

4ousin# of 00 a%%liances and

machines

@0-!0 2 !-0 ?A-@. 2?-/.

C monitors 1-0) )1-+ '1-'

&oteboo< computers )-1 -) '-'.1

;ther office machines !-)' '0-+ ).0-+.+T=-sets )-1 '-) '- -1

;ther consumer electronics - !.+- !.+- -

>edical and industrial electronics -'1 '-1 '-1 -'!

%mall household appliances !.+- !.+-' !.+-' !.+-'

6ther %arts of 00 a%%liances and

machines

20-?0 > ?-/ !-@ 0-2 A-/!

%9itches, rela parts etc. '!-+ - - -!

>oulding fillers -+ -+ -+

;ther plastic parts -! '-) '- !- -'

>i#htin# /-/ 2 -> /- -.




0nd use area Total consum%tion of

B;'s

Consum%tion of s%ecific B;'s FtyG

ty E PBD0 TBBPA PBB 4BCD 6ther B;'s

%oc<ets in lamps and fluorescent

tubes

1-0 '-) 1-0 '-)

lastic cover parts :) : : :

%9itches, electronic parts etc. :1 : : :1

-irin# and %o(er distribution !0-@0 >-2. /-? -? 2-/ 20-/.

?ubber cables -'! '-+ '-+

;ther cables :+ !-+ !-+

@iring of houses ''- -0 -0 -1 0-'1

Contactors, relas, s9itches etc. for

automation and po9er distribution

'+-)+ 1-' - ')-)!

Te3tiles car%ets and furniture 2- 1! 0-? 2-. 0-?

rotective clothing :!.' :!.' :!.' :!.'

Curtains, carpets and tents :' :' :!.+ :!.+

Aurniture, Aoam and stuffing .-*.0 :1 .-.0 :1

Buildin# materials ?0-00 ? -? 0-2 !-!A /-AA

Expanded polstrene, E% !.+-.0 !.+-.0

Extruded polstrene foam, % ''-* ''-*

olurethane foam 1!-! 1!-!

;ther uses '-0 '-+ !- '-1 '-

Paint and fillers 01A-1> 012 01-01? 01?-12

aint !.'-!.) !.'-!.)

Aillers and 9ood proofing !.+-'.1 !-!. !.+-'.

Trans%ortation !0-.0 2 !-/A /-?2 .1/-!0 .->

Cars, lorries and busses 1-0 ')-1' '-)0 *.1-* '-+

Trains !.)-1 !.!1-'.0 !.)-1 !.)-1

;ther means of transport '-'+ !-) '-'' !-'.+ '.+-'+

6ther uses ! 01! 0-2 0-2 0- 0-2

Total FroundG !20-AA0 .. !0-20 @0-!A0 -> 2A-@0 20-!00

DecaBD0 in other %roducts than electronic and electrical eui%ment

# survey of deca6, in $roducts other than electronic and electrical e=ui$ment from 200>8&ortensen et al.5 200>9 detected deca6, in tents5 cars5 and heat-shrin' tubing1 ,eca6, was not

detected in u$holstered furniture5 bedroom articles5 cables5 furnishing fabrics5 glue5 nursing arti-

cles5 baby and childrenDs articles5 $aints and *oint fillers1 +he information on deca6, im$ort as

$art of finished articles was5 however5 sub*ect to considerable uncertainty1

9%dated information of the use of B;'s in Denmar"

4t has been beyond the sco$e of the current survey to $re$are an u$dated inventory of the use of

6(7s in ,enmar'1 4t must be e;$ected that more than .0M of the 6(7s in articles $laced on the

,anish mar'et is still im$orted5 and the $resence of 6(7s for electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5

wiring and means of trans$ortation will li'ely reflect the general U mar'et for these articles1



./ brominated flame retardants

TAB>0 &)67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 4) &4N+U7S PL#", O) +H ,#)4SH &#7+ 4) 20 #S 7K4S+7, 4)+H ,#)4SH P7O,U"+ 7K4S+7

CAS No Chemical name No of

mi3tures

'e#istered tonna#e ty

Produc

tion im%ort

03%ort Consum%

tion $

,5))$,&* 2-butyne-5/-diol5 $olymer with 2-

8chloromethyl9o;irane5 brominated5 dehydrochlorinated5

metho;ylated

/ 0 @. 2

6ther B;' . "#S )o 2@ /5. 5? !5!

Total !2 0A . ?

Z +otal content of mi;tures $laced on the ,anish mar'et

9se of B;'s in Danish %roduction

,ata on the im$ort of brominated flame retardants with $olymer raw materials for $roduction in

,enmar' was in the ... survey obtained through a =uestionnaire in co-o$eration with the ,anishPlastics (ederation 8Plastindustrien91 #s $art of this survey5 a re=uest for u$dated information was

sent to su$$liers of raw materials for $lastics by the ,anish Plastics (ederation and to manufactur-

ers of $aints and adhesives via the ,anish "oatings and #dhesives #ssociation1

Limited information was obtained on 6(7s in raw materials for $lasticsI the answers did not $ro-

vide a com$rehensive view of im$ort of 6(7s with $lastic materials 8com$ounds and masterbatch-

es91

6esides information on 6(7s in raw materials for $roduction of insulation materials described

below5 it was re$orted that about A0 ty octa6, in $olycarbonate was im$orted for use in the

electronics industry1 Some of the $olycarbonate was fiberglass reinforced1 Octa6, may still be

used for a$$lications e;em$t from the 7oHS ,irective1 +he use of octa6, in ,enmar' was une;-

$ected5 but has been confirmed by a follow u$ re=uest1

4n the ... survey5 the main additive 6(7 used in raw materials for the ,anish $lastics industry

was +66P# and derivatives5 but no information on the continued use of these substances was ob-

tained1

)one of the ,anish manufacturers of $aints and coatings use 6(7s in $roduction according to the

information obtained1 (urthermore5 no im$orts of 6(7s in $aint and adhesives are registered in the

,anish Product 7egistry1

#s shown in +able /5 an im$ort in 20 of 2 tonnes of 6+6P4 and of ty the $revious ? years was registered by Statistics ,enmar'1 4t has not been $ossible to obtain any information on the use

of the substances5 but it is li'ely used for the $roduction of $lastic $arts for electrical and electronic

e=ui$ment1

9se of B;'s in insulation materials

Production and im$ort of 0 ty halogenated $olyether$olyol 6 and an e;$ort of @. ty of the sub-

stance were registered in the Product 7egister1 +he consum$tion in ,enmar' by final $roduct can

be estimated at 2 ty1 4t is not clear from the available data whether the e;$ort concerns re-e;$ort

8without any formulation in ,enmar'9 or re$resents an e;$ort of mi;tures formulated in ,enmar'1

#ccording to data from the SP4) ,atabase 8based on data from the ,anish Product 7egister95 the

total annual registered consum$tion in ,enmar' varies considerably with A ty in 200 and 200.5! ty in 200@ and /? ty in 200>1



.A brominated flame retardants

furniture for the $rivate mar'et in ,enmar'1 4n ... furniture used for the contract mar'et was

normally flame retarded5 but not with 6(7s1 #t that time5 seemingly no a$$lication of 6(7s for

te;tiles and furniture too' $lace in ,enmar'1 +his conclusion was based on in=uiries among the

,anish industries and ma*or foreign su$$liers of brominated flame retardants for te;tiles1 4n=uiries

among ,anish $roducers of sla$-stoc' foams also indicated that no brominated flame retardants

were used in ,anish $roduction of foams1 +he estimated consum$tion of 2- ty of 6(7s was based

on limited evidence5 assuming that some furniture im$orted from countries with more e;tensiveuse of 6(7s in te;tiles and furniture such as the U11 and 4reland must contain 6(7s1 4t has been

beyond the limits of this survey to $rovide an u$dated view of the $ossible content of 6(7s in furni-

ture and te;tiles sold on the ,anish mar'et1

*.) 4istorical trends in use

+he historical trend in the global consum$tion of 6(7s during the $eriod from ../ to 20 is

shown in +able 2?1 (or 205 the overview is based on information from different sources1 (or

deca6, the estimates are uncertain as the consum$tion has $robably decreased in recent years5

but no u$dated information has been available1 +he total use of 6(7s has increased considerably

from about ?05000 ty in ../ to a$$ro;imately !A05000 ty in 201 ,uring the last decade5 the

global consum$tion of H6",, and +66P# and derivatives has increased while the consum$tion ofdeca6,5 in $articular during the last ? years5 has decreased1 +he consum$tion of other 6(7s5

estimated as the difference between the total and the estimated consum$tion of the three main

6(7s5 has increased significantly during the last decade1

+he world mar'et for flame retardants is e;$ected to rise by about ? M $er year the ne;t year in

several mar'et research re$orts5 but forecasts s$ecifically for the 6(7s have not been found in the

$ublic $art of the mar'et research re$orts1 +he mineral yearboo' from the United States Keological

Survey states in the outloo' section that F Use of 6(7s5 however5 will li'ely increase at a slower $ace

than (7s in general because of legislative mandates and customer demand for more environmental-

ly friendly materials1F 8USKS5 2029

#s a conse=uence of the inclusion of H6",, in #nne; # to the Stoc'holm "onvention5 it must be

e;$ected that the consum$tion of H6",, will decrease significantly over the ne;t ? years5 though a

time-limited e;em$tion has been granted for the use of H6",, in PSNPS for building a$$lica-

tion1 #lternatives to H6",, have been introduced by all ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s5 and alter-

natives are mar'eted with reference to the Stoc'holm "onvention restriction1

+he consum$tion of deca6, is e;$ected to decrease significantly due to voluntary $hase out of

deca6, by ma*or manufacturers in the US#5 cessation of some e;em$tions under the 7oHS ,i-

rective5 $ossible re=uirements for authorisation under 7#"H and $ossible inclusion of the sub-

stance in #nne; # to the Stoc'holm "onvention1

+he consum$tion of +66P# and derivatives is more li'ely to increase in the coming ? years in theabsence of drivers for a reduced demand1

+he use of other 6(7s seems to have increased considerably1 +he main drivers have been a general-

ly increased demand for flame retardants 8in $articular in #sia9 and the introduction of alternatives

to deca6,5 other P6,s and recently H6",,1 +he increasing trend will most $robably continue

in the coming years1

4n the electronics industry5 a trend away from the use of 6(7s 8or at least additive 6(7s9 has been

re$orted5 but it has not been $ossible to identify mar'et data demonstrating a significant effect of

this trend on the total consum$tion of 6(7s1



brominated flame retardants .>

TAB>0 &/

H4S+O74"#L +7), 4) +H KLO6#L "O)SU&P+4O) O( 6(7S

$) $ &$ & &$$

ty E of

total

ty E of

total

ty 'eference

"-$enta6, /5?00 ! >5?00 21/ 0 Z!

"-octa6, A5000 / !5>.0 1 00-000 Z/

"-deca6, !05000 20 ?A500 @ 2?5000-?05000 Z?

H6",, 4ncluded in other - A5>00 ? !5000 8POP7"5 205 2029

+66P# and

derivatives

/.5?00 !! .5>00 !. 205000-?05000 OSP#75 20

P66s 25000 1? 0A520 !/ 0 20

Other 6(7s ?@5000 !. !05000-@05000 ZA 20

+O+#L ?05000 00 !05000 Z 00 !A05000 "lariant5 20!

Z SourceC O",5 ../

Z2 SourceC 6S(5 200A5 as cited by Lassen et al.5 200A1 +otal for 200 is not available1 +otal for 2000 from

#laee et al.5 200! used as best estimate1 Other 6(7s estimated as difference between total in 2000 and the

re$orted volumes for 2001

Z! #s of 200> c-$enta6, were not manufactured in uro$e5 %a$an5 "anada5 #ustralia and the U1S1#15 but no

information on the status of the $roduction in "hina was available 8POP7"5 200>a9

Z/ Since c-octa was no longer $roduced in the U5 US# and the Pacific 7im5 no information was available that

indicates it was being $roduced in develo$ing countries 8POP7"5 200>b91 4n 20! Octa6, was still im-

$orted to ,enmar' with $olycarbonate raw materials5 demonstrating that the substances is still $roduced in

at least one country 8details not $rovided91+he indicated range is a rough estimate1

Z? U$dated information only available for uro$e 8see section !1!191 4n 200A the mar'et in the $roduc-

tionim$ort volume in the U1S1#1 is re$orted to be in the range of 2?5000 R ?05000 ty 8US P# 4nventory

U$date 7e$orting as cited by )orway5 20!91 +he manufactured volume in "hina in 200? is re$orted to be

!05000 ty 8Nia et al. 200?5 ou et al. 200> as cited by )orway5 20!91 #round 200?200A the global de-

mand was in the range of A?5000-.05000 ty1 +he volume in the US# and "hina has most $robably de-

creased in recent years as result of regulatory actions 8e1g1 the U 7OHS ,irective9 and a voluntary $hase

out of the $roduction in the US#1 +he total global volume in 20 is roughly estimated at 2?5000-?05000 ty1

ZA stimated as the difference between the total and the estimated consum$tion of the three main 6(7s1

*./ Summary and conclusions8lobal and 09 consum%tion

+he total global $roduction of 6(7s has increased from ?05000 ty in ../ to a$$ro;imately

!A05000 ty in 201 +he increase in $roduction and consum$tion has $rimarily been in #sia1 His-

torically5 the P6,s and +66P# 8and derivatives9 have been the main 6(7s accounting for nearly

2! of the global $roduction in ../1 On a global scale5 the 6(7s account for a$$ro;imately 20M of

the consum$tion of flame retardants1 # detailed brea'down by a$$lication area is not available1 +he

ma*or use area is electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 where the 6(7s are also the dominating flame

retardants1 Other a$$lication areas include wiring and $ower distributionI te;tiles5 car$ets and

furnitureI building materialsI means of trans$ortation 8vehicles5 trains5 air$lanes5 shi$s5 etc195 and

$aints and fillers1



.@ brominated flame retardants

PBD0s - +he global consum$tion of the P6,s in 200 was ?A500 ty5 of which deca6, ac-

counted for nearly .0M1 )o u$dated data for 20 have been available1 +he consum$tion of $en-

ta6, and octa6, has more or less ceased5 while the consum$tion of deca6, more recently has

been decreasing due to regulatory action 8e1g1 the 7oHS ,irective9 and a voluntary $hase out of

$roduction in )orth #merica by the ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s1 4n the U5 the average con-

sum$tion for the $eriod 200-20 was ?5000->5?00 ty1 #$$ro;imately ! was used for te;tiles5

while the remaining $art was used for $lastic $arts for means of trans$ort and electrical and elec-tronic e=ui$ment e;em$ted from or out of sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective1 ,eca6, in electrical and

electronic e=ui$ment has a$$arently mainly been re$laced by ,6,P and to a smaller degree by

6+6P45 ++6P-+#5 $olymeric 6(7s and non-brominated flame retardants 8in some with a

change in the base resin as well91

4BCDD - +he global consum$tion of H6",, has increased from A5>00 ty in 200 to !5000 ty

in 201 4n the U5 the average consum$tion of H6",, for the $eriod 200-20 was 05000-

25?00 ty and H6",, is currently the 6(7 used in the highest =uantities in the U1 +he main $art

8.0 M9 of H6",, is used as flame retardant in $olystyrene in the U1 PS-containing H6",,5 in

the form of e;$anded PS 8PS9 or e;truded PS 8NPS95 is mainly used as rigid thermal insulation

$anelsboards for buildings and for road and railway constructions to $revent frost heaves and

$rovide a lightweight load-s$reading construction material1 +he remaining $art is used for the $las-

tic material H4PS and for te;tiles1

TBBPA - +66P# is still the main 6(7 accounting for about /0M of global $roduction and is mainly

used as a reactive flame retardant in $rinted circuit boards of electronic e=ui$ment1 4n the U5 the

average consum$tion of +66P# in 200-20 was 5000-25?00 tyI the substance accounts for a

smaller $art of the use of 6(7s in the U1 #bout .0M of the consum$tion in the U is as reactive

flame retardants for $rinted circuit boards1 +he ma*ority of the amount of +66P# end-$roducts

8where it is $resent in reacted form9 is im$orted into the U in finished articles and com$onents5

$rimarily from #sia1

DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI = ,P,P seems to be a main substitute for deca6, so farI the dataindicated that ,6,P is among the main additive flame retardants in the U5 "hina and %a$an1 4n

the U the registered $roduction and im$ort is indicated as 000Q without an u$$er limit1

6+6P4 is registered in the U with a $roduction and im$ort in the 00-5000 ty tonnage band1

6ther B;'S (or the other 6(7s5 information on global and U $roductionconsum$tion is more

limited1 +he global consum$tion has increased from about 05000 ty in 200 to about ?05000 ty

in 20 8also including ,6,P and 6+6P491 (or the non-$olymeric 6(7s5 the registrations at

"H#s website indicate total im$ort in tonnage bands 8e1g1 00-5000 ty95 but for the $olymeric

6(7s5 no data are available as the $olymers are not sub*ect to registration1 +he 6(7s registered in

the highest tonnage 8a$art from the substances mentioned above9 are the reactive halogenated

$olyether$olyol 6 and +6P and the additive 6(7 ++6P-+#5 which are all registered in the 5000-05000 ty tonnage band1 +6)P# is registered with confidential tonnage1 Other additive 6(7s reg-

istered with an im$ort and $roduction in the 00-5000 ty tonnage band are 6+6P45 ++6)PP5

P66-#cr and 6H-+6P1 +he overall a$$lications of the different 6(7s is 'nown and described in

this survey5 but detailed brea'downs of the use of each substance by end-a$$lication areas are not

available1

Denmar"

# com$rehensive inventory of the use of 6(7s in ,enmar' in ... e;ists1 #t that time a$$ro;imate-

ly .0M of the consum$tion of 6(7s in end $roducts 8mi;tures and articles9 were due to im$ort of

articles5 $rimarily electrical and electronic $roducts1 Of the total consum$tion of !!0-AA0 tonnes of

6(7s5 more than >0M was in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment1 +his is li'ely still the situationI

the 6(7s in articles on the ,anish mar'et are a reflection of the general use $attern in the U and




Product #rou% Dis%osal method in Denmar" >e#islation

3ires and cables are to a large e;tent

recovered in ,enmar' 8not covered by

the 3 and 6#+ statistics91 +he

$lastic $arts are either recycled5 inciner-

ated or dis$osed of to controlled landfill ehicles Fte3tiles and

stuffin# in seats inte

rior %arts etc.G e3cl.

electrical and elec

tronic %arts

&ainly dis$osed of with shredder waste

to controlled landfill

+he statutory order on end of life vehicles 86 no !2

of .22029 does not have any s$ecific re=uirements

for treatment of other $arts with 6(7s in vehicles1

Te3tiles car%ets and

furniture

,is$osed of to munici$al waste incinera-

tors

)o s$ecific legislation

Buildin# materials

F0PSMPS and P9foam insulation

sheets etc.G

,is$osed of to munici$al waste incinera-

tors


Paint fillers and (ood

%roofin#

(ire$roof wood is e;$ected to be dis-

$osed of to munici$al waste incinerators1

Paints mainly dis$osed of metal recy-

cling as fire-$roof $aints are mainly used

on metal $arts


+he main issues with regard to the dis$osal of 6(7s with solid waste areC

• Standards for treatment of $lastics containing 6(7s

•

Uncontrolled final dis$osal due to e;$ort of 3 and second hand electronic $roducts to

countries with management of 3 not meeting the re=uirements of U legislationI

• Particular re=uirements to 6(7s considered POPs and covered by the U POPs 7egulationI

• (ate of the 6(7s by munici$al solid waste incineration and uncontrolled burning R destruction

efficiencies and formation of dio;ins and furans 8section /1295 and

•

7eleases of 6(7s from landfills 8section /1291

#longside these issues5 section /12 discusses the $otential releases from the a$$lication of sewage

sludge containing 6(7s1

).&.$ Standards for treatment of %lastics containin# B;'s

+he uro$ean "ommission has on / (ebruary 20! re=uested the uro$ean StandardiBation Or-ganiBations to develo$ uro$ean standards for the treatment of 31 4t is li'ely that also stand-

ards for the treatment of brominated flame retardants will be develo$ed1

#s $art of the U funded 3L#6N $ro*ect 5 the 3 (orum5 *ointly with sta'eholders from

the community of 3 $rocessors and $roducers of electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 has

develo$ed normative technical re=uirements for 3 treatment 83L#6N5 2091 +he

3 (orum is the uro$ean #ssociation of lectrical and lectronic 3aste +a'e 6ac' System1

#mong the develo$ed re=uirements are re=uirements for treatment of Plastics containing certain

ty$es of brominated flame retardants1 4t is by the ,anish P# considered li'ely that future stand-

ards will build on the normative standards develo$ed by the 3 (orum1




).&.& 9ncontrolled final dis%osal of -000

+otal treated 3 =uantity collected in ,enmar' in 20 was @25.> tonnes 8,P#5 2091 #ccord-

ing to the statistics on 3 and 6#+ from the ,P# system 8,P#5 2095 which administers ,an-

ish $roducer res$onsibilities5 in 2005 around >0M of the waste received $rimary treatment in

,enmar'1 However5 this seems to refer $rimarily to a $re-treatment5 whereas actual dismantling

and re$rocessing of most of the waste ta'es $lace abroad 8,anish P#5 20291 +he ,anish Statutory

Order states that 6(7-containing $lastics in 3 must be se$arated and delivered to com$aniesthat are authoriBed to handle brominated waste a$$roved under the nvironmental Protection #ct k

!! or similar legislation abroad1 +he 3 ,irective re=uires that the 6(7-containing $lastics

should be se$arated5 but has no s$ecific clause on the final treatment of the $lastics and $ermit

re=uirements1 4t has not been assessed to what e;tent authorisation schemes for handling bromin-

ated waste is in $lace in all U &ember States1

+he fate of 3 in ,enmar' and the U and the $ossible illegal e;$ort of 3 to develo$ing

countries are not described in detail1

# ,utch review of the 3 flows in +he )etherlands 8Huisman et al 15 20295 concludes that in

20 a ma;imum $otential of @5000-/5000 ty5 of a total 3 Q used of !.25000 ty5 was

illegally e;$orted1

4llegal shi$ment of 0-?M of the 3 has been re$orted from several other &ember States as

cited in a review of the 3 ,irective for the uro$ean "ommission 8Huisman et al 15 200>91 +he

review also concluded that more than half of the collected 3 in the U was $otentially the

ob*ect of im$ro$er treatment and illegal e;$orts1

;$ort of second hand5 still functioning in good wor'ing condition for reuse abroad is legal as

the e=ui$ment is not considered waste1 4t is5 however5 very difficult to enforce5 as the e=ui$ment

may be outdated5 but still functional1 One of the ob*ectives of the recast 3 ,irective is to give

the U &ember States the tools to fight illegal e;$ort of waste more effectively5 according to the

uro$ean "ommission1

# re$ort from 200A investigated the fate of second hand electronic e=ui$ment e;$orted for reuse

abroad 8Planmil*G5 200A91 #t that time5 about 25?00 tonnes in second hand was e;$orted for

reuseI of this5 half was e;$orted by ,anida su$$orted aid organisations1 +he re$ort did not assess to

what e;tent the e;$orted e=ui$ment was actually reused1 4t notes that e;$ort to #frica5 for the $ur-

$ose of scra$$ing the e=ui$ment in #frica5 is not very li'ely5 as the cost of shi$ment to #frica is

many times the cost of shi$ment to "hina or 4ndia1 ,an3atch 8209 concludes that if *ust 2? com-

$uters in a container with !00 are functioning5 it may cover the shi$ment costs to Khana1 )ewer

assessments of the total e;$ort have not been identified1 +he assessment of the ,utch 3 flows

concluded that more than 0M of the generated 3Q used in +he )etherlands5 corres$ond-

ing to //5000 tonnes in 205 was e;$orted 8Huisman et al 15 20291

3hether the e=ui$ment is reused or not before dis$osal5 the final dis$osal will most li'ely not meet

the U re=uirements1 +he flame retarded $lastics may be recycled one or more times 8for different

$ur$oses - not necessarily $ur$oses re=uiring flame retardants 8U)P5 202b995 but the ultimate

dis$osal of the flame retarded $lastics is most li'ely uncontrolled burning or waste dum$ing1 4t

should be noted that the same would be in fact be the situation for flame retarded $lastics in new

e;$orted from U countries to develo$ing countries1

).&.* P6Ps B;'s in (aste in the 09 and Denmar"

He;a66 and four of the P6,s 8corres$onding to the commercial c-$enta6, and c-octa6,9 are

covered by the U POPs regulation 8here collectively referred to as POPs 6(7s95 and in the near

future H6",, will be added to the list1 Particular $rovisions for waste containing POPs are sti$u-




lated in "ommission 7egulation 8U9 )o >?A200 amending the POPs 7egulation1 (or he;abro-

mo$henyl5 a limit value for dis$osal $rovisions of ?0 mg'g is established5 but no concentration

limits have been established yet for the P6,s1 4n order to assess the $otential im$act on establish-

ing different limit values for new POPs5 the S34 consortium5 on behalf of the uro$ean "ommis-

sion5 ,K nvironment undertoo' a EStudy on waste related issues of newly listed POPs and candi-

date POPs\ 8S345 2091 ,e$endent on the actual values established5 it may be necessary to se$a-

rately collect and destroy $lastic with the POPs 6(7s1

#s $art of the u$dated im$lementation $lan for the Stoc'holm "onvention5 the $resence of the

POPs 6(7s in articles in used in ,enmar' was assessed1 +he following is based on the im$lementa-

tion $lan1 4n the survey of brominated flame retardants from ... 8Lassen et al.5 ...95 the total

,anish consum$tion of P6,s was estimated at !0-20 tonnes1 &ost of the P6,s were im$orted

in articles1 +he re$ort does not include individual estimates for the three ty$es of technical P6,1

Since no s$ecific inventories are available of the historical consum$tion of the POPs 6(7s in ,en-

mar'5 reference was be made to the S34 8209 re$ort1 +he results of this study are summarised in

+able 2>1

#ccording to the S34 8209 re$ort5 the total consum$tion of technical $enta6, in the U5 in-

cluding im$orts of articles decreased from around 500 tonnes in ../ to 200-2?0 tonnes in 20005

and subse=uently ceased altogether in 200/1 #round .?M of the technical $enta6, was used in

the U in $olyurethane foam in mattresses and u$holstered furniture1 #round half was used in

vehiclesC in the seats5 dashboard5 steering wheel5 roofs5 sound insulation and door $anels1 "oncen-

trations in $olyurethane foam varied from 2-@M1 +he remaining ?M was used in other $lastics 8in

electronics in $articular95 and in rubber5 $aints and varnish5 te;tiles5 and hydraulic oils1 3ith regard

to the $ortion of the consum$tion lin'ed to vehicles5 there is no basis for assuming that ,anish

consum$tion figures vary significantly from those of the other U countries1 +he accumulated con-

sum$tion of technical $enta6, in the U is estimated at around ?5000 tonnes1 Of these5 around

@M or around !20 tonnes5 was estimated still to be in use in 2001 4f consum$tion and dis$osal

$atterns for technical $enta6, in ,enmar' corres$ond to the uro$ean average5 there should be

around ! tonnes of technical $enta6, left in articles that have been used in ,enmar'1 #roundthree-=uarters of these are in vehicles $roduced before 200/5 and around one-=uarter are in $olyu-

rethane foam which was $reviously used in mattresses and u$holstered furniture1 #lthough this is

an uncertain estimate5 it gives us an idea of the order of magnitude of =uantities1 +he study carried

out for the uro$ean "ommission concluded that more or less all of the technical $enta6, in

vehicles in the U will be dis$osed of by 20A1 Since cars are used for relatively longer $eriods of

time in ,enmar'5 it will $robably ta'e somewhat longer before all technical $enta6, has been

dis$osed of in ,enmar'1

#ccording to the S34 study from .>0 to 200?5 the accumulated consum$tion of octa6, in the

U was around >5000 tonnes5 of which an un'nown =uantity was e;$orted1 Klobally5 around .?M

of technical octa6, were used in #6S $lastics5 which are ty$ically used in enclosures for electricaland electronic e=ui$ment1 +he remaining ?M are used in other ty$es of $lastic5 as well as in electri-

cal and electronic e=ui$ment1 +echnical octa6, was ty$ically used in concentrations of 0-@M1

#s the articles in which octa6, has been used have a relatively short lifetime5 it is assumed that

the ma*ority of the =uantity in circulation has been dis$osed of at $resent1 #t U level5 in 2005 it

was estimated that around 2@ tonnes of octa6, in waste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment

839 was dis$osed of5 and that most materials containing this substance will have been dis$osed

of by 2021 Since the technical octa6, $resent in ,enmar' is $rimarily in im$orted electrical and

electronic e=ui$ment5 there is no basis for assuming that consum$tion in ,enmar' has been con-

siderably different from consum$tion in the U1 4t will therefore have to be assumed that all octa6-

, is already dis$osed of5 while a few tonnes of the remaining technical octa6, will be dis$osed of

over the ne;t cou$le of years1




#ccording to the ... survey of 6(7s5 the only $olybrominated bi$henyl 8P669 used with certainty

was technical deca66 8with ten bromine atoms91 #ccording to data from the O",5 the technical

deca66 did not contain he;a661 "onsidering that he;a66 has not been used since the .>0s5 it is

li'ely that only an insignificant number of articles containing he;a66 remain1

).$ 'ecyclin#

#ccording to the 3 ,irective 8,irective 202.U95 $lastic containing brominated flameretardants have to be removed from any se$arately collected 3 and be dis$osed of or recovered

in com$liance with the 3aste ,irective 8,irective 200@.@"91 7ecycling is one of the recovery

o$erations5 which means that 6(7-containing $lastics in accordance with the 3 ,irective can

be recycled if the $lastics do not contain restricted 6(7s1 +he ,anish statutory order on waste elec-

trical and electronic e=ui$ment states s$ecifically that $lastic with bromine content of less than ?

$$m 8mg'g9 can be returned for re$rocessing and recycling by com$anies that have been a$$roved

under the nvironmental Protection #ct k !! or similar legislation abroad1 (or $lastics containing

more than ? $$m 6(7s the Statutory Order indicates that it must be delivered to com$anies that are

authoriBed to handle brominated waste a$$roved under the nvironmental Protection #ct k !! or

similar legislation abroad1 4t is not s$ecifically stated that the waste cannot be recycled1

#ccording to the POPs 7egulation5 articles and $re$arations containing concentrations below 01 M

by weight of each of the four covered P6,s may be $laced on the mar'et if they are $roduced $ar-

tially or fully from recycled materials or materials from waste $re$ared for re-use1 #s the limit con-

cerns the individual P6,s5 the limit for the commercial octa6, 8of which he$ta6, accounts for

less than ?0M9 would be at least double1 +he POPs 7egulation has a derogation for which fall

within the sco$e of the 7oHS ,irective1 #ccording to the 7oHS ,irective materials should not con-

tain more than 01M total P6,s5 recycled or not1 +he restrictions on recycled material are conse-

=uently generally stricter for than for other a$$lications5 while for some e;em$t from the

7oHS ,irective 8but still in the sco$e of the ,irective95 no restriction a$$lies1 Plastics containing

deca6, may not be recycled for use in 8if the concentration is 01 M95 but may be recycled

for other $ur$oses1 Plastics containing other 6(7s can be recycled without any restriction1

)o data on the actual recycling of 6(7-containing waste in ,enmar' or the U have been identi-

fied1

+he draft guidance on best available techni=ues and best environmental $ractices for the recycling

and dis$osal of articles containing P6,s listed under the Stoc'holm "onvention includes a de-

tailed descri$tion of recycling activities 8U)P5 202b91 #ccording to the guidance5 PU7 foams in

furniture5 trans$ort5 end-of-life vehicles and mattresses are $artially recycled into new articles by

$rocesses such as car$et rebond and regrinding 8no =uantitative data $rovided91 4t further re$orts

that recent studies have shown that $lastics containing POP-P6,s and other 6(7s have been

recycled in the $roduction of articles for which no flame retardancy is re=uired5 including childrenDs

toys5 household goods and video ta$es1

).& 'elease of brominated flame retardants and de#radation %roductsfrom (aste dis%osal

).&.$ +unici%al solid (aste incineration and uncontrolled combustion

#ccording to the statistics on 3 and 6#+ from the ,P# system 8,P#5 2095 in 205 >52>2

tonnes of waste from treatment of 3 was incinerated in ,enmar' in munici$al waste incinera-

tors5 corres$onding to less than 0M of the total weight of the collected 31 4n addition5 incin-

eration of a$$ro;imately ! M of the generated =uantity of 3 as discussed above should be in-

cluded1




+he =uantity directed to munici$al waste incineration in ... was estimated at >0-!A0 ty 8Lassen

et al 15 ...9I of this 3 accounted for a$$ro;imately @?M1 Using data from the ... survey the

total amount of 6(7s incinerated with waste can be estimated at >0-00 ty5 assuming that

$lastics flame retardant with 0-?M 6(7s on average accounted for a$$ro;imately 0M of all $las-

tics1

One of the main concerns about the incineration of 6(7-containing $lastics has been the ris' offormation of brominated dibenBo-$-dio;ins and brominated dibenBo furans 8P6,,(9 and mi;ed

$olybrominated and $olychlorinated dio;ins and furans 8PN,,(91 4n the ,anish action $lan for

6(7s from 2005 it was stated that the formation of dio;ins and furans by incinerations was of

concern5 and the uro$ean "ommission considered re=uiring that all 6(7-containing $lastics from

3 should be dis$osed of in haBardous waste incinerators1 6rominated dio;ins and furans have

been shown to have to;icities similar to5 and in some cases greater than5 their chlorinated counter-

$arts in human cell lines and mammalian s$ecies and assay tests 8U)P5 20095 but dio;insD to;ici-

ty e=uivalency factors do not e;ist for the 8P6,,(9 and 8PN,,(91

Some of the 6(7s5 in $articular the P66s and P6,s5 are highly similar to the brominated dio;ins

and furans and can serve as $recursors 8building bloc's9 for the formation of the dio;ins and furans

if the substances are not decom$osed during incineration1 4n addition5 all 6(7s serve as bromine

donors for the so-called Fde-novoF synthesis of the dio;ins and furans in the $ost-combustion Bone

of the incinerator1 #ccording to the U 7is' #ssessments for deca6,5 the relative $ro$ortions of

bromine to chlorine in most waste $rior to incineration indicates that the ma*or dibenBo-$-dio;ins

and furans formed will contain chlorine only5 with mi;ed brominechlorine containing s$ecies

8most li'ely containing bromine9 ma'ing only a very minor contribution 8"65 200291 4n addition

to this5 uro$ean 7egulations e;ist on the design of munici$al incinerators in order to minimise the

formation of chlorinated dio;ins and furans during incineration1 Pro$er incinerator design should

also reduce the $otential for release to the environment of the brominated dio;ins and furans1 +he

U 7is' #ssessment concludes that it is e;$ected that emissions from controlled incineration $ro-

cesses will be near Bero5 although the =uestion of formation of brominated dio;ins and furans has

been raised as a $otential $roblem1 +he U 7is' #ssessment for octa6, 8"65 200!9 concludesthat overall5 for dis$osal by incineration and landfill5 metal recycling and accidental fires5 the

$olybrominated di$henyl ethers5 as a source of bromine5 can contribute to the formation of halo-

genated dio;ins and furans generated during such $rocesses but it is not $ossible to =uantify the

amounts or assess the environmental significance of these $roducts1 (urthermore5 it is noted that

halogenated dio;in and furan formation from some of these $rocesses is well 'nown and emission

control technology is available for incinerators and metal recycling that can be used to reduce the

amounts of these substances formed in the $rocess to acce$table levels1

Vi'elsGe 8200!5 200/9 measured the concentration of P6,,( and P6",,( in flue gas from two

incinerators in ,enmar' and in soil around the incinerators in 200! and 200/1 levated levels of

P6,,( were found in the vicinity of the two incinerators as com$ared to a remote area5 demon-strating the significance of the incinerators as sources of P6,,( in their surroundings1 4ncinera-

tors in ,enmar' have since been e=ui$$ed with better flue gas controls1

4n a )ordic study from 200? of emission during incineration of waste containing bromine5 incinera-

tion tests and measurements of brominated5 chlorinated and mi;ed brominatedchlorinated dio;-

ins and furans were $erformed in three full-scale incineration $lants in )orway 86orgnes and

7i'heim5 200?91 #ll $lants were e=ui$$ed with advanced flue gas treatment systems1 &easurements

were $erformed during incineration of waste from households and the commercial sector 8waste

with low 6(7 content95 and the results showed very low levels for all analysed dio;ins1 +he main

goal of the incineration tests was to establish the flue gas concentration of halogenated dio;ins and

furans before and after flue gas cleaning5 with different $ro$ortions of $lastic waste containing

6(7s1 +he measured results confirmed that 6(7s decom$ose in the incineration $rocess1 +he




amount of 6(7s in out$ut flows is less than 0500 M by weight of the total amount of 6(7s in the

waste mi; 8i1e1 a destruction efficiency of better than ..1...M91 missions of chlorinated5 bromin-

ated and chlorinatedbrominated dio;ins were measured without any addition of brominated

waste5 and with the addition of ? M by weight5 0 M by weight and 20 M by weight bromine-

containing waste1 4ncreasing the content of 6(7s in the waste gave no significant increase in the

emissions of either chlorinated dio;ins5 or brominated or chlorinatedbrominated dio;ins1 +he

emission measurement results indicate that the incineration efficiency and the o$erating conditionsof the flue gas treatment systems are of greater im$ortance to the resulting emission levels of dio;-

ins and furans5 rather than the bromine content level1 &easurements of halogenated dio;ins and

furans in the flue gas before and after flue gas cleaning were carried out with addition of 0 M by

weight bromine-containing waste at the lemetsrud Plant 8Oslo91 +he concentration of chlorinat-

edbrominated dio;ins before cleaning was a$$ro;imately three times the concentration of chlorin-

ated dio;ins1 +he removal efficiency for chlorinatedbrominated dio;ins was ..M5 while it was

a$$ro;imately .!M for chlorinated dio;insfurans1

4n ,enmar'5 6(7-containing $lastics are currently incinerated in munici$al solid waste incinera-

tors e=ui$$ed with filters for control of emissions of P",,( 8chlorinated dio;ins and furans91 +o

what e;tent the destruction efficiency of the POPs 6(7s in these incinerators is sufficient to meet

the re=uirements of the Stoc'holm "onvention is not totally clear5 but the available information as

described above indicates a destruction efficiency of better than ..1...M1 One of the actions of the

u$dated national im$lementation $lan for the Stoc'holm "onvention is to encourage the uro$ean

"ommission to $re$are a study to validate whether technical $enta6, is sufficiently destroyed in

ordinary waste incinerators1 4n an e-mail to the ,anish P# of 2 %une 20!5 the uro$ean "om-

mission states that according to the e;$erts the uro$ean "ommission have consulted5 it would

seem that P6,s could be incinerated in munici$al solid waste incinerators5 ta'ing necessary

measures to secure that the bromine concentration is not e;cessive1

,io;in to;icity e=uivalency factors have not been established for brominated and mi;ed brominat-

edchlorinated dio;ins and furansI these substances are not included when estimating the total

dio;in to;icity e=uivalency of e1g1 flue gas emissions or dio;ins and furans in food 8limit values aree;$ressed in dio;in to;icity e=uivalency rather than total content of the substances91

3hilst the emission from well-e=ui$$ed incinerators may be of no concern5 much literature indicat-

ed that the emissions of dio;ins and furans from fires 8including incidental landfill fires9 and un-

controlled burning of 6(7-containing $lastics may be significant 83eber and uch5 200!I ,esmet

et al 15 200?I Lai et al.5 200>I Yu et al.5 200@91 Uncontrolled burning of waste is illegal in the U5 but

some 6(7-containing $lastics will be destroyed in fires in buildings and vehicles and by accidental

landfill fires1

+he $ossible formation of haBardous substances by thermal decom$osition is one of the main ar-

guments against the use of 6(7s e1g1 by environmental )KOs5 manufacturers of alternative (7s and$arts of the scientific community1

3eber and uch 8200!9 have studied the effect of 6(7s and thermal conditions on the formation

$athways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenBodio;ins and dibenBofurans1 #ccording

to the results5 under insufficient combustion conditions5 e1g1 accidental fires and uncontrolled burn-

ing as well as gasification$yrolysis $rocesses5 considerable amounts of P6,,sP6,(s 8brominated

dio;ins and furans9 can be formed from 6(7s5 $rimarily via the $recursor $athway1 +he $recursor

$athway is relevant for 6(7s which may act as $recursors5 in $articular the P6,s and P66s5 but

$ossibly other 6(7s as well1

# technical review of the im$lications of recycling c-$enta6, ether and c-octa6, for the POPs

7eview "ommittee under the Stoc'holm "onvention has been underta'en on the sub*ect 8U)P5




20091 P6,,( are $resent as im$urity of technical P6,s 8which was the bac'ground for the

$hase out in Kermany in the ..0s9 and can be formed in different life-cycle ste$s1 #ccording to the

review5 com$elling evidence has accumulated over the $ast twenty years or so that 6(7s5 and es$e-

cially P6,5 are a ma*or source of to;ic tri- to octa-brominated dio;in and furan contamination1

+he $eer-reviewed and grey literature clearly shows that the generation5 emissions and im$acts of

P6,,,( are relevant considerations in relation to the manufacture$rocessing5 recycling and

dis$osal of $roducts containing5 or contaminated with5 P6, and related com$ounds1 +he totalgeneration of P6,,,( from all ty$es of P6, are at a scale of tons $er year 8ennegg5 200. as

cited by U)P5 2009 and therefore of the same order or even larger than the total inventory of

P",,(1

+he draft guidance on best available techni=ues and best environmental $ractices for the recycling

and dis$osal of articles containing P6,s listed under the Stoc'holm "onvention includes detailed

information on the $ossible generation of P6,,( from different recycling activities5 in $articular

thermal recycling activities 8U)P5 202b91

Kouteu; et al. 820!9 has recently demonstrated that u$on a$$lication of thermal stress to sam$les

of $olymeric 6(7s with brominated aromatic moieties5 a drastic increase of the release of bromin-

ated com$ounds was observed1 # variety of substituted al'yl benBenes or $henols with two to si;

bromine atoms were formed1 +he $a$er deals with the $otential environmental effects of the formed

substances5 and does not discuss the significance of the releases of the substances on the $otential

formation of haBardous P6,,( by combustion of the $roducts1

).&.& B;'s emission from landfills

# limited amount of 6(7-containing $lastics in ,enmar' would end u$ in landfills as the general

$olicy is to incinerate combustible waste for energy recovery1 4n other U &embers States5 a larger

$art 8u$ to 00M9 of the combustible waste is landfilled1

3hen additive 6(7s in $lastics are dis$osed of to landfill5 in theory they could leach out of the $las-

tic and into groundwater or volatilise to the atmos$here1

#ccording to the U 7is' #ssessment for deca6, 8"65 200295 however5 several e;$eriments have

shown that leaching of deca6, from $olymers is minimal 8see below9 and it would not be e;$ected

to leach to a significant e;tent from $olymers in landfill5 unless the $olymer itself undergoes some

form of degradation5 thus releasing the deca6,1 #ny released deca6, is li'ely to adsorb strongly

onto soil5 thus minimising the $ossibility of reaching groundwater 8see also Section !111A1291 Simi-

larly5 the low va$our $ressure of the substance would limit its volatility to the atmos$here1 #lthough

the available information indicates that leaching of deca6, from landfills will be minimal5 move-

ment of $olymer $articles containing deca6, within the landfill could $rovide a trans$ort mecha-

nism leading to entry into leachate water or groundwater1 However5 it is not currently $ossible to

assess the significance of this ty$e of $rocess1 3ell-designed landfills already include measures tominimise leaching in general terms5 and these measures would also be effective in minimising the

leaching of any deca6, $resent1 8"65 200291

).&.* B;'s in se(a#e slud#e

+he ,anish Statutory order in sludge 8FSlambe'endtgGrelsenF9 does not include any limit values for

P6, or any other 6(7I furthermore5 6(7s levels in sludge are not regulated at U level1 +he ,an-

ish action $lan for 6(7s 8,anish P#5 2009 considered that the levels of 6(7s found in sludge did

not call for establishing limit values5 as no environmental and health ris' from the a$$lication of

sewage sludge to agricultural soils was antici$ated1 Keneral limit values for the P6,s covered by

the U POPs regulation are still not established1 +he established limit value for he;a66 is ?0 mg'g

and if similar values are established for the P6,s5 these will not have any im$act on the dis$osal of

sewage sludge1




#s a result of the ris' assessment of deca6,5 a ten-year monitoring $rogramme 8'nown as the

conclusion 8i9 monitoring $rogramme9 was re=uested by the U &ember States to investigate the

long-term trends in the levels of deca6, in sewage sludge5 sediment5 air and birdsD eggs 8nvi-

ronment #gency5 200.91 Under this $rogramme5 financed by 6S(5 sewage sludge sam$les from a

total of twelve sites in the U are being analysed with three sam$les being collected at each site over

a one wee' $eriod in each sam$ling year1 Of the sites5 > are sewage treatment $lants 8S+Ps9 with

mainly domestic waste water in$ut1 +he levels of deca6, in the sludge from these S+Ps in 200>differed significantly between the countries with !5@025?@0 g'g d1w1 and ?5/[email protected] g'g

d1w1 in sewage from two S+Ps in U5 ?5>0.@. g'g d1w1in one S+P in 4reland and 2/@/?

g'g d1w15 20@2. g'g d1w15 !?!2@ g'g d1w1 and /A!!? g'g d1w1 in four S+Ps in +he

)etherlands1 Similar results were obtained in 200A 8nvironment #gency5 200.91

"om$ared to the levels found in the S+Ps in +he )etherlands and other uro$ean countries5 the

levels in 4reland and the U were a factor of ten higher1 # similar $attern is found for H6",, as

described below1

4BCDD #ccording to the U 7is' #ssessment for H6",,5 in general5 the concentrations of

H6",, in sludge observed in 4reland 8median /!. g'g d1w9 and U 8median 52?A g 'g

d1w19 are more than one order of magnitude higher than those observed in +he )etherlands 8medi-

an 2 g'g d1w195 )orway 8median !? g'g d1w19 and Sweden 8median 2/ g'g d1w19 8"65

200@91 4n a Swiss study from 200@5 mean concentration of H6",, 8nA wastewater treatment

$lants9 was /. 8!. R ?.>9 g'g d1w1 8u$$er et al 15 200@91

+he higher concentrations of H6",, and deca6, in sludge from 4reland and the U may =uite

well be a conse=uence of a higher consum$tion of H6",, and deca6, in te;tiles and furniture in

these countries5 as washing of te;tiles is one of the main sources of deca6, and H6",, to waste

water1

TBBPA - "om$ared to deca6, and H6",,5 the concentration of +66P# in sludge is generally

lower1 +he U 7is' #ssessment re$orts 8"65 200>9 on concentrations of +66P# in sewage sam-$les from a range of uro$ean countries 8year of $ublication indicated9C (inland 2002 8all 012

g'g d1w195 Sweden 2002 8median 210 g'g w1w195 Kermany 200! 8median A g'g95 Ker-

many 200 8range ?12-!/1? g'gI dimethyl derivative range 01!.-10 g'g d1w195 4reland

200/ 8mean .? g'g dry weight95 U1 200/ 8mean ?. g'g9 and +he )etherlands 8mean >.

g'g d1w19

6ther B;'s R +he )ordic screening re$ort 8Schlabach et al 15 209 analysed A FnewF 6(7s in

sludge from the )ordic countries and A P6, congeners for reference1 +he 6(7s were $resent in

sludge from 33+Ps5 storm water sludge5 and sludge from landfills1 +he fre=uent occurrence in the

different sludge sam$les indicates a wides$read use of these substances in the )ordic countries1

7esults for the 6(7s found in the highest concentration in the sludges are shown in the figure be-low1 +he highest concentrations were found for ,6,P 8range /1?RA0 g'g d1w1 95 P6+ 8range

0102>R?12 g'g d1w19 and ,6-,6"H 8range 012>R.10 g'g d1w191 +he concentration of

,6,P is in the same range as re$orted for deca6, and H6",,5 whereas the concentrations of

the other analysed 6(7s were considerably lower1




;I89'0 &

"O)")+7#+4O)S O( +H &OS+ S4K)4(4"#)+ #)#LYS, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 4) SLU,K S#&PLS 8S"HL#6#"H

ET $615 2091 ,P 4S +H )O)-67O&4)#+, ,4"HLO7#) PLUS1 +6"H ,6-,6"H1

Total releases to land from se(a#e slud#e

+he emissions of P6,s to environmental com$artments within the 6altic Sea region as estimated

in the "OH46# Pro*ect tend to originate mainly from the a$$lication of contaminated sewage

sludge5 followed by emissions during the service life of flame retardant $roducts in the form of re-

lease from the indoor environment1 +he releases from the indoor environment are5 however5 noted

to be highly uncertain and $ossibly underestimated1 +he total releases to land in the 6altic #rea

from a$$lication of sewage sludge is estimated at 012-01/ ty for the total P6,s and 010!-010A ty

for H6",,1

#n inventory and assessment of o$tions for reducing emissions of P6,s as $art of the source con-

trol of $riority substances in uro$e 8Soco$se9 estimates the total release to land from sewage

sludge a$$lications in the U at 01/-1? ty for $enta6, and 01.-1? ty for deca6, 8Soco$se5

200.91

'is" e1aluation of a%%lication of B;'s in slud#e to a#ricultural land in Denmar"

# ris' evaluation of 6(7s and four other grou$s of $ersistent organic contaminants in sewage

sludge in ,enmar' has recently been $ublished 8%ensen et al 15 20291 ,ue to lac' of data5 a ris'

evaluation was done for 6,-20. 8deca6,9 and +66P# only1 (or the ris' evaluation %ensen et al.

82029 used a concentration of 6,-20. of >?0 g'g d1w1 and5 for +66P#5 the highest re$orted

sludge concentration of 220 g'g d1w1 6ased on the e;$osure model the following steady-state soil

concentrations 8P"ss9 were $redicted after multi$le sludge a$$licationsC P"ss 86,-20.9 010

mg'gI P"ss 8+66P#9 0100 mg'g1 +hese $redicted concentrations are at the lower end of the

observed concentrations re$orted for agricultural fields amended with very large amounts of sewagesludge for multi$le years1 #ccording to the authors5 such scenarios are5 however5 no longer valid for

a ty$ical situation in ,enmar'5 where sludge amendment of agricultural land is strongly regulated1

#n additional margin of safety may5 however5 be needed in order to encom$ass the $ossibility of

higher soil concentrations in areas that are not in com$liance with e1g1 the ,anish sludge regula-

tions5 or areas receiving sludge from sewage treatment $lants treating waste water s$ecifically from

industries $roducing or ma'ing use of 6(71 8%ensen et al 15 2029

6ased on a com$arison between the lowest test concentration5 where no significant effects were

observed 8)OL95 and the $redicted concentrations in soils after multi$le sewage sludge amend-

ment5 a margin of safety 8&oS9 was be estimated at .0. for 6,-20. and 2A0 for +66P#1 On this

basis5 it was concluded that it was unli'ely that the levels found in ,anish sludge should $ose a




3hilst the emission from well-e=ui$$ed incinerators may be of no concern5 much literature indi-

cates that the emissions of dio;ins and furans from fires 8including incidental landfill fires9 and

uncontrolled burning of 6(7-containing $lastics may be significant1

A%%lication of slud#e on a#ricultural soils R+he ma*ority of the 6(7s in sewage water ends

u$ in the sludge fraction in sewage treatment $lants1 ,eca6,5 H6",, and ,6,P are the domi-

nant 6(7s in munici$al sewage sludge1 +he available data indicates that the levels of deca6, andH6",, levels in sewage sludge in the U and 4reland is a$$ro;imately a factor of 0 higher than in

other U &ember States5 indicating a lin' to the wides$read use of these substances in te;tiles and

furniture in the two countries1 7ecent analyses of A FnewF 6(7s in sewage sludge show that the

concentration of ,6,P is of the same magnitude as for deca6, and H6",, in other studies5

whereas the concentrations for the remaining ? 6(7s is considerably lower1 +he results confirm

that ,6,P to a large e;tent has substituted for deca6, in a$$lications that may lead to releases

to waste water1

# ris' evaluation from 202 of the a$$lication of 6(7-containing sludge to agricultural land in

,enmar'5 which included a detailed assessment of deca6, and +66P#5 concluded that it was

highly unli'ely that the levels of 6(7s found in ,anish sludge should $ose a significant ris' to soil

dwelling organisms and soil =uality in general5 if the current a$$lication guidelines of sewage sludge

are followed1

+ain data #a%s

4nformation on the actual fate of 3 e;$orted for waste management outside ,enmar'1

+he significance of the different 6(7s on the formation of brominated and mi;ed brominat-

edchlorinated dio;ins and furans by different ty$es of thermal $rocesses is not 'nown for most

6(7s1 4n solid waste incinerators e=ui$$ed with filters for dio;ins and furans control5 the dio;ins

and furans formed in the $rocess will end u$ in the flue gas cleaning $roducts1



A brominated flame retardants

/. 0n1ironmental ha2ards ande3%osure

/.$ 0n1ironmental ha2ard

/.$.$ Classification

+hree of the 6(7s have a harmonised classification according to the "LP 7egulation 8see +able A in

section 091 +66P# and $enta 6, are assigned the HaBard "lass and "ategory "odes E#=uatic

#cute \ and E#=uatic "hronic \5 whereas octa6, is not assigned any environmental HaBard "lass

and "ategory "odes1 +he $ro$osed harmonised classification for H6",, 8see section 21129 does

not include environmental HaBard "lass and "ategory "odes5 whilst almost all notifiers in the "JL4nventory have been assigned #=uatic "hronic 1

+he following table lists the harmonised classification and the environmental HaBard "lass and

"ategory "ode8s9 and HaBard Statement "odes assigned to the substances by more than 2?M of the

notifiers in the "JL 4nventory "H# 820!d91 +he self-classification of the substances in the "JL

4nventory database is shown in #$$endi; A1




TAB>0 &

6(7S #SS4K), )V47O)&)+#L H##7, "L#SS #), "#+KO7Y "O,8S9 #""O7,4)K +O +H "LP 7KUL#+4O)

#), +H "JL 4)V)+O7Y

CAS No Substance name Abbr. 4a2ard Class and

Cate#ory CodeFsG $

4a2ard State

ment Codes $

$$57, 25/5A-+ribromo$henol +6P #=uatic #cute H/00

$&,7&7 +ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9 $hos-

$hate

+,6PP #=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic

H/00

H/0

&/,,*/& 2-82-Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl 2-

hydro;y$ro$yl !5/5?5A-

tetrabromo$hthalate

HHP-+6P #=uatic "hronic ! H/2

&/*&75* 5-4so$ro$ylidenebis:/-8allylo;y9-

!5?-dibromobenBene<

+66P#-b# #=uatic "hronic / H/!

&/,*7) He;abromocyclododecane H6",, #=uatic "hronic H/0

*&/*)5$ ,i$henyl ether5 $entabromo de-

rivative

$enta6, #=uatic #cute Z

#=uatic "hronic Z

H/00 Z

H/0 Z

*&, 252-bis8bromomethyl9$ro$ane-5!-

diol

,6)PK #=uatic "hronic / H/!

*///$$$ #llyl $entabromo$henyl ether9 P6P# #=uatic "hronic / H/!

*,)5*/7/ 252-dimethyl$ro$an--ol5 tribromo

derivative

+6)P# #=uatic "hronic ! H/2

/&)*) 5!5?-+ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9-

5!5?-triaBine-25/5A8H5!H5?H9-

trione

+,6P-+#+O #=uatic "hronic / H/!

/))7//$ 8Pentabromo$henyl9methyl acry-

late

P66-#cr #=uatic "hronic / H/!

,57$ Pentabromo$henol P6P #=uatic #cute H/00

7)7 2525A5A-+etrabromo-/5/-


+66P# #=uatic #cute Z

#=uatic "hronic Z

H/00 Z

H/0 Z

5)5/&/* 5-8thane-52-

diyl9bis:$entabromobenBene<

,6,P #=uatic "hronic / H/!

Z Harmonised classification mar'ed by Z1 Only codes assigned by more than 2?M of the notifiers in "J" in-

ventory are included in the table1

H/00C Very to;ic to a=uatic life

H/0C Very to;ic to a=uatic life with long lasting effects

H/2C Harmful to a=uatic life with long lasting effectsH/!C &ay cause long lasting harmful effects to a=uatic life

/.$.& PBD0s

+he ris' assessments carried out under the U ;isting Substances 7egulation summarise the

available ecoto;icity data obtained in standard test systems for deca6, 8"65 200295 octa6,

8"65 200!9 and $enta6, 8"65 20091 +he data are summarised in +able !01 4n some of the

a=uatic studies no effects were seen and the results are re$orted as Egreater than\ values5 reflecting

the highest concentration tested 8which in some cases is above the water solubility of the substance

testedI water solubility is a$$ro;imately ! gl for $enta6,5 01? gl for octa6, and 01 gl

for deca6,91 +hese results are best inter$reted as the substance showing little or no to;icity at the

solubility limit of the substance in the test media1 +he available data show that $enta6, is gener-ally more to;ic than octa6, and deca6, to sediment organisms and terrestrial $lants1 +he gen-




eral lac' of effects seen with octa6, and deca6, means that it is not $ossible to draw further

conclusions from the available data on the relative to;icity of these two substancesI however5 as

these two substances have high molecular weights 8>00 gmole9 the lower to;icity of octa6, and

deca6, com$ared with that seen for $enta6, may reflect a low bioavailability of octa6, and

deca6, com$ared to $enta6,1

+he P)"s derived from the available data in "6 82005 2002 and 200!9 are summarised in +able

!1

TAB>0 *SU&&#7Y O( "O+ON4"4+Y ,#+# (O7 P6,s

Tro%hic le1el S%ecies Substance 0nd%oint Concentration 'eference $

-ater

;resh(ater fish ;ncorhnchus

m<iss

Penta6, .Ah-L"?0 0102 mgl 2 Palmer et al.5 ..>c 8from "65

2009

Penta6, @> day )O" 0100@. mgl 3ildlife 4nternational5 2000a

8from "65 2009

;r7ias latipes ,eca6, /@h-L"?0 ?00 mgl 2 "4+45 ..2 8from "65 20029

Octa6, /@h-L"?0 ?00 mgl 2 "4+45 ..2 8from "65 200!9

Penta6, /@h-L"?0 ?00 mgl 2 "4+45 .@2 8from "65 2009

;resh(ater

in1ertebrates

#aphnia magna Octa6, 2 day )O" 0100> mgl 2 Kraves et al.5 ..> 8from "65

200!9

Penta6, /@h-"?0 010/ mgl Palmer et al. ..>b 8from "65

2009

Penta6, 2 day )O" 0100?! mgl ,rottar and rueger5 ..@ 8from

"65 2009

;resh(ater

al#ae

seudo<irchneri-

ella subcapitata

8formerly Selenas-

trum capricornu-

tum9

Penta6, .Ah-"?0 0102A mgl 2 Palmer et al.5 ..>a 8from "65

2009

Salt(ater al#ae %<eletonema

costatum and

Thalassiosira

pseudonana

,eca6, >2h-"?0 mgl 2 3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from "65

20029

Chlorella sp. ,eca6, .Ah-"?0 mgl2

3alsh et al. 8.@>9 8from "6520029

Sediment

;resh(ater

sediment in1er

tebrates

Chironomus

riparius

Penta6, 2@ day )O" A mg'g dry

sediment

3ildlife 4nternational5 2000d

8from "65 2009

alella a7teca Penta6, 2@ day )O" A1! mg'g dry

sediment

3ildlife 4nternational5 2000c

8from "65 2009

6umbriculus

variegatus

,eca6, 2@ day )O" ≥!5@/ mg'g

dry sediment

rueger et al.5 200b 8from "65

20029

Octa6, 2@ day )O"≥

52>2 mg'g rueger et al.5 200a 8from "65





dry sediment 200!9

Penta6, 2@ day )O" !1 mg'g dry

sediment

3ildlife 4nternational5 2000e

8from "65 2009

Soil and terrestrial en1ironment

Terrestrial

in1ertebrates

Eisenia fetida ,eca6, ?A day )O" ≥/5.0 mg'g

dry soil

#6"5 200 8from "65 20029

Octa6, ?A day )O" ≥5/>0 mg'g

dry soil

#6"5 200 8from "65 200!9

Penta6, / day )O" ≥?00 mg'g dry

soil

3ildlife 4nternational5 2000f

8from "65 2009

Soil microor

#anisms

)itrogen trans-

formation activity

Penta6, 2@ day )O" mg'g dry

soil

4nveres'5 ... 8from "65 2009

Terrestrial%lants

$llium cepa,Cucumis sativa,

lcine max,

6olium perenne,

6copersicon

esculentum and

Dea mas

,eca6, 2 day )O" ≥?5!/. mg'g

dry soil

Porch and rueger5 200 8from

"65 20029

Octa6, 2 day )O" ≥5.0 mg'g

dry soil

Porch and rueger5 200 8from

"65 200!9

Penta6, 2 day "? A mg'g dry

soil 8lowest

value5 for Dea

mas9

3ildlife 4nternational5 2000g

8from "65 2009

Z See "6 82005 2002 and 200!9 for full reference1

Z2 Value above the water solubility of the substance1 +he data are best inter$reted as showing no effects at the

solubility limit of the substance1

TAB>0 *$SU&&#7Y O( P)"S ,74V, (O7 P6,s

Substance PN0C

;resh(ater Sediment Soil

PentaBD0 01?! gl 1?? mg'g dry sediment 8normal-

ised to ?M organic carbon content9

01!@ mg'g dry soil 8normalised to

!1/M organic matter content9

6ctaBD0 012 gl 2> mg'g dry sediment 2!1@ mg'g dry soil

DecaBD0 )o P)" could be derived !@/ mg'g dry sediment .@ mg'g dry soil

/.$.* 4BCDD

H6",, has been shown to cause adverse effects to a=uatic invertebrates in long-term e;$osuresI a

2d-)O" of !1 gl has been determined for #aphnia magna 8"65 200@aI +able !291 6ased on

this value5 "6 8200@a9 estimated a P)" of 01! gl for freshwater and 010! gl for marine

water1 4n some of the studies5 no effects were seen and the results are re$orted as Egreater than\

values which reflect the highest concentrations tested1 4n these cases where the concentration is

above the water solubility 8a$$ro;imately AA gl9 the results are best inter$reted as the substance

showing little or no to;icity at the solubility limit of the substance in the test media1

(or sediment organisms5 the lowest long term )O" was obtained with 6umbriculus variegatus

and the P)" for sediment was estimated by "6 8200@a9 to be 01@A mg'g dry weight 8normal-




ised to a ?M organic carbon content9 for freshwater sediment and 01> mg'g dry weight 8normal-

ised to a ?M organic carbon content9 for marine sediment from these data1

(or soil organisms Eisenia fetida was found to be the most sensitive s$eciesI a P)" of ?1. mg'g

dry weight 8normalised to a !1/M organic matter content9 was estimated from these data in "6

8200@a91

TAB>0 *&SU&&#7Y O( "O+ON4"4+Y ,#+# (O7 H6",,

Tro%hic le1el S%ecies 0nd%oint Concentration 'eference $

-ater

;resh(ater fish 6epomis macrochirus .Ah-L"?0 00 mgl 2 "almbacher5 .>@ 8from "65 200@a9

6euciscus idus 6., .Ah-L"?0 0000 mgl 2 irsch and &un'5 .@@ 8from "65

200@a9

;ncorhnchus m<iss .Ah-L"?0 01002? mgl Kraves and Swigert5 ..>b 8from "65

200@a9

@@ day )O" 0100!> mgl1 ,rottar et al.5 200 8from "65 200@a9

;resh(ater

in1ertebrates

#aphnia magna /@h-"?0 0100!2 mgl Kraves and Swigert5 ..>a 8from "65

200@a91

2 day )O" 0100! mgl ,rottar and rueger5 ..@ 8from "65

200@a9

;resh(ater

al#ae

%cenedesmus subspicatus .Ah-"?0 ?00 mgl 2 Siebel-Sauer and 6ias5 .@> 8from "65

200@a9

seudo<irchneriella sub-

capitata 8formerly Sele-nastrum capricornutum9

>2-hour "?0 01002? gl 7oberts and Swigert5 ..> 8from "65

200@a9

Salt(ater al#ae Chlorella s$1 .Ah-"?0 1? mgl 2 3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from "65 200@a9

%<eletonema costatum >2h-"?0 010?2 mgl ,es*ardins et al.5 200? 8from "65

200@a9

Thalassiosira pseudonana >2h-"?0 010/0-01!@ mgl 3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from "65 200@a9

Sediment

;resh(ater

sediment in1er

tebrates

Chironomus riparius 2@ day )O" )O" is !1A

mg'g dry sedi-

ment

Oet'en et al.5 200 8from "65 200@a9

alella a7teca 2@ day )O" 5000 mg'g dry

sediment

+homas et al.5 200!a5b 8from "65

200@a9

6umbriculus variegatus 2@ day )O" !1 mg'g dry

sediment

Oet'en et al.5 200 8from "65 200@a9


Terrestrial

in1ertebrates

Eisenia fetida ?A day )O" 2@ mg'g dry soil #ufderheide et al.5 200! 8from "65

200@a9

Soil microor

#anisms

)itrogen transformation

activity

2@ day )O" >?0 mg'g dry

soil

(rster5 200> 8from "65 200@a9




Terrestrial

%lants

$llium cepa5 Cucumis

sativa5 lcine max 5

6olium perenne5 6coper-

sicon esculentum and Dea

mas1

2 day )O" ?5000 mg'g dry

soil

Porch et al.5 2002 8from "65 200@a9

Z See "6 8200@a9 for full reference

Z2 Value above the water solubility of the substance 8around AA gl91 +he data are best inter$reted as showing

no effects at the solubility limit of the substance1

/.$.) TBBPA and deri1ati1es

+he ecoto;icity data for +66P# have been reviewed in detail in "6 8200@b91 +he data are summa-

rised in +able !!1 +he lowest long-term )O""0 is the ? day "0 for the marine co$e$od $car-

tia tonsa of ! gl5 which is similar to a )O" of > gl determined in a long-term study with >tilus edulis1 P)"s for +66P# have been estimated as 1! gl for freshwater5 012? gl for ma-

rine water5 21? mg'g dry weight 8normalised to ?M organic carbon9 for freshwater sediment5 21?

mg'g dry weight 8normalised to ?M organic carbon9 for marine sediment and 0102 mg'g wet

weight 8normalised to !1/M organic matter9 for soil1

nvironment "anadaHealth "anada 82029 re$orted that there is some recent evidence to suggest

that +66P# may be ca$able of disru$ting normal functioning of the thyroid system in am$hibians

and fish5 and enhancing immune system activity in marine bivalves1

Little information is currently available on the environmental haBard from derivatives of +66P#1

nvironment "anadaHealth "anada 82029 used a modelling a$$roach to $redict that the to;icity

of +66P# bis82-hydro;yethyl ether9 8+66P#-6H9 may be similar to that of +66P#1 Similar $re-

dictions for +66P# bis8allyl ether9 8+66P#-6#9 suggested that the substance would generally not

show any to;icity to a=uatic organisms u$ to its solubility limitI however5 the $redictions of chronic

to;icity values were of an order similar to the solubility limit of the substance1

TAB>0 **SU&&#7Y O( "O+ON4"4+Y ,#+# (O7 +66P#


-ater

;resh(ater fish Brachdanio rerio .Ah-L"?0 !10 mgl Lee et al.5 ..! 8from "65 200@b9

;ncorhnchus m<iss /?M mortality after .A

hours

1 mgl 3ildlife 4nternational5 200!a 8from

"65 200@b9

;r7ias latipes /@h-L"?0 @12 mgl "4+45 ..2 8from "65 200@b9

imephales promelas .Ah-L"?0 01?/ mgl S$ringborn Life Sciences5 .@@b 8from

"65 200@b9

!?d-)O" 01A mgl S$ringborn [email protected] 8from

"65 200@b9

;resh(ater

in1ertebrates

#aphnia magna /@h-L"?0 01.A mgl Union "arbide "or$oration5.>@a

8from "65 200@b9

2d-)O" 01!0 mgl S$ringborn Laboratories5 [email protected] 8from

"65 200@b9

Chironomus tentans ffects on growth over

/ days

010AA mgl S$ringborn Laboratories5 [email protected] 8from

"65 200@b9

Salt(ater in

1ertebrates

$cartia tonsa /@h-L"?0 01/0 mgl 6reitholtB et al.5 200 8from "65

200@b9

? day "0 8for larval

develo$ment rate9

0102> mgl 3ollenberger et al.5 200? 8from "65

200@b9





Crassostrea virginica .Ah-"?0 8shell de$o-

sition9

010.@ mgl S$ringborn Life Sciences5 [email protected] 8from

"65 200@b9

>sidopsis bahia .Ah-L"?0 01@A mgl Koodman et al.5 .@@ 8from "65

200@b9

>tilus edulis >0 day )O" 010> mgl 6rown et al.5 200? 8from "65 200@b9

&itocra spinipes .Ah-L"?0 01!? mgl 6reitholtB et al.5 200 8from "65200@b9

@ day )O" 010!? mgl 6reitholtB et al.5 200

;resh(ater

al#ae

seudo<irchneriella sub-

capitata 8formerly %ele-

nastrum capricornutum9

>2h-)O" ?1A mgl S$ringborn Life Sciences5 .@@a 8from

"65 200@b9

Salt(ater al#ae Chlorella s$1 .Ah-"?0 1? mgl 3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from "65 200@b9

%<eletonema costatum >2h-"?0 010.-01@. mgl 3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from "65 200@b9

Thalassiosira pseudonana >2h-"?0 01!-10 mgl 3alsh et al.5 .@> 8from "65 200@b9

Sediment

;resh(ater

sediment in1ertebrates

Chironomus riparius 2@d-)O" 2? mg'g dry

sediment

3ildlife 4nternational5 200?a 8from

"65 200@b9 alella a7teca 2@d-)O" 2?0 mg'g dry

sediment

3ildlife 4nternational5 200Ad 8from

"65 200@b9

6umbriculus variegatus 2@d-)O" .0 mg'g dry

sediment

3ildlife 4nternational5 2002d 8from

"65 200@b9


Terrestrial

in1ertebrates

Eisenia fetida ?A day )O" 012. mg'g dry

soil

#6" Laboratories5 200? 8from "65

200@b9

Enchtraeus crpticus 2 day "0 21> mg'g dry

weight

Sverdru$ et al.5 200A 8from "65

200@b9

Soil microor

#anisms

)itrogen transformation

activity

2@ day "0 5000 mg'g

dry weight

3ildlife 4nternational5 200?c 8from

"65 200@b9)O" !00 mg'g dry

weight

Sverdru$ et al.5 200A 8from "65

200@b9

Terrestrial

%lants

$llium cepa, Cucumis

sativa, lcine max,

6olium perenne, 6coper-

sicon esculentum and Dea

mas

2 day )O" A mg'g dry

weight 8lowest

value5 for Cu-

cumis sativa9

3ildlife international5 2002a 8from

"65 200@b9

Trifolium pratense 2 day )O" 5000 mg'g Sverdru$ et al.5 200A 8from "65

200@b9

Z See "6 8200@b9 for full reference

/.$./ DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI

DBDP0 #cute to;icity results for decabromodi$henyl ethane 8,6,P9 for fish5 invertebrates and

algae have been reviewed by the nvironment #gency 8200>9 and the available data are summa-

rised in +able !/ below1 nvironment #gency 8200>9 concluded that it was not $ossible to derive a

meaningful P)" for ,6,P for surface water from these data as no to;ic effects were seen in any

of the tests with ,6,P5 indicating that the substance is not acutely to;ic at concentrations u$ to its

water solubility limit in these s$ecies1 However5 a more recent study by )a'ari and Huhtala 82009

suggests that ,6,P may be acutely to;ic to #aphnia magna 8/@h-"?0 of 010. mgl9 and may

affect re$roduction in fish at relatively low concentrations5 although it should be noted that these




results are based on nominal concentrations and the actual water solubility of ,6,P may be lower

than these values1

+he results of long-term to;icity tests using ,6,P with freshwater sediment-dwelling organisms

8Chironomus riparius and 6umbriculus variegatus9 are available 8+able !/91 )o statistically signif-

icant effects were observed with either s$ecies at concentrations u$ to ?5000 mg'g dry weight1

nvironment #gency 8200>9 derived a P)"sediment 8normalised to a standard organic carbon con-tent of ?M9 of A0 mg'g wet weight for freshwater sediment organisms and A mg'g wet weight

for marine sediment organisms5 based on these data1

+ests using ,6,P with terrestrial organisms 8+able !/9 give indications of to;ic effects in both

$lants and earthworms at relatively high concentrations1 +he lowest )O" with $lant s$ecies is

5?A! mg'g dry weight with $llium cepa and the )O" for Eisenia fetida is 5.>0 mg'g dry

weight1 nvironment #gency 8200>9 estimate the P)"soil to be 2A mg'g wet weight 8normalised

to a standard organic matter content of !1/M91

TAB>0 *)SU&&#7Y O( "O+ON4"4+Y ,#+# (O7 ,6,P


-ater

;resh(ater

fish

#anio rerio ,6,P ffects on

hatching and

larval survival

0100-01020 mgl )a'ari and Huhtala 82009

;ncorhnchus

m<iss

,6,P .Ah-L"?0 0 mgl Z2 6lan'inshi$ and rueger5 200!a

8from nvironment #gency5 200>9

;r7ias latipes ,6,P /@h-L"?0 ?0 mgl Z! "4+45 .. 8from nvironment

#gency5 200>9

;resh(ater

in1ertebrates

#aphnia magna ,6,P /@h-"?0 0 mgl Z2 6lan'inshi$ and rueger5 200!b


/@h-"?0 010. mgl )a'ari and Huhtala 82009

;resh(ater

al#ae

seudo<irchneri-

ella subcapitata

8formerly %elenas-

trum capricornu-

tum9

,6,P .Ah-"?0 0 mgl Z2 ,es*ardins and rueger5 200!


Sediment

;resh(ater

sediment

in1ertebrates

Chironomus

riparius

,6,P 2@ day )O" )O" of ?5000

mg'g dry weight

rueger et al.5 200!a 8from nvi-

ronment #gency5 200>9

6umbriculus

variegatus

,6,P 2@ day )O" )O" of ?5000

mg'g dry weight

rueger et al.5 200!b 8from n-

vironment #gency5 200>9


Terrestrial

in1ertebrates

Eisenia fetida ,6,P ?A day )O" 5.>0 mg'g dry

weight

#ufderheide5 200! from nviron-

ment #gency5 200>9

Terrestrial

%lants

$llium cepa,

Cucumis sativa,

lcine max,

,6,P 2 day )O" 5?A! mg'g dry

soil 8for $llium

cepa9

Porch and rueger5 200? 8from

nvironment #gency5 200>9





6olium perenne,

6copersicon

esculentum and

Dea mas

Z See nvironment #gency 8200>9 for full referenceZ2 Substance tested as a 3ater #ccomodation (raction 83#(9I the result is based on the loading rate1 +he data

are best inter$reted as showing no effects at the solubility limit of the substance1

Z! Value above the water solubility of the substance1 +he data are best inter$reted as showing no effects at the

solubility limit of the substance1

0BT0BPI 4n contrast to ,6,P5 few e;$erimental data a$$ear to be available on the ecoto;icity

of ethylenebis8tetrabromo$hthalimide9 86+6P491 +he substance is listed in the "H# "JL data-

base5 but no environmental classification is given 8data lac'ing91

/.$., 6ther B;'s

#lthough the 6(7s covered in the $revious sections are historically the most commonly used5 there

are numerous other 6(7s currently commercially available5 or becoming available1 Only limited

information is generally available for many of these 6(7s1 +he to;icity and fate of these substances

are described together in section ?121?1

/.& 0n1ironmental fate

/.&.$ PBD0s

&uch of the recent wor' on the environmental fate of P6,s has focused on deca6,5 $articularly

whether or not it can degraded5 metabolised5 or otherwise bro'en down to form environmentally

relevant amounts of P6,s with lower amounts of bromine5 or other haBardous substances1 "ertain

lower brominated P6,s are more to;ic 8see above9 and more accumulative 8see below9 thandeca6, itself1 (or e;am$le5 tetra- and $enta6,s 8commercial $enta6,s9 and he;a- and he$-

ta6,s 8commercial octa6,s9 are listed as $ersistent organic $ollutants 8POPs9 in #nne; # of the

Stoc'holm "onvention1 4n addition5 a recent $ro$osal has been $ut forward by )orway to identify

deca6, itself as a $ossible POP under the Stoc'holm "onvention 8)orway5 20!91

Several recent authoritative reviews and evaluations of the environmental fate of deca6, have

been underta'en 8for e;am$le #"HS 820095 "H# 8202b95 "6 8200295 "6 8200/95 nviron-

ment #gency 8200.99I this Section is based mainly on the discussions and findings in these evalua-

tions1

#biotic degradation of deca6, has been shown to occur in laboratory test systems1 # degradation

half-life for deca6, of ? days on the surface of high im$act $olystyrene 8H4PS9 sam$les5 and adegradation half-life of around 21? days for deca6, adsorbed to the surface of natural dusts5 have

been estimated 8#"HS5 2009A1 +he degradation is thought to $roceed by a $hotolytic reductive

debromination mechanism1 #biotic degradation of deca6, to lower brominated $roducts 8e1g1

P6,s with fewer bromine atoms9 has also been demonstrated in laboratory studies using test

systems containing Bero valent iron5 iron sul$hides or manganese o;idesI however5 the concentra-

tions of these s$ecies used were much higher than ty$ically found in natural soil systems1 "onse-

=uently5 the inter$retation of the results in terms of degradation in natural soil systems is unclear

8#"HS5 20091

A ,egradation half-lifeC +he time ta'en for ?0M of substance to disa$$eardissi$ate from a com$artment following single first-order 'inetics1




Laboratory studies using aerobic and anaerobic soils and sediment have generally shown that

deca6, has a long degradation half-life in such systems 8ty$ically year91 (or e;am$le5 little or

no degradation of deca6, was seen in anaerobic freshwater sediment after !2 wee's in the dar' at

22"1 Similarly5 only limited degradation of deca6, was found over a /0 wee' $eriod in a sedi-

ment microcosm study at 22" in the dar'I as well5 little or no degradation of deca6, occurred in

aerobic and anaerobic soils with digested or activated sludge 8#"HS5 20091

ven though the degradation of deca6, in these systems is slow5 there is some evidence that

debromination to lower brominated P6,s can occur5 albeit at a slow rate1 &icroflora from sewage

sludge have been shown to be ca$able of debrominating deca6, to form nona- and octa6,1 +he

estimated half-life for the degradation was of the order of >00 days when brominated $rimers 8for

e;am$le /-bromobenBoic acid or a range of brominated aromatic com$ounds9 were $resent1 +he

half-life for the degradation was longer in the absence of $rimers 8#"HS5 20091 Similarly it has

been shown that deca6, and octa6, can be debrominated under anaerobic conditions using

cultures of %. multivorans derived from activated sludge1 Preliminary results from an un$ublished

mesocosm study carried out under semi-natural conditions in a "anadian la'e are also suggestive of

debromination of deca6, to form nona- and octa6,s in the environment 8#"HS5 20091

#s well as for microorganisms5 there is evidence that some fungi5 e1g1white rot fungus may be ca$a-

ble of degrading deca6, 8#"HS5 20091

#n im$ortant recent study has investigated the degradation of deca6, in a soil-$lant system

8#"HS5 20091 4n this study5 little or no degradation of deca6, was evident over A0 days in a

loamy soil without $lants1 However5 in tests using the same soil but also containing $lants 8the

s$ecies tested included radish5 alfalfa5 s=uash5 $um$'in5 maiBe and ryegrass95 significant degrada-

tion of deca6, to lower brominated P6,s 8nona-5 octa-5 he$ta- and he;a6,s9 was evident1 +he

degradation $roducts were generally $resent in both the soil and the $lants5 so it is $ossible that

metabolism in the $lants could have been occurring as well asinstead of degradation in the soil1

Overall it can be concluded that degradation of deca6, in the environment has the $otential tolead to the formation of environmentally relevant amounts of more to;ic and accumulative lower

brominated P6,s1 +he strongest evidence shows that such $roducts include nona-5 octa and he$-

ta6,s5 but it is thought that he;a- and $enta6,s may also be formed1 &echanisms by which this

degradation could occur include $hotodegradation of deca6, adsorbed to $articulates 8e1g1 dusts9

or surfaces5 abiotic degradation in soils containing high concentrations of Bero valent iron5 iron

sul$hides or manganese o;ides or certain aerobic and anaerobic organisms1 ,ebromination of

deca6, could also occur via metabolism in some fish s$ecies 8#"HS 82009 and "H# 8202991

P6,s as a grou$ have high log ow values 8log ow A1?> for $enta6, 8"65 20095 a minimum

of A12. for octa6, 8values u$ to around @[email protected] have been re$orted8"65 200!99 and a mini-

mum of A12> for deca6, 8values u$ to around .1.> have been re$orted 8"65 2002 and 200/991

"onse=uently5 the substances have high organic carbon-water $artition coefficients 8oc is around???5A@0 l'g for $enta6, 8"65 20095 1!A0A l'g for octa6, 8"65 200!9 and 1?.0A for

deca6, 8"65 20029 and are e;$ected to $artition mainly to the sediment and soil $hases in the

environment1

Laboratory bioaccumulation studies with deca6, have generally shown only limited accumulation

of the substance 8"65 200291 However5 deca6, is widely found in biota in the environment5

including to$ $redators and s$ecies from more remote regions5 albeit at relatively low concentra-

tions1 +he bioaccumulation $otential of P6,s is 'nown to increase with decreasing bromine con-

tent 8octa6, and deca6, have molecular weights >00 gmole and their bioaccumulation $o-

tential may be limited by reduced bioavailability owing to the large molecular siBe9 and a fish 6"(

value of around /5!?0 l'g has been determined for a commercial $enta6, $roduct 86"( values




for individual com$onents within this $roduct were found to be high5 u$ to around AA5>00 l'g for

tetra6,5 >5>00 l'g for $enta6, and ?5A00 l'g for he;a6,I "65 20091

/.&.& 4BCDD

+he environmental fate of H6",, has been reviewed in detail in "6 8200@a9 and has been con-

sidered by uro$ean "hemicals #gency 8"H#5 200@91

"6 8200@a9 considered that5 although abiotic degradation of H6",, is theoretically $ossible5 it

will li'ely be of limited im$ortance for the environmental fate of H6",, with the $ossible e;ce$-

tion of anaerobic5 reducing sediments1

H6",, is not readily biodegradable in standard test systems 8"65 200@a91 Simulation studies in

soil have shown that H6",, has a relatively long biodegradation half-life in soil1 4n one study the

biodegradation half-life of _-H6",, was determined to be . days 8recalculated to 2"9 and5 in a

second study5 no biodegradation of H6",, was seen over 2 daysD incubation1 Similarly5 in simu-

lation studies in sediment5 a ,+?0 8time to ?0M degradation9 of around 20 days was determined

for ]-H6",, under aerobic conditions and under anaerobic conditions 8all data are recalculated to

2"91 +he data for _-H6",, in sediment simulation studies is de$endent to some e;tent on the

concentration tested1 #t very low concentrations5 $rimary degradation half-lives 8for disa$$earance

of the $arent com$ound9 of 2 and A days 8both recalculated to 2"9 were obtained in two differ-

ent sediments5 whereas in a study using a concentration corres$onding to that in more highly $ol-

luted areas5 the ,+?0 for _-H6",, was .> days in aerobic sediment1 4n addition5 data from sedi-

ment cores are suggestive of slow degradation rates of H6",, in the environment 8"H#5 200@I

"65 200@a91 4n contrast to this5 ra$id degradation of _-H6",, in anaerobic sediments 8half-lives

around 2-! days or less5 recalculated to 2"9 and anaerobic soil 8half-life ! days5 recalculated to

2"9 has been seen5 $ossibly by an abiotic debromination $rocess1

+he initial degradation $roducts from H6",, are thought to include 5?5.-cyclododecatriene

8formed by a ste$wise debromination reaction95 which itself is not readily biodegradable but is min-

eralised in standard ready biodegradation test systems over e;tended timescales 8e1g1 >0M "O2formation was seen from 5?5.-cyclododecatriene after >> daysD incubation using the O", !0(

Kuideline test system9 8"65 200@a91

H6",, has a high $otential for bioaccumulation1 +he 6"( of H6",, in fish has been determined

to be @500 l'g and there is large body of field measurements in biota that are consistent with

biomagnification of H6",, in the environment 8"H#5 200@I "65 200@a91 "H# 8200@9 notes

that there are no diastereomer-s$ecific 6"(s available1 However5 it should be noted that the _-

H6",, generally dominates in abiotic sam$les5 whereas ]-H6",, generally dominates in biologi-

cal sam$les des$ite it being $resent in commercial H6",, in a relatively low concentration1 4t was

hy$othesised that the reasons for this $henomenon may be differences in bioavailabilityu$ta'e5

differences in metabolism andor bioisomeriBation of the different diastereomers 8"65 200@a91

H6",, is e;$ected to adsorb strongly to sediment and soil1 +he log ow value for H6",, is ?1A2

and the oc value is estimated to be around /?5>00 l'g 8"65 200@a91 H6",, also has $otential

for long-range trans$ort 8"H#5 200@9I the estimated distance for H6",, to be trans$orted was

around 25??0 'm in air and 25A00 'm in water 8"65 200@a91 +he atmos$heric half-life is 2 days

and the substance has commonly been found in abiotic sam$les 8e1g1 air5 de$osition and sediment9

and biota sam$les 8e1g1 $olar bears5 birdsD eggs5 seals9 from remote areas 8"H#5 200@91 H6",, is

currently being considered for listing as a POP in #nne; # of the Stoc'holm "onvention1

/.&.* TBBPA

#n in-de$th evaluation of the environmental fate of +66P# has been carried out $reviously by "6

8200@b91




$ound analysis are reasonably consistent5 giving 6"( values in the range >0-/@? l'g1 +he studies

using radiolabelling generally result in higher 6"( values in the range 52!/-5!00 l'g1 +he high-

er values obtained reflect the fact that +66P# is e;tensively metabolised in fish and so5 based on

radiolabel analysis5 the 6"( includes the contribution from these metabolites 8"65 200@b91 Simi-

larly the bioconcentration factors for +66P# determined in invertebrates are around /@-A0 l'g

based on $arent com$ound analysis and >@0-@>0 based on radiolabel measurements 8"65 200@b91

;cretion of +66P# from a=uatic organisms is ra$id5 with a half-life generally of the order of dayin fish to !-? days in marine oysters1

+he available avian and mammalian data show that5 although the substance is absorbed through the

gut5 it has a low $otential for bioaccumulation on re$eated e;$osure because it is ra$idly e;creted

via faeces 8"65 200@b91

4n com$arison to +66P#5 the environmental fate of derivatives of +66P# has been much less stud-

ied1 "6 8200@b9 considered that some of the sim$le ether derivatives of +66P#5 for e;am$le the

bis8allyl ether9 +66P#-6#95 the bis82-hydro;yethyl ether9 8+66P#-6H9 and the bis825!-

dibromo$ro$yl ether9 8+66P#-6,6P9 derivatives a$$ear5 at least theoretically5 to have some $o-

tential to form +66P# in the environment through a 8bio9degradation $rocess but the significance

of this is un'nown1 +he $ersistence of +66P#-6,6P in a sediment mesocosm has recently been

investigated by ,e %ourdan et al. 820!91 +his study found that the median dissi$ation time for

+66P#-6,6P was around !2 days in the $articulate $hase and 02 days in the sediment $hase1

+66P# was detectable in some of the sam$les as a degradation $roduct1

nvironment "anadaHealth "anada 82029 considered the environmental fate of two derivatives

of +66P#5 the bis8allyl ether9 derivative 8+66P#-6#9 and the bis82-hydro;yethyl ether9 derivative

8+66P#-6H95 and concluded that the biodegradation half-lives of these two derivatives were

li'ely to be @2 days or more in soil and water and !A? days or more in sediment based on modelled

data1 +he atmos$heric half-lives for reaction with hydro;yl radicals were estimated to be 01?. and

01/@ days res$ectively 8nvironment "anadaHealth "anada 820291 nvironment "anadaHealth

"anada 82029 considered that5 based on modelled data5 the environmental distribution of thesederivatives would be similar to that of +66P# itself1 nvironment "anadaHealth "anada 82029

further considered the bioaccumulation $otential of +66P#-6# and +66P#-6H to be low

based on the available e;$erimental data 8the 6"( for +66P#-6H in fish was determined to be

0 to ?! l'g9 and modelled data1

6ergman et al. 8202a9 gives estimated log ow values and oc values for several derivatives of

+66P#1 +hese are summarised in +able !?1 +he derivatives all have relatively high log ow and oc

values5 indicating that they will $artition $referentially onto sediment and soil in the environment1




TAB>0 */

SU&&#7Y O( LOK O3 #), O" V#LUS (O7 ,74V#+4VS O( +66P# 8(7O& 67K&#) ET $6.5 202#9

Abbre1iation TBBPA deri1ati1e >o# !o( !oc Fl"#G

TBBPAB+0 bis8methyl ether9 derivative 01!? 0>

TBBPAB6Ac bis8acetate9 derivative .1/? !12@0A

TBBPAB400 bis82-hydro;yethyl ether9 derivative @1? 100A

TBBPABA0 bis8allyl ether9 derivative 1/2 0>

TBBPABA bis8acrylate9 derivative .1!> 21..0A

TBBPAB80 bis8glycidyl ether9 derivative @1@> 1A00A

TBBPABP bis8$ro$anoate9 derivative 01/> 0>

TBBPAB400BA bis82-hydro;yethyl ether9 bisacrylate

derivative

01>A 0>

TBBPABDBP0 bis825!-dibromo$ro$yl ether9 derivative 21.. 0>

/.&.) DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI

DBDP0

+he environmental fate and behaviour of ,6,P has been reviewed in detail in nvironment #gen-

cy 8200>91 +his review considered hydrolysis to be an insignificant removal $rocess for ,6,P in

the a=uatic environment and concluded that ,6,P is unli'ely to be ra$idly degraded by reaction

with OH radicals if released to the atmos$here1 ,6,P is not readily biodegradable in standard test

systemsI $redictions carried out by nvironment #gency 8200>9 suggest that ,6,P is unli'ely to

biodegrade ra$idly in the a=uatic environment under aerobic conditions1 nvironment #gency

8200>9 considered that there was a $otential for ,6,P to undergo reductive debromination by

analogy with deca6, and 3ang et al. 82029 have shown that ,6,P may have $otential to un-

dergo $hotolytic debromination reactionsI however5 the environmental significance of such reac-

tions is currently un'nown1

6ased on the high log ow 8>-0 or more95 ,6,P is e;$ected to adsorb strongly to organic matter

in sewage sludge5 soils and sediments1 nvironment #gency 8200>9 estimated the oc value to be of

the order of 0A l'g for ,6,P1 +he relatively low va$our $ressure and high adsor$tion to $ar-

ticulate matter suggest that volatilisation to the atmos$here from a=uatic and terrestrial com$art-

ments is unli'ely to be a significant distribution $rocess for ,6,P1 ,6,P $resent in the atmos-

$here would be e;$ected to be associated with atmos$heric $articulates and removed by $rocesses

such as wet or dry de$osition5 but long-range atmos$heric trans$ort on such $articulates is also a$ossibility 8nvironment #gency5 200>91

+he available information on the bioaccumulation $otential of ,6,P is limited and5 in some cases5

of uncertain reliability 8nvironment #gency5 200>91 # bioconcentration study with fish a$$ears to

show a low level of accumulation 8a limit value for the 6"( is 2? l'g91 However5 there are uncer-

tainties over the actual dissolved concentration to which the fish were e;$osed and5 assuming the

actual e;$osure concentration was close to the solubility limit of ,6,P5 the actual 6"( could be

higher at around 5A00 l'g1 ,ata from a field study found ,6,P to be $resent in some fish s$e-

cies sam$led5 but nvironment #gency 8200>9 considered that it was not $ossible to estimate a

reliable biomagnification factor or tro$hic magnification factor owing to the low concentrations and

detection fre=uency involved5 as well as uncertainties about the state of the system over the study

$eriod1 Overall5 nvironment #gency 8200>9 concluded that there was currently insufficient reliable




Substance CAS No +- & >o# !o(& 0n1. %ersistence

&

Bioaccumulation

Abbre1iation

$

Name 0n1ironment +

BDBP

TART6 5!-6is825!-

dibromo$ro$yl9-?-82-

$ro$en--yl9-5!5?-triaBine-


>?>.?-A-! ?A. !1?? )o data )o data )

B04T0BP 6is82-ethylhe;yl9 tetra-

bromo$hthalate 2A0/0-?-> >0A .1!/ )o data

&edian dissi$ation time

in sediment 200 days?

Low 8&3 >00

,a9 )

BTBP0 52-6is825/5A-

tribromo$heno;y9 ethane !>@?!-?.- A@@ @1! Pov?00 days

&edian dissi$ation time

in sediment @> days?

Log 6#( !1!-A1? H


ethane @/@?2-?!-. .> 1 Pov?00 days

8see also Section ?11?9

Low 8&3 >00

,a9 U

DB0DBC4 /-852-,ibromoethyl9-52-

dibromo cyclohe;ane !!22-.!-@ /2@ /1@2 )o data )o data H

DB4CTD ?5A-,ibromo-

505525!5!-

he;achloro--

tricyclo:@1211025.< tride-

cene

?.!A-??- ?/ >1A2 Pov?00 days )o data H

DBNP8 ,ibromoneo$entylglycol !2.A-.0-0 2A2 01/ )o data )o data )

DBP 25/-,ibromo$henol Z A?-?@-> 2?2 !1/> )o data Predicted 6"(C

2/

)

DBPTART6 -825!-dibromo$ro$yl9-!5?-

diallyl-5!5?-triaBine-


?>@[email protected]> /0. 21AA )o data )o data )

DBS ,ibromostyrene !>@0-2A-/ 2A2 )o data )o data )o data H

0BT0BPI thylenebis 8tetrabro-

mo$hthalimide9 !2?@@->A-/ .? A1A! Pov?00 days )o data H



brominated flame retardants !!


&

Bioaccumulation

Abbre1iation

$

Name 0n1ironment +

04TBB 2-thylhe;yl 25!5/5?-

tetrabromobenBoate @!A?@-2>-> ??0 >1>! )o data )o data H

4BB He;abromobenBene @>-@2- ?? A1 Pov?00 days Log 6#( !1!-?1??

H

4BCYD He;abromocyclodecane 2?/.?-.@- A/ )o data Pov?00 days )o data H

4CTBP4 525!5/5>5>-He;achloro-?-

825!5/5?-

tetrabromo$henyl9-

bicyclo:2121<he$t-2-ene

!/?>-A-. A.! 012/ Pov?00 days )o data H

4004P

T0BP 2-82-Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl

2-hydro;y$ro$yl !5/5?5A-

tetrabromo$hthalate

20?AA-!?-2 A2@ 10/ )o data )o data )

6BT+PI Octabromotrimethyl$henyl

indane 0@/@@.-?-.

02?.?A-A?-!

@.!@/!-0>->

??A!-.!->

@A@ ?1 Pov?00 days )o data )

PBBAcr PentabromobenByl acrylate ?.//>-??- ??> ?1A0 Pov?00 days )o data H

PB0B PentabromoethylbenBene @?-22-! ?0 A1>A Pov?00 days Log 6#( 21>-/1? H

PBP Pentabromo$henol Z A0@->-. /@. ?122 )o data Predicted 6"(C

!500

)

PBT Pentabromotoluene @>-@!-2 /@> A12? Pov?00 days 6"( 2>0

Log 6#( 210-

/1@?

H

TBC6 525?5A-

+etrabromocyclooctane

!./-?>-@ /2@ ?12@ )o data )o data H

TBNPA +ribromoneo$entyl alcohol ?22-.2-? !2? 210A )o data )o data )

TBP 25/5A-tribromo$henol Z @->.-A !! /1/0 )o data 6"(C 20 )

TBPA0 2-8allylo;y9-5!5?-

tribromobenBene Z

!2>@[email protected]? !> ?10/ )o data )o data )



!/ brominated flame retardants


&

Bioaccumulation

Abbre1iation

$

Name 0n1ironment +

TBM 25!5?5A-+etrabromo-$-

;ylene 2!/@@-!@-2 /22 A120 Pov?00 days )o data H

TDBPP +ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9

$hos$hate

2A->2-> A.@ !1> )o data )o data )

TDBP

TART6 5!5?-+ris825!-


triaBine-25/5A-trione

?2/!/-.0-. >2. /1/? )o data )o data )

TTBNPP +ris8tribromoneo$entyl9

$hos$hate .@A-.>- 0@ >1?? Pov?00 days )o data )

TTBPTAR 25/5A-+ris825/5A-

tribromo$heno;y9-5!5?-

triaBine

2?>!-A0-/ 0A> 21.> Pov?00 days )o data )

SourcesC

Z 6ergman et al.5 202a1

Z2 (S#5 202a5 unless otherwise indicated 8F)o dataF is indicated in the (S# assessment91 (or substances mar'ed with a Z by substance name5 data a

that no data are $rovided in the (S# review91

Z! "JL database1 Substances indicated with Eharmonised class\ have a harmonised classification in accordance with the "LP 7egulation1 )o data indica

database1 3here the substance is not classified for environmental effects the reason for the Enot classified\ is given in brac'ets where available1

Z/ Letcher and "hen 820!91

Z? ,e %ourdan et al. 820!91

ZA 3u et al. 82091



/.* 0n1ironmental e3%osure

/.*.$ Sources of release

'eleases in Denmar"

)o detailed assessment of releases of 6(7s in ,enmar' is available1

+he ... substance flow analysis for 6(7s estimated a total emission of 6(7s to air of 012-1A ty to

air 8nearly 00M from $roduct service life95 0100?-010> ty to water 8effluent from sewage treatment

$lants9 and 010!-01! ty to soil 8a$$lication of sewage sludge9 on the basis of limited data1 +he

study did not $rovide a s$lit between the different 6(7s5 but stated that the ma*ority would be addi-

tive flame retardants1

+he most recent monitoring data concerning munici$al sewage treatment $lants from the )OV#)#

$rogramme are shown in the table below1 6oth the average and the median for the measured

P6,s are below the detection level of 010 gl1 &onitoring data for other 6(7s have not been

available5 but some data from regional $rogrammes are described in section /11

TAB>0 *7&OS+ 7")+ &O)4+O74)K ,#+# (O7 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 4) OU+L+S (7O& PO4)+ SOU7"S(7O& +H )#+4O)#L &O)4+O74)K #), #SSSS&)+ P7OK7#&&

Substance Point

source

Number of

sam%les $

A1era#e

#l

+edian

#l

Year Source

6,-/>

6,-..

6,-20.

33+P

outlet

!0-/0 050 050 20 )aturstyrelsen

202

6,-/>

6,-..

6,-006,-?!

6,-?/

6,-@!

33+P

outlet

!> 809 050 050 200>-0. )aturstyrelsen

200

6,-20. 33+P

outlet

!> 809 050! 050! 200>-0. )aturstyrelsen

200

Z )umber of $ositive sam$les in brac'ets

Z2 (rom bar chart in +able .1! in reference5 Y a;is is logarithmic1

d1l1 C 6elow detection level1 n1i1C not indicated

+he ,anish national surveillance $rogramme for the a=uatic environment 8formerly )OV# 200!5

now )OV#)#9 includes monitoring of trace elements and organic ;enobiotics in discharges from

sewage treatment $lants and other $oint sources since ..@1 3ith the ob*ective of enabling the use

of the resulting information in the $lanning of future surveillance $rogrammes and for assessment

of the total amount of substances discharged from ,anish sewage treatment $lants5 the $oint source

data on haBardous substances for the $eriod ..@-200. were analysed 8*Glholt et al.5 2091 +he

ma;imum re$orted concentration for each congener in inlets was in the range of 010 8e1g1 6,-

009 to 01/ gl 86,-20.9 and in the outlets between 010 8e1g1 6,-009 to 01? gl 86,-20.91

(or none of the nine monitored P6,s could a national means for inlet and outlet be established

because all measurements were below the detection limit1 "onse=uently5 the total releases from

sewage treatment $lants could not be estimated1



!A brominated flame retardants

'eleases at 09 le1el = 09 'is" Assessments

3orst case release estimates have been develo$ed as $art of the U 7is' #ssessments for the

P6,s5 H6",, and +66P# 8"65 20025 200@a5 200@b91 +he releases from $roduction $rocesses

may today be significantly lower5 as described below5 whereas releases from other sources may still

be of the same magnitude for the three substances still used in significant amountsC deca6,5

+66P# and H6",,1

DecaBD0 = +he total releases of deca6, in the continental scenario were estimated at a$$ro;i-

mately 010-01 ty to air5 01 ty to waste water5 .1/ ty to surface water5 2@ ty to industrialurban

soil and A5>00 ty to landfillincineration 8as u$dated in "65 200/91 +he ma*or sources of release

to air were rubber and $olymer $rocessing and te;tile dis$osal1 +he ma*or source to waste water

was te;tile formulation and bac'coating5 while te;tile Fdis$osal $articulate lossF 8uncontrolled loss-

es of te;tiles9 was the ma*or source of deca6, in direct releases to surface water and industri-

alurban soil1

4BCDD = +he total release of H6",, is estimated at 010A ty to air5 21. ty to waste water and

01. ty to surface water 8"65 200@a9 in the continental scenario1 +he emissions to air were mainly

from formulation and industrial uses of the flame retarded $lastics5 whereas emissions from service

life accounted for less than 0M1 +he releases to waste water and direct release to surface water

occurred mainly from industrial bac'coating of te;tiles 8.0M91

TBBPA +he total releases of +66P# in the continental scenario were 012 ty to air5 1 ty to waste

water5 01! ty to surface water and 010? ty to industrial urban soil 8"65 200>91 +he ma*or sources

of releases to air5 waste water and surface water were com$ounding of #6S and manufacture of

e$o;y and $olycarbonate resin1 Volatilisation during service life of articles from additive flame re-

tardants use was a$$ro;imately ?M of the total emissions to the air whereas other losses from the

service-life of articles were considered negligible1

DBDP0 = #ccording to the nvironmental 7is' valuation from nvironment #gency 8200>95 no

s$ecific information is available about either direct releases of ,6,P from industrial a$$licationsor indirect releases from treated articles in service and at dis$osal1 +he ris' evaluation was therefore

based on generic industry information and a number of assum$tions1 Overall5 environmental re-

leases were e;$ected to be highest from te;tile bac'coating a$$lications because these are wet $ro-

cesses1 ,iffuse emissions from treated articles over their lifetime will undoubtedly occur5 and are

difficult to =uantify5 but the releases are estimated to be relatively small com$ared to the $redicted

local releases from industrial sites 8nvironment #gency5 200> 91 +he estimated release figures were

not included in the $ublic version of the 7is' valuation1

6ther B;'s ,ata on total releases of other 6(7s at the U level have not been identified1

'eleases from %roduction %rocesses = 09 le1el+he U 7is' #ssessment for the 6(7s identified the need for reducing the releases of the substanc-

es from $roduction $rocesses1 # Voluntary missions "ontrol #ction Programme 8V"#P9 was

develo$ed and first im$lemented in 200/ by three ma*or $roducers of flame retardants in $artner-

shi$ with downstream user industries1 +he V"#P $rogramme addresses deca6,5 +66P# and

H6",, and $re$ares annual re$orts on used volumes and emissions from manufacturers and

industrial downstream users in uro$e1 +he re$orted volumes sold are shown in "ha$ter ! while

emissions for the $eriod 200> to 202 are shown in +able !@ 8V"#P5 2091 4n 2005 a total of

A5000- 225000 tonnes of the three 6(7s were sold for downstream uses in uro$e1

V"#P does not $hysically measure emissions from chemical $roduction $rocesses5 but rather

calculates or estimates $otential emissions associated with user and $roducer $rocesses and $rac-

tice5 based on $ractical e;$erience and studies1



brominated flame retardants !>

4n 20 total emission factors for all $rocesses were 8in gram $er tonne sold to downstream users9

8V"#P5 2029C

• ,eca6,C ! gt to land5 @ gt to water and gt to air1

• H6",,C gt to land5 2 gt to water and !A gt to air1

•

+66P#C 0 gt to land5 012 gt to water and gt to air1

TAB>0 *5+O+#L &4SS4O)S 6Y &&67S O( +H V"#P P7OK7#&& 8V"#P5 2029

Substance Total %otential emission from manufacturers and do(nstream users in 0u

ro%e ty $

Co1era#e

&$$ &

&7 &5 & &$ &$$

DecaBD0 / 1? 1? 01? 01! @/M

4BCDD 21? 01? 01A? 01? 012? .@M

TBBPA 01? 01? 0100? 0100! .?M

Z +he emissions in a s$ecific year are referred to in the re$ort as the survey results of the subse=uent year1 4n

this table5 the emission data from the 20 survey are referred to as 200 emission1

Z 4ndicates the $ercentage of the total volumes sold by (7# member com$anies covered by the survey1

'eleases in the Baltic Sea 'e#ion

6ased on a substance flow analysis a$$roach5 sources of releases of P6,s 8all P6,s ta'en togeth-

er9 and H6",, in the 6altic 7egion have been estimated as $art of the regional $ro*ect F"ontrol of

haBardous substances in the 6altic Sea regionF5 "OH46# 8"OH46#5 20291 +he substance flow dia-

grams for the P6,s and H6",, $re$ared as $art of the "OH46# $ro*ect are shown in #nne; /1

PBD0s +he emissions of P6,s to environmental com$artments within the 6altic Sea region as

estimated in the "OH46# $ro*ect tend to originate mainly from the a$$lication of contaminated

sewage sludge5 followed by emissions during the service life of flame retardant $roducts in the form

of release via the indoor environment1 +he emissions to the indoor environment 8!00-.00 'gyear9

are estimated to be of a similar order of magnitude as the total emissions to the outdoor environ-

ment1 +he amount reaching the environmental com$artments from the indoor environment is es-

timated to be lower 8!-A0 'g91 #ccording to "OH46# 820295 this is $ossibly an effect of dust re-

moval indoors5 but could also be due to incom$lete figures from some of the countries1 # recent

Swedish study 8referred to in "OH46#5 2029 indicated that indoor air may contribute as much as

@AM of the total releases to outdoor air1 +he modelling study $art of the "OH46# $ro*ect indicates

low $otential for trans$ort of P6,s from inland soil to the 6altic5 but it is $ossible that certain

e;treme conditions 8e1g1 flooding5 erosion etc19 not considered in the model scenarios5 could lead to

such release 8"OH46#5 20291

+he estimated emissions to air in the 6altic 7egion 8/-00 'g9 are about a factor of 0-20 lower

than the estimated atmos$heric de$osition in the area 8a$$ro;imately 00->00 'gyear for 6,s-

/>5 -..5 -005 -20.95 indicating that long-range trans$ort followed by de$osition is li'ely to be im-

$ortant for these substances 8"OH46#5 20291 +he difference could also indicate that the emissions

from the indoor to the outdoor environment are underestimated in the study 8comment by the

authors of this re$ort91

4BCDD +he ma*or sources of H6",, to environmental com$artments in the 6altic region are

construction and demolition of buildings and manufacturing of flame retardant $roducts 8"OH46#5



!@ brominated flame retardants

20291 &anufacture of H6",, does not occur within the 6altic Sea 7egion1 +he estimated emis-

sions from the demolition of buildings may be $art of a future scenario5 as many buildings with

H6",,-containing insulation material are not yet being demolished1 &oreover5 H6",, is emitted

during its service life5 albeit in smaller =uantities1 4t was estimated that $art of the service life emis-

sions would end u$ in wastewaterI in the 33+P the ma*ority of the H6",, is removed from the

water $hase by $artitioning to sludge1 +o the e;tent this sludge is used on agricultural soils5 the

substance would enter the environment by this route1

/.*.& +onitorin# data

The Danish N6ANA assessment %ro#ramme

+he national environmental monitoring and assessment $rogramme5 )OV#)#5 includes measure-

ments of three P6, congeners in $oint sources and of total P6, in two marine s$ecies 8+able

!.91 +he data are not re$orted annually5 but rather a$$ro;imately every third year1 Other 6(7s are

not regularly monitored1

Some measurements of H6",s and other 6(7s have been included in regional surveys in the )or-

dic or 6altic environments and are mentioned in this conte;t below1

TAB>0 *67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+S 4)"LU,, 4) +H )#+4O)#L &O )4+O74)K #), #SSSS&)+ P7OK7#&&(O7 +H #U#+4" #), +77S+74#L )V47O)&)+5 )OV#)# 20-20? 8)OV#)#5 209

Substance Point sources +arine 0n1i

ronment

8round (ater

6,-/> ; Z

6,-.. ; Z

6,-20. ; Z

P6, ;

8flounder5 eel$out9

Z Only in a small5 sim$le 33+P1

#n initial screening in 2000 of the P6,s at ten sediment stations and fifteen mussel stations

showed that the highest contamination was found in sediments 821? ngg dry weight9 and mussels

801@ ngg wet weight9 close to $o$ulated areas 8"hristensen and PlatB5 20091 )otably5 the con-

centration of deca6, 86,20.9 in sediments in most stations was significantly higher than the

concentration of tetra- to he;a6,s 8(igure 91



brominated flame retardants !.

;I89'0 $"O)")+7#+4O)S O( P6, 4) &#74) S,4&)+S 4) ,)&#71 6, 20. 4S deca6,1 8"H74S+)S) JPL#+5 200 #S "4+, 6Y ,#HLLz( #), #),7S)5 200.9

4n blue mussels5 the sum of the / lower brominated congeners 86,/>5 6,..5 6,005 and

6,?!9 was in the range of 010@-01@ g'g wet weight1 Kenerally5 freshwater sediments con-

tained higher levels of P6,s com$ared to marine sediments5 e;ce$t for the high levels found in

"o$enhagen harbour1 7an'ing of the concentration of P6,s in sediment from ,enmar' gave the

following orderC 6,-20. 6,-.. 6,-/> 6,-00 6,-?! 8"hristensen and PlatB5

20091

+he results from the )OV#)# monitoring in 200. revealed that of 0 monitored P6,s5 only !

were demonstrated in more than one sam$le of blue musselsC 6,-/> in @ of !/ sam$les5 6,-..

8$enta6, congener9 in 225 and 6,-?/ in 2/1 +he highest concentrations were for 6,-/> 801.?

g'g wet weight9 and 6,-.. 812? g'g wet weight91 Sediment sam$les were not re$orted1

#ccording to the most recent assessment of the P6,s in =andmilF og &atur !! G$Huatic envi-

ronmets and &ature !!I, no environmental criteria for P6,s have yet been established withinthe conte;t of OSP#7 8)ordemann %ensen et al.5 20091 Only one of the substances5 6,-/>5 is

sub*ect to a =uality criteria within the )orwegian classification system5 and the ,anish results are

assessed on the basis of this system1 4n around /M of the sam$les of mussels e;amined5 the content

of 6,-/> was at a level corres$onding to the classification of Fmoderately $ollutedF1 6,-/> and

6,-.. were observed in around half of all sediment sam$les in 200@I however5 in all sam$les the

concentrations were low1 8)ordemann %ensen et al.5 2009

4n a survey of 2? ,anish la'es in 200@5 6,-/> 8tetra6,95 6,-.. 8$enta6,95 and 6,-00

8$enta6,9 could be detected in the sediment of only one of the la'es5 at levels of 01A-1. g'g1

6, ?!5 6, ?/ and 6, 20. could not be detected in any of the la'es 86*erring et al.5 20091

40>C6+ assessments of B;'s in the Baltic Sea

+wo assessments of P6,s and H6",, in the 6altic Sea have been $ublished by HL"O& in the

assessment re$ortsC FHaBardous substances of s$ecific concern to the 6altic SeaF 8HL"O&5 200.9

and F HaBardous substances in the 6altic SeaF 8HL"O&5 20091

PDBD0s #ccording to HL"O& 820095 P6,s mainly s$read to the 6altic Sea environment by

diffuse distribution via the atmos$here and rivers1 +he environmental distribution differs between

the lower-brominated 6,s and the higher-brominated 6,s1 Higher-brominated 6,s have low

water solubility and are mainly distributed in the sediments1 +hey are not easily trans$orted from

the sediment and sus$ended $articulate material to marine organisms1 ,eca-6, is therefore

found only in low concentrations in sh5 in contrast to the lower-brominated 6,s5 which are

commonly found in marine organisms1




+he concentrations of 6,-/> 8$enta6, congener9 in herring and $erch muscle and in blue mus-

sel varied throughout the 6altic Sea1 4n the southern regions outside the coast of Poland5 levels were

more than threefold higher than the threshold level of 0100? mg'g lw >1 4n the other $arts of the

region5 the level was below 0100? mg'g lw or slightly above1 Several time series of 6,-/> concen-

trations in herring muscle tissue from the 6othnian Sea5 the 6altic Pro$er and the attegat showed

signicant decreasing trends5 with half-lives in the herring $o$ulations of about AR@ years1

4n marine to$ $redators5 P6, concentrations indicate a cause for concern according to HL"O&1

(or e;am$le5 white-tailed sea eagles in the 6altic Sea 8)ordlf et al. 200> as cited by HL"O&5

2009 have 6, concentrations 8sum of four 6,s with four to si; bromines9 u$ to four times high-

er than the re$orted effect levels in e;$osed #merican 'estrels5 which were causing adverse effects

8(ernie et al1 200?a5 200?b5 200. as cited by HL"O&5 20091

,eca6, has generally not been analysed in sh from the 6altic Sea or has been found in low con-

centrations1 However5 6urreau et al. 8200/ as cited by HL"O&5 2009 re$orted relatively high

levels 8median /@ g'g lw9 in roach from the #rchi$elago Sea 8{land91 ,eca6, was also found in

$erch 81! g'g lw9 and $i'e 81> g 'g| lw9 from the same area1

#ccording to HL"O& 8200.95 in general the results show that 6,-/> is the dominant congener

in biota of the 6altic Sea1 7an'ing the 6, congeners according to the concentration in biota of the

6altic Sea yields the following orderC 6,-/> 6,-.. J 6,-00 6,,-20.1 +he levels in

biota are5 in general5 low and always lower than the P)"@ level1 +he high 6,-20. levels found in

roach muscle are alarmingI according to HL"O& 8200.95 more information on the 6,-20. lev-

els in biota of the 6altic Sea is needed1

7elatively few studies have re$orted P6,s in marine sediment from the HL"O& region1 HL-

"O& 8200.9 refers to the ,anish study mentioned above 8"hristensen and PlatB5 20095 where

deca6, was re$orted to be the dominant 6, congener com$ared to lower-brominated conge-

ners1 +he highest levels of $enta6, were found in the Limf*ord5 ,enmar'1 +he Swedish sediment

monitoring $rogramme5 covering A stations in the coastal and offshore areas of the 6altic Sea5showed that concentrations of 6,-/>5 6,-.. and 6,-00 were clearly the highest in the atte-

gat with concentrations at 01//5 01A2 and 010@ g'g d1w15 res$ectively5 at station (laden 8SKU

200! as cited by HL"O&5 20091

7an'ing the 6, congeners according to concentration in the 6altic Sea sediments yields the fol-

lowing orderC 6,-20. 6,-.. 6,-/>1 4n general5 the levels in the sediment are low and do

not e;ceed the P)" level 8HL"O&5 200.91

4BCDD H6",, mainly s$reads to the environment by diffuse distribution via the atmos$here

and rivers 8HL"O&5 20091 H6",, concentrations in herring muscle were found to e;ceed the

threshold value at all monitoring stations near the Swedish coast from the 6othnian 6ay to theattegat1 +ime series of H6",, from monitoring sites along the Swedish coasts showed no

signicant trends in herring muscle tissue5 whereas a clear increasing trend of about !M $er year

8$01009 was detected in eggs from common guillemot 88ria aalge9 collected from Stora arls in

the 3estern Kotland 6asin 8HL"O&5 20091 #n increasing trend in the H6",, content of marine

animals has been re$orted from many areas of the world 86ergman et al.5 202b9

#ccording to HL"O& 200.5 Swedish results show that H6",, levels in 6altic Sea fish are gener-

ally low and always lower than the estimated P)" level of 1?! mg'g w1w1 in $rey tissue1 #lso5 the

> +hreshold levels are threshold values that are either commonly agreed =uality criteria or $ro$osed levels below which to;iceffects are not found in the environment 8HL"O&5 2009 +hey are not e=ual to P)" values1@ P)"C $redicted no effect concentration



brominated flame retardants /!

TAB>0 )

"O)")+7#+4O) 7#)KS (O7 +H SU6S+#)"S &OS+ (7U)+LY ,+"+, 4) 64O+#5

S,4&)+ #), SLU,K 8S"HL#6#"H ET $6.5 209

Substance / Biota

F#"# f(G $

Sediment

F#"# d.(.G &

Slud#e

F#"# d.(.G *

Phenolic B;'s

DBP 0102RA1/ 010!R21. 010/R/0

TBP 010!R@A 010!R>1@ 010R00

B;' esters U ethers

BTBP0 0100?2R012 0100@R1> 010>?R!1.

TBA 010!R/ 01000.R01AA 01000!/R2

B04T0BP 0102AR01/A 010!R!1! 01!R/2

04TBB 0100AR01@ 0100@2R012 012?R21A

6ther B;'s

4BB 0100?@R010>2 01022R01. 01/R01>2

PBT 0100?R0102 010R21> 0102>R?12

PB0B 01000!/R0100// 0100.@R010/A 01000.?R01!

DBDP0 010@2R012 010000R21/ 21?RA0

DB0DBC4 0100!2R1A 0100R!?0 [email protected]

'eference com%ounds

%entaBD0 ) 010A2R!A 010.AR! 01@R>A

+he values are min-ma;I E\ indicates concentration under the limit of =uantification 8LO95 and the lowest

LO is listed here1 (or individual com$ounds in grou$s5 concentrations below the LO have been set to

01?LO1

Z &atricesC egg5 fish muscle5 fish liver and mussel1

Z2 &arine5 brac'ish and freshwater sediments1

Z! Landfillwaste de$osit5 S+P sludge and stormwater sludge1

Z/ Sum of congeners -2@5 -/>5 -..5 -005 -?! and -?/ $resent in commercial $enta6,1

Z? #bbreviations are here changed to be in accordance with abbreviations used in this re$ort1

B;'s in the Arctic

6(7s in the #rctic are monitored within the framewor' of the #rctic &onitoring and #ssessmentProgramme 8#&#P91 +he results of the monitoring of 6(7s and other organic $ollutants in the

#rctic have been reviewed in 200 as $art of the #&#P POPs #ssessment5 $ublished as a series of

scientific $a$ers 8Letcher at al15 200I &uir and de 3it5 200I Hung et al.5 2005 ,e 3it et al.5

20091 +he following is5 to a large e;tent5 e;tracted from these $a$ers1

#ccording to the review F6rominated ame retardants in the #rctic environment j trends and newcandidates", P6,s containing two to 0 bromines are ubi=uitous in the #rctic5 in both abiotic and

biotic sam$les 8de 3it et al.5 20091 He;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,9 is also ubi=uitous in the

#rctic5 with the _-H6",, isomer $redominating in air5 the ]-H6",, isomer $redominating in

biota and similar concentrations of ]-5 ^ and _-H6",, found in marine sediments1 Other bromin-

ated ame retardants 86(7s9 found in some #rctic sam$les are P66s5 +66P#5 6+6P5 H665 P665

P6+ and ,6-,6"H1



// brominated flame retardants

+em$oral trends of tetra- to he$ta6,s and H6",, show increasing concentrations or a tendency

to levelling off de$ending on the matri; 8air5 sediment5 biota9 and location5 but no uniform $icture

for the #rctic emerges 8,e 3it et al.5 20091 6,-20. concentrations are increasing in air1 P6,s

and H6",, s$atial trends in seabirds and marine mammals are similar to those seen $reviously for

$olychlorinated bi$henyls 8P"6s95 with the highest concentrations found in organisms from ast

Kreenland and Svalbard1 +hese trends indicate western uro$e and eastern )orth #merica as im-$ortant source regions of these com$ounds via long range atmos$heric trans$ort and ocean cur-

rents1 Latitudinal trends showed lower concentrations and flu;es of P6,s at higher latitudes1 +he

tetra6,5 he;a6, and ]-H6",, biomagnify in the #rctic food webs1 7esults for 6,-20. are

more conflicting5 showing either only low or no biomagnification $otential1 P6, and H6",,

concentrations are lower in terrestrial organisms and higher in marine to$ $redators5 such as some

'iller whale $o$ulations in #las'a and glaucous gulls from the 6arents Sea area1 Higher concentra-

tions are seen near $o$ulated areas5 indicating local sources1 (indings of 6+6P5 H665 P665 P6+

and ,6-,6"H in seabirds andor marine mammals indicate that these com$ounds reach the

#rctic5 most li'ely by long range atmos$heric trans$ort5 and accumulate in higher tro$hic level

organismsI it is concluded that their increasing use as P6, re$lacements will lead to increasing

concentrations

,eca6, have been demonstrated to be the dominant P6, in air sam$les from one #rctic station

8#lert on llesmere 4sland9 but was re$orted to be non-detectable in another 8e$$elin in Sval-

bard95 $robably due to the sam$ling techni=ue and detection limit 8&uir and de 3it5 20091 +he

$resence of 6,s5 including 6,-20.5 in the #rctic terrestrial environment and food chains involv-

ing herbivores 8$lant eaters9 is a new observation1 +he detection of 6,-20. and other 6,s in

moose and grouse in northern )orway $rovides evidence for entry of these 6(7s into the terrestrial

food web1 However5 the 6, concentrations were low 8sub-g'g li$id weight9 8&uir and de 3it5

20091

Long-term tem$oral trend studies of tetra- to he;a6, congeners in biota in the #rctic are on-

going5 using archived and $resent day sam$les1 &ost studies are now showing a levelling off ordecline of 6,-/>5 while 6,-.. and 6,-20. concentrations a$$ear to be increasing in air1

Strong seasonal trends in air concentrations of all the P6,s5 however5 ma'e inter$retation of air

trends challenging 8&uir and de 3it5 20091

(or H6",,5 different isomers dominate in different media1 +he _-H6",, isomer $redominates in

air at Svalbard5 and the ]-H6",, isomer in biota5 while similar concentrations of ]-5 and _-

H6",, were found in marine sediments 8&uir and de 3it5 20091 ight time-trend studies on

biota have included H6",5 but most of them could not identify any clear trends as the H6",,

concentration was highly variable1 4ncreases were found in northern fulmar eggs 8"anada9 and

ringed seal from several sites in "anada5 while decreases were re$orted for ivory gull eggs 8"anada9

and beluga 8"anada91 8&uir and de 3it5 2009

+he rst re$orts of 6(7s that are used as substitutes for $hased-out substances haw emerged dur-

ing the $eriod 200?R200@ 8&uir and de 3it5 20091 +hese include 6+6P5 ,6-,6"H5 H66B5

P665 and P6+ in seabirds andor marine mammals1 +his indicates that these com$ounds reach

the #rctic5 most $robably by long-range atmos$heric trans$ort and bioaccumulate in higher tro$hic

level organisms1 (urthermore5 +66P# is $resent at low levels in several #rctic animals and $lants5

but more data are needed to assess its $otential to undergo long-range trans$ort 8&uir and de 3it5

20091

(lame retardants were analysed in adi$ose tissue from circum$olar 8rsus maritimus 8$olar

bear9 sub$o$ulations in 200?-200@ s$anning #las'a east to Svalbard1 #lthough !> P6,s5 total-

8]9-he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",,95 2 P66s5 P6+5 P665 H665 6+6P and ,6,P were



/A brominated flame retardants

TAB>0 )$

6(7S SHO3) 4) #7"+4" #)4&#LS 8+7#)SL#+, (7O& VO7#&P #), 74K•+5 20!9

Substance

$

Demonstrated Not demonstrated Comment 'eferences &

6#+ Z! Hooded seals and har$ seals

from the 6arents Sea and

the Kreenland Sea1

6lac' guillemot eggs

from the (aroe 4slands5

fish from the (aroe

4slands and 4celand1

Possibly degradation $roduct

of ,P+I can cross the blood-

brain barrier1

Von der 7ec'e J

Vetter 8200>9I Schla-

bach et al. 8209

6H-+6P 6lac' guillemot eggs from

the (aroe 4slandsI fish5

birds5 bird eggs5 seals from

Svalbard1

(ish from the (aroe


#rctic fo; and $olar bear

from Svalbard

7e$lacement $roduct for

$enta6,I also used as $lasti-

ciBer1

Sageru$ et al. 82009I

Schlabach et al. 820

6+6P (ulmar eggs from the (aroe

4slandsI beluga and ringed

seals from "anadaI Klau-

cous gull from 6*GrnGyaI blac' guillemot eggs from

the (aroe 4slands5 fish from

the (aroe 4slands and 4ce-

landI guillemot eggs from

Svalbard1

7inged seals from ast

Kreenland5 $ilot whales

from (aroe 4slands5

min'e whales from)orway5 fish5 birds5

#rctic fo;5 $olar bears

from Svalbard

7e$lacement $roduct for

octa6,1 Possibly decom$os-

es into 25/5A tribromo$henol1

arlsson et al. 8200A9I

""P6 8200@9I de 3it

et al. 82009I Verreault

et al. 8200>9I Sageru$et al. 82009I

Schlabach et al.

8209I ,am et al.

8209

,6,P Kuillemot eggs from Sval-

bardI blac' guillemot eggs


7inged seals from "ana-

daI fish from the (aroe

4slandsI birds5 fish or

mammal from Svalbard5

seals or whales from the

) #tlantic1

7e$lacement $roduct for for

deca6,


de 3it et al. 82009I

Schlabach et al.

8209I ,am et al.

8209

,6-,6"H 6eluga5 "anadaI blac' guil-

lemot eggs from the (aroe

4slands5 fish from the (aroe


- Only beta- ,6-,6"H shown

in beluga1

+omy et al. 8200@9I


,6P (ish from the (aroe 4slands

and 4celand1

6irds eggs from the

(aroe 4slands1

"an also be formed naturally1 Schlabach et al. 820

,P+ Hooded seal and har$ seal


Kreenland SeaI higher

concentrations than P6,1



fish from the (aroe

4slands and 4celand16iota sam$les 8fish5

birds5 eggs of birds5

mammals9 from Sval-

bard1

- Von der 7ec'e J


bach et al. 8209I

Sageru$ et al. 82009

H-+66 6lac' guillemot eggs from

the (aroe 4slands5 fish 8but

not all9 from the (aroe

4slands and 4celand5 all biota

sam$les 8fish5 birds5 bird

eggs5 mammals9 from Sval-

bard1

- 7e$lacement $roduct for

$enta6,1





brominated flame retardants />

Substance

$

Demonstrated Not demonstrated Comment 'eferences &

H66 Klaucous eggs from #rctic

)orway5 $ilot whale and

min'e whale in the )

#tlantic5 of Kreenland $olar bearsI blac' guillemot eggs

from the (aroe 4slands5 fish

from the (aroe 4slands and

4celand1

6irds5 birds eggs5 fish or

mammals from Sval-

bard1

- Verreault et al.

8200>9I Letcher

8200>9I Sageru$ et al.

82009I ,am et al. 8209I Schlabach et

al. 8209

P66 #rctic birds and mammals

including Kreenland and the

(aroe 4slands1 Seals5 min'e

whales and $olar bears from

Kreenland and $ilot whale

and fulmar from the (aroe

4slands1

Polar bear sam$les from

.A>

Substance grou$5 with 66-?!

as the most bio-accumulative

single substance1 Stoc'holm

"onvention #nne; # 8limina-

tion9

,erocher et al.

8200!9I Vor'am$ et

al. 8200/a9I de 3it et

al. 82009I ,am et al.

8209

P66 6lac' guillemot eggs from

the (aroe 4slands 8low9I

glaucous gulls from

6*GrnGya 8)orway91


mammals from Sval-

bard1

- Verreault et al.


82009I Schlabach et

al. 8209

P6+ Klaucous eggs from #rctic

)orway5 with high detec-

tions fre=uencyI blac' guil-

lemot eggs from the (aroe

4slands5 fish from the (aroe

4slands and 4sland1


mammals from Sval-

bardI ,L in marine

mammals from )

#tlantic1


from ,6,P1

Verreault et al.


82009I ,am et al.

8209I Schlabach et

al. 8209

+66P# Shown in )orwegian cod5

eggs of )orwegian $eregrine

falcon and golden eagle

Peregrine eggs from

KreenlandI fish and

seabirds from Svalbard5

Kreenland min'e whales

and $olar bears5 in $ilot

whales from the (aroe

4slands I (aroese blac'

guil-lemot eggs5 fish

from the (aroe 4slands

and 4celand1

,egradation $roduct dime-

thyl-+66P# shown in $ere-

grine eggs from Kreenland1

(*eld et al. 8200/9I

HerB'e et al. 8200?9I

Vor'am$ et al. 8200?9I

(rederi'sen et al.

8200>9I venset et al.

8200.9I Schlabach et

al1 8209

+6P (ish from the (aroe 4slandsI birds and seals from Sval-

bard1

6irds eggs and mam-mals from Svalbard1

7eactive flame retardant5 butalso many other a$$lications1

"an also be formed naturally1

,egradation $roduct of

P6,s5 by$roduct in 6+6P1

Sageru$ et al. 82009ISchlabach et al.

8209I "ovaci et al.

8209

+6P-# Hooded seals and har$ seals


the Kreenland Sea1



fish from the (aroe



of ,P+1

Von der 7ec'e J


bach et al. 8209

Z #bbreviations changed in order to be in consistent with abbreviations used in this survey1

Z2 See Vor'am$ and 7igXt 820!9 for full reference1

Z! 2-6romallyl 25/5A tribromo$henyl ether1 Possibly degradation $roduct of ,P+1



/@ brominated flame retardants

Summary of findin#s from the Nordic and Arctic en1ironment

# recent )orwegian re$ort on )ordic screening data relevant for P6+ evaluation summarises data

from the )ordic countries and )orwegian $art of the #rctic for +6P5 +66P#5 +6P#5 6H-+6P5

and ,6,P1 6etween A0 and !>0 results for each of these substances are summariBed5 including

air5 sediment5 biota5 and sewage sam$les1

+6P# was not found in any of the studies1 +he levels found in the different environmental matricesof the four other 6(7s are shown in for (igure !1 #s mentioned above5 besides emissions from in-

dustrial $rocesses5 +6P is also formed by natural $rocesses in the environment1

;I89'0 *7#)K #), #V7#K O( +H 4),4V4,U#L "O)")+7#+4O)S (O7 ,6,P (O7 ,4((7)+ )V47O)&)+#LLY

7LV#)+ &#+74"S 4) +H )O7,4" #), #7"+4" )V47O)&)+1 "O)")+7#+4O) K4V) 4) ngm! (O7 #47I

ngg d1w1 (O7 S,4&)+ #), SLU,KI ngg 3131 (O7 64O+# #), ngL (O7 S3#K 3#+71 )O+ ,4((7)+ Y-

#NS S"#LS1 6H+6P 6H-+6PI 2/A+6P +6P1 8S"HL#6#"H5 2029

/.) 0n1ironmental im%act

4t is beyond the sco$e of this survey to $rovide an environmental im$act assessment1 +he following

shortly summarises the findings of e;isting 7is' #ssessments or $reliminary assessments $re$ared

on the basis of monitoring data e1g1 in the conte;t of HL"O& or #&#P1

PBD0s +he four P6,s covered by the Stoc'holm "onvention 8main constituents of c-$enta6,

and c-octa6,9 are demonstrated to have the $otential for $ossessing ris's to the environmentC

they are $ersistent5 bioccumulative and have the $otential for long-range trans$ort1 +he U 7is'

#ssessment for $enta6, concludes that there is a ris' of secondary $oisoning in the environment

at both local and regional level 8"65 20091 High levels of $enta6, have been both $redicted and

measured in fish and earthworms which may lead to secondary $oisoning a higher level in the food

chain1 +he U 7is' #ssessment for octa6, li'ewise concludes that there is a need for reducing the

ris' of secondary $oisoning via the earthwor' route 8"65 200!91

+he U 7is' assessment u$date for deca6, concluded that there is a need for further information

andor testing regarding the P6+ assessment1 (urthermore5 it concluded that there was no need for

further information andor testing or for ris' reduction measures beyond those which are being

a$$lied at $resent 8"65 200/91 +he latter conclusion a$$lied to the assessment of surface water

and sediment 8freshwater and marine95 sewage treatment $lants5 the terrestrial com$artment5 the




breeding females could sim$ly be reflective of the maternal transfer to the offs$ring5 rather than any

true causative association with the re$roductive status of these females1

TBBPA - +he U 7is' #ssessment for +66P# concluded that there was a need for limiting the ris's

for surface water and sedimentI this conclusion a$$lied to com$ounding sites where +66P# was

used as an additive flame retardant in #6S 8"65 200>91 (or the terrestrial com$artment5 this con-

clusion a$$lied to the use of +66P# as an additive flame retardant in #6S from com$ounding andconversion sites1 +he conclusion for conversion sites was de$endent on whether or not sewage

sludge from the site is a$$lied to agricultural land 8no ris' is identified where sewage sludge is not

a$$lied to land91 (or #6S com$ounding sites5 a ris' was identified regardless of the assum$tions

made over the s$reading of sewage sludge1 (or the ris's to sewage treatment $rocesses5 the atmos-

$here and from secondary $oisoning5 for all sources of +66P# it was concluded that there were no

need for ris' reduction measures beyond those which were being a$$lied already1

)o assessments from international organisations of a $ossible environmental im$act of +66P#

have been identified1

DBDP0 +he environmental ris' assessment for ,6,P by nvironment #gency 8ngland and

3ales9 concludes that overall5 the ris's arising from direct to;ic effects of ,6,P are low5 es$ecial-

ly in a U conte;t 8nvironment #gency5 200>91 #ccording to the ris' assessment there are5 howev-

er5 concerns over bioaccumulation $otential and the $otential $roducts of degradation $rocesses

that re=uire further investigation1 (irst5 further studies on u$ta'e and accumulation in wildlife are

needed 8$receded by a more reliable ow value5 if $ossible91 Second5 the identity5 $ro$erties and the

rate of formation of ,6,P $rinci$al metabolites and degradation $roducts should be established5

and their environmental im$act assessed1

6ther B;'

+he results from the screening of FnewF 6(7s in the )ordic environment showed that the measured

levels of the 6(7s in sediments were below the established =uality standard 8S for9 $enta6,5

with the e;ce$tion of the concentration of sum ,6-,6"H in one sam$le1 +he initial ris' assess-ment based on Eread-across\ from $enta6, cannot e;clude negative effects on the $elagic com-

munity 8organisms living in the water $hase91 However5 it was not $ossible to assess the ecoto;ico-

logical ris' satisfactorily1

Im%act of B;'s in the Arctic

#n e;$osure and effects assessment of $ersistent organohalogen contaminants 8OH"5 among which

are P6,s and other 6(7s9 in #rctic wildlife and sh5 $re$ared as $art of the #&#P POPs #ssess-

ment5 concludes that there remains minimal evidence that organohalogen contaminants are having

wides$read effects on the health of #rctic organisms5 with the $ossible e;ce$tion of ast Kreenland

and Svalbard $olar bears and Svalbard glaucous gulls 8Letcher et al.5 20091 #ccording to the au-

thors5 however5 the true effects of POPs in #rctic wildlife have to be $ut into the conte;t of otherenvironmental5 ecological and $hysiological stressors 8both anthro$ogenic and natural9 that render

an overall com$le; $icture1

(or $olar bears from the ast Kreenland and Svalbard regions there are substantial re$orts on or-

ganic haBardous com$ounds 8OH"9 concentration associations with changes in various biomar'er

res$onses8e1g1 endocrine and immune-related95 although these do not directly establish causeR

effect relationshi$s1 +he effects are not s$ecifically attributed to the 6(7s1 # number of glaucous

gull eld studies carried out on 6*GrnGya 86ear 4sland5 Svalbard9 during the incubation $eriod have

re$orted signicant relationshi$s between circulating levels of endogenous hormones and blood8or

$lasma9 concentrations of ma*or OH" classes5 including organochlorine substances5 6(7s and OH-

containing analogues1 Overall5 these studies strongly suggest that the high e;$osure to OH"s may




contribute to disru$ting endocrine functions and homeostasis in nesting glaucous gulls from

6*GrnGya 8Letcher et al.5 20091

/./ Summary and conclusions

0n1ironmental fate and effects

+here is a wide range of 6(7s currently on the mar'et and it is difficult to generalise the environ-

mental fate and effects of 6(7s as a whole5 $articularly as there is only limited information aboutmany of the 6(7s1

&any5 but not all5 of the 6(7s have log ow values of ?-A or higher and so are $otentially bioaccu-

mulative5 although there is some evidence that bioaccumulation $otential for some substances with

high log ow values 8e1g1 deca6, and ,6,P9 is low5 $ossibly as a result of reduced bioavailability

of large molecules1 # high level of accumulation has been demonstrated for $enta6, and H6",,

in $articular1

6(7s as a grou$ are generally relatively $ersistent5 although data are not available for all 6(7s1

#lthough $ersistent5 it is also necessary to consider $ossible brea'down $roducts on a case-by-case

basis1 (or e;am$le5 there is evidence that deca6, can undergo debromination reactions in the

environment to form $roducts that are more to;ic and accumulative than deca6,5 and +66P# can

undergo debromination under anaerobic conditions to form bis$henol-#1

#s a grou$5 6(7s tend to have limited solubility in water and so5 in many cases5 little or no to;icity

has been seen in acute ecoto;icty tests at concentrations u$ to the water solubility1 However5 in

longer-term tests5 $enta6,5 +66P# and H6",, have demonstrated to;icity with some a=uatic

organisms with no-effect concentrations 8)O"s9 below 0 gl for $enta6, and H6",, and

around ! gl for +66P#1

4n terms of P6+ $ro$erties5 he;a665 four P6,s and H6",, are listed as POPs in #nne; # of the

Stoc'holm "onvention1 4n addition5 deca6, have been identified as substances of very high con-

cern 8SVH"9 under 7#"H and recently $ro$osed for #nne; # of the Stoc'holm "onvention1,eca6, was identified as a SVH" on the basis that it can undergo debromination in the environ-

ment to form substances with P6+ or vPv6 $ro$erties5 and is currently included on the "andidate

List1

Other 6(7s5 for e;am$le +66P# and ,6,P5 do not meet the 7#"H P6+ criteria based on the

currently available dataI however5 there are currently insufficient reliable data for ,6,P1 (ew data

are currently available for a large number of other 6(7sI the P6+ status of these substances is cur-

rently un'nown1

0n1ironmental releases and e3%osure

+he U 7is' #ssessment for the 6(7s identified $roduction $rocesses as the ma*or sources of re-leases of deca6,5 H6",, and +66P# and called for a reduction of the releases of the substances

from $roduction $rocesses1 # Voluntary missions "ontrol #ction Programme 8V"#P9 was devel-

o$ed and first im$lemented in 200/ by three ma*or $roducers of flame retardants in $artnershi$

with downstream user industries1 ,uring the $eriod 200>-205 the total releases from $roduction

and industrial downstream uses from the com$anies included in the $rogramme decreased by a

factor of 0 8re$resenting in 20 @/ M of deca6,5 .@M of H6"", by volume and .?M of +66P#

of the su$$ly from the manufacturers91

+he ,anish environmental monitoring $rogramme5 )OV#)#5 includes regular monitoring of the

P6,s only1 # screening survey of A 6(7s in the )ordic environment indicated that the concentra-

tions of the FnewF 6(7s5 with a few e;ce$tions5 are of the same order of magnitude or lower com-

$ared to the sum of 6, congeners included as $riority substances under the 3ater (ramewor'




,irective1 #vailable data indicate that ,6,P levels in the environment in the )ordic countries

have a$$roached the levels of deca6,5 and that this contamination $rimarily occurs via the at-

mos$here1

3hilst the levels of lower brominated P6,s in the #rctic have been decreasing5 many studies have

demonstrated the $resence of FnewF 6(7s in the air and biota in the #rctic5 indicating the $otential

for long-range trans$ort of these flame retardants1 6ased on a review of the available data on 6(7sin #rctic biota and abiotic media5 combined with information on the substances $otential for bioac-

cumulation5 the ,anish "entre for nvironment and "limate include five FnewF brominated flame

retardants in a list of candidates for inclusion in the #rctic monitoring $rogrammeC ,P+5 6H-

+6P5 +665 6+6P5 and ,6,P1

0n1ironmental im%act

+he $otential for environmental im$act of the lower brominated P6,s and H6",, and the bac'-

ground for the listing of the substancesD inclusions under the Stoc'holm "onvention is well estab-

lished1 +he $otential environmental im$act of deca6, is5 as has been mentioned5 mainly lin'ed to

the $otential debromination to other lower brominated P6,sI the different P6,s may act in

concert to induce additive or synergistic effects1 However5 it is still difficult to estimate to what

e;tent debromination of deca6, contributes to the actual environmental levels of the lower bro-

minated P6,s or contributes to additive or synergistic effects1 nvironmental im$act of +66P#

has mainly been associated with com$ounding sites where +66P# was used as an additive flame

retardant1 ,6,P have $ro$erties of concern5 but an environmental ris' assessment concludes that

more information is needed1 +he results from a screening of FnewF 6(7s in the )ordic environment

showed that the measured levels of the 6(7s in sediments5 with the e;ce$tion of the concentration

of sum ,6-,6"H in one sam$le5 was below the established =uality standard 8S for9 $enta6,1

+he initial ris' assessment based on Eread-across\ from $enta6, cannot e;clude negative effects

on the $elagic community of some of the more water soluble com$ounds1 However5 it was not $os-

sible to assess the ecoto;icological ris' satisfactorily1

Data #a%s&onitoring data and data on environmental fate and effects of FnewF 6(7s are scarce and constrain

a com$rehensive ecoto;icological ris' assessment1



brominated flame retardants ?!



?A brominated flame retardants

#ll investigated P6,s were mainly e;creted via faeces5 whereas urine re$resents a minor route of

elimination 8010M91 4n rodents using different routes of administration5 6,-20. is eliminated

faster than some lower brominated di$henyl ethers such as 6,-/> 8(S#5 20b91

+he transfer rate of 6,-20. to mil' was estimated to be in the 01A-012/ M range in lactating cows

e;$osed to a naturally contaminated diet 8ier'egaard et al.5 200>91

+he whole body half-life of 6,-20. in rats was @1A days5 which is shorter than for the lower P6,s

8(S#5 20b91 #vailable data suggests the human P6,sD half-life tends to increase by the bromin-

ation of the P6, congener1 +he calculated a$$arent half-life for 6,-20. was ? days and much

smaller than the half-lives of @-!. days and !>-. days5 res$ectively5 for three nona6,s and four

octa6, congeners 8+huresson et al.5 200Ab91

Acute to3icity

#ll P6,s have low acute to;icity5 with oral L,?0s of ? g'g1

(or e;am$le5 deca6, e;hibits low acute oral to;icity in rats5 because all rats survived single doses

of u$ to 25000 mg'g b1 w1 of a deca6, mi;ture with no signs of to;icity during the / day obser-

vation $eriod 8"65 200291

#cute inhalation studies indicated no effects in rats u$on R2 h e;$osure to commercial 6,-20.

$roducts at concentrations of /@ mgl or 200 mgl5 and no to;icity was also observed in rabbits

u$on dermal e;$osure of 6,-20. 8un'nown $urity9 at doses u$ to @000 mg'g 8re$orted in Har-

dy et al.5 200.91

Irritation and sensiti2ation

Studies with commercial undissolved solid deca6, and rabbits showed no s'in irritation but the

method was =uestionable1 However5 mild eye irritation was observed in rabbits after a$$lication of

solid commercial deca6, 8"65 200291 )either of the P6,s has demonstrated any s'in sensiti-

Bation $otential 8"65 200291

4n ?0 human sub*ects5 re$eated a$$lication of a sus$ension of ?M ,6,PO in $etrolatum ! times a

wee' for ! wee's and challenged two wee's subse=uent to the last induction a$$lication did not

result in s'in sensitiBation1 S'in irritation was observed in . out of the ?0 $ersons 8as cited by "65

200291

Subchronic and chronic to3icity

U$on chronic e;$osure to P6,s5 target organs are the liver5 the 'idney and the thyroid gland1

P6,s have been re$orted to decrease levels of total and free +/ in adult animals and in adolescent

animals1 ,ifferent P6,s a$$ear to have similar to;icological $rofiles5 with deca6, being less

$otent than other lower brominated congeners1 (or e;am$le5 in sub-chronic to;icity studies in rats5

no-observed-effect-levels are usually in the g'gday range for deca6,5 but less than 0mg'gday for $enta6, 8"osta et al.5 200@91

# short-term acute to;icity study conducted by the )ational +o;icology Program 8)+P9 found no

effects in rats or mice fed 6,-20. 8..M $ure9 u$ to 005000 $$m 8a$$ro;imately e=uivalent to

05000 mg'gday in rats5 and 205000 mg'gday in mice in the diet for two wee's 8)+P5 .@A91

4n a 2@-day oral rat to;icity study with deca6,5 the most sensitive effects in the liver were induc-

tion of "YP# and "YP26 86&,0s 01?-01> mg'g b1 w1 $er day for a 0 M increase95 and deca6,

also caused an increase of +! at a 6&,L0 value of !! mg'g b1 w1 8van der Ven et al., 200@91 4n an

older !0 days study with an im$ure technical $roduct5 the )O#L was assumed to be 00 $$m 8@

mg'gday95 with a LO#L of 5000 $$m 8"65 200291



?@ brominated flame retardants

3hilst the $ure congener 6,-20. has not been tested for carcinogenicity5 deca6, 8.>M $urity9

has been studied in rats and in mice5 with some evidence for an increase in liver adenoma in male

rats e;$osed to dietary levels of 2? g deca6, 'g feed5 and liver adenoma and carcinoma were

similarly $roduced in male mice 84P"S5 ..?91

4n male mice e;$osed to 2?5000 and ?05000 $$m deca-6, for 0! wee's5 thyroid gland follicular

cell adenomas or carcinomas were observed at marginally increased incidence 8control5 0?0I lowdose5 /?0I high dose5 !?0I historical incidence in male5 1> 2M91 +he significance of this lesion in

males was su$$orted by an increased incidence of follicular cell hy$er$lasia in males 8control5 2?0I

low dose5 0?0I high dose5 .?091 4t should5 however5 be noted that only one carcinoma was ob-

served in one male at the lowest dose and 8"65 200291 # LO#L for carcinogenicity of 520 mg'g

bwday was assigned based on the increased incidence of liver neo$lastic nodules from the lowest

tested dose 8520 mg'g bwday9 8"65 200291

6,-20. caused he$atic hy$ertro$hy and induction of "YP enBymes ty$ical of activation of

"#7PN7 rece$tor8s91 Other com$ounds that act in this way are tumour $romoters in rodent liver1

+umours occur only after $rolonged5 high dose e;$osure5 and $recursor effects are reversible1 +here

is evidence that "#7PN7 activation in humans does not su$$ort a number of the 'ey events neces-

sary for tumor $romotion5 such as he$atic hy$er$lasia1 4t is therefore concluded that 6,-20. does

not $resent a carcinogenic ris' to humans 8(S#5 20b91

+echanisms and interactions

4n neuronal cells5 P6, neuroto;icity was $revented by antio;idants 8.95 suggesting that P6,s

may induce o;idative stress 87eistad et al.5 200A91

P6,s do not a$$ear to activate the #h rece$tor-#h7 nuclear translocator $rotein-N7 com$le;5

although they can bind to the #h rece$tor1 Various P6,s have been re$orted to induce mi;ed-ty$e

monoo;ygenase in vivo 8"osta et al.5 200@91

+he mechanism of 6,-20.-induced to;icity may be induction of li$id $ero;idation5 su$$ression ofthyroid hormone rece$tor-mediated gene transcri$tion5 and inhibition of differentiation of rat neu-

ral stem cells into neurons and neurite outgrowth 8(S#5 20b91

,.$.* 4BCDD

To3ico"inetics and metabolism

4n rodents orally administered H6",, in the feed5 the substance was easily absorbed with an e;-

tent of ?0-00M from the gastro-intestinal tract and ra$idly distributed in different tissues1 +he

body distribution in mice of ]-H6",,5 observed one day after dosing5 were in the following orderC

liver muscle adi$ose tissue blood brain 'idney5 whereas adi$ose tissue had the highest

levels after four days 8Sweden5 200@I (S#5 20a91

+he absor$tion of H6",, through intact s'in was low 8010M9 in an in vitro study with human

s'in $re$arations but 1!?M did accumulate in the outer s'in 87o$er et al., 200>91 # value of / M

was assumed to be a$$licable for u$ta'e of $owder by the dermal route by the U #nne; NV docu-

ment1

+here is no information about u$ta'e after inhalation5 but it was considered by the U #nne; NV

document to be 00M or e=ual to the oral absor$tion1

,ebromination and hydro;ylation seem to be the ma*or metabolic $athways for H6",,s1 +here are

some differences in metabolism observed between the _- and ]-stereoisomers1 _-H6",, was more

ra$idly metaboliBed and changed to ]- and -isomers1 &ainly ]-H6",, was found to accumulate

in adi$ose tissue 8(S#5 20a91



brominated flame retardants ?.

(urthermore5 elimination of ]-H6",, and _-H6",, was $rimarily in faeces and to a lesser e;tent

in urine5 and mono- and dihydro;ylated $entabromocyclododecane metabolites were found in fae-

cal e;tracts 8SBabo et al.5 20a91 +here are differences in tissue distribution of H6",, isomers

between adult and develo$ing mice5 the latter retaining more H6",, 8SBabo et al.5 20b91

limination of H6",, and its metabolites in rats occurs mainly via faeces with a minor $art e;-creted in urine1 limination from body fat a$$ears to be mar'edly slower than from other tissues5

with an elimination half-life of the three stereoisomers $ossibly being in the order of wee's to

months1

6ased on H6",, concentrations in adi$ose tissue5 the elimination half-lives of H6",, stereoiso-

mers have been calculated to vary from 2-A days for _-H6",, and to > days for ]-H6",, in fe-

male mice1 +he average half-life of total H6",, in humans has been estimated to be A/ days 8range

2!-2. days9 on the basis of e;tra$olation from animal studies and human adi$ose fat levels 8(S#5

20a91

Acute to3icity

#cute to;icity from e;$osure to technical H6",, is low5 and an L,?0 value has not been deter-

mined1 +he oral lethal dose is more than 20 g'g b1 w1 in rats and more than /0 g'g b1 w1 in mice

8"65 200@91 7egarding acute to;icity by inhalation and s'in contact5 the minimum lethal doses

were considered greater than 200 mgl and greater than 20 g'g5 res$ectively5 by the U #nne; NV

document1


H6",, was mildly irritating to the eye but not irritating to the s'in5 according to the U #nne; NV

document1 +his document also concludes that there was no concern for s'in sensitiBation caused by

the H6",, available on the U mar'et1 )o information was available on res$iratory sensitiBation1

Subchronic and chronic to3icity4n animal e;$eriments H6",, mainly targets the liver5 the thyroid5 and the $ituitary gland1 4n the

liver it induces he$atic microsomal enBymes 8"YP26 and "YP!#9 affecting 'ey metabolic $athways5

such as the metabolism of li$ids and se; hormones1 (emales were most sensitive1 4n rats5 the most

consistent effect found after re$eated doses was a dose-de$endent increase in liver weight with a

no-observable-adverse-effect-level 8)O#L 6&,-L209 of 221. mg'g $er day estimated for this

effect in female rats e;$osed to H6",, for 2@ days 8van der Ven 200A91 Pituitary and thyroid

weight also increased significantly5 accom$anied by thyroid follicular cell hy$ertro$hy1 +his effect

on the $ituitary gland induced the synthesis of thyroid-stimulating hormone 8+SH91 +he )O#L for

this effect was 2 mg H6",,'g b1 w1 $er day1 H6",, also had an effect on bone mineral density in

this study1

+here were no available re$eated dose to;icity studies by inhalation or dermal a$$lication1

0ffect on re%roduction and offs%rin#

;$osure to H6",, can have wide-ranging and $otentially severe effects5 $articularly to the neu-

roendocrine system and to offs$ring during the early $hases of neurodevelo$ment1 Several studies

on H6",,Ds re$roductive effects indicate this 8(S#5 20a91

4n a two-generation study by ma et al. 8200@95 the main effects seen were a dose-de$endent de-

crease 8@-/M9 in fertility inde; in both generations1 +hyroid effects were observed both in dams

and in offs$ring5 with a )O#L of 0 mg'g b1 w1 $er day1 4n addition5 in the (2 generation at the

highest dose level5 increased $u$ mortality during lactation was observed1




#nother study indicated that neonatal H6",, e;$osure may cause statistically significant changes

in s$ontaneous behaviour and learning and may also induce memory defects 8ri'sson et al.,

200A91 #n indicative lowest-observable-adverse-effect-level 8LO#L9 of 01. mg'g b1 w1 $er day

was also deduced from this study1

# one-generation re$roduction feeding study found that H6",, induces disturbances in hearing

function and changes in do$amine-de$endent behaviour1 +he immune system was also affected5showing a statistically significant dose-res$onse for decreased lym$hocyte fraction and a decreased

whole white blood cell count in the blood and increased blood cell count in the bone marrow1 +he

most sensitive effect in this study on re$roductive organs was decrease in weight of the testes with a

benchmar' dose limit 86&,L?9 of 1? mg'g b1 w1 $er day 8van der Ven et al., 200.91

+uta#enicity8enoto3icity

H6",, was not mutagenic in the #mes test with %almonella tphimurium bacteria and caused no

chromosomal aberrations in an in vitro mammalian cytogenetic test using human $eri$heral blood

lym$hocytes and an in vivo micronucleus test1 6ased on the available studies5 it was concluded that

H6",, was not genoto;ic 8(S#5 20a91

Carcino#enicity

4n an older .@/ long-term to;icitycarcinogenicity study 6A"!( mice were e;$osed in @ months

to u$ to 05000 mg H6",,'g of the feed or e=uivalent to an inta'e of !00 mg'g b1 w1 $er day1

+he results indicated that the incidence of altered foci in the liver of males was increased5 as was the

incidence of liver carcinoma in females5 but without a dose-relationshi$ and within the range of

bac'ground levels for this strain of mice1 (S# concluded that this study and the lac' of genoto;ici-

ty showed that carcinogenicity was not a critical effect in the ris' assessment of H6",, 8(S#5

20a91 +here is no human data or data from animal bioassays using e;$osure routes other than

oral1

(urther5 "H# concluded in 200. that the data available on carcinogenicity did not suggest a clas-

sification of H6",, according to U criteria1 However5 the lac' of acce$table cancer bioassays in both mice and rats ma'es these conclusions $remature and gives no incentive to underta'e such

studies1 &odern research also shows that lac' of direct dose-effect relationshi$s and lac' of geno-

to;icity may not be decisive as regards hormone-related carcinogens having a U-sha$ed dose-

res$onse curve1


;$erimental studies in vivo indicate that re$roductive and neurodevelo$mental to;icity5 disturb-

ance of thyroid homeostasis5 he$atic hy$ertro$hy and immunoto;icity are the ma*or effects of

H6",,s1 ]-H6",, has been re$orted to su$$ress #h7-mediated gene e;$ression5 with 4"?0 >1/

& 8(S#5 20a91

)eurodevelo$mental effects might be associated with modulation of thyroid hormone homeostasis

and the involved $rocesses include direct interaction of H6",,s with thyroid hormone rece$tors5

induction of "#7PN7-de$endent hormone-metaboliBing enBymes5 andor $erturbation of thyroid

hormone trans$ort 8(S#5 20a91 H6",, has also been shown in in vitro tests to interact with

calcium levels and neurotransmitter release in cells 8,ingermans et al., 200.91

,.$.) TBBPA and deri1ati1es


+he limited to;ico'inetics data suggest that oral bioavailability of /"-labelled +66P# in rats is

above >0 M 8(S#5 20c91 4n a new study 8nudsen et al.5 20!9 following oral administration of

:/"<-+66P#5 the $rimary route of elimination of radioactivity was in faeces with dose recoveries in

>2 hours between ./ and .@M5 de$ending on dose siBe1



brominated flame retardants A

#fter oral e;$osure to +66P# dissolved in corn oil5 the highest tissue concentrations 8radioactivity

+66P# Q metabolites9 were found in the liver5 adi$ose tissue and in the gonads1 +he half-life of

+66P# in the blood in rats was !-20 hours5 and it was > hours in adi$ose tissue1 &ost of the radi-

oactivity 8.0M9 was e;creted via the bile in faeces1 Klucuronide or sulfate con*ugates of +66P#

were identified in the bile1 +ribromobis$henol # has been identified in faeces5 suggesting that

debromination of +66P# can occur in mammals 8(S#5 20c91

4n one human study5 only +66P# glucuronide was detected in the blood and with a half-life a$$ear-

ing to be between /@ and >2 hours 8Schauer et al 15 200A91 4n another older study with occu$ational-

ly e;$osed individuals 8Hagmar et al., 20009 the half-life was about 2 days1 4n that study the serum

concentrations were between 2 and >1/ $molg li$id weight1

7at e;$eriments with oral administration of +66P# indicate that the trans-$lacental transfer is less

than 010M 8(S#5 20c91 However5 this study only had a general oral absor$tion of 01?M5 which is

in contrast to other studies re$orting >0M absor$tion1 +he detection of +66P# in cord serum

collected from (rench women volunteers during caesarean deliveries 8"ariou et al.5 200@9 confirms

that trans-$lacental transfer of +66P# occurs in humans1

+he studies demonstrate the $resence of +66P# in breast mil' and suggest that mil' re$resents a

substantial route of e;cretion for +66P# in humans 8(S#5 20c91

Acute to3icity

+he acute to;icity of +66P# was re$orted as low in rodents with an oral L,?0 ?0 g'g b1 w1 in rats

and 0 g'g b1 w1 in mice 8"6 200A91 However5 in single administration studies5 +66P# has an

established L,?0 of greater than ? g'g bw when administered by gavage to rats5 and L,?0 in mice

was about /1? g'g b1 w1 84P"S ..?91 +he dermal L,?0 in rabbits and guinea $igs were res$ectively

2 g'g b1 w1 and g'g b1 w1 84P"S5 ..?91

Irritation and sensiti2ation+66P# was not irritating to s'in when ?00 mg was a$$lied to intact and shaved rabbit s'in for 2/

hours5 and it was neither a sensitiBer in guinea-$igs nor humans 84P"S ..?91 4nstallation of +66P#

$owder in rabbit eyes caused a slight redness but the chemical was not considered irritating to the

eyes 84P"S5 ..?91


#nimal studies with +66P# have been carried out using different e;$erimental designs with single

or re$eated administration during gestation5 $ostnatally or in adulthood1 +he general to;icity is low5

and "6 8200A9 considered 000 mg'g b1 w1 $er day as a )O#L in rats e;$osed for .0 days1 (or

mice5 the )O#L for weight and blood changes in a similar study was >00 mg'g b1 w1 $er day

84P"S5 ..?91

+66P# e;hibits some signs of he$atoto;icity in rats and mice5 $articularly in *uvenile mice5 in the

gram $er 'g b1 w1 dose range 8(S#5 20c91

#vailable studies indicate that +66P# can affect the host immunity in mice after administration of

5>00 mg'g b1 w1 $er day for 2@ days 8(S#5 20c91


+he available studies did not indicate any re$roductive or teratogenic effects of +66P#1 # few stud-

ies have $rovided contradictory results es$ecially with regard to the develo$mental neuroto;ic $o-

tential of +66P# 8(S#5 20c91




4n a one-generational re$roductive study in rats5 +66P# e;$osures resulted in decreased circulating

thyro;in levels5 while other endocrine effects increased weight of testis and male $ituitary gland1

+he hy$othyro;inemia correlated to a cluster of develo$mental $arameters including delayed se;ual

develo$ment in females5 decreased $u$ mortality5 and effects on brainstem auditory evo'ed $oten-

tials 8Van der Ven et al., 200@91 # $revious study by the same grou$ has indicated that +66P# e;-

$osure5 es$ecially in females5 affects thyroid-de$endent neurobehavioral functions in offs$ring5

such as auditory res$onses e;amined with brainstem auditory evo'ed $otentials 86#Ps9 8Lilien-thal et al.5 200@91 +he 6&,L values for elevation of hearing thresholds in females were in the range

of -/0mg'g body weight5 de$ending on fre=uency1

+uta#enicity8enoto3icity

+he available in vitro data such as #mes test with bacteria5 chromosomal aberrations in human

$eri$heral lym$hocytes5 sister chromatid e;changes in "hinese hamster ovary 8"HO9 cells etc1

indicated that +66P# was not genoto;ic in vitroI in vivo data were lac'ing 8(S#5 20c91

Carcino#enicity

+here are no long-term to;icitycarcinogenicity studies for +66P#1 However5 based on the weight

of evidence 8absence of genoto;icity in vitro5 no indications for $roliferative changes or cytoto;icity

in studies with u$ to .0 days re$eated administration5 no immunosu$$ression5 e;ce$t $ossibly at

high doses95 the (S# "O)+#& Panel concluded that there were no indications that +66P# might

be carcinogenic 8(S#5 20c91


+he main target for +66P# to;icity is thyroid hormone homeostasis5 and most of the studies indi-

cated a decrease in serum +/I in addition5 wea' estrogenic $otency has been found5 but +66P# did

not induce "YP5 "YP26 or "YP!# m7)#5 $rotein and res$ective monoo;ygenase activities1 +he

6&,L0 of A mg'g b1 w1 for changes in circulating thyroid hormone levels could5 in $rinci$le5 be

used as the basis to derive a human health based guidance value 8(S#5 20c91

+66P# also induces o;idative stress in cerebellar granule cells in vitro 87eistad et al.5 200>9

,.$./ DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI


# single administration of 000 mg ,6,P 'g b1 w1 was $oorly absorbed in rats by the oral route

8(S#5 202a91

Only trace amounts of radiolabel were found in e;amined tissues of rat 8liver5 'idney5 brain5 s'eletal

muscle and body fat9 2 days after dosing of /"-Labelled 6+6P41 +issue levels declined by an

order of magnitude over the subse=uent 2@ days 8no data $rovided on levels in fat9 8(S#5 202a91

Acute to3icity+he acute to;icity of 6+6P is very low with an oral L,?0 of 0 g'g b1 w1 for both rats and dogs

8(S#5 202a91

+he acute to;icity of 6+6P4 is very low with an oral L,?0 of >1? g'g b1 w1 for both rats and dogs

8(S#5 202a91


)o information1



brominated flame retardants A!


Statistically significant differences in absolute and relative liver weights were found between control

and female rats dosed 000 mg ,6,P 'g b1 w1 $er day for .0 consecutive days5 but no clinical

signs5 changes in clinical chemistry or hematology were observed 8Hardy et al.5 200291

+his study was insufficient for the (S# "O)+#& Panel to identify a no-observed adverse effect

level 8)O#L9 8(S#5 202a91

On the other hand5 in another study where male rats were orally e;$osed to 00 mg'g b1 w1 $er day

of ,6,P for .0 days5 no significant changes in body5 liver and 'idney weight were observed1 How-

ever5 ,6,P induced changes in various clinical $arameters and a significant increase in the triio-

dothyronine 8+!9 level5 suggesting that ,6,P did alter thyroid hormone homeostasis1 ,6,P also

induced "YP!# biotransformation enBymes and constitutive androgen rece$tor 8"#79-de$endent

gene e;$ression and5 conse=uently5 may cause $ossible adverse effects 83ang et al.5 20091

Krou$s of ? male and ? female S$rague ,awley rats were administered 6+6P4 in their diet at

concentrations of u$ to M 80 000 mg'g feed9 for .0 days1 +he )O#L was the highest dose

testedC M of the diet5 which is e=uivalent to about 000 mg'g bw $er day1 8as cited by (S#5

202a9


)o evidence of maternal to;icity5 develo$mental to;icity or teratogenicity was re$orted in rats and

rabbits treated with ,6,P at dose levels u$ to 2?0 mg'g b1 w1 $er day from gestation day 8K,9 -

A to K,? for rats and K,A to K,@ for rabbits 8Hardy et al.5 20091

4n a study of )ew ealand 3hite rabbits administered 6+6P4 orally5 the )O#L for maternal

and develo$mental to;icity was 000 mg'g bw $er day5 the only dose tested 8as cited by (S#5

202a91

+uta#enicity8enoto3icity,6,P was not genoto;ic in bacterial assays such as the #mes-test with %almonella tphimurium

and in Escherichia coli 3P2 reverse mutation assays5 and no chromosomal aberrations were re-

$orted in "hinese hamster lung cells 8Hardy et al.5 20091

+he mutagenicity of 6+6P4 has been investigated in a number of in vitro systems1 P+6P4 was

not mutagenic in %almonella tphimurium strains +#?!?5 +#?!>5 +#?!@5 +#.@ and +#005 and

in Saccharomces cerevisiae 8,/95 with and without metabolic activation1 8as cited by (S#5

202a91

Carcino#enicity

)o information1


)o information1

4uman health im%acts

)o information1

,.$., 6ther brominated flame retardants

(S# 8202a9 evaluated a number of emerging and novel 6(7s1 Some available to;icological $ro$-

erties are shown in +able /2 which also indicates the self-classification from the "JL database1



A/ brominated flame retardants

,ue to the limited available information on occurrence5 e;$osure and to;icological haBards5 the

"O)+#& Panel concluded that it was not $ossible to $erform a ris' characteriBation for any of the

emerging or novel 6(7s considered 8(S#5 202a91

However5 from the available to;icological information it is evident that tris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9

$hos$hate 8+,6PPI E+ris\9 is genoto;ic and carcinogenic5 and therefore is a health concern 86lum

and #mes5 .>>91 +his flame retardant has been a $riority chemical for a long $eriod of time and was banned in te;tiles in the .@0s1

(S# 8202a9 concludes that dibromoneo$entyl glycol 8,6)PK9 is genoto;ic in the #mes test with

+#00 strain and metabolic activation5 carcinogenic in mice5 and demonstrative of re$roductive

to;icity5 and therefore could be of $otential health concern1

+he to;icity of the highly $ersistent he;abromobenBene 8H669 was not es$ecially noted by (S#

8202a9I however5 this chemical is closely related to he;achlorobenBene 8H"695 a highly to;ic and

banned POP chemical once used as fungicide on seed grains5 which gave rise to serious mass $oi-

soning5 e1g1 in +ur'ey in the .?0s1 #bout ?00 $eo$le were fatally $oisoned and more than /5000

$eo$le fell ill by eating bread made with H"6-treated seed that was intended for agriculture use1

&ost of the sic' were affected with a liver condition called porphria cutanea tarda5 which disturbs

the metabolism of hemoglobin and results in s'in lesions1 H66 has a long residence time in rats

with a half-life of /@ days1 ;$osed rats have increased e;cretion of $or$hyrins in the urine5 analo-

gous to e;$osure to H"61 +herefore5 this chemical should not be used as flame retardant1

+6"H diastereomers activate the human androgen rece$tor 8#79 in in vitro assays5 indicating

$otential endocrine disru$tion 8halaf et al.5 200.91



TAB>0 )&

SU&&#7Y O( #V#4L#6L ,#+# O) HU&#) H#L+H (("+S

Abbre1iation

$

Name CAS No 6ccur

rence

;ood &

4uman sam

%les &

'e%roducti1e and

de1elo%mental

to3icity &

8enoto3icity

carcino#enity

&

)HPeBP6

BD0&5

Pentabromo$heno;y-

nonabromodi$henyl ether

[email protected]?-AA-? )o data )o data )o data )o data

BDBP

TART6 5!-6is825!-

dibromo$ro$yl9-?-82-

$ro$en--yl9-5!5?-triaBine-


>?>.?-A-! )o data )o data )o data )o data

B04T0BP 6is82-ethylhe;yl9 tetra-

bromo$hthalate 2A0/0-?-> )o data )o data )o data ,)# strand brea's

8(iremaster9

BTBP0 52-6is825/5A-

tribromo$heno;y9 ethane !>@?!-?.- / ngg

fat

Plasma 8S9

1! ngg fat

)o hatching effects

8chic'en9

)ot mutagenic in #me

cerevisiae


ethane @/@?2-?!-. U$ to >

ngg fat

Plasma 8S9

ngg fat

)o develo$mental or

teratogenic effects

8rats95 de$ressedhatching 8fish9


cells

DB0DBC4 /-852-,ibromoethyl9-52-

dibromo cyclohe;ane !!22-.!-@ )o data )o data )o data &utagenic in mouse ly

DB4CTD ?5A-,ibromo-

505525!5!-

he;achloro--

tricyclo:@1211025.< tride-

cene

?.!A-??- )o data )o data )o hatching effects

8chic'en9

)o data

DBNP8 ,ibromoneo$entylglycol !2.A-.0-0 )o data )o data 4m$aired re$roduction

8mice9

&utagenic in #mes tes

cells5 and in vivo1 4ncre

incidence in male and

and mice



AA brominated flame retardants

Abbre1iation

$

Name CAS No 6ccur

rence

;ood &

4uman sam

%les &

'e%roducti1e and

de1elo%mental

to3icity &

8enoto3icity

carcino#enity

&

DBP 25/-,ibromo$henol Z/ A?-?@-> U$ to A

ngg fat Z/

Plasma 8"anada9

/@ 8 ?0-/ 009

ngl

)o data )o data

DBPTART6 -825!-,ibromo$ro$yl9-

!5?-diallyl-5!5?-triaBine-


?>@[email protected]> )o data )o data )o data )o data

DBS ,ibromostyrene !>@0-2A-/ )o data )o data )o data )o data

0BT0BPI thylenebis 8tetrabro-

mo$hthalimide9 !2?@@->A-/ )o data )o data )o effects in rats

8highest dose9

)ot mutagenic in

#mes test1

04TBB 2-thylhe;yl 25!5/5?-

tetrabromobenBoate @!A?@-2>-> )o data )o data )o data ,)# strand brea's

8(iremaster9

4BB He;abromobenBene @>-@2- U$ to ?

ngg fat

Serum 8"H4)#9

010? ngg fat &il'

8%P9 012>-01/A

ngg fat

)ot teratogenic 8rats9 )ot mutagenic in #me

4BCYD He;abromocyclodecane 2?/.?-.@- )o data )o data )o data )o data

4CTBP4 525!5/5>5>-He;achloro-?-

825!5/5?-

tetrabromo$henyl9-

bicyclo:2121<he$t-2-ene

!/?>-A-. )o data )o data )o data )o data

4004P

T0BP

2-82-Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl

2-hydro;y$ro$yl !5/5?5A-

tetrabromo$hthalate

20?AA-!?-2 )o data )o data )o data )ot mutagenic in #me

Cerevisae.

6BT+PI Octabromotrimethyl$henyl

indane 0@/@@.-?-.

02?.?A-A?-!

@.!@/!-0>->

??A!-.!->

)o data )o data )o data )o data



brominated flame retardants A>

Abbre1iation

$

Name CAS No 6ccur

rence

;ood &

4uman sam

%les &

'e%roducti1e and

de1elo%mental

to3icity &

8enoto3icity

carcino#enity

&

PBBAcr PentabromobenByl acrylate ?.//>-??- )o data )o data )o data )o data

PB0B PentabromoethylbenBene @?-22-! 0 ngg

fat

Serum 8"H4)#9

LO, 010

ngg fat

)o data )ot mutagenic in #me

PBP P entabromo$henol Z/ A0@->-. 010/

ngg fat Z/

)o data )o data P6P was not mutageni

la tphimurium

)o data on carcinogen

PBT Pentabromotoluene @>-@!-2 )o data )o data )o foetoto;icity 8rats9 )ot mutagenic in #me

TBC6 525?5A-

+etrabromocyclooctane !./-?>-@ )o data )o data )o data )o data

TBNPA +ribromoneo$entyl alcohol ?22-.2-? )o data )o data )o data &utagenic in #mes tes

bolic act19

TBP 25/5A-+ribromo$henol Z/ @->.-A U$ to !

ngg fat Z/

Plasma 8"anada9

?@ 8 ?-2@09 ngl

Umbilical cord

8%a$an9 !! $gg

wet weight 8@129

)O#Ls for maternal

and develo$mental

to;icity 000 and !00

mg'g bw $er day5

res$ectively


)o data on carcinogen

TBPA0 2-8#llylo;y9-5!5?-

tribromobenBene Z/

!2>@[email protected]? 010/

ngg fat Z/

)o data )o data )o data

TBM 25!5?5A-+etrabromo-$-

;ylene 2!/@@-!@-2 )o data ngg fat )o data )o data

TDBPP +ris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9

$hos$hate 2A->2-> )o data )o data )o data &utagenic in bacterial

lian cells5 chromosoma

in vitro and in vivo1 i

in male rats and mice



A@ brominated flame retardants

Abbre1iation

$

Name CAS No 6ccur

rence

;ood &

4uman sam

%les &

'e%roducti1e and

de1elo%mental

to3icity &

8enoto3icity

carcino#enity

&

TDBP

TART6 5!5?-+ris825!-


triaBine-25/5A-trione

?2/!/-.0-. )o data )o data ,e$ressed hatching

8fish9

)o data

TTBNPP +ris8tribromoneo$entyl9$hos$hate .@A-.>- )o data )o data )o data )o data

TTBPTAR 25/5A-+ris825/5A-

tribromo$heno;y9-5!5?-

triaBine

2?>!-A0-/ )o data )o data )o data )o data

Z #bbreviations changed to be in consistence with 6ergman et al.5 202a1

Z2 SourceC (S#5 202a

Z! "JL database1 Self-classification regarding human health R indicated by more than 2?M of notifiers1 ,ata from #$$endi; A1 F)o haBard classF indica

tered as Fno t classifiedF1

Z/ ,ata e;tracted from (S#5 202b1 ,ata on occurence in food include data from uro$e only1



brominated flame retardants A.

,.$.7 Combination effects

Simultaneous occurrence of more brominated flame retardants with similar to;icological mecha-

nism will result in additive effects at a minimum1 +here may also be a $ossibility for synergistic

effects1 +hyroid hormones are critically involved in brain develo$ment and P6, 8Q metabolites9

induced develo$mental neuroto;icity may be caused by disru$tion of thyroid hormone homeostasis

8,ingermans et al., 2091 Since most of the 6,s5 other brominated flame retardants and other

environmental $ollutants can affect thyroid homeostasis5 combinational effects are li'ely to occur1

)euroto;icological effects have been seen in mice several months after administration of a single

dose of s$ecific P6, congeners and +66P# on day 0 after birth 8results from ri'sson et al.5

..@91

,.& 4uman e3%osure

Human e;$osure to 6(7s has recently been reviewed by the (S# Panel on "ontaminants in the

(ood "hain 8"O)+#&9 and re$orted in five assessments on P6, 8(S#5 20b95 P66 8(S#5

200a95 H6",, 8(S#5 20a95 +66P# and its derivatives 8(S#5 20c95 emerging and novel 6(7s

8(S#5 20a9 and brominated $henols and their derivatives 8(S#5 202b91 +he following section

is largely based on these assessments and many $aragra$hs are direct citations of the assessments

with a focus in the substances still in use in the U1

+o the e;tent ,anish data have been identified5 they are included in the followingI i1e1 if nothing is

mentioned5 no ,anish data have been identified1

+he brominated flame retardants are solids with a low va$our $ressure 8volatility95 thus air e;$o-

sures will mainly be to $article-bound substances1 +he water solubility is also low but these chemi-

cals are $ersistent and li$o$hilic and can be accumulated and magnified through the a=uatic food

chains1

Humans may be directly e;$osed to brominated flame retardants in occu$ational settings that in-

volve handling these chemicals5 or materials containing these chemicals1 "onsumers may be directlye;$osed to these chemicals through e;$osure to consumer $roducts1 7eleases from such $roducts

may also cause elevated levels in indoor air and dusts1 +he general $o$ulation may further be $o-

tentially e;$osed to 6(7s in $olluted ambient air5 in $olluted soil 8children mainly9 and in $olluted

drin'ing water1

,.&.$ Direct e3%osure

+he direct e;$osures are e;$osures from the direct handling of the 6(7s and mi;tures and articles

containing the 6(7s in occu$ational settings and by consumers1

Consumer e3%osure

PBD0s = )on-dietary human e;$osure to P6,s and other 6(7s can occur via inhalation of gas-$hase P6,s and P6,s on $articles5 as well as oral inta'e of house dust1 Such e;$osure can occur

in homes as well as in the wor'$lace1 )o re$orts could be identified which indicate that dermal

e;$osure should be of any im$ortance for the total human e;$osure 8(S#5 20b91 +he main non-

dietary human e;$osure routes are described in section A1212 addressing indirect e;$osure1

4BCDD = #ccording to (S# 820a95 no re$orts could be identified which indicate that dermal

e;$osure should be of any im$ortance for the total human e;$osure 8(S#5 20a91 +he main non-

dietary human e;$osure route is described in section A1212 addressing indirect e;$osure1

TBBPA #ccording to the U 7is' #ssessment5 consumer e;$osure to +66P# is li'ely to be insig-

nificant 8"65 200A91




6ther B;'s R )o data on direct e;$osure of consumers to other 6(7s have been identified1

6ccu%ational e3%osure

Occu$ational e;$osure to the main 6(7s is described in the U 7is' #ssessments and summarised

from these5 although the occu$ational e;$osure has li'ely decreased as a conse=uence of the activi-

ties under V"#P5 although the emission reduction $rogramme does not s$ecifically target occu$a-

tional e;$osure1

PBD0s = #ccording to the U 7is' #ssessment5 the main occu$ational e;$osures to deca6, are

by handling of the substance such as filling or em$tying bags5 adding the substance by formulation

$rocesses 8e1g1 hotmelt adhesives9 or sewing deca6, treated te;tiles 8"65 200291 +he occu$a-

tional e;$osure from the end-use of flame retardant $roducts is considered negligible 8"65 200291

# number of studies from the last ten years demonstrate that wor'ers in recycling facilities

may be e;$osed to the 6(7s over and above the level of the general $o$ulation1 levated e;$osure

to P6, of wor'ers in recycling facilities has been demonstrated in "hina5 Sweden5 )orway

and the US# 8as reviewed by Schecter et al. 8200.991 # Swedish study showed the median total

P6, blood level in recycling facility wor'ers was seven times higher than the reference grou$5

which consisted of hos$ital wor'ers and com$uter cler's 8S*odin et al., ... cited by Schecter et al.5

200.91 # later study showed that dust-reducing industrial hygiene im$rovements clearly reduced

the occu$ational e;$osure to higher brominated di$henyl ethers1 4n 20005 the 6,-20. concentra-

tions did not differ from levels observed in a reference $o$ulation whereas the levels of he;a- to

nona6,s still were elevated 8+huresson et al.5 200Aa91

Schecter et al. 8200.9 showed an a$$ro;imate A-fold to !!-fold increase in electronic recycling

facility wor'ers P6, e;$osure as com$ared with the US general $o$ulation1

7osenberg et al. ( 209 measured P6,s5 +66P#5 ,6,P5 H6",, and 6+6P and a chlorinated

(7 at four recycling facilities in (inland1 +he three most abundant (7s in $ersonal air sam$les

were P6,s 8com$rised mostly of deca-6,5 +66P#5 and ,6,P95 with mean concentrationsranging from 2 to 25!20 ngm!5 from @1> to /!0 ngm!5 and from !1? to !A0 ngm!5 res$ectively1

+he authors conclude that the concentrations re$orted may $ose a health haBard to the wor'ers5

although evaluation of the association between 6(7 e;$osure and adverse health effects is ham-

$ered by lac' of occu$ational e;$osure limits1

4BCDD = +he main occu$ational e;$osures to H6",, is from handling of the substance such as

filling or em$tying bags5 adding the substance by formation $rocesses or sewing H6",, treated

te;tiles 8"65 200@a91 Other occu$ational e;$osure scenarios may be at building sites handling

insulation boards or other materials containing H6",,1 +hese scenarios $robably result in much

lower e;$osure levels than the scenarios arising during direct handling of the $ure substance 8"65

200@a91

TBBPA =+he U 74S assessment for +66P# did not review occu$ational e;$osure to +66P#5 but

ma'es reference to a study of +homsen et al. 82005 as cited by "65 200@9 determined the concen-

tration of +66P# in blood $lasma from humans in three occu$ational grou$s in )orwayC electronic

e=ui$ment dismantlers5 circuit board $roducers and laboratory $ersonnel1 +he levels found in the

various $o$ulations were from 01A/ to 1@ g'g li$id 8mean 1! g'g li$id9 in the electronic

e=ui$ment dismantlers5 from not detected to 01@0 g'g li$id 8mean 01?/ g'g li$id9 in the circuit

board $roducers and from not detected to 01?2 g'g li$id 8mean 01!/ g'g li$id9 in the laboratory

$ersonnel1




TBBPA - levated indoor air concentrations5 u$ to several orders of magnitude above those found

in outdoor air5 have been re$orted for s$ecific occu$ational environments5 such as electronics dis-

mantling $lants 8(S#5 20c91

6ther B;'s = )o data have been identified on occu$ational e;$osure to other 6(7s a$art from

the data from recycling facilities mentioned above1 +he main occu$ational e;$osures to other 6(7s

is li'ely from handling of the substance such as filling or em$tying bags or adding the substancethrough formulation $rocesses5 and for handling some of the substances from recycling1

,.&.& Indirect e3%osure

+he indirect e;$osure routes include e;$osures to haBardous substances via the environment 8in

ambient air5 food5 drin'ing water5 etc195 the indoor climate 8indoor air and dust9 or other indirect

e;$osures 8e1g1 from $ac'aging or drin'ing water installation91

Ambient air

4n general5 e;$osure via ambient air does not a$$ear to be a significant source of 6(7sI measure-

ments in airs are used rather to indicate the $otential of long-range trans$ort of the substances1

PBD0s +here are several factors indicating long-range transboundary trans$ort of P6,s in the

environmentC they have a high $ersistency in air and monitoring has detected a wides$read occur-

rence in the uro$ean atmos$here 8(S#5 20b91 7ecorded levels of tri- to he;a6,s in the U5

"anada and uwait ranged from 01/. to !2 $gm!5 whereas 6,-20. 8deca6,9 was recorded

from the limit of detection u$ to 0? $gm! in Ontario5 "anada 8Harrad et al.5 2005 as cited by

(S#5 20b91

# study of trends of P6,s in uro$ean bac'ground air sam$led at eleven sites 8southern ngland

to northern )orway9 during 2000 to 200@ showed a general decline in P6, levels over time1 #

consistent decline was only observed at four sites and declines could only be calculated for 6,-/>5

-/.5 -..5 -005 -?! and -?/5 for which half-lives ranged from 1/ to /10 years1 +he absolute decline

of the sum of P6, levels between 2000-2002 and 200A-200@ ranged from !? to ?> M and theconcentration in air declined by ?0 M every 212 01/ years1 8Schuster et al.5 2005 as cited by (S#5

20b9

4BCDD H6",,s have been found in #rctic air 8Svalbard9 at mean concentrations of >1 $gm!

8200A9 and A1? $gm! 8200>91 _-H6",, was the $redominant stereoisomer followed by ]-H6",,

and a low contribution of -H6",,1 arlier results from remote stations in Sweden and (inland

ranged from 2 to 2@0 $gm!1 8(S#5 20a9

TBBPA "om$arable concentrations of +66P# were found at a rural site in northern Kermany

8ranging from 010/ to 01@? $gm!9 and over the 3adden Sea 8ranging from 01! to 01A. $gm!95

whereas the concentrations over the )ortheast #tlantic Ocean ranged from 010/ to 01> $gm!

5 with the highest concentration $resent in a sam$le collected at the 3est )orwegian coast5 indicat-

ing an in$ut source from land to ocean 8Nie et al.5 200> as cited by (S#5 20c91 +he levels of

+66P# in ambient air are considerably lower than the levels of H6",, mentioned above1

6ther B;'s R Other 6(7s in air in the )ordic countries have been analysed by Schlabach et al.

8209 and are further described in section ?1!121

Soil

+he dominating source of 6(7s in arable soil is via a$$lication of sludge from sewage treatment

$lants 8(S#5 20b91 +he releases to soil by a$$lication of sludge are discussed in section /11 +he

(S# reviews $rovide limited data on 6(7s in soil and no estimates of the $ossible e;$osure to



brominated flame retardants >!

from ,anish waters and the e;$osure of ,anish adults and children to H6",, are estimated1 +he

results show that ]-H6",, was $resent in the highest amounts5 followed by _-H6",, and

^H6",,1 +he highest levels of the sum of the H6",, isomers 8}H6",,9 were found in cod liver

that is used e1g1 for the $roduction of vitamin su$$lies 8Vitamin ,91 +he cod liver contained !>-AAM

li$id and ngg w1w1 }H6",,1 Salmon5 being a fatty fish with li$id levels from 0-2!M5 contained

the second largest contaminant levels5 21/? ngg w1w11 +he mac'erel ta'en from the )orth Sea con-

tained 2!-2.M li$id and an average }H6",, level of 01.! ngg w1w1 4n conclusion5 the results of A!fish sam$les for food consum$tion showed }H6",, levels from 010-A1> ngg w1w1 or 01-0

ngg li$id1

+he distribution of }H6",, e;$osure from fish for the adult $o$ulation in ,enmar' showed that a

large $ro$ortion of the $o$ulation has a low e;$osure to H6",, from fish1 +he curve decreases

slowly5 as some individuals have a relatively high H6",, e;$osure from fish1 +he mean e;$osure

for adults is 01. ng'g body weight $er day5 and the .?th $ercentile is 01>? ng'g bwday1 +he

}H6",, e;$osure for children aged /-/ is 012! ng'g bwday and the e;$osure for high consum-

ers5 estimated as the .? $ercentile5 is 12@ ng'g bwday1 +he }H6",, e;$osure is mainly derived

from eating salmon and herring1 +he &argin of ;$osure 8&O9 was calculated relative to the ef-

fect of the most sensitive end-$oint5 and based on the mean and the .?th $ercentiles 8re$resenting

high consum$tion91 +he calculated inta'e and the &Os are shown in +able /!1 +he authors con-

cluded that the &Os are of no food safety concern1

TAB>0 )*

"#L"UL#+4O) O( &O O( }H6",, (O7 ,#)4SH #,UL+S 8#K, ?->?9 #), "H4L,7) 8#K, //9 8,+U (OO ,5

20!9

0ffect

le1el

F#"#

b(dayG

03%osure

#rou%

Danish

adults

Fn#"#

b(dayG

+60 Danish

children

Fn#"#

b(dayG

+60

B+D>$neurode1elo%mental

effects on beha1iour

>.0 &ean 01. /1 ; 0A 012! !1/ ; 0A

.?th $ercen-

tile

01>? ; 0A 12@ A>5000

09 +he mean dietary e;$osure to H6",,s across dietary surveys in uro$ean countries was

estimated by (S# 820a9 for children from three to ten years old 8FOther childrenF95 ranging from

01? - 1@? ng'g body weight 8bw9 $er day for the minimum lower bound 8L69 and ma;imum u$-

$er bound 8U695 res$ectively1 +otal dietary e;$osure for adults is about half the e;$osure for FOther

childrenF5 with minimum L6 and ma;imum U65 res$ectively5 of 010. and 01.. ng'g bw $er day1

,ietary e;$osure to H6",,s is decreasing with increasing age down to 010A - 01?/ ng'g bw $er

day for the minimum L6 and ma;imum U65 res$ectively5 for pVery elderlyD 8from >? years of age andolder91 Similar e;$osure $atterns across age classes are found for the dietary inta'e of high consum-

ers 8.?th $ercentile91 (or a s$ecific $o$ulation grou$ consisting of high consumers of fish5 the total

mean dietary U6 inta'e of H6",, 8ma;imum U6 across uro$ean surveys9 is 21>A ng'g bw $er

day1 +he total dietary U6 inta'e of consumers of fish liver 8once a wee'9 is estimated to be 1./

ng'g bw 8(S#5 20a91

"onsidering the L6 estimates5 the contribution of p(ish meat and $roductsD to the median inta'e of

H6",,s across uro$ean dietary surveys vary from @! to @@12 M for the different age classes1 +he

second highest dietary source of dietary e;$osure to H6",,s is the food grou$ p&eat and meat

$roductsD5 with median L6 contribution across uro$ean dietary surveys5 ranging from A1 to @1. M5

and median U6 from .1@ to ?1! M5 for different age classes 8(S#5 20a91



>/ brominated flame retardants

(S# 820a9 concluded that the estimated dietary inta'e for the different $o$ulation grou$s indi-

cate that current dietary e;$osure to H6",,s in the uro$ean Union does not raise a health con-

cern1

TBBPA = +he ,anish study of content of chemical contaminants in food in the $eriod 200/-20

included analyses of +66P# in sam$les of fish 8,+U (ood5 20!91 +66P# was almost undetectable

in the sam$les5 ty$ically at a level of less than M of the level of H6",,1 +he highest value was0102 ngg w1w1 from 20 sam$les of herring1 )o assessment of the inta'e of +66P# was included in

the study1

(S#s "O)+#& Panel concluded that the submitted occurrence data were not suitable to carry out

a reliable dietary e;$osure assessment for the general $o$ulation or s$ecific $o$ulation grou$s such

as infants5 children or vegetarians 8(S#5 20c91 # hy$othetical worst case dietary e;$osure esti-

mate for +66P# was considered for the s$ecific grou$ of adult high fish consumers by 9 substitut-

ing the concentration levels of +66P# in fish5 all re$orted as not =uantified5 by the LO of ngg

wet weight and 29 assuming a daily high fish consum$tion of 21A g'g body weight 8bw9 +he result-

ing Eu$$er bound\ e;$osure estimate was 21A ng'g bw $er day1 #ccording to (S# 820c95 the

available data indicates that current dietary e;$osure to +66P# in the U does not raise a health

concern1

DBDP0 R # total of 00 com$osite sam$les of various food commodities were $re$ared after col-

lection of individual sub-sam$les at the $roduction or $rocessing stage in the U1 )o sam$le con-

tained ,6,P levels above the limit of detection 8range as re$orted by the authors9 of 01.-! 8mil'95

12- 21> 8carcass fat95 1/2->1.> 8liver9 and ),-A10 8eggs9 ngg fat 8+lustos et al.5 200 as cited by

(S#5 2091 +he "O)+#& Panel noted5 however5 that observations in wildlife5 $articularly in fish5

indicate that ,6,P might also be $resent in food1

6ther B;'s #ccording to (S# 820b95 limited information could be identified on other 6(7s

in food5 although the observations in wildlife5 $articularly in fish5 indicate that many of the 6(7s

might also be $resent in food1

Indoor climate

+he indoor climate may be a significant source of e;$osure to some of the 6(7s5 es$ecially for chil-

dren1

PBD0s # ,anish e;$osure study from 200. of $regnant women and their unborn children

demonstrated $ositive correlations for 6,-2@5 -/>5 -005 -20. and P6, in maternal $lasma and

house dust5 as well as for P6, in umbilical cord $lasma and house dust1 8(rederi'sen et al.5

2009 +he $ositive correlations between the levels of P6,s in house dust and the various biologi-

cal matrices indicated that house dust was a significant source of P6, e;$osure in ,enmar'1

(S# 8202b9 reviews a number of studies on P6,s in dust and the relation between e;$osures

and the levels in humans1 (S#s "O)+#& $anel summarises that the available e;$osure estimates

indicate that house and car dust can be im$ortant routes of e;$osure es$ecially for children to 6,-

20.1 "oncentrations in dust a$$ear to influence bloodhuman mil'$lacenta concentrations signifi-

cantly1 However5 the "O)+#& $anel also noted that e;$osure from dust is of no health concern

8(S#5 20b91

+he highest concentrations of 6,-20. in dust worldwide were detected in the U5 which is the

only U country with s$ecic re=uirements for ame retardancy in domestic u$holstery 8Vor'am$5

2029

4BCDD ,ust in homes5 classrooms and cars can be a source of e;$osure to H6",,s for children1



brominated flame retardants >?

6ased on the level of total H6",, in dust5 #bdallah et al. 8200@b5 as cited by (S#5 209 identi-

fied dust ingestion as an im$ortant $athway of e;$osure to H6",, for the U $o$ulation1 #verage

dust ingestion was estimated to constitute 2!1. M of total e;$osure to H6",,s for adults and A21A

M for toddlers1 High dust inta'e scenarios 8.?th $ercentile9 resulted in values of ?>1. M and .1? M5

res$ectively1 4nhalation was found to be a minor e;$osure $athway to H6",,s contributing 12 M

or less in all scenarios1

#ssuming a body weight of 20 'g the e;$osure through dust in homes5 classrooms and cars was

estimated to be 01??5 ?1. and !!0 ng'g bw for three scenarios5 res$ectively 8(S#5 20a91 +he

three scenarios were a plow-endD scenario where the child ingests ?0 mg dust $er day contaminated

at the ?th $ercentile concentration5 one pty$icalD scenario where ?0 mg dust $er day contaminated at

the median concentration is ingested5 and one phigh-endD scenario where the child ingests 200 mg

dust $er day contaminated at the .?th $ercentile concentration1 +he "O)+#& Panel concluded that

the pty$icalD e;$osure scenario $rovided the most realistic estimate of e;$osure to H6",,s from

dust1

+he available studies indicate according to (S# 820a9 that the daily non-dietary e;$osure5 main-

ly through dust in homes5 offices5 schools5 cars and the $ublic environment can substantially con-

tribute5 and in some cases even dominate the total human e;$osure to H6",,s5 es$ecially for tod-

dlers and children1 +a'ing into account the uncertainties in the dust e;$osure estimates and con-

sidering the use of U6 dietary inta'e estimates5 the "O)+#& Panel5 however5 concluded that the

available information indicates that it is unli'ely that additional e;$osure to H6",,s from dust

raises a health concern1

TBBPA ,ust in homes5 classrooms and cars can be an additional source of e;$osure to +66P#5

$articularly for children1 &ean concentrations of +66P# in indoor dust from homes5 offices5 cars

and $ublic microenvironments were re$orted to be in the range of A-220 ngg dust 8(S#5 20c91

"onsidering the .?th $ercentile +66P# concentration in dust of /A0 ngg5 the e;$osure based on a

ty$ical or high end e;$osure scenario would be 12 or /1A ng'g bw $er day5 res$ectively 8(S#5

20c91 +he "O)+#& Panel concluded that the available data indicate that e;$osure of children to+66P# from dust does not raise a health concern 8(S#5 20c91

DBDP0 R # number of studies of ,6,P in indoor air and dust have been $erformed1 arlsson et

al. 8200>9 studied ,6,P in house dust sam$led in five homes from three Swedish cities and found

,6,P in all but one sam$le in concentrations ranging from 201@ to 2 ngg dust1 +he authors

also analysed the va$our $hase and found ,6,P in only one sam$le5 01022. ngm!1 Harrad et al.

8200@9 re$orted the levels of ,6,P in dust t sam$les from U homes5 offices and cars1 #verage

8and ma;imum9 concentrations were found to be 2>0 8!5/0095 >0 8@A09 and .00 825.009 ngg

dust5 res$ectively1 Similar levels was found by #li et al. 8209 in dust sam$les collected in 6elgian

homes and offices5 and in U child-care centre and $rimary school classrooms 8n !A9 in 200> and

200@1 +he median 8min-ma;9 concentrations were ?! 8??-252A9 ngg dust5 >2 8>0 R @/A9 nggdust and .@ 8 20 - 2 /A>9 ngg dust5 res$ectively1 +he ty$ical 8median9 e;$osure via high dust

ingestion was calculated to be 1@. and 01@ ng'g bw $er day for toddlers and adults5 res$ectively1

+hese concentrations were high com$ared to the concentrations found for other 6(7s as discussed

below1

6ther B;'s R 4n a study from the )ordic "ountries the levels of brominated ethers and esters

were higher in the indoor air sam$les com$ared to outdoor air 8Schlabach et al.5 2091 4n indoor

air5 6+6P was found in the highest concentrations5 ranging from .-. $gm! while 6H+6H was

found in concentrations around > $gm!5 and ,P+ in concentrations around $gm!1 #+5 6#+

and H+e66 could not be detected1



brominated flame retardants >>

6,-20.at concentrations close to or below detection limits 8as reviewed by Vor'am$5 20291 4n a

,anish study the P6, concentration in the umbilical cord sam$les varied between 2! and

?/5!/A $gg lw5 with a median of .?@ $gg lw 8(rederi'sen et a15 200.91 4n the maternal sam$les

where the 6,-20. analysis was successful5 the concentrations of 6,-20. contributed on average

?0M to the total P6, burden 8rangeC .R@AM91 4n the umbilical cord $lasma sam$les5 6,-20.

was detected in all sam$les5 but the concentrations were below or close to those found in the blan's1

#ccording to the authors5 other studies have detected 6,-20. in cord blood with LOs similar tothose of this study5 indicating that5 to some e;tent5 trans$ort of 6,-20. does ta'e $lace 8(reder-

i'sen et al.5 200.91

+he average concentrations of the $redominant P6, congeners in human mil' show a com$arable

mean contamination across various uro$ean countries 8(S#5 20b91 6,-/> was generally the

$redominant congener with mean concentrations across countries of 01/-!10 ngg fat1 +he average

concentrations across uro$ean countries for 6,-.. and 6,-?! were found to be 010!-1

ngg fat and 010-21/ ngg fat5 res$ectively1 However5 the individual contamination may differ con-

siderably as indicated by the wide concentration ranges for several P6,s from various countries1

(or 6,-20.5 mean concentrations between 012 and 21. ngg fat were re$orted for seven uro$e-

an countries1

(or breast-fed infants with average human mil' consum$tion5 the mean daily e;$osure of 6,-/>5 -

.. and -?! across countries ranges from 01A/-!1@5 01/-?10? and 01/A-10 ng'g bw (or 6,-

20.5 the e;$osure scenario based on average human mil' consum$tion results in a range of 01.A-

!1! ng'g bw $er day1 (or infants with a high human mil' consum$tion the res$ective mean daily

e;$osure across uro$ean countries for 6,-/>5 -.. and -?! ranges from 01.A-201A5 01/->1?>

and 01A.-A1? ng'g bw (or 6,-20. the e;$osure scenario based on high human mil' consum$-

tion amounts to 1//-2010 ng'g bw $er day1

vidence e;ists regarding elimination of 6,-20. in human mil' as shown by #ntignac et al.

8200@9 who found that this com$ound was one of the ma*or P6, congeners found in human mil'

collected between the !rd and Ath day after delivery in .! volunteer women1

4BCDD (or breast-fed infants with average human mil' consum$tion 8@00 mL $er day9 the

re$orted range for total H6",, in human mil' 801!-! ngg fat9 results in daily e;$osures of 01A0-

/2 ng'g bw (or infants with high human mil' consum$tion 85200 mL $er day9 this is 01.0-2!

ng'g bw 8(S#5 20a91 +he concentration of H6",, in human mil' in Sweden increased during

the $eriod .@0-200 as shown in section A1/121 (S# 820a9 concludes that it is unli'ely that

e;$osure of breast-fed infants via human mil' raises a health concern1

TBBPA = +he detection of +66P# in cord serum collected from (rench women during caesarean

deliveries 8"ariou et al.5 200@ as cited by (S#5 202c9 confirms that trans-$lacental transfer of

+66P# occurs in humans1

,ata on levels of +66P# in human mil' are scarce 8(S#5 20c9. (or ! month old breast-fed in-

fants in (rance with average human mil' consum$tion 8@00 mL $er day95 concentrations of +66P#

in human mil' 8ranging from 010A to !>1! ngg fat9 result in daily e;$osures of 012@ to > ng'g

b1w 8"ariou et al.5200@ as cited by (S#5 20c91 (or infants with high human mil' consum$tion

85200 mLday9 the res$ective daily e;$osures range from 01/ to 2?> ng'g bw 8(S#5 20c91 +he

data from the (rench study showed the widest range and the highest median and average concen-

trations1 +he "O)+#& Panel noted that5 in contrast to the other studies5 the analytical method

a$$lied in the (rench investigation included a hydrolysis ste$ in the sam$le $re$aration in order to

cleave $otential glucuronide or sul$hate con*ugates1 +his may e;$lain the higher values re$orted1



>@ brominated flame retardants

(S# 820c9 concludes that e;$osure of breast-fed infants to +66P# via human mil' does not raise

a health concern1

6ther B;'s (or all other 6(7s there is a lac' of basic information on their occurrence in human

sam$les5 including human mil'1 (u*ii et al. 8202 as cited by (S#5 202a9 analysed H66 in human

mil' sam$les 8n /09 from mothers living in %a$an1 H66 was detected in all sam$les but one5 with

a median and mean concentration of 01!2 and 01?! ngg fat5 res$ectively 8middle bound a$$roach5LO 010? ngg fat91

,.* Biomonitorin# data

6iomonitoring data for 6(7s have recently been reviewed by (S#s "O)+#& $anel and Vor'am$

82029 and the following is5 to a large e;tent5 e;tracted from these reviews1

Since 6(7s are $ersistent organic $ollutants and li$o$hilic5 they are associated with fat5 and the

highest levels are measured in the li$id-rich tissues1 4n monitoring e;ercises all results are therefore

calculated on a fat basis in order to get more relevant com$arisons and trends1

&ost human bio-monitoring investigations of 6(7s have studied human mil' sam$les5 many have

studied human blood serum$lasma and only a few have studied adi$ose tissue or hair sam$les1

,.*.$ Blood serum and adi%ose tissue

PBD0 4n human adi$ose tissue and liver sam$les re$orted in the literature from different uro-

$ean countries5 6,-?! was the most $redominant congener 810-21? ngg fat9 followed by 6,-

/>1 4n $lacental tissue5 serum or blood 6,-/> was the $redominant congener 801A->10 ngg fat9

followed by 6,-?! and 6,-..1 8(S#5 20b91

3hen analysed5 6,-20. was re$orted to be the most $redominant congener in serum or blood

sam$les 801>>-!> ngg fat9 8(S#5 20b91

4BCDD #ccording to (S# 820a95 the median concentration of total H6",, in serum andadi$ose tissue sam$les was in general not higher than ! ngg fat5 e;ce$t when considering occu$a-

tional e;$osure where the levels were re$orted to be u$ to 0 ngg fat1 ]-H6",, was found to be

the dominating isomer in serum and adi$ose tissue sam$les5 while - and _-H6",, were not de-

tected or contributed only -! M to the total1 4n contrast5 in serum sam$les from wor'ers e;$osed to

H6",,s5 the contribution of _-H6",, was re$orted to be much higher 8!. M9 $ointing to direct

e;$osure to the technical H6",, where _-H6",, is $redominant 8about >@ M91 +herefore5 higher

levels of _-H6",, than ]-H6",, might indicate recent e;$osure to technical H6",,1

Lignell et al. 8209 studied the tem$oral trends of H6",, in blood serum from mothers $regnant

for the first time from U$$sala 8Sweden9 between ..A and 2001 +he concentrations of H6",,

were below the LO in more than >0 M of the sam$les1 +he mean concentration in the $eriod ..A-200 was 012@ ngg fat1 #fter linear regression analysis5 the authors re$orted that the H6",, level

in serum decreased significantly during the study $eriod1 +his decrease re$orted by the authors is in

contrast to a steady increase observed in $ooled human mil' sam$les from Stoc'holm1

TBBPA R (S# 820c9 concludes that the studies in the literature re$orting levels of +66P# in

human sam$les other than human mil' are limited and no studies have been found re$orting levels

of +66P# derivatives1 +he levels found varies among the studies which may be attributed to differ-

ent analytical methods1 4n )orway5 +homsen et al. 8200> as cited by (S#5 20c9 analysed +66P#

in archived $ooled serum sam$les from )orway sam$led from different county hos$itals yearly

since .>?1 +66P# was found in all serum $ools from .@2 to 200!5 as well as methylated +66P#1

+he concentration for the sum of both +66P# and methylated +66P# ranged from LO 801 ngg

fat9 to 210 ngg fat1 4n (rance5 "ariou et al. 8200@ as cited by (S#5 20c9 analysed the concentra-



brominated flame retardants >.

tion of +66P# in maternal and cord serum5 and adi$ose tissue sam$led from volunteers during

caesarean deliveries5 and human mil'1 +66P# was not detected in any of the adi$ose tissue sam$les

analysed 8n//91 4n maternal serum5 +66P# was =uantified in 2. out of the . sam$les analysed

with a median 8min-ma;9 concentration of A1/ 8012!-.!1229 ngg fat5 while in cord serum it was

=uantified in 2> out of the .0 sam$les analysed with a median concentration of ?/1>A 8210.-A/.1/?9

ngg fat1 )o significant correlation could be established by the authors between the concentrations

of +66P# in maternal and cord serum1 )o relation was found between the age of the volunteer women and the concentration in maternal serum1

DBDP0 = ,6,P could not be identified above the LO, 810! ngg fat9 in ? human $lasma sam-

$les from Sweden 8arlsson et al.5 200> as cited by (S#5 202a91

6ther B;'s 6+6P was analysed in human $lasma sam$les 8n ?9 from Sweden5 but was not

identified in any of these sam$les above the LO, of 1! ngg fat 8arlsson et al.5 200> as cited by

(S#5 202a91

,.*.& 4uman mil"

PBD0s = +he average concentrations of the $redominant P6, congeners in human mil' are

rather com$arable across various uro$ean countries 8(S#5 20b91 6,-/> was the most $re-

dominant congener with mean concentrations across countries of 01/-!10 ngg fat1 +he mean con-

centration of 6,-.. across uro$ean countries was 010!-1 ngg fat5 and of 6,-?! it was

010-21/ ngg fat1 However5 the individual contamination may differ considerably as indicated by

the wide concentration ranges for several P6,s from various countries1 6,-20. was analysed in

seven studies with mean concentrations between 012 and 21@ ngg fat 8(S#5 20b91 4n a ,anish-

(innish study on breast mil'5 the sum of P6,s in breast mil' did not differ between ,enmar' and

(inland 8median5 !1?2 vs1 !1// ngg fat95 but significant differences in some individual congeners

were found 8&ain1 et al.5 200>91

+he P6, level in Swedish human mil' almost doubled every four years for the $eriod .>2 to ..>

and $ea'ed around at the end of ..0s1 +his trend ma'es it clear that the $ea' of contaminationoccurred at the end of the ..0s 8(S#5 20b91 #ccording to data from the Swedish monitoring

$rogram5 the sum of the eight P6, congeners showed mean levels of 21>5 210 and 21? ngg fat from

the years 200!5 200/ and 200>5 res$ectively1 # com$arable trend was found by (€ngstrm et al.

8200@ as cited by (S#5 20b9 who analysed $ooled human mil' sam$les from Sweden between

.@0 and 200/1 +he levels for 6,-/> as the $redominant congener continuously increased from

01/ to 212/ ngg fat between .@0 and ..? and then decreased to 01.2 ngg fat in 200/1 (or 6,-

?! the concentrations increased between .@0 and 200 from 010? ngg fat to 1!? ngg fat and

then decreased to 01.0 ngg fat in 200/ 8(€ngstrm et al.5 200@91 3hile the median concentration

of 6,-20. was found to be 1 ngg fat in 200>5 this congener was only detected in A out of the 2.

individual human mil' sam$les collected in [email protected] and then in the range of 012-A1/@ ngg

fat 86ergman et al.5 200 as cited by (S#5 20b91

4BCDD &ore and more studies of H6",, in human mil' are $ublished1 &ost of the data is not

stereos$ecific but re$orts only total H6",,1 (S# 820a9 re$orts that for the total H6",, con-

centration the concentration in uro$e ranged from 01! to ! ngg fat1 3here re$orted5 the mean

and median levels were below 2 ngg fat1 ;tremely high levels 8meanC /> ngg fat9 were measured

in S$ain1 +he data from S$ain were not included in (S#s assessment as the data indicated a s$e-

cific contamination source1

+he best trend study is from Sweden5 addressing $ooled sam$les from Stoc'holm showing annual

fluctuations but with a clear u$ward trend for the $eriod .@0-200 as shown in the figure below1 #

similar increasing trend of H6",, in human mil' has been demonstrated in %a$an 8as discussed in

Vor'am$ et al.5 20291




;I89'0 )

+4& +7), O( H6",, 4) HU&#) &4L (7O& S+O"HOL&5 S3,)5 .@0-200 8(S#5 20# 6#S, O) ,#+#

(7O& ()KS+7z& + #L15 200@ #), 67K&#) + #L15 2009

+he levels of H6",, in human mil' from Sweden are rather low com$ared with average levels

more ten times higher in single sam$les analysed5 for instance5 in "anada5 #ustralia and "hina1

4n sam$les from 2 $rovinces of "hina in 200>5 the average concentration of H6",, 8mainly ]-H6",,9 was about ngg fat with a ma;imum of 21> ngg fat 8Shi et al.5 200.91

TBBPA ,ata on +66P# in human mil' are scarce and limited to three studies from uro$e and

one study from "hina 8(S#5 20c91 +he +66P# concentrations range from 010/ to !>1!/ ngg fat

with average levels between 010A and /1 ngg fat 8(S#1 20c91 4n a )orwegian study5 +66P#

was detected for the rst time in sam$les from .@A and increased slightly u$ to 01A? ngg lw in

... 8+homsen et al.5 2002 as cited by Vor'am$5 20291

6ther B;'s (or all other 6(7s there is a lac' of basic information on their occurrence in human

sam$les5 including human mil'1 (u*i et al. 82025 as cited by (S#5 202a9 analysed H66 in human

mil' sam$les 8n /09 from mothers living in %a$an1 H66 was detected in all sam$les but one5 witha median and mean concentration of 01!2 and 01?! ngg fat5 res$ectively 8middle bound a$$roach5

LO 010? ngg fat91

,.*.* 4air

+he identified reviews do not summarise studies in 6(7s in hair and no uro$ean studies of 6(7s

in hair has been identified1

Several studies of 6(7s in hair have been underta'en in "hina and other #sian countries1

heng et al1 8209 analysed 6(7 levels and sources of brominated flame retardants in human hair

from urban5 e-waste5 and rural areas in South "hina1 6(7 concentrations in hair from occu$ational

e-waste recycling wor'ers were higher than those from non-occu$ationally e;$osed residents in

other sam$ling areas1 P6,s and ,6,P were the two ma*or 6(7s in hair sam$les1 +he P6,

congener $rofiles in hair from the e-waste area were different from those from urban and rural

areas5 with relatively higher contributions of lower brominated congeners1 ,6,P5 instead of 6,-

20.5 was the ma*or 6(7 in non-e-waste recycling areas1 Significant correlations were found be-

tween hair level and dust level for ,6,P and 6+6P but not for P6,s1 +he different P6, con-

gener $rofiles between dust and hair may suggest that e;ogenous e;$osure to the P6, adsorbed

on dust is not a ma*or source of hair P6,s1

,etection of $olybrominated bi$henyl ethers 8P6,s9 in newborn and childrenDs hair have been

evaluated as a tool for determining in utero e;$osure1 P6,s were detected in all of the newborn

and child hair in a study from "anada 8#la'sa et al.5 2091 +he }P6, ranged from 010!@ to 10

$gmg in newborn hair and from 0120@ to 21A.? ngmg in child hair1 +he most abundant P6, in

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

H B C D D n

g / g f a t

Year



brominated flame retardants @

newborn hair was 6,-?!5 while in child hair the variable P6,s were 6,-/> and 6,-..1 +he

highest molecular weight congener 6,-20. was detected in 02/ $aediatric hair sam$les1

,.) 4uman health im%act

PBD0s R &ain et al. 8200>9 re$orted significantly higher levels of P6,s 8measured as a sum of

6,-/>5 -?!5 -..5 -005 -2@5 -AA5 and -?/9 in breast mil' of mothers to newborn boys with cry$-

torchidism 8undescended testicles9 than in breast mil' of the mothers of boys without cry$torchid-

ism 8&ain et al.5 200>95 in a $ros$ective ,anish-(innish study1

# large number of e$idemiological studies on the effects of P6,s on thyroid and endocrine disru$-

tion5 cancer5 diabetes and metabolic syndrome5 effects on fertility and offs$ring and neurodevelo$-

ment effects have been reviewed by (S# 820b91 +he data were summariBed as follows by the

"O)+#& $anel 8(S#5 20b9C &ost e$idemiological studies suggested an association between

P6,s and 8sub9clinical hy$erthyroidism 8overactive thyroid95 and with neuro$sychological func-

tioning 8motor5 cognitive and behavioural $erformance5 and mental and $hysical develo$ment in

children91 +he "O)+#& Panel noted5 however5 that the observed effects on thyroid hormone levels

were not always consistent5 and that e;$osure to other halogenated contaminants could have con-

founded the outcome of these studies1

4n three human studies5 effects on neuro$sychological functioning were associated with e;$osure to

P6,s5 but these results were heterogeneous1 #lthough one study controlled for P"6s5 ,,+5 ,,

and H"65 in general5 e;$osure to other halogenated contaminants could have interfered with the

outcome of these studies1 8(S#5 20b9

+here was no association between high fish consum$tion and breast cancer and levels of P6,s in

breast cancer tissues1 )o associations were found in case-control studies of testicular and $ancreat-

ic cancer1 However5 the small sam$le siBe and confounding by other contaminants andor lifestyle

factors limit the inter$retation of these studies1 8(S#5 20b9

Some studies lin' diabetes and metabolic syndrome $revalence to serum concentrations of POPs1

One cross-sectional study suggests associations of 6,-?! e;$osure with diabetes and metabolic

syndrome1 #nother study found a non-signicant association of P6,s with diabetes only in sub-

*ects with hy$othyroid disease1 +he "O)+#& Panel noted that cross-sectional studies may not be

the most a$$ro$riate study design to investigate the relationshi$ between diabetes and e;$osure to

P6,s5 as they cannot rule out reverse causation in which diabetes may enhance POPs accumula-

tion or inhibit their clearance1 8(S#5 20b9

7ecent studies have re$orted associations of single P6, congeners andor the sum of P6,s in

serum andor mil' with longer time to $regnancy5 longer length of average menstrual cycle5 shorter

$re-$regnancy menstrual cycle length5 and delay of age when menstruation $eriods begin regularly1

4m$aired birth outcome5 $articularly for decreased birth weight and height5 chest circumference5

and 6&4 of infants were re$orted in offs$ring1 4nverse correlations were observed between theserum 6,-?! concentration and s$erm concentration and testis siBe1 4n one study5 semen mobili-

ty was negatively related to 6,-/> and 6,-00 and to the sum of 6,-/>5 -..5 -00 and -?!1

P6, levels in human mil'5 but not in $lacenta5 showed an association with congenital cry$torchid-

ism1 8(S#5 20b9

+he observed effects on thyroid hormone levels were not always consistent5 and e;$osure to other

halogenated contaminants could have confounded the outcome of these studies1 8(S#5 20b9

(S# summarises the conclusions reached by the "O)+#& PanelDs scientific o$inions as follows

8(S#5 202c9C




"Eight B#Es 9ere considered of primar interest and relevant toxicit data 9ere available for

four of them (B#E-10, -**, -'+) and -!*. The ris< assessment 9as limited to these four, for

9hich the margin of exposure (>;E approach 9as used. Aor B#E-**, the >;E indicates a po-

tential health concern 9ith respect to the current dietar exposure. This 9as notable for oung

children (aged '-) ears old, although the presence of one food sample in the categor JAood for

infants and small childrenK 9ith a high concentration of B#E-** could have led to overestimation

of the exposure for this specific age group. Aor B#E-10, -'+) and -!* the current dietar expo-sure is unli<el to raise a health concern. $s numerous products containing B#Es are still in use,

the surveillance of B#Es should continue."

6eing endocrine disru$ters5 some 6(7s can affect neurodevelo$ment and have been associated with

re$roductive im$airment5 but according to Vor'am$ 820295 e$idemiological evidence and to;ico-

'inetic information are still s$arse1

# new re$ort F %tate of the %cience of endocrine disrupting chemicalsF from U)P and 3HO

86ergman et al.5 202b9 discusses the evidence of lin's between e;$osure to P6,s and endocrine

disru$tion1 #ccording to the assessment5 it has become a$$arent that non-descended testes in

young boys are lin'ed with e;$osure to P6,s and that P66s are lin'ed to an early age at menarche

and $ubic hair develo$ment1

4BCDD +here are a few available e$idemiological studies of H6",, e;$osure1 )o associations

were found between bone mineral density or biochemical mar'ers of bone metabolism and

H6",,s in blood serum from an elderly $o$ulation of Swedish fishermen and their wives 83eiss et

al.5 200A91 4n a )orwegian study5 no association between H6",,s in human mil' and neonatal

thyroid-stimulating hormone 8+SH9 was observed 8ggesbG et al., 2091

;$osure of males to H6",, in house dust was associated with decreased se; hormone binding

globulin 8SH6K9 and increased free androgen inde; 8(#49 8%ohnson et al.5 20!91 +he latter associa-

tion is illustrated in (igure ?5 ada$ted from %ohnson et al. 820!91

HBCDD (ng/g dust)

;I89'0 /S"#++7PLO+ O( H6",, 4) HOUS ,US+ #), L)-+7#)S(O7&, (7 #),7OK) 4),N 8(#49 8%OH)SO) ET

$6.5 20!91


8(S#5 202c9C

"Current dietar exposure to BC##s in the E8 does not raise a health concern. Aurthermore,

additional exposure, particularl of oung children, to BC##s from house dust is unli<el to

raise a health concern."

TBBPA )o human health im$acts of concern have been identified for +66P# 8"65 200A91



brominated flame retardants @!


8(S#5 202c9C "Current dietar exposure to TBB$ in the E8 does not raise a health concern. &o

occurrence data for TBB$ derivatives 9ere submitted to EA%$ and no information on their tox-

icit 9as identified. Therefore a ris< assessment on TBB$ derivatives 9as not possible.

DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI - (S# summarises the conclusions reached by the "O)+#& PanelDs

scientific o$inions as follows 8(S#5 202c9C F Based on the limited experimental data on environ-mental behaviour, ',-bis(,1,-tribromophenoxethane (BTBE and hexabromoben7ene (BB

9ere identified as compounds that could raise a concern as reports indicate that the can accumu-

late in the bod over time.\

)o data on health im$acts of 6+6P4 have been identified1

6ther B;'s - (S# summarises the conclusions reached by the "O)+#& PanelDs scientific o$in-

ions as follows 8(S#5 202c9C

"Brominated phenols and their derivatives (other than TBB$ or its derivatives L due to the lac<

of occurrence data and toxicit studies, the ris< assessment focused on ,1,-tribromophenol

(,1,-TB onl. 5t is unli<el that current dietar exposure to ,1,-TB in the E8 9ould raise a

health concern. $lso exposure of infants to ,1,-TB via breast feeding is unli<el to raise a

health concern. #ue to lac< of data a ris< assessment of the other brominated phenols or their

derivatives 9as not possible."

"Emerging and &ovel BA?s L this opinion loo<s at lesser-<no9n BA?s not covered in the five other

scientific opinions. @hereas JemergingK BA?s have been identified in materials and/or goods and

in 9ildlife, food or humans, JnovelK BA?s have been identified onl in materials and/or goods but

not in 9ildlife, food or humans. 6imited and 9idel varing data on '0 emerging and '! novel

BA?s 9ere collected. #ue to the lac< of data and limited information on occurrence, exposure and

toxicit for all these BA?s, a ris< characterisation 9as not possible. 8sing available information

and a modeling exercise, the C;&T$> anel identified some emerging and novel BA?s that couldbe a potential health concern and should be considered first for future investigations. There is

convincing evidence (including more extensive toxicit data that the emerging BA? tris(,)-

dibromopropl phosphate (T#B and the novel BA? ,-Bis(bromomethl-',)-propanediol

(#B& are genotoxic and carcinogenic, 9arranting further surveillance of their occurrence in

the environment and in food. Based on the limited experimental data on environmental behav-

iour, ',-bis(,1,-tribromophenoxethane (BTBE and hexabromoben7ene (BB 9ere identi-

fied as compounds that could raise a concern as reports indicate that the can accumulate in the

bod over time.M

Assessment of the ris" of flame retardants to consumers

4n a study for the uro$ean "ommission5 Health and "onsumers ,K5 #rcadis 8209 have $er-formed an assessment of the ris' to consumers from flame retardants in consumer $roducts1 #

consumer ris' assessment using a 7#"H first tier a$$roach was underta'en for 2/ flame retard-

ants5 including ? 6(7s1 (urthermore5 20 of the flame retardants were selected for an assessment of

the ris' to the environmentI however5 due to the lac' of data about the use volume5 even a first tier

ris' assessment could not be carried out1

+he consumer ris' assessment was based on an assessment of human health effects and an assess-

ment of the e;$osure of consumers1 +he e;$osure to consumers was estimated as direct dermal and

inhalation e;$osure to the substances during the consumer use of the articles5 and the oral e;$osure

which mainly consisted of e;$osure to the substances in food and dust1 +he flame retardants5 based

on the ris' assessment5 were grou$ed into the following classes 8only grou$ing of the 6(7s is shown

here9C



@/ brominated flame retardants

• Krou$C Fno need for immediate ris' management5 based on the a$$roach of this studyF

− ,P,P

− +66P#

• Krou$C Fno need for immediate ris' management5 based on the a$$roach of this study5 but

with concerns\

−

,eca6,−

H6",,

• Krou$C FinconclusiveF

− +66P#-6,6P

• Krou$C Eris'\

− )one of the 6(7s 8only (7 in this grou$s was isodecyl di$henyl $hos$hate91

,./ Summary and conclusions

4uman ha2ards

+he discussed brominated flame retardants cover a broad s$ectrum of chemicals with both related

and dissimilar $ro$erties1 4t is therefore difficult to generaliBe1

6rominated flame retardants 86(7s9 such as P6,s5 P66P#5 H6",, and others do have bromine

content in common5 and the carbon-bromine bond is stronger than the carbon-hydrogen bond5

which ma'es these substances more thermodynamically stable and more resistant to biodegrada-

tion1 Kenerally5 the $ersistence increases with increasing numbers of bromine atoms in a molecule1

+hese molecules are insoluble in water and hydro$hobic5 but are rather li$o$hilic5 accumulating in

fats1 Since the degradation of these chemicals is slower than the fats they are contained in5 levels in

body fats will increase over time5 age and siBe of the organism and will biomagnify in food chains1

Some 6(7s are POPs5 which accumulate mainly in adi$ose tissues in humansI at steady-state 8con-

stant in- and out$ut95 the measured concentrations of these chemicals in the various body com-$artments de$ends on the fat content1 #n e;ce$tion is the brain and foetus5 for which there are

$artially effective barriers diminishing the transfer and the levels5 es$ecially for high molecular

congeners1 &easurements of concentrations of 6(7s in blood5 adi$ose tissue and breast mil' calcu-

lated on a fat basis are used in biological monitoring1 #mong the H6",, isomers5 the ]-isomer is

the most $ersistent and bioaccumulative in human adi$ose tissues5 and has highest transfer to the

foetus1

+he absor$tion of these 6(7s after oral inta'e of the main sources5 foods and indoor dust5 is e;ten-

sive and mostly @0M1 #n e;ce$tion is deca6,5 having many bromine atoms and a high molecular

weight and an absor$tion in rats of about 2?M1 #lthough 6(7s are highly stable chemicals5 in the

body some minor substance-s$ecific metabolic degradation $rocesses by debromination and hy-dro;ylation occur1

+he body half-lives in humans are often several wee's or months1 Hydro;ylated metabolites are

con*ugated and e;creted as glucuronide in the bilefaeces1 limination via the urine is insignificant1

+he ma*or e;cretion $athway in females is lactation because of the relatively high fat content of

breast mil'1

#ll 6(7s have low acute to;icity and no s$ecific irritation or s'in sensitiBation1 #fter long-term

e;$osure5 induction of liver enBymes is the most significant effect1 Some 6(7s have the $otential to

disru$t endocrine systems at multi$le target sites1 3hile the thyroid hormone system a$$ears to be

the main target5 e;$eriencing the most significant effects of these com$ounds5 recent studies

demonstrated in vivo effects on both the estrogen- and androgen-mediated $rocesses as well1



brominated flame retardants @?

,evelo$mental neuroto;ic effects of some 6(7s have also been re$orted1 +hese 6(7s may decrease

levels of total and free +/ following develo$mental e;$osure1 +hyroid hormones are 'nown to $lay

an im$ortant role in brain develo$ment and hy$othyroidism has been associated with a large num-

ber of neuroanatomical and behavioural effects1

# large study from 6elgium found neurobehavioral effects associated with P6, congeners 6,-/>5 6,-..5 6,-005 6,-?!5 and 6,-20. but not with H6",, and +66P# in humans1 "on-

sistent with e;$erimental animal data5 P6, e;$osure was associated with changes in the motor

function and the serum levels of the thyroid hormones1

High P6, levels in breast mil' have been associated with effects on newborns regarding lower

weight and smaller siBe5 cry$torchidism and delayed mental develo$ment1 H6",, in breast mil'

was associated with decreased se; hormone binding globulin 8SH6K9 and increased free androgen

inde; 8(#491

6(7s do not a$$ear to be genoto;ic or to $resent a carcinogenic ris' to humans1

Some emerging 6(7s have not been studied in much detail5 but a$$ear to have similar effects1 One

of these is H665 which may be more $ersistent and to;ic and therefore haBardous than the P6,s

etc1 Since the to;icological mechanisms seem to be related5 mi;tures of 6(7s may have additive and

synergistic effects1

4uman e3%osure and health im%act

Human e;$osure to 6(7s and $otential health im$act has recently been reviewed by (S# Panel on

"ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8"O)+#&9 in si; assessment re$orts1

#ccording to the (S# reviews5 for the general $o$ulation5 food is the ma*or source of e;$osure to

6(7s1 +he food categories that contribute most to the e;$osure to deca6, are animal and vegeta-

ble fats and oils5 and mil' and dairy $roducts5 with relative contributions of /!1? M and /1> M5res$ectively1 +he contribution of F(ish meat and $roductsF to the median inta'e of H6",,s across

uro$ean dietary surveys vary from @! to @@12 M for the different age classes1

+he "O)+#& $anel concludes that the current dietary e;$osure to 6,-/>5 -?! and -20. 8deca6-

,95 H6",,5 +66P# and +6P is unli'ely to raise a health concern5 whereas the available data

indicate a $otential health concern for dietary e;$osure of young children 8-! years9 to 6,-..1

# $ositive correlation between the levels of P6,s in house dust and various biological matrices

indicated that house dust was a significant source of P6, e;$osure in ,enmar'1 (S#s "O)+#&

$anel concluded that the available e;$osure estimates indicate that house and car dust can be im-

$ortant routes of e;$osure es$ecially for children to deca6,5 but also noted that e;$osure fromdust is of no health concern1 #ccording to the "O&+#& $anel5 the available studies indicate that

the daily non-dietary e;$osure5 mainly through dust in homes5 offices5 schools5 cars and $ublic

environment can substantially contribute5 and in some cases even dominate the total human e;$o-

sure to H6",,s5 es$ecially for toddlers and children1 +a'ing into account the uncertainties in the

dust e;$osure estimates5 and considering the use of U6 dietary inta'e estimates5 the "O)+#&

Panel5 however5 concluded that the available information indicates that it is unli'ely that additional

e;$osure to H6",,s and +66P# from dust raises a health concern1

Several studies have shown the $resence of 6(7s in umbilical cord blood and have documented that

$lacental transfer does ta'e $lace and that the foetus is e;$osed to 6(7s1



@A brominated flame retardants

# large number of e$idemiological studies on the effects of P6,s on thyroid and endocrine disru$-

tion5 cancer5 diabetes and metabolic syndrome5 effects on fertility and offs$ring and neurodevelo$-

ment effects have been reviewed by (S# 820b91 #ccording to the "O)+#& $anel5 most e$idemi-

ological studies suggested an association between P6,s and 8sub9clinical hy$erthyroidism 8over-

active thyroid95 and with neuro$sychological functioning 8motor5 cognitive and behavioural $erfor-

mance5 and mental and $hysical develo$ment in children91 +he "O)+#& Panel noted5 however5

that the observed effects on thyroid hormone levels were not always consistent5 and that e;$osureto other halogenated contaminants could have confounded the outcome of these studies1 4n three

human studies5 effects on neuro$sychological functioning were associated with e;$osure to P6,s5

but these results were heterogeneous1 7ecent studies have re$orted associations of single P6,

congeners andor the sum of P6,s in serum andor mil' with longer time to $regnancy5 longer

length of average menstrual cycle5 shorter $re-$regnancy menstrual cycle length and delay of age

when menstruation $eriods begin regularly1

+here are a few available e$idemiological studies of H6",, e;$osure1 ;$osure of males to

H6",, in house dust was associated with decreased se; hormone binding globulin 8SH6K9 and

increased free androgen inde; 8(#491

,ue to lac' of data5 a ris' assessment of the +66P# derivatives5 brominated $henols or their deriva-

tives 8e;ce$t for +6695 emerging and novel 6(7s was not $ossible1 Using available information and

a modelling e;ercise5 (S#s "O)+#& Panel identified some emerging and novel 6(7s that could

be of $otential health concern and should be considered as $riorities for future investigations1 +here

is convincing evidence 8including more e;tensive to;icity data9 that +,6PP and ,6)PK are geno-

to;ic and carcinogenic5 warranting further surveillance of their occurrence in the environment and

in food1 6ased on the limited e;$erimental data on environmental behaviour5 6+6P and H66 were

identified as com$ounds that could raise a concern5 as re$orts indicate that they can accumulate in

the body over time1

Biomonitorin# and trends

+he P6, level in Swedish human mil' almost doubled every four years for the $eriod .>2-..>and $ea'ed around at the end of the ..0s1 Pooled human mil' sam$les from Stoc'holm 8Sweden9

showed a clear u$ward trend for the $eriod .@0-2005 whereas the H6",, level in blood serum

from mothers $regnant for the first time from U$$sala 8Sweden9 decreased during the $eriod ..A-

2001 #n increasing trend of H6",, in human mil' has also been demonstrated in %a$an1 4n a

)orwegian study5 +66P# was detected for the rst time in sam$les from .@A and increased slight-

ly u$ to ...1 (or all other 6(7s5 there is a lac' of basic information on their occurrence in human

sam$les5 including human mil'1



brominated flame retardants @>



@@ brominated flame retardants

7. Information on alternati1es

7.$ Identification of %ossible alternati1es

# large number of studies on alternatives to 6(7s have been underta'en5 from the early ..0s to

$resent1 +he first studies on alternatives to brominated and other halogenated flame retardants in

e=ui$ment was $ublished by the Kerman lectrotechnical and lectronic #ssociation 8V49 in

..2 and by the O", in ../ 8as cited in Lassen et al.5 ...91 +he ,anish survey of 6(7s from

... included an evaluation of alternatives as well1 (or many of the studies it has been a ma*or

constraint that environmental and health data for alternatives are scarce1

+here are ways that ade=uate fire $erformance can be achieved which is relevant when considering

alternative solutions1 +hese include 8U5 2029C

• Use of alternative chemical flame retardants

• Use of intrinsically or inherently flame retardant materials

• Product design R achieved by the selection and use of materials alongside other com$onents

such as $hysical and thermal barriers5 coatings and layer technologies5 heat sin's5 etc1 How

com$onents are $hysically $laced relative to one another can achieve enhanced fire $erfor-

mance in relation to the e;$ected ty$es of ignition source and flame and fire e;$osure1

#ll of these a$$roaches are $otential alternatives to the use of 6(7s1 +he solutions that are ado$ted

for individual articles are li'ely to be de$endent on what the article is5 how and where it is used5 and

the materials that have been used to manufacture the article1

3hen re$lacing a chemical flame retardant with another chemical flame retardant it may be neces-

sary to simultaneously re$lace the base $olymer8s9 in order to obtain the desired $ro$erties of the

final material1

+he re$lacement of a 6(7$olymer system by another chemical flame retardant system needs to

ta'e into account 8U5 2029C

• +he cost of the substitute or alternative 8$er unit cost and re=uired loadings to achieve the

re=uired fire $erformance9I

• +he com$atibility of the substitute or alternative with the material it is being used to treatI

• +he com$le;ity of $rocesses 8for instance5 the introduction of an alternative may re=uire

changes in the $rocessing e=ui$ment used by a com$any9I• +he environmental and human health effects of the substitute or alternative 8including the

energy re=uirements for $roduction and $rocessing9I

• +he ca$ability of the substitute or alternative to meet the re=uired safety standardsI

• +he fire behaviour of the substitute or alternative5 including its mechanism of flame retardant

action and the com$osition and =uantity of smo'e and fumes generated during a fire5 and

•

+he availability of sufficient su$$lies of alternatives1

4n the following5 the most recent alternatives assessments for deca6,5 H6",, and +66P# are

reviewed1 +he assessments ty$ically include information on both brominated and non-brominated

alternativesI the assessments thus also include information of $ossible non-brominated alternatives

to other 6(7s than the three substances to some e;tent5 i1e1 the assessment of alternatives to

deca6, also includes a com$arison of non-halogenated alternatives and ,6,P and 6+6P1



brominated flame retardants @.

#lternative assessments for P66s5 $enta6, and octa6, are not reviewed as these substances

have alreadybeen re$laced by other flame retardants1

(urthermore5 a short review of surveys of articles manufactured without 6(7s is $rovided1 +hese

surveys do often not $rovide information on the alternatives used5 but demonstrate that articles

made without 6(7s are available in the mar'et5 thus illustrating that cost-efficient solutions areavailable1

(or the reviews5 data have been sought in the $ublic literature1 (urthermore5 a re=uest has been

addressed to the contact $oint of a recently finalised uro$ean "ommission-funded $ro*ect5 )(4-

7O5 which has underta'en case studies on substitution o$tions for s$ecific 6(7s1 +he $ro*ect5 with

‚!1 million of U funding5 should deliver a com$rehensive dataset on viability of $roduction and

a$$lication5 environmental safety5 as well as a life cycle assessment of the alternative flame retard-

ants 8(7s91 +he $ro*ect outcome is briefly discussed by Leonards et al. 820!95 who re$ort that )-

(47O showed that viable alternative flame retardants are available1 Very recently5 a review of $ersis-

tence5 bioaccumulation5 and to;icity of non-halogenated (7s5 one of the outcomes of the )(47O

$ro*ect5 was $ublished 83aai*ers et al.5 20!91 Other results of the $ro*ect are5 however5 not yet

$ublicly available1

7.$.$ DecaBD0

Chemical alternati1es

# technical review of alternatives to deca6, in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment 89 was

underta'en by the ,anish P# in 200A 8Lassen et al.5 200>95 su$$lemented by a health and envi-

ronmental assessment for some of the alternatives 8Stuer-Lauridsen et al.5 200>91 +he studies

demonstrated that alternatives were available for all a$$lications of deca6, in and none of

the si; substances selected for a health and environmental assessment a$$ear to have more nega-

tive im$acts on the environmental5 health andor consumer safety than deca6,1 (or the $ur$ose

of the studies5 it was sufficient to conclude that the alternatives did not have more negative im$act

than deca6,1 ,ue to lac' of data5 it was difficult to evaluate to what e;tent the alternatives wereEbetter\1

&ore recently5 com$rehensive assessments were underta'en by the US P# 820295 ,efra 8Stevens

et al.5 2009 and the 4llinois nvironmental Protection #gency 84P#5 200>9I furthermore5 the

available assessments have been reviewed in the #nne; NV SVH" dossier for deca6, 8U5 20291

+he ,efra study F(ire 7etardant +echnologiesC safe $roducts with o$timised environmental haBard

and ris' $erformanceF 8Stevens et al.5 2009 more broadly addresses alternatives to $roblematic

flame retardants and offers5 in $articular5 a com$rehensive assessment of fire retardants technolo-

gies for te;tiles and furniture5 which is described later in this section1

+he #nne; NV dossier for deca6, states that sta'eholders e;$ect that substitution with other brominated flame retardants will have the least im$act on the technical $ro$erties of $las-

tics$olymers and re=uire the fewest modifications to formulations and ada$tations to $rocessing1

Kreater modifications and ada$tations will be re=uired to move to halogen free systems e1g1 alumin-

ium trihydrate and ammonium $oly$hos$hate based systems1 )on-halogenated systems have an

advantage over halogenated systems in that they have a lower $otential to generate to;ic combus-

tion $roducts during a fire1 However5 much higher loadings5 u$ to A0M5 may be re=uired to meet

fire $erformance standardsI this factor has a negative im$act on $rocessability5 reduces the strength

of the $lastic$olymer and increases weight 8U5 20291

US P#Ds ,esign for the nvironment 8,f9 Program has initiated a multi-sta'eholder $artnershi$

alternatives assessmentC E(lame 7etardant #lternatives for ,ecabromodi$henyl ther 8deca6,9\1

# draft assessment re$ort was $ublished in 202 8US P#5 20291 ,eca6, is a flame retardant




tion of thermal stress to sam$les of $olymeric 6(7s with brominated aromatic moieties5 a drastic

increase of the release of brominated com$ounds was observed1 # variety of substituted al'yl ben-

Benes or $henols with two to si; bromine atoms were formed1 +he $a$er deals with the $otential

environmental effects of the formed substances5 and does not discuss the significance of the releases

of the substances to the $otential formation of haBardous P6,,sP6,(s by combustion of the

$roducts1

+he available assessments indicate that alternatives with better environmental and health $rofiles

than deca6, e;ist5 but for many of the substances most end$oint values were assigned using $re-

dictive models andor $rofessional *udgment1 +he screening underta'en by US P# indicates that

for the evaluated environmental and health $arameters5 $olymeric 6(7s $erform as well as non-

halogenated (7s1 +he main outstanding =uestion in the com$arison of the environmental and

health $erformance of the halogenated vs1 non-halogenated (7s a$$ears to be the significance of

the formation of haBardous degradation $roducts and formation of haBardous substances during

fire and uncontrolled burning1



brominated flame retardants .!

TAB>0 ))

S"7)4)K LVL H##7, SU&&#7Y (O7 deca6, #), 67O&4)#+, (L#& 7+#7,#)+ #L+7)#+4VS 8US P#5 2029 Z

+H4S +#6L O)LY "O)+#4)S 4)(O7&#+4O) 7K#7,4)K +H 4)H7)+ H##7,S O( (L#& 7+#7,#)+ "H&4"#LS1 V#LU#+4O) O( 74S "O)S4,7S 6

SU6S+#)"4)"LU,4)K "O&6US+4O) #), ,K7#,#+4O) 6YP7O,U"+S1 +H "#V#+S L4S+, 4) +H LK), #), (OO+)O+ S"+4O)S &US+ 6 +#)

4)(O7&#+4O) 4) +H +#6L1

Chemical

CAS N

4uman 4ealth 0ffects

A c u t e t o 3 i c i t y

C a r c i n o # e n i c i t y

8 e n o t o 3 i c i t y

' e % r o d u c t i 1 e

D e 1 e l o % m e n t a l

N e u r o l o # i c a l

' e % e a t e d D o s e

S " i n S e n s i t i 2 a t i o n

' e s % i r a t o r y

S e n s i t i 2 a t i o n

0 y e I r r i t a t i o n

DecaBD0 and discrete B;' alternati1es

,ecabromodi$henyl ether5 deca6, A!-.-? > + > > 4 4 + > >

6is8he;achlorocyclo$entadieno9 cy-clooctane5

[email protected]. > - . - . > > > + > >

,ecabromodi$henyl ethane5 ,6,P @/@?2-?!-. > +V > > > , . > > >

thylene 8bistetrabromo$hthalimide956+6P4

!2?@@->A-/ > +V > > > - . > + >

+etrabromobis$henol # bis 825!-dibromo$ro$yl9 ether5 +66P#-6,6P

2@?0-//-2 > - + - - + - - +

+ris8tribromoneo$entyl9 $hos$hate5 ++6)PP

.@A-.>- + - - + , , - , +

+ris8tribromo$heno;y9 triaBine5 ++6P-

+#2?>!-A0-/ > + > + + + > > >

Polymeric B;'s

6rominated e$o;y resin end-ca$$ed

with tribromo$henol!?22.-/@-0 , + > + + + - d > >

6rominated $olyacrylate ?.//>-?>-! + + + + + + - d + +

6rominated $olystyrene @@/.>-?A-> > + + + + + - d + >

"onfidential brominated e$o;y $olymer

ƒ"onfidential + + + + + + - d + +


ƒ2"onfidential + +

♦ +

♦ +

♦ +

♦ + -

♦d +

♦

♦ +



./ brominated flame retardants

ChemicalCAS N

4uman 4ealth 0ffects

A c u

t e t o 3 i c i t y

C a r c i n o # e n i c i t y

8 e n

o t o 3 i c i t y

' e %

r o d u c t i 1 e

D e 1

e l o % m e n t a l

N e u

r o l o # i c a l

' e %

e a t e d D o s e

S " i n


' e s % i r a t o r y


0 y e

I r r i t a t i o n


&i;ture"onfidential + +

♦ +

♦ +

♦ +

♦ + -

♦d +

♦

♦ +


&i;ture"onfidential + +

♦ +

♦ +

♦ +

♦ + -

♦d +

♦

♦ +

"onfidential brominated $olymer "onfidential + +0 > +0 +0 +0 +0 + + >

+66P# glycidyl ether5 +66P# $olymer [email protected]@->0- + +♦

+♦

+♦

+♦

+ - ♦

d + ♦ +

6r#anic %hos%horus or nitro#en flame retardants FP;'s or N;'sG alternati1es

Substituted amine $hos$hate mi;ture "onfidential , - - - - + - - - . - .

+ri$henyl $hos$hate ?-@A-A > - > > > > + > >

6is$henol # bis-8di$henyl $hos$hate95

6#PP@02@->.-? > + > > >V > > > >

&elamine cyanurate !>A/0-?>-A > - - - . - . + 4 + +

&elamine $oly$hos$hate ??/-A0-! > - - +. + +. - > >

)-al'o;y hindered amine reaction

$roducts.A@0-@-A > - + , , + , > >

Phos$honate oligomer A@AA/-0A-2 > - +. +O +

O -

N +2 . +2 . - .

N

Poly$hos$honate A@AA/-0A-2 > 0 + + + + - d + +

Poly:$hos$honate-co-carbonate< >>22A-.0-? > + + + + + - d + +

7esorcinol bis-di$henyl$hos$hate 2?..>-2-. > - . > > > - . + + >

Inor#anic flame retardant alternati1es

#luminium diethyl$hos$hinate 22?>@.-!@-@ > > > + - - > > >

#luminium hydro;ide 2A/?-?-2 > > > > > + > > >



brominated flame retardants .>

Polymer a%%lications

0 l e c t r o n i c s

- i r e a n d c a b l e

P u b l i c

b u i l d :

i n # s

C o n s t r u c t i o n

m a t e r i a l s

A u t o m o t i 1 e

A 1 i a t i o n

S t o r a # e a n d

d i s t r i b u t i o n

% r o d u c t s

T e 3 t i l e s

- a t e r b o r n e

e m u l s i o n s U

c o a t i n s

Thermosets W W W W W

+a#nesium hydro3ide CAS $*

)&5

0lastomers W W W W W

0thylene 1inyl acetate F0AG W W W W W

Polyamide FPAG W

Polyethylene FP0G W W W W W W

Poly%ro%ylene FPPG W W W W W W

Poly%hos%honate CAS ,5,,),&

0lastomers W W W W W W

0n#ineerin# thermo%lastic W W W W W W

Z +he cited re$ort is a draft for $ublic comment and the front $age says ZZ,o not cite or =uoteZZ1

0N;I'6 %roect assessment Very recently a review of $ersistence5 bioaccumulation5 and to;-

icity of non-halogenated (7s was $ublished5 as one of the outcomes of the )(47O $ro*ect 83aai-

*ers et al.5 20!91 +he review is based on an inventory of the available data that e;ists 8u$ to Se$-

tember 209 on the $hysicoRchemical $ro$erties5 $roduction volumes5 $ersistence5 bioaccumula-

tion5 and to;icity 8P6+9 of a selection of non-halogenated (7s that are $otential re$lacements for6(7s in $olymers1

#n overview of the classication of the selected com$ounds5 based on the 7#"H criteria for P6+

and vPv6 chemicals5 is given in +able /A1 #ccording to the authors5 it is im$ortant to realiBe5 how-

ever5 that these assessments are truncated 8figuratively meant95 and data $resented in the relevant

sections should be consulted for the detailed data1 4n $articular5 bioaccumulation and to;icity are

s$ecies-de$endent5 and even variations among individuals within the same s$ecies are not uncom-

mon1 +herefore5 it is not sur$rising that high as well as low classications sometimes were re$orted

for the same $arameter1 (urthermore5 bioaccumulation was a more challenging $arameter to as-

sess5 because many studies did not consider de$uration 8loss9 times of the chemical1 83aai*ers et

al.5 20!9

+he authors conclude that large data ga$s were identied for the $hysicoRchemical and the P6+

$ro$erties of the reviewed non-halogenated (7s1 +PP has been studied e;tensively and it is clearly

$ersistent5 bioaccumulative5 and to;ic 8P6+91 So far5 7,P and 6,P have demonstrated low to high

ecoto;icity and $ersistence1 +he com$ounds #+H and 6 e;erted high to;icity on some s$ecies and

#LP4 a$$eared to be $ersistent5 with low to moderate re$orted ecoto;icity1 ,OPO and &PP may be

$ersistent5 but this view is based merely on one or two studies5 clearly indicating a lac' of infor-

mation1 &any degradation studies have been $erformed on P7 and show low $ersistence5 with a

few e;ce$tions1 #dditionally5 there is too little information on the bioaccumulation $otential of

P71 #PP has mostly low P6+ $ro$ertiesI however5 moderate ecoto;icity was re$orted in two stud-

ies1 &g8OH925 HS5 and S do not show such remar'ably high bioaccumulation or to;icity5 but large

data ga$s e;ist for these com$ounds also1 )evertheless5 the authors consider the latter com$oundsto be the most $romising among alternative non-halogenated (7s1 +o assess whether the $resently



.@ brominated flame retardants

reviewed non-halogenated (7s are truly suitable alternatives5 each com$ound should be e;amined

individually by com$aring its P6+ values with those of the relevant halogenated ame retardant1

Until more data are available5 it remains im$ossible to accurately evaluate the ris' of each of these

com$ounds5 including the ones that are already e;tensively mar'eted1

TAB>0 ),

OV7V43 O( P6+ P7OP7+4S (O7 SL"+, H#LOK)-(7 (L#& 7+#7,#)S+ 83##4%7S ET $6.5 20!9Z

Com%ound PersistenceBioaccumu

lation 1P1B

To3icity

0coto3icityIn i1o

to3icity

In 1itro

to3icity

+PP Low to high Low to high 8Yes9 Low to high Low Low to high

7,P Low to high Low to high )o Low to high Low 8to mode-

rate9

8Low9

6,P Low to high 8Low to high9 8)o9 Low to high 8Low9 8Low9

#+H R 8Low9 8no9 Low to high 8Low9 8Low9

6 R n1d1 n1d1 High Low to high 8Low9

#LP4 &oderate to

high

8Low5 not

s$eci fi ed9

8)o9 Low to mode-

rate

Low Low

P7 Low to high 8Low9 8)o9 Low Low Low

,OPO 8Low to high9 8Low9 8)o9 Low to mode-

rate

n1d1 8Low9

&PP 8High9 8Low9 8)o9 Low Low n1d1

#PP R 8Low5 not

s$eci fi ed9

8)o9 Low 8to mode-

rate9

8Low9 8Low9

HS R 8Low5 not

s$eci fi ed9

8)o9 Low Low 8to mode-

rate9

8Low9

&g8OH9 2 R n1d1 n1d1 n1d1 8Low9 n1d1

S R 8Low5 not

s$eci fi ed9

8low9 8low9 8Low9 n1d1

Z )ote by the authors of the $a$erC Please note that this table gives an overview of the data found in literature and it is not an as-

sessment1 86rac'eted9 based on two or less studies5 n1d1 no data

#vailability and costs of alternatives - +he assessments of alternatives $rovide some information on

availability and costs of alternatives5 but no com$rehensive summary1 +able /> $rovides a summary

of availability and cost difference between 6(7s and non-halogenated alternatives for a$$lications

in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment5 as $resented by P4)(# 82009 which re$resents the uro$e-

an manufacturers of non-halogenated $hos$horous5 inorganic and nitrogen 8P4)9 flame retardants1

+he materials with non-halogenated (7s are generally 0-!0M more e;$ensive than materials with

brominated flame retardants1




TAB>0 )5

"H&4"#L #L+7)#+4VS +O H6",, 4) ,4((7)+ #PPL4"#+4O)S 8POP7"5 2029Z

Chemical

Ben2ene ethenyl %olymer (ith $*butadiene brominated Fbrominated co%olymer of styrene

and butadieneG Synonym: Polymeric ;' CAS No: $$/75*5

Trade

names

merald !0005 (722P

Claimed

suitability

PS via one-ste$ $rocess5 li'ely also suitable in two-ste$ $rocess #nd NPS

A1ailability

"urrently $ilot scale =uantities are being submitted to downstream users for testing1 Plant scale $roduction trials

successfully run1 "ommercially available in 202 from Kreat La'es Solutions-"hemtura "or$oration1 4"L-

4ndustrial Products recently announced they are aiming for commercial $roduction by 20/ 80 000 tonne91 #lbe-

marle 8US9 will have the chemical commercially available in 20/1 #ntici$ated to be sufficient ca$acity to re$lace

H6",, within !-? years1 See also $ara A1

4S0 %ro%er

ties

)o inde$endent evaluation of $ro$erties is available1 #ccording to industry informationC Potentially $ersistent 8not

biodegradable9 but low $otential for bioaccumulation and low $otential for to;icity1 )ot classified for carcinogenic-

ity due to lac' of data1 )o data available on to;icity to fish1 See also $ara >1

Costs ,iverging information received 8see $ara >91 7es$onses re$ortedC #ccording to a manufacturer5 cost of manufac-

turing PS $roducts containing merald !000 is not antici$ated to have significant im$act on cost com$etiveness

with other $roducts1 Some Parties e;$ect higher costs than H6",,1 One Party suggests the costs of using the

alternative are .0 M 8PS9 to 20M 8NPS9 higher than when using H6",,1 Se$arately to any cost differences

between the (7s are the costs to re- certify flame retardant PS resins$roducts for all of the foam a$$lications1

"anada has estimated this at a few million dollars1

0fficacy Pilot tests conducted by customers of one of the manufacturers have re$ortedly confirmed that (722P delivers the

re=uired level of fire safety to their $roducts1 merald !000 is re$orted to have essentially e=uivalent flame retard-

ant efficiency to H6",, when used at e=uivalent bromine content1 NPS $roducers re$ort efficacy is @!M of

H6",,1 Kood thermal stability and com$atibility with $olystyrene1 4n higher tem$erature $rocessing conditions

Polymeric (7 needs to be stabiliBed5 similar to H6",,1

:"o$ied from body te;t of the re$ort<C Polymeric (7 is re$orted to have essentially e=uivalent flame retardant

efficiency to H6",, when used at e=uivalent bromine content1 #ccording to Kreat La'es Solutions5 1>M of mer-

ald !000 8trade name9 is re=uired to $ass the ) "lass flammability test1 +he re=uired load is thus com$arable

to that of H6",, 801?-21?M H6",, ww9 in PS foams1

Chemical

Ben2ene ethenyl %olymer (ith $*butadiene brominated Fbrominated co%olymer of styrene

and butadieneG Synonym: Polymeric ;' CAS No: $$/75*5

Trade

namesPyroguard S7-!0 S7-!0

Claimed

suitability PS NPS

A1ailability

)ot available in the US#

4S0 %ro%er

tiesSee $ara >1

Costs )o data

0fficacy )o data

Chemical

Tetrabromobis%henol A bis Fallyl etherG CAS No: &/*&7 5*




Claimed

suitability

PS NPS

A1ailability

(or PS only laboratory scale e;$erience5 not yet in wide use1 #ll raw materials5 however5 are worldwide commodi-

ties and thus K" S#& ?? is re$orted to be immediately available for u$-scaling on a commercial scale1 (or NPS

the alternative is already in use in commercial scale1

4S0 %ro%er

ties

#ccording to the L4( 8200.9 review5 +66P#- ,6P has low to;icity1 )o endocrine effects have been observed5 but it has a high $otential to inhibit estradiol sulfotransferase and have a moderate com$etition with the thyro;ine

for the binding to the $lasma $rotein transthyretrin1 +66P#-,6P is $oorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal

tract in rats5 but the absorbed =uantities accumulate in liver and slowly metaboliBe1 +he available information does

not allow assessing the environmental $ersistence 83ashington State 200A91 #ccording to L4( 8200.9 and the

information from the manufacturer5 +66P#- ,6P has low biodegradability but a$$ears to be susce$tible to hy-

drolysis1 "ontradicting conclusions on bioaccumulation are re$orted in 3ashington State 8200A9 and L4(

8200.91 #ccording to the manufacturer bioaccumulation is not e;$ected1 +he )ational +o;icology Program 8)+P9

believes that the substance might have a carcinogenic $otential1 Positive for mutagenic activity with and without

metabolic activation in Salmonella ty$himurium strains 8)4HS 200291 +66P#-,6P has also been found in

house dust in 6elgium and U 8#li et al. 2091

Costs #ccording to the manufacturer5 com$arable to H6",, solution in PS 8costs around A1? ‚'g91 Slightly more

e;$ensive than H6",, in NPS1

0fficacy (lame retardant $ro$erties5 20- !0M less than H6",,1 7e$ortedly good thermal stability5 easily dis$ersible and

com$atible with $olystyrene5 insoluble in water and soluble in +oluene and Nylene1

Chemical

0thylenebis Ftetrabromo%hthalimideG F0BTPIG CAS No: *&/557,)

Trade

names

6+.!5 6+.!35 6+.!3(K5 "ite; 6+ .!5 Sayte; 6+.!5 Sayte; 6+.!3

Claimed

suitability

H4PS #dditive (7

A1ailability

"ommercially available and used e;tensively 4t is mostly used in H4PS5 $olyethylene5 $oly$ro$ylene5 thermo$lastic

$olyesters5 $olyamide5 P,&5 rubbers5 $olycarbonate5 ethylene co- $olymers5 ionomer resins5 and te;tiles1

4S0 %ro%er

ties

+he available data is insufficient for a com$rehensive environmental assessment of 6+P41 +he few studies re$ort-

ed indicate that 6+P4 is not readily biodegradable5 does not bioaccumulate and has a low a=uatic to;icity 8,anish

P# 200>91 4ndications are that 6+P4 is of low mammalian to;icity 8L4( 200.91 +he U +echnical "ommittee

of )ew and ;isting "hemicals Substances 8+")S9 considered 6+P4 very $ersistent1 However5 the bioaccumula-

tion criterion was not met based on molecular $ro$erties of the substance and 6+P4 was not listed as a vPv6

substance1 +he only available study of the a=uatic to;icity of 6+P4 indicates that acute to;ic effects occur at levels

much higher than the estimated water solubility1 Long-term )O" values are not found in the literature1 &ore

ecoto;icology data are re=uired for assessment of the to;icity 8+9 criterion1 8Pa'alin et al. 200>91

Costs )o data

0fficacy +echnically feasible and used e;tensively

Chemical

Decabromodi%henyl ether FDecaBD0G CAS No: $$,*$/

Trade

names

S#Y+N 02 (7-20 ,-@!7

Claimed

suitability

H4PS +e;tiles

A1ailability "ommercially available and used e;tensively1 &any manufacturers have $hased use out since the early 2000s




4S0 %ro%er

ties

,ecabromodi$henyl ether was considered to;ic according to criteria A/ 8a9 under the Canadian Environmental

rotection $ct, '***5 along with other P6,s in this class 8tetra to deca6,s91 # State of Science 7e$ort for this

substance found that this substance transforms to $ersistent and bioaccumulative substances 8nvironment "ana-

da 20091 +he POP7" has concluded that there is an increasing number of studies related to the $otential of highly

brominated congeners5 including decabromodi$henyl ether5 to be reductively debrominated in the environmentand thus contribute to the formation of those brominated di$henyl ethers listed in #nne; # 8,ecision POP7"->91

4n the U 7#7 8uro$ean "ommission 20029 ,eca6, was not e;$ected to degrade biologically5 but was not

considered bioaccumulative nor to;ic1 # later review 8Pa'alin et al. 200>9 concluded as well that ,eca6, does

not meet the to;icity 8+9 criterion1 However5 there is some indication that ,eca6, can cause behavioural dis-

turbances in mice when they are e;$osed at a sensitive stage of brain develo$ment 8$ossibly via a metabolite91 +his

a$$arent to;icity ma'es the $resence of ,eca6, in the eggs of to$ $redators a serious finding that is relevant in

any assessment of long-term ris'1 Pa'alin et al 8200>9 also notes that the normal P"P)" com$arison methods

described in the U +echnical Kuidance ,ocument do not a$$ly to this situation1 See also $ara @1

Costs )o data


Chemical

Decabromodi%henyl ethane FDBDP0G CAS No: 5)5/&/*

Trade

names

S#Y+N @00 (iremaster 200 Planelon 6, S@00

Claimed

suitability

H4PS +e;tiles #dditive (7

A1ailability

"ommercially available and used e;tensively1 ,6,P was introduced in the mid-.@0s and became commercially

im$ortant as an alternative to ,eca6, formulations in the early ..0s1 uro$e does not $roduce ,6,P5 but

im$orts in 200 were estimated to be between 000 and ?000 tons5 $rimarily to Kermany1 ,6,P is the secondhighest current use additive 6(7 in "hina with $roduction increasing at @0M $er year 8htt$Cwww1$olymer1cn91

4t is $roduced by at least two "hinese com$aniesC +he $roduction volume of ,6,P in "hina in 200A was 25000

tons 8Niao5 200A91 4n %a$an5 there has been a clear shift in consum$tion away from ,eca6, to ,6,P1 #gency

200>5 Pa'alin et al. 200>91 ,6,P has a relatively low haBard $otential to a=uatic organisms due to its low water

solubility1 4t is also of low to;icity to mammals 8nvironment #gency 200>91 ,6,P alters gene e;$ression in

chic'en embryos 8gloff et al. 2095 is acutely to;ic to ,a$hnia magna5 reduces the hatching rates of Bebra-fish

eggs5 and significantly raises the mortality of hatched larvae 8)a'ari J Huhtala 20091 4n the ris' assessment

made by the U5 conclusions on bioaccumulation were not $ossible in the absence of reliable data 8nvironment

#gency 200>91 7ecent information shows that in fish ,6,P bioaccumulates one order of magnitude higher than

,eca6, which indicates it can significantly accumulate in fish 8He et al. 20291 ,6,P is found in $redator avian

s$ecies such as falcons and their eggs 8Kuerra et al. 2029 and in $iscivorous water birds 8Luo et al. 200.91 4n a

La'e 3inni$eg food web ,6,P was found to biomagnify 8Law et al. 200.91 ,6,P is widely detected in envi-

ronmental sam$lesI sewage sludge5 air5 sediments5 fish and birds5 as well as in house and office dust 8La Kuardia et

al. 20291 4n a recent )ordic screening study 8)"& 2095 ,6,P was found in 00M of air5 ?0M of sediment5

00M of sludge and >0M of biota sam$les1 +he concentrations were often com$arable with 6,-/> and 6,-20.

levels found1 ,6,P has also been found in house dust in the US 8Sta$leton et al. 200@95 6elgium5 U 8#li et al.

209 and Sweden 8arlsson et al. 200>91 +he chemical is the main 6(7 in human hair in non-e-waste recycling

areas in "hina1 Significant correlations were found between hair levels and dust levels 8heng et al. 209 suggest-

ing endogenous $athways to hair1

4S0 %ro%er

ties

#vailable evidence indicates ,ecabromodi$henyl ethane 8,6,P9 is $otentially $ersistent1 4t is not susce$tible to

abiotic degradation 8e1g15 hydrolysis9 and is not readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions in the a=uatic

environment 8viBC 2M according to O", !0"91 Persistence is lin'ed to low water solubility 801>2 gl91 8nvi-

ronment #gency 200>5 Pa'alin et al. 200>91




suitability

A1ailability

"ommercially available and used e;tensively

4S0 %ro%er

ties

6is$henol # bis 8bi$henyl $hos$hate9 86,P9 is a $hos$horic trichloride reaction $roduct with bis$henol # and

$henol1 4t may contain bis$henol # as an im$urity1 #ccording to 3ashington State 8200A9 the results of the indus-

try to;icity studies indicate low to;icity concern for humans5 and low to medium to;icity concern for a=uatic organ-isms1 +here are no animal cancer studies available for this chemical and no information on $otential human e;$o-

sures1 +he chemical does show a tendency to $ersist in the environment1 6ioaccumulation could not be assessed1

One of the 6,P degradation $roducts is bis$henol # 83ashington State 200A95 a substance declared by "anada to

meet the criteria for $ersistence and to;icity concerns regarding $ermanent alterations in hormonal5 develo$men-

tal or re$roductive ca$acity 8nvironment "anada 200@91 6ased on the $otential of its degradation $roduct bi-

s$henol # for endocrine disru$tion5 bis$henol # bis 8bi$henyl $hos$hate9 was scored as high for the endocrine

disru$ting attribute in an U assessment draft 8%7" 2091 +he same assessment found that 6,P was highly $er-

sistent and moderately to highly bioaccumulative with 6"( values ranging from !00 to !000 and log ow of /1? R

A1

Costs )o data


Chemical

Di%henyl cresyl %hos%hate CAS No: &,))))/

Trade

names

)o data

Claimed

suitability

H4PS

A1ailability

"ommercially available and used e;tensively

4S0 %ro%er

ties

,i$henyl cresyl $hos$hate is $oorly characteriBed but a$$ears to be to;ic to a=uatic organisms and not readily

biodegradable 8O", S4,S91 #ccording to 3ashington State 8200A9 half-life in water is /1@A years5 6"( .@0 and

it has moderate a=uatic to;icity5 has develo$mental and re$roductive to;icity but is not mutagenic and has low oral

to;icity1

Costs )o data


Chemical

Chlorinated %araffins FC$$*G =CAS No: 5//*/5)5

Trade

names

)o data

Claimed

suitability

+e;tiles

A1ailability

#vailable and used e;tensively

4S0 %ro%er

ties

Short-chain chlorinated $araffins 8#l'anes5 "0-!5 chloro9 with greater than /@M chlorination have been nomi-

nated for listing as a POP under the Stoc'holm "onvention and are currently under review of the POP7"1 "hlorin-

ated $araffins 8"0-!9 assessed as short chain chlorinated $araffins 8S""Ps9 met the definition of to;ic under

criteria A/ 8a9 under the "anadian nvironmental Protection #ct5 ... and the Persistence and 6ioaccumulative

criteria and was sub*ect to Virtual limination1 4n "anada5 these substances were included in the $ro$osed Prohibi-

tion of "ertain +o;ic Substance 7egulations in 202 8htt$Cwww1ec1gc1calc$e- ce-




$aengregulationsdetailreg1cfm[int7eg @>91

Costs Used e;tensively


Chemical

Ammonium %oly%hos%hate = CAS 'N ,5***7

Trade

names

)o data

Claimed

suitability

+e;tiles

A1ailability

#vailable and used e;tensively

4S0 %ro%er

ties

Little data is available on $ro$erties1 +here is no data on bioaccumulation1 4n "anada the chemical is categoriBed as

Persistent and inherently +o;ic1

CostsUsed e;tensively

0fficacy )o data

Z +he table has here been trans$osed in order to im$rove the readabilityI $lease find references in original

document1

+aterial alternati1es to flame retarded 0PS

&aterial alternatives to PS flame retarded with H6",, and used in the building sector have been

reviewed in 20 by the )orwegian "limate and Pollution #gency 8Lassen et al.5 2091

+he summary results of the com$arison of the PS flame retardant with H6",, and other insula-

tion materials are shown in +able /.1 +he overall conclusion of the study was that alternatives are

available for all assessed a$$lications of flame retarded PS1 +he flame retarded PS would li'ely

be re$laced by different insulation materials de$ending on the a$$lication5 as no one alternative

assessed would substitute for all PS a$$lications5 if the use of flame retarded PS is restricted1

+he alternatives ty$ically have better fire $erformance and contain fewer $roblematic chemical

substances1 #$art from this5 the flame retarded PS scores well in the com$arison with the other

materials 8$rovided that the fire $erformance is acce$table95 in $articular if the PS ultimately is

dis$osed of by incinerated with energy recovery1

+he $rice of the chea$est alternatives ranges a$$ro;imately from the same $rice as for flame re-

tarded PS to !0M more1 #lternatives of significantly higher $rices e;ist5 but these are ty$ically

used because they have some desired technical advantages and would5 because of the $rice5 $roba-

bly not be the first choice substitutes for general a$$lication1 (or some a$$lications5 where flame

resistance is not needed5 non-flame retarded PS would $robably be used to the e;tent nationalregulation allows1

&aterial alternatives to the use of H6",, in te;tiles are addressed in section >11/1

;ormation of fumes durin# fire - Stec and Hull 8209 have investigated the re to;icity of si;

insulation materials 8glass wool5 stone wool5 PS5 $henolic foam5 $olyurethane foam and $olyisocy-

anurate foam9 under a range of re conditions1 4t is not indicated whether the PS contain flame

retardants1

+wo of the materials5 stone wool and glass wool5 failed to ignite and gave consistently low yields of

all of the to;ic $roducts testet for1 +he to;icities of the efuents5 showing the contribution of indi-

vidual to;ic com$onents5 were com$ared using the fractional effective dose 8(,9 model and L"?0

8the mass re=uired $er unit volume to generate a lethal atmos$here under s$ecied conditions91




+he (, was e;$ressed as the sum of contributions to to;icity from individual s$eciesC "O5 hydro-

gen cyanide5 nitrogen dio;ide5 hydrogen chloride5 and hydrogen bromide1 (or $olyisocyanurate and

$olyurethane foam5 a signicant contribution from hydrogen cyanide was seen5 resulting in dou-

bling of the overall to;icity as the re condition changed from well-ventilated to under-ventilated1

+hese materials showed an order of increasing re to;icity5 from stone wool 8least to;ic95 glass wool5

$olystyrene5 $henolic5 $olyurethane to $olyisocyanurate foam 8most to;ic91 #mong the combustible

insulation materials5 the PS was the material yielding less to;ic fumes1 However5 the authors con-clude that PS determination should be re$eated under non-aming conditions to conrm the low

yields5 and identify the volatiles corres$onding to the mass loss1




Technical solution Technical feasibility ;ire safety 4uman health and ecoto3icolo#

ical im%acts

6ther en1ironmental im%

consum%t

Ad1anta#es

Fas com%ared

to 0PSG

Disad1anta#es

Fas com%ared

to 0PSG

Chemicals ;ibres and

dust

Non

rene(able

ener#y con

sum%tion

+L;9

'ene(abl

ener#y

consum%

tion

+L;9

Polyisocyanurate

FPI'G sheets Fflame

retardantG

Higher insula-

tion efficiency

Higher com$res-

sive strength for

some ty$es

uroclass

,evelo$ment of

smo'e 8less than

PS9

Halogenated

$hos$horous

flame retardants

in some ty$es

8not P6+ or

"&79 &ay be

released during

use and dis$osal

)o ma*or issues 4)"C .

,PC >/

4)"C /

,PC /

-ood fibre insula

tion board

,iffusion-o$en Slightly lower

insulation effi-

ciency1

Somewhat vul-

nerable to mois-

ture1

Some =ualities

relatively heavy

uroclass 5 (

,evelo$ment of

smo'e

)o ma*or issues )o ma*or issues 4)"C -

,PC 20

4)"C ?//

,PC ?//




Technical solution Technical feasibility ;ire safety 4uman health and ecoto3icolo#

ical im%acts

6ther en1ironmental im%

consum%t

Ad1anta#es

Fas com%ared

to 0PSG

Disad1anta#es

Fas com%ared

to 0PSG

Chemicals ;ibres and

dust

Non

rene(able

ener#y con

sum%tion

+L;9

'ene(abl

ener#y

consum%

tion

+L;9

Cellular #lass Very high re-

sistance to com-

$ression1

"an reduce

dimensions of a

load bearing

insulated wall in

some cases1

4nsensitive to

moisture and

other climate

and chemical

$ressures1

Slightly lower

insulation effi-

ciency

7elatively heavy

- if used for

dec's5 roofs etc1

4t may in some

cases warrant

stronger dimen-

sions of load

bearing struc-

tures

uroclass # )o ma*or issues )o ma*or issues 4)"C AA

,PC AA

4)"C 00

,PC 00

Z )otationC 89 $rices ty$ically similar to PSI 8Q9 0-!0M more than for PSI 8QQ9 !0M more than PS1 Prices com$arison based on materials meeting the

ZZ Primary energy consum$tion for the functional unit 8(U9 of m2 and a thermal resistance of 21@?> m231 "overs manufacturing 8cradle-to-gate9 and dis

bustible materials are incinerated with energy recovery of @0M efficiency5 ,P5 all materials are de$ositedlandfilled1

ZZZ uroclassesC 7ange from the best #C8 non-combustible9 to (C not tested 8combustible9

ZZZZZ )otationC 8Q9 higher $otential than PS5 8†9 lower $otential than PS




Substance Chemical formula Descri%tion

Aluminium 4ydro3

ide

CAS No &$,)//$&

#l8OH9! #+H is difficult to use alone to achieve the (7-/ rating of lami-

nates5 and as a result5 high loadings relative to the e$o;y resin5

ty$ically u$ to A0 to >0 M by weight5 are needed1 #+H is most

commonly used in (7-/ P"6s as a flame-retardant filler5 in combi-

nation with ,OPO or other $hos$horus-based com$ounds 8USP#5 200@9

+elamine Poly%hos

%hate

CAS No &$57,55))

Pinfa5 200

&elamine $oly$hos$hate5 an additive-ty$e flame retardant based

on a combination of $hos$horous and nitrogen chemistries5 is

ty$ically used as crystalline $owder and in combination with $hos-

$horus-based com$ounds1 &elamine $oly$hos$hate does not

negatively im$act the $erformance characteristics of standard

e$o;y laminates5 and functions best when blended with other non-

halogen flame retardants 8US P#5 200@9

Phos%horic acid

diethyl aluminium

salt

03olit 6P *

CAS No &&/75*55

Keneral formula for metal $hos-

$hinates

Pinfa5 200

(lame retardants based on $hos$hinate chemistry are a relatively

new class of non-halogenated (7s on the mar'et1 One such $hos-

$hinate-based flame retardant R ;olit OP.!05 R is a fine-grained

$owder with high $hos$horus content 82! to 2/ M9 used as a filler

in (7-/ laminates1 4t is designed $rimarily for use in (7-/ lami-

nate materials with +g greater than ?0"1

Li'e most $hos$horus-based com$ounds5 metal $hos$hinates

achieve flame retardancy by forming a char barrier u$on heating5

thereby cutting off access to the o;ygen needed for the combustion

$rocess1

4t is ty$ically used as a synergist in combination with modified

resins and sometimes other filler-ty$e (7s1 8US P#5 200@9

4n every case the dosage of the metal $hos$hinate de$ends on the

chemical nature of the varnish bac'bone1 (or e;am$le5 in a combi-

nation with a $hos$horus modified e$o;y resin ? to 20 $hr 8$arts

$er hundred resin9 of metal $hos$hinate are recommended1 8Pinfa5

2009

Silica

CAS No 7,*$5,

$*$7/

SiO2 #lso 'nown as silicon dio;ide 8SiO295 silica is characteriBed by its

abrasion resistance5 electrical insulation5 and high thermal stabil-

ity1 Silica is not a flame retardant in the traditional sense1 4t dilutes

the mass of combustible com$onents5 thus reducing the amount of

(7 necessary to $ass the flammability test1 Silica is most common-

ly used in combination with novola'-ty$e e$o;y resins1 8US P#5

200@9

+a#nesium 4ydro3

ide

CAS No $*)&5

&g8OH92 &agnesium hydro;ide is functionally similar to #+H5 in that it

endothermically decom$oses at high tem$eratures to $roduce an

o;ide 8&gO9 and water1 However5 whereas #+H undergoes ther-

mal decom$osition

at 200-220"5 magnesium hydro;ide decom$oses at a$$ro;imate-

ly !!0"1 +his allows manufacturers to use magnesium hydro;ide

when $rocessing tem$eratures are too high for #+H 8US P#5

200@9




+he summary results of the assessment are shown in +able ?1+he level of available human health

and environmental information varies widely by flame retardant chemical1 Little information e;ists

concerning many of the alternative flame-retardant materials1 &ore established chemicals5 includ-

ing +66P# and silicon dio;ide5 are more fully characteriBed1 +o hel$ address this discre$ancy5 and

to increase the usefulness of this re$ort5 US P# used the tools and e;$ertise of the )ew "hemicals

Program to estimate the $otential im$acts of flame retardants when no e;$erimental data were

available1

+he technical and economic feasibility of the alternatives was not a $art of the ,f $ro*ect5 but the

$erformance testing of commercially available non-halogenated (7 materials to determine their 'ey

electrical and mechanical $ro$erties was the focus of a com$lementary $ro*ect being conducted by

the 4nternational lectronics &anufacturing 4nitiative 8i)&491 i)&4 is consortium of a$$ro;i-

mately 00 leading electronics manufacturers5 su$$liers5 associations5 government agencies and

universities1 i)&4 su$$orts the removal of halogenated flame retardants and PV" from electronic

e=ui$ment 8i)&45 2091 4n the tested non-halogenated (7/ laminates5 the resin e$o;y bac'bone

was modified - organo-$hos$horous or nitrogen com$ounds substitute for +66P# and fillers were

added R SiO25 metal hydro;ides andor other com$ounds 8i)&45 2091 +he changes have some

im$act on the $ro$erties of the laminatesI the most critical being that the e$o;y bac'bone change

affects the resin electrical $ro$erties 8,' and ,f9 due to moisture absor$tion5 and the addition of

fillers increase the dielectric "onstant 8,'9 of the material5 affecting im$edance targets5 crosstal'

and other design considerations1 8i)&45 209

One of the drivers in the shift to 6(7-free laminates is the concern about formation of by-$roducts

during $roduct use and thermal end-of-life $rocesses1

4n addition to the haBard assessment of the alternatives5 e;$erimental testing was conducted as $art

of this $ro*ect to learn more about the combustion by-$roducts released during end-of-life dis$osal

$rocesses of $rinted circuit boards 8US P#5 20!91 O$en burning and incineration scenarios were

simulated for different combinations of circuit board laminates and com$onents1 +he laminates

tested contained either a brominated flame retardant5 a halogen-free flame retardant5 or no flameretardant1 Halogenated dio;ins5 halogenated furans5 and $olyaromatic hydrocarbons emitted dur-

ing combustion were measured to better understand the ris's associated with the combustion of

this ty$e of electronic waste1 #ccording to US P# 820!95 the $artnershi$ re$ort will be u$dated to

reflect findings1 +he re$ort is still not $ublished1




TAB>0 /$

+H4S +#6L O)LY "O)+#4)S 4)(O7&#+4O) 7K#7,4)K +H 4)H7)+ H##7,S O( (L#&-7+#7,#)+ 8(79 "H&4"#LS1 V#LU#+4O) O( 74S &US+ "O

NPOSU7 #SSO"4#+, 34+H (7 "H&4"#LS5 #S 3LL #S +H H##7, #), NPOSU7 #SSO"4#+, 34+H "O&6US+4O) #), ,K7#,#+4O) 6YP7O,U"+

+H "#V#+S L4S+, 4) +H LK), #), (OO+)O+ S"+4O)S &US+ 6 +#) 4)+O #""OU)+ 3H) 4)+7P7+4)K +H H##7, 4)(O7&#+4O) 4) +H

Chemical CAS N

4uman 4ealth 0ffects Auatic

To3icity

0n

m

A c u t e t o 3 i c i t y

S " i n S e n s i t i 2 e r

C a n c e r 4 a 2 a r d

I m m u n o t o 3 i c i t y

' e % r o d u c t i 1 e

D e 1 e l o % m e n t a l

N e u r o l o # i c a l

S y s t e m i c

8 e n o t o 3 i c i t y

A c u t e

C h r o n i c

P e r s i s t e n c e

'eacti1e ;lame'etardant Chemicals $

+etrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 8#lbemarle5 "hemtura5 and others92

+66P# >.-./-> L L + L L M L L L H , M

,OPO 8AH-,ibenB:c5e<:52< o;a$hos$horin5 A-o;ide9 8San'o "o15 Ltd1 and others9

,OPO !?./@-2?-? + + + + + + + + L - - +

(yrol P&P 8#ryl al'yl$hos$honate9 8Su$resta9

(yrol P&P Pro$rietary + L + + + + + + + + + ,

'eacti1e ;lame'etardant 'esins $

7eaction $roduct of +66P# - ,1171 ?!@ 8Phenol5 /5/-8-methylethylidene9bis:25A-dibromo-5 $olymer with 8chloromethyl9o;irane and

/5/-8-methylethylidene9bis:$henol<9 8,ow "hemical9

,1171 ?!@ 2A2A?-0@-> + M - ◊ + -

◊ - ◊ + + M + + -

7eaction Product of ,OPO R ,ow N-.2?/> 8reaction $roduct of an e$o;y $henyl novola' with ,OPO9 8,ow "hemical9

,ow N-.2?/> Pro$rietary + M - ◊ + -

◊ - ◊ + + -

◊ + + ,

7eaction $roduct of (yrol P&P with bis$henol #5 $olymer with e$ichlorohydrin 87e$resentative 7esin9

7e$resentative (yrol P"6 7esin Un'nown + + - ◊ + -

◊ - ◊ + + -

◊ + + ,

Additi1e ;lame 'etardants *




Chemical CAS N

4uman 4ealth 0ffects Auatic

To3icity

0n

m

A c u

t e t o 3 i c i t y

S " i n

S e n s i t i 2 e r

C a n

c e r 4 a 2 a r d

I m m

u n o t o 3 i c i t y

' e %

r o d u c t i 1 e

D e 1

e l o % m e n t a l

N e u

r o l o # i c a l

S y s t e m i c

8 e n

o t o 3 i c i t y

A c u

t e

C h r o n i c

P e r s i s t e n c e

#luminum hydro;ide

#luminum hydro;ide 2A/?-?-2 + + + - + L - L + H M , 3

;olit OP .!0 8$hos$horic acid5 diethyl-5 aluminum salt9 8"lariant9

;olit OP .!0 22?>@.-!@-@ L L + - + - - L L M - , 3

&ela$ur 200 8&elamine $oly$hos$hate9 8"iba9 /

&ela$ur 200 2@>A@-@/-/ L + + + + + + - - + + -

Poly$hos$horic acid @0>-A- L + + + + + + + + + + L

&elamine 0@->@- L L L + + L + M M L L M

Silicon dio;ide amor$hous ?

Silicon dio;ide amor$hous >A!-@A-. L L L + L L + H§ L

+ + , 3

Silicon dio;ide crystalline ?

Silicon dio;ide crystalline !>-.?-. L L H„ H§ L L + H§ H§

+ + , 3

&agnesium hydro;ide

&agnesium hydro;ide !0.-/2-@ L + L + + + + L +

+ + , 3

7eactive (7 chemicals and resins may not com$letely react5 and small amounts may be available during other $arts of the lifecycle1

2 +he U has $ublished a com$rehensive ris' assessment for +66P# in reactive a$$lications1 +his ris' assessment is a valuable source of information whe

retardants for $rinted circuit board a$$lications1! #lthough additive flame retardants are $resent throughout the lifecycle of the P"65 they are loc'ed into the $olymer matri; of the e$o;y laminate mater

/ &ela$ur 200 dissociates in water to form $oly$hos$horic acid and melamine ions1 (or this reason5 +able /- includes both dissociation ions1

? 7e$resentative "#S numbers are included in this summary table1 Section /121. includes a full list of "#S numbers1

> Z Low haBard + Z &oderate haBard 4 Z High haBard ˆ nd$oints in colored te;t F> + and 4G were assigned based on e;$erimental data1

nd$oints in blac' italics F +! -! and , G were assigned using estimated values and $rofessional *udgment 8Structure #ctivity 7elationshi$s9.




‰ HaBard designations5 which are based on the $resence of e$o;y grou$s5 arise from the analysis of low molecular weight oligomers 8molecular weight

in varying amounts1 +he estimated human health haBards for higher molecular weight 850009 com$onents5 which contain e$o;y grou$s5 are low for

„ "oncern based on $otential inhalation of small $articles less than 0 microns in diameter that may be $resent in varying amounts1

k "oncern lin'ed to direct lung effects associated with the inhalation of $oorly soluble $articles less than 0 microns in diameter1

Š Persistent degradation $roducts e;$ected 8none found in this re$ort91

7 7ecalcitrantC substance is or contains inorganics5 such as metal ions or elemental o;ides5 that are e;$ected to be found in the environment A0 days aft



+aterial alternati1es

+he use of some of the chemical alternatives mentioned above also includes some modifications of

the base $olymer1 +his section concerns $ossible alternative non-combustible materials or non-

flammable resins without flame retardant1 +he US P#Ds ,esign for the nvironment 8,f9 Pro-

gram did not include an assessment of such alternatives1

+he assessment of alternatives to +66P# by the Lowell "enter for Sustainable Production 8&orose5

200A9 mentions $olyimide resin as an alternative to e$o;y resin for ma'ing $rinted wiring board

laminates1 Polyimide $rinted wiring boards are usually inherently flame retardant1 +he assessment

indicates that there are limited data available to estimate the health and environmental effects for

these modified resins1 Other $otential alternatives for high tem$erature a$$lications are P+(5

other fluoro$olymers5 cyanates and e$o;y-PP blends5 and even ceramics1 "yanates5 P+(5 and

inorganic substrates are usually inherently flame retardant1 +he re$ort indicates that the health and

environmental $erformance of the fluoro$olymers may be $roblematic5 but does not include a de-

tailed assessment of alternative materials1

7.$.) Alternati1es to B;'s in te3tiles #lternatives to 6(7s in te;tiles andor furniture have been assessed by the Swedish "hemicals

4ns$ectorate 8Posner5 200/I Posner5 200A95 the Lowell "enter for Sustainable Production 8Lowell5

200?9 and $artly included in the =uoted assessments by ,efra 8Stevens et al.5 2009 and US P#

820291 )one of these studies include a full assessment of the technical and economic feasibility and

an environmental and health assessment1

3hen incor$orating flame retardants into te;tiles5 surface treatment is often used1 +here are two

ty$es of surface treatmentsC finishes and coatings 8Stevens et al.5 20091 (inishes are a$$lied by

im$regnating the fabrics in an a=ueous solution of the chemical1 "oatings are a$$lied by incor$orat-

ing a layer of flame retardant to the fabric5 generating a heterogeneous fabric$olymer com$osite1

+y$ical chemical finishes involve the use of $hos$hates and $oly$hos$hates5 $hos$horus amides5

$hos$honium derivatives5 bora; and boric acid or halogenated (7s1 +y$ical coatings used are5 for

instance5 natural and synthetic rubbers5 $oly8vinyl chloride95 $oly8vinyl alcohols95 formaldehyde-

based resins5 acrylic co$olymers5 $olyurethanes5 silicones and fluorocarbons etc1 (ire retardants

used for coatings include $hos$hates and $hos$honates5 e1g1 triaryl $hos$hate5 cresyl di$henyl

$hos$hate or $hos$hinate1 6rominated derivatives such as decabromodi$henyl o;ide 8,6,PO9 and

he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",9 may be a$$lied as a bac'coating in the form of a $aste or foam1

8Stevens et al.5 20091 (lame retardants used for finishes include $hos$hates and $oly$hos$hates5

$hos$horous amides5 $hos$honium derivatives5 antimony trio;ide5 bora; and boric acid or halo-

genated flame retardants 8Stevens et al.5 20091 &odern alternatives to the traditional treatment

techni=ues are being develo$ed1 +hese include adding $lasma induced-graft-$olymeriBation and

$hos$hate and $hos$hinate (7s to the surface and embedding nano$articles on to te;tile substrates by a $lasma $olymeriBationco-s$uttering $rocess1 )either $rocess is yet commercially available1

8Stevens et al.5 20091

(or more details on the alternative flame retardants and alternative materials5 $lease consult the

mentioned assessments1

+he Lowell 8200?9 re$ort concludes that deca6, is a low-cost method for treating te;tiles1 +here

is a multitude of non-halogen re$lacements on the mar'et5 including alternative flame retardants5

fibres5 fibre blends5 barrier layers5 nonwovens5 and other a$$roaches1 +hese substitutes have their

own individual cost5 $erformance5 and aesthetic trade-offs1 3hile there is no single re$lacement for

deca6, for te;tiles5 the multitude of o$tions on the mar'et ma'e it clear that viable mar'et-readya$$roaches e;ist1




7.* Summary and conclusions

6oth brominated and non-halogenated alternatives are available for re$lacement of the main bro-

minated flame retardants1 +hough a large number of assessments of alternatives to 6(7s have been

underta'en during the last ? years5 com$rehensive assessments covering technical and economic

feasibility5 human health and environmental assessments and an assessment of $otential formation

of haBardous degradation $roducts are not available1

DecaBD0 #lternatives to deca6, are readily available5 and the substance has already been

$hased out in most electrical and electronic $roducts as a conse=uence of the 7oHS ,irective1 +he

main alternatives are 6(7s such as ,6,65 6+6P4 and ++6P-+#1 +he substances have slightly

better scores than deca6, on the evaluated human health and environmental $arameters1 6etter

scores on the evaluated $arameters have been found for some $olymeric 6(7s and some of the non-

halogenated (7s1 +he evaluated $olymeric 6(7s have scores similar to the less $roblematic of the

non-halogenated (7s1 +he available assessments do not include an assessment of degradation

$roducts and the $erformance of the flame retarded materials during fire or uncontrolled combus-

tion1 +he $resence of 6(7s has been demonstrated to negatively im$act e1g1 the formation of smo'e

and result in formation of haBardous substances by thermal stress1 &ost studies have5 however5

addressed the P6,s and other 6(7s with high ris' of formation of haBardous substances and not

e1g1 the $olymeric 6(7s1 +he significance of formation of haBardous substances and fumes in a life

cycle $ers$ective seems to be the main issue when com$aring the im$act of the non-regulated 6(7s

and non-halogenated (7s1

4BCD, -Polymeric 6(7 alternatives to H6",, have recently been develo$ed and introduced in

the mar'et and the main manufacturers of 6(7s are currently increasing the $roduction ca$acity to

meet the demand1 )o inde$endent evaluation of health and environmental $ro$erties is available1

#ccording to industry information5 the $olymeric 6(7s are $otentially $ersistent 8not biodegrada-

ble9 but with low $otential for bioaccumulation and low $otential for to;icity1 One of the main is-

sues with the $olymeric 6(7s seems to be the length com$osition of the oligomers as this $arameter

highly influences the $ro$erties of the substances1 #s mentioned for deca6, alternatives5 another

issue is the $ossible formation of to;ic degradation $roducts and fumes1 )o non-halogenated chem-ical alternatives are available for the use in PSNPS1 (or the main a$$lication areas5 PSNPS

insulation foams5 a number of material alternatives are available1 +he alternatives have various

advantages and disadvantages1 +he alternative materials ty$ically have better fire $erformance and

contain fewer $roblematic chemical substances1 #mong the combustible insulation materials5 the

PS was the material yielding fewer to;ic fumes1 +he $rice of the chea$est alternatives ranges a$-

$ro;imately from the same $rice as for flame retarded PS to !0M more1

TBBPA - (or +66P# used additively5 both 6(7 and non-halogenated alternatives are available5

and they are similar to the evaluated alternatives to deca6,1 (or the main a$$lication of +66P#5

reactive use in laminates for $rinted circuit boards5 a number of alternatives are mar'eted and

account today for about ?-0M of the mar'et of $rinted circuit boards1 +he alternatives score slight-ly better than +66P# e;ce$t for $ersistence in the environment1 Several of the alternatives are more

$ersistent that +66P#5 but none of the alternatives are bioaccumulative1 +he available assessments

do not include the $otential for formation of haBardous degradation $roducts and fumes1 +he $hase

out of +66P# in $rinted circuit boards is often accom$anied by the substitution of other 6(7s and

chlorinated substances and $olymers in order to manufacture halogen-free electronic e=ui$ment1

Te3tiles and furniture 6oth deca6, and H6",, are used as flame retardants in te;tiles and

furniture1 +here is a multitude of non-halogenated alternatives on the mar'et5 including alternative

flame retardants5 inherently flame retardant fibres5 fibre blends5 barrier layers5 nonwovens5 and

other a$$roaches1 +hese substitutes have their own individual cost5 $erformance5 and aesthetic

trade-offs1 3hile there is no single re$lacement for deca6, for te;tiles5 the multitude of o$tions




on the mar'et ma'es it clear that viable mar'et-ready a$$roaches e;ist1 +he same a$$ly to the use

of H6",, in te;tiles1

6ther B;'s (or the 6(7s introduced as alternatives to regulated substances5 the evaluated al-

ternatives would ty$ically also be $otential alternatives1 +his survey has not included a review of

available alternatives assessments for other 6(7s such as reactive 6(7s used in PU foam and other

thermosets1

+ain data #a%s.

#s mentioned5 the available assessments do not include an assessment of degradation $roducts and

the $erformance of the flame retarded materials during fire or uncontrolled combustion1 +he $res-

ence of 6(7s has been demonstrated to negatively im$act e1g1 the formation of smo'e and for-

mation of haBardous substances through thermal stress1 &ost studies have5 however5 addressed the

P6,s and other 6(7s with high ris' of formation of haBardous substances and not e1g1 the $oly-

meric 6(7s1 +he significance of formation of haBardous substances and fumes in a life-cycle $er-

s$ective seems to be the main issue when com$aring the im$act of the non-regulated 6(7s and

non-halogenated (7s1 ,ata on the effect of non-halogenated (7s on the formation of fumes and

haBardous substances are limited and com$arative assessments of different ty$es of 6(7s and non-

halogenated (7s on these $arameters are lac'ing1

+he authors of a recent review of $ersistence5 bioaccumulation5 and to;icity of non-halogenated

(7s5 as one of the outcomes of the )(47O $ro*ect5 conclude that large data ga$s were identied

for the $hysicoRchemical $ro$erties and the P6+ $ro$erties of the reviewed non-halogenated (7s1

+o assess whether the $resently reviewed non-halogenated are truly suitable alternatives5 each

com$ound should be e;amined individually by com$aring its P6+ values with those of the e=uiva-

lent halogenated ame retardant1 Until more data are available5 it remains im$ossible to accurately

evaluate the ris' of each of these com$ounds5 including the ones that are already e;tensively mar-

'eted1




5. 61erall findin#s and conclusions

+he results of the survey is summarised in the F"onclusion and summaryF cha$ter5 while this cha$-

ter summarises the main findings and issues identified and main data ga$s1

5.$ +ain findin#s

PBBs and PBD0s

(or the 6(7s currently addressed by the POPs 7egulation5 he;a665 c-$enta6, and c-octa6,5 the

uses are restricted in the U e;ce$t for some e;em$tions to the 7oHS ,irective5 and the substances

are not $roduced any more according to the available reviews1 +he remaining issues have been

summarised as follows in the ,anish national im$lementation $lan for the Stoc'holm "onventionC

9 Validation of destruction of technical $enta6, 8this issue seems to have been solved as men-

tioned in this re$ort95 29 Possible se$aration of household waste containing $enta6,1 !9 Kuide-

lines concerning articles which must not be reused and recycled1 /9 ;amine the $ossibilities of

identifying $enta6, in shredder waste1

,eca665 which was the only P66 used in ,enmar' in ...5 is restricted in 5 but otherwise not

restricted in the U and not covered by the Stoc'holm "onvention1 #ccording to the available in-

formation5 however5 none of the P66s are $roduced in any country today1

,eca6, has been restricted for some years in 5 but is otherwise not restricted in the U and it

remains one of the main 6(7s1 ,eca6, have been identified as substances of very high concern

8SVH"9 and an #nne; NV SVH" dossier has been submitted1 +he dossier suggests that deca6,

meet the definition of a P6+vPv6-forming substance due to a high $robability that deca6, by

debromination is transformed in soil and sediments to form lower brominated substances which

either have P6+vPv6 $ro$erties5 or act as $recursors to substances with P6+vPv6 $ro$erties1

,eca6, has recently been nominated for the Stoc'holm "onvention on the basis that the sub-

stance fulfils the criteria for $ersistence5 bioaccumulation and long-range trans$ort and that

deca6, alone andor in concert with its debromination $roducts have the $otential to damage

human health andor the environment 8)orway5 20!91 +he dossier and the nomination re$ort arecurrently under review1 +he $roduction of deca6, has voluntarily been $hased out by the ma*or

manufacturers in the US#1 4n Kermany and ,enmar' the P6,s were already $hased out in the

..0s1 +he successful re$lacement of deca6, in and the voluntary $hase out in the US#

clearly demonstrate that alternatives are available and deca6, today is mainly used as a low-cost

solution1 ,ro$-in alternatives as ,6,P and 6+6P4 seem to have a better environmental and

health $rofile than deca6,5 but some concern has been raised about their overall environmental

$erformance1 Polymeric 6(7s and non-halogenated alternatives are mar'eted as well for the main

use areas5 but at higher costs 8further discussed under the #lternatives cha$ter91 # restriction of

deca6, is not e;$ected to have any negative im$act on manufacturers of $lastic $arts in ,enmar'1




4BCDD

H6",, has recently been included in the list of substances sub*ect to authorisation 8#nne; N4V to

7#"H9 with a sunset date 2 #ugust 20?1 4t has furthermore been included in the list of restricted

substances under the Stoc'holm "onvention with a time-limited e;em$tion for the main a$$lica-

tion area5 PSNPS insulation materials1 Polymeric 6(7s have recently been introduced as dro$-in

alternatives to H6",, and the ma*or manufacturers of 6(7s are currently increasing the $roduc-

tion ca$acity to meet the e;$ected demand1 )on-halogenated alternatives have not been available tothe $resent5 but the flame retarded PSNPS can be re$laced by other insulation materials1 "om-

$ared to other U &ember States5 the use of flame retarded PSNPS is limited in ,enmar' be-

cause non-flammable insulation materials have been the $referred o$tion1 +he use of PS for build-

ing insulation seems to be increasing e1g1 for FBero energyF houses1 H6",, is used in limited =uan-

tities for $roduction in ,enmar'1 # restriction of H6",, is not e;$ected to have a significant nega-

tive im$act on manufacturers of PSNPS or users of the materials in ,enmar'1

TBBPA

+66P# is mainly used as reactive (7 in $rinted circuit boards1 4n ...5 +66P# and its derivatives

were the main additive 6(7s used for manufacturing in ,enmar'5 but this does not a$$ear to be the

general situation at the U level today5 where additive use of +66P# and derivatives account for a

small $ro$ortion of the use of additive 6(7s1 #dditive use of +66P# is mentioned as an e;am$le of

6(7s included in LOUS1 +he rationale is that in reactive use of +66P#5 the +66P# is not $resent

per se in the final $roducts5 but has rather been built into the $olymer structure1 +he U 7is' #s-

sessment estimated that volatile loss during service life of articles from additive flame retardants

use was a$$ro;imately ?M of the total emissions to the air5 whereas other losses from the service-

life of articles was considered negligible1 However5 according to the U 7is' #ssessment5 the direct

consumer e;$osure to +66P# is li'ely to be insignificant and (S# concludes that current dietary

e;$osure to +66P# in the U does not raise a health concern1 +he substance is classified as to;ic in

the a=uatic environment5 but does not meet the 7#"H P6+ criteria based on the currently availa-

ble data and is furthermore not covered by any $i$eline activities under 7#"H1 +66P# can under-

go debromination under anaerobic conditions to form bis$henol-# and is thus lin'ed to the discus-

sion about the $otential im$act of that substance1 +he main source of release to the environment was identified to be manufacturing $rocesses in the U ris' assessment1 # voluntary $rogram by

manufacturers and downstream users of the substance has in recent years significantly reduced

total releases1 #lternatives to the additive use are similar to alternatives to deca6,1 #lternatives to

the reactive use are usually non-halogenated (7s1 7e$lacement of +66P# in $rinted circuit boards

a$$ears to be $art of a $rocess where all halogen containing com$ounds and $lastics are re$laced in

order to be able to mar'et the e=ui$ment as halogen-free1 One of the drivers is $ressure from inter-

national environmental )KOs1

DBDP0 and 0BT0BPI

+he two substances have a$$lication s$ectra =uite similar to deca6, and can be used as dro$-in

alternatives to deca6,1 4n the U and a$$arently also in "hina5 ,6,P is used in much larger=uantities than 6+6P41 ,,P is found in sewage sludge in the )ordic "ountries in concentra-

tions of the same magnitude as deca6,1 +he available data indicate that contamination of the

Swedish environment with ,6,P has already a$$roached that of deca6,5 and that this contam-

ination is $rimarily occurring via the atmos$here1 ,6,P is suggested for further monitoring in the

#rctic1 Very limited data on 6+6P4 are available as the substance has not been included in

screenings of 6(7s in the )ordic and #rctic environments1 ,6,P is included in the "ommunity

7olling #ction Plan under 7#"H1 ,6,P is $ersistent but does not meet the 7#"H P6+ criteria

based on the currently available dataI however5 there are currently insufficient reliable data1 # U

nvironment 7is' #ssessment considered that there was a $otential for ,6,P to undergo reduc-

tive debromination by analogy with deca6, and it has recently been shown that ,6,P may have

$otential to undergo $hotolytic debromination reactions1However5 the environmental significance

of such reactions is currently un'nown1 #ccording to a +" )S sub-grou$ on identification of P6+




and vPv6 substances evaluation5 6+6P4 was not considered a P6+ substance1 #lternatives to

,6,P and 6+6P4 are either $olymeric 6(7s or non-halogenated (7s5 some of which have

better environmental and health $rofiles in screening assessments1

6ther B;'s

,ata on the consum$tion of other 6(7s are scarce1 +he $ublic $art of the 7#"H registrations

$rovides some indication on the $roduction and im$ort in the U in ranges of a factor of 0 of thenon-$olymeric 6(7s5 but the $olymeric 6(7s are not sub*ect to registration and no information on

the mar'et volumes of these substances are available1 4n general5 limited data on environmental

and human health haBards as well as e;$osure is available and the P6+ status of these substances is

currently un'nown1

# screening of A FnewF 6(7s in the )ordic environment indicated that the concentrations of the

FnewF 6(7s are5 with a few e;ce$tions5 on the same order of magnitude or lower com$ared to the

sum of 6, congeners 6,-2@5 -/>5 -..5 -005 -?! and -?/ included as $riority substances under

the 3ater (ramewor' ,irective1

3ith the $ur$ose of identifying 6(7s for $riority for further studies5 the following table summarises

information on other 6(7s demonstrated in the environment5 andor registered under 7#"H or

with statistics on im$ort to the U1

Of the additive 6(7s with registered im$ort or $roduction in the U 8i1e1 $roduction and im$ort is

above 00 ty9 the following have not been included in the recent screening of 6(7s in the )ordic

environment5 and no data on their occurrence in the )ordic or #rctic environments have been iden-

tifiedC 6+6P45 ++6P-+#5 /T-Pe6PO6,20@ and ++6)PP1 +he screening of 6(7s in the )ordic

environment also identified some reactive 6(7s in significant concentrations 8,6P and +6P91 (our

of the registered reactive 6(7s have not been included in the screeningC ,6)PK5 HHP-+6P

and +6P-#nh5 halogenated $olyether$olyol 6 and tetrabromo$hthalic anhydride based diol1

TAB>0 /&O+H7 6(7S ,&O)S+7#+, 4) +H )O7,4" O7 #7"+4V )V47O)&)+5 7K4S+7, U),7 7#"H O7 34+H

S+#+4S+4"S O) 4&PO7+ +O +H U

#bb1 Common namedescri%tion +an.

&

'e#istered

im%ort

%roduction

ty

Detected in

Nordic or

Arctic en1i

ronment $

01aluated

by 0;SA

Additi1e B;'s

)QPeBP6BD0&5 6is8$entabromo-$heno;y9 benBene im$ortC 2A 8205

together with

$enta6,9

)ot incl1 in

)ordic scr1

;

B04T0BP +etrabromo$hthalate ester ; 00-000 )ordic5 Arctic ;BTBP0 6is 8tribromo$heno;y9 ethane ; im$ort @2

8average

200A200>I conf1

for 209

)ordic5 Arctic ;

DBDP0 ,ecabromodi$henyl ethane ; 5000 Q )ordic5 Arctic ;

DB0DBC4 52-,ibromo-/-852-


)ordic5 Arctic ;

DPT0 5!5?-+ribromo-2-825!-


Arctic

0BT0BPI thylenebis8tetrabromo$hthalimide9 ; 00 - 5000

4m$C @ 8209

)ot incl1 in

)ordic scr1

;




Consum%tion of B;'s - ,etailed data on the use of 6(7s other than the P6,s5 H6",, and

+66P# globally and in the U are not available in the $ublic literature1 +he $ublic $art of the

7#"H registrations $rovide some indication of the $roduction and im$ort in the U in ranges of a

factor of 05 but the $olymeric 6(7s are not sub*ect to registration and no information on the mar-

'et volumes of these substances are available1 &ore detailed information may5 however5 be available

for the authorities in the confidential $art of the registrations1 +he lac' of consum$tion data con-

strains an assessment of the $otential releases and e;$osure of humans and the environment andthereby also constrains a com$rehensive ris' assessment of the different 6(7s and an assessment

of the need for further regulatory action1 (urthermore5 it constrains an assessment of the trends in

the use of the 6(7s and the monitoring of the effects of the regulatory actions1

9ncontrolled dis%osal of -000 U$dated assessments of the illegal e;$ort of 3 and the

legal e;$ort of second hand to develo$ing countries from ,enmar' and the U and the actual

fate of the e=ui$ment in the countries are lac'ing1 4t constrains an assessment of the need for fur-

ther measures in order to $revent illegal e;$ort and uncontrolled waste dis$osal and an assessment

of the $otential efficacy of different measures1

0n1ironmental assessments (ew data are currently available for a large number of other

6(7s than the main 6(7sI conse=uently5 the P6+ status of these substances is currently un'nown1

4uman health assessment (ew data are currently available for a large number of other 6(7s

than the main 6(7sI conse=uently5 the P6+ status of these substances is currently un'nown1

0n1ironmental monitorin# and e3%osure - Some monitoring data are available based on a

review of the available data on 6(7s in #rctic biota and abiotic media combined with information

on the substances $otential for bioaccumulation1 +he ,anish "entre for nvironment and "limate

include five FnewF brominated flame retardants in a list of candidates for inclusion in the #rctic

monitoring $rogrammeC ,P+5 6H-+6P5 +665 6+6P5 and ,6,P1 Of these substances only

6H-+6P and ,6,P are registered in =uantities of more than 00 ty while the latest im$ort

data for 6+6P indicate an average annual im$ort *ust below 00 ty1

4uman monitorin# and e3%osure R # recent review of 6(7s in human biomonitoring 8Vor-

'am$5 2029 concludes that the ma*ority of studies concern the P6,s while 66-?!5 H6",, and

+66P# have been included only in a few studies1 Virtually nothing is 'nown about other 6(7s1

(urthermore5 little information is available on metabolites5 although hydro;ylated P6,s have

been associated with disru$tions of thyroid hormone trans$ort1 #nalytical eff orts will be re=uired to

include additional 6(7s and $otentially to;ic metabolites in human biomonitoring1

Assessment of alternati1es = +he most com$rehensive assessment available indicates that

brominated alternatives with a better environmental and health $rofile than the P66s and the

P6,s are available and have already substituted for nearly all a$$lication of P66s5 $enta6,5octa6, and deca6, in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment1 7ecently5 $olymeric 6(7 alternatives

to the main a$$lications of H6",, have been develo$ed and mar'eted1 )on-halogenated (7s are

the main alternatives to the reactive use of +66P#1 #t the moment5 there is a strong movement

toward non-halogenated (7s in electronic $roducts in $articular5 with the goal of manufacturing

halogen-free articles1 +he assessments do not clearly indicate ma*or differences between the 6(7s

with the best environmental and health $rofiles and the non-halogenated alternatives1 #s a result of

the lac' of data5 however5 the assessment is to a large e;tent based on model data and e;$ert esti-

mates1

+he authors of a recent review of $ersistence5 bioaccumulation5 and to;icity of non-halogenated (7s

conclude that large data ga$s were identied for the $hysicoRchemical and the P6+ $ro$erties of

the reviewed non-halogenated (7s1 +o assess whether the $resently reviewed non-halogenated (7s




are truly suitable alternatives5 each com$ound should be e;amined individually by com$aring its

P6+ values with those of the halogenated ame retardants that they may substitute for1 Until more

data are available5 it remains im$ossible to accurately evaluate the ris' of each of these com$ounds5

including the ones that are already e;tensively mar'eted1

;ormation of %olybrominated dio3ins and furans FPBDD;G = nowledge about the sig-

nificance of the different ty$es of 6(7s on the formation of brominated 8P6,,(9 and mi;ed bro-minatedchlorinated dio;ins and furans 8PN,,(9 as well as other haBardous substances by differ-

ent ty$es of thermal $rocesses is limited for most 6(7s1 (urthermore5 =uantitative assessments of

the contribution of brominated and mi;ed brominatedchlorinated dio;ins and furans from the

burning of 6(7s to the total dio;insfuran load to the environment are lac'ing1 # wealth of litera-

ture on P6,,( and PN,,( in articles5 food5 air5 different environmental sam$les5 etc1 has been

$ublished since the review of the 4nternational Program of "hemical Safety was $ublished in ..@1

;ormation of ha2ardous fumes - +he available assessments generally do not include an as-

sessment of degradation $roducts and the $erformance of the flame retardant materials during fire

or uncontrolled combustion1 +he $resence of 6(7s 8or at least some ty$es of 6(7s9 has been

demonstrated to negatively im$act e1g1 the formation of smo'e and result in formation of haBardous

fumes through thermal stress1 +hese effects a$$ear to be the main argument for the halogen-free

electronics movement1 &ost studies have addressed the P6,s and other 6(7s with high ris' of

formation of haBardous substances and not e1g1 the $olymeric 6(7s1 +he significance of formation

of haBardous substances and fumes in a life cycle $ers$ective a$$ears to be the main issue when

com$aring the im$act of non-regulated 6(7s and non-halogenated flame retardants1 ,ata on the

effect of non-halogenated (7s on the formation of fumes and haBardous substances are limited and

com$arative assessments of the effects of different ty$es of 6(7s and non-halogenated (7s by fire

and uncontrolled combustion are lac'ing1




LO Limit of =uantification

&O &argin of e;$osure

&S34 &unici$al solid waste incinerators

&33+P &unici$al waste water treatment $lant

)O" )o observable effect concentration

)O#L )o observable adverse effect level

)OV#)# ,anish national monitoring and assessment $rogrammeO", Organisation for conomic "o-o$eration and ,evelo$ment

OSP#7 "onvention for the Protection of the &arine nvironment of the )orth-ast #tlantic

P" Predicted environmental concentration

P66 Polybrominated bi$henyls

P6, Polybrominated di$henyl ethers

P",,( Polychlorinated dibenBo-$-dio;ins and dibenBofurans

P6,,( Polybrominated dibenBo-$-dio;ins and dibenBofurans

PN,,( &i;ed $olybrominatedchlorinated dibenBo-$-dio;ins and dibenBofurans

P6+ Persistent5 bioaccumulative and to;ic

P4) (7 Phos$horus5 4norganic and )itrogen (lame 7etardants

P4)(# Phos$horus5 4norganic and )itrogen (lame 7etardants #ssociation

P)" Predicted no-effect concentration

POP7" POPs 7eview "ommittee 8under the Stoc'holm "onvention9

P7#6 Practical abbreviations

7,P 7esorcinol bis 8di$henyl $hos$hate9

7#"H 7egistration5 valuation5 #uthorisation and 7estriction of "hemicals

7#7 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort

7oHS 7estriction of the use of certain haBardous substances :in electrical and electronic

e=ui$ment< 8,irective 20A?U9

SH6K Se; hormone binding globulin

S+P Sewage treatment $lant

SVH" Substance of Very High "oncern

+,4 +olerable daily inta'e+PP +ri$henyl $hos$hate

U6 U$$er bound1 ,ata re$orted to be below the limit of detection 8LO,9 or limit of

=uantification 8LO9 is re$resented by the LO,LO

U United ingdom

US P# United States nvironmental Protection #gency

UL./ Underwriters Laboratories ./ classification

L6 Lower bound1 ,ata re$orted to be below the limit of detection 8LO,9 or limit of =uan-

tification 8LO9 is re$resented by 01

v6vP Very bioaccumulative5 and very $ersistent

V"#P Voluntary missions "ontrol #ction Programme

V-oI V-2 UL./ classes 3 3aste electrical and electronic e=ui$ment

9NITS

bw 6ody weight

d1w1 ,ry weight

l1w1 Living weight

w1w1 3et weight

f1w1 (at weight

Plastics and rubbers

#6S acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

6&" 6ul' molding com$ound5 $olyester resinglass fibre $remi;



2!0 brominated flame retardants

S67 Styrene-butadiene rubber

P,& thylene $ro$ylene diene monomer

PS ;$anded $olystyrene

P,& thylene $ro$ylene diene monomer 8rubber9

V# thylene vinyl acetate

H4PS High-im$act $olystyrene

H4PSPPO High-im$act $olystyrene $oly$henylene o;ide blendP# Polyamide

P# Polyarylether'etone

P6+ Polybutylene tere$hthalate

P" Polycarbonate

P" Polycarbonate

P"#6S5 Polycarbonate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend

P Polyethylene

PV# Poly$henylene o;ideethyl vinyl acetate

PS Polyethersulfone

P+ Polyetylene tere$hthalate

P47 Polyisocyanurate

P Poly'etone

PP Poly$ro$ylene

PP Poly$henylene ether

PPO Poly$henylene o;ide

PS Polystyrene

PSU Polysulfone

PU Polyurethane

PV" Polyvinylchloride

S&" Sheet moulding com$ound 8S&"9C a flat $re-$reg material5 com$rising thic'ened

resin5 glass fibre and fillers5 covered on both sides with $olyethylene or nylon film5

ready for $ress-moulding

+PU +hermo$lastic $olyurethaneUP#I UPS Unsaturated $olyesters

NL PV# "ross-lin'ed $olyethyleneethyl vinyl acetate

NPS ;truded $olystyrene

PBD0 con#eners

6,-/> 252D5/5/D-+etrabromodi$henyl ether

6,-.. 252D5/5/D5?-Pentabromodi$henyl ether

6,-00 252D5/5/D5A-Pentabromodi$henyl ether

6,-?! 252D5/5/D5?5?D-He;abromobi$henyl ether

6,-?/ 252D5/5/D5?5AD-He;abromodi$henyl ether

6,-20. 252D5!5!D5/5/D5?5?D5A5AD-,ecabromodi$henyl ether



2!2 brominated flame retardants

'eferences

#"HS 820091 #"HS o$inion on decabrominated di$henyl ether 8deca6,91 #dvisory "ommittee

on HaBardous Substances5 ,e$artment for nvironment5 (ood and 7ural #ffairs 8,(7#91

htt$Carchive1defra1gov1u'environment=ualitychemicalsachsdocumentsachs-deca6,-

o$inion-00.2!1$df

#laee &5 #rias P5 S*din #5 6ergman #1 8200!91 #n overview of commercially used brominated

flame retardants5 their a$$lications5 their use $atterns in different countriesregions and $ossible

modes of release1 Environ 5nt.2.8A9C A@[email protected]

#le'sa 5 "arnevale #5 Koodyer "5 oren K1 82091 ,etection of $olybrominated bi$henyl ethers

8P6,s9 in $ediatric hair as a tool for determining in utero e;$osure1 Aorensic %ci 5nt 1I 2@8-!9C!>-/!1

#li )5 Harrad S5 Koosey 5 )eels H5 "ovaci #1 82091 F)ovelF brominated flame retardants in 6el-

gian and U indoor dustC im$lications for human e;$osure1 "hemos$hereI @!809C !A0-!A?1

#rcadis 82091 4dentification and evaluation of data on flame retardants in consumer $roducts1

#rcardis and 67" for the uro$ean "ommission5 Health and "onsumers ,K1

#O& 820!91 "onversion of new $olymeric flame retardant technology on schedule1 Published on

%une A5 20! at 2C// P&1 #Bom1com1 htt$Cwww1aBom1comnews1as$;[news4,!>0?2

6abraus'as V5 Lucas d5 isenberg ,5 Singla V5 ,edeo &5 6lum #1 820291 (lame retardants in build-

ing insulationC a case for re-evaluating building codes1 Build. ?es. P 5nform.Q /08A9C >!@R>??1

6asel 8year not indicated91 +echnical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of

wastes consisting of5 containing or contaminated with $olychlorinated bi$henyls 8P"6s95 $olychlo-

rinated ter$henyls 8P"+s9 or $olybrominated bi$henyls 8P66s91 Secretariat of the 6asel "onvention1

6ergman {5 Heindel %%5 %obling S5 idd #5 oeller 7+ 8eds19 820291 State of the science of endo-

crine disru$ting "hemicals1 #n assessment of the state of the science of endocrine disru$tors $re-

$ared by a grou$ of e;$erts for the United )ations nvironment Programme and 3orld Health

OrganiBation1 U)P and 3HO1

6ergman {5 Hovander L5 Sundstrm &5 #thanassiadis 45 #thanasiadou &5 S€llsten K5 6ignert # and)yberg 1 820091 "ollection and chemical analysis of environmental contaminants in Swedish

motherDs mil' R 7esults from 200@-2001 Swedish P# 7e$ort ƒ 2? 0>0>2? 0>0.5 -221 8in

Swedish9

6ergman {5 7ydXn #5 Law 7%5 de 6oer %5 "ovaci #5 #laee &5 6irnbaum L5 Petreas &5 7ose &5 Sa'ai

S5 Van den ede )5 van der Veen 41 8202a91 # novel abbreviation standard for organobromine5

organochlorine and organo$hos$horus flame retardants and some characteristics of the chemicals1

Environ 5nt. /.C ?>-@21

6irnbaum LS5 6ergmann {1 820091 6rominated and "hlorinated (lame 7etardantsC +he San #nto-

nio Statement1 nviron Health Pers$ect1 200 ,ecemberI @829C #?/R#??1 :)early ?0 scien-

tists from 22 countries have signed the statement since it was $resented at the !0th 4nternational



brominated flame retardants 2!!

Sym$osium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants 8,io;in 20095 held 2R> Se$tember

200 in San #ntonio5 +e;as<

6*erring 75 %ohansson LS15 Lauridsen +L5 SGndergaard &5 Land'ildehus (5 Sort'*Wr L5 3iindolf %1

82009 SGer 200. :La'es 200.<1 )OV#)#1 (aglig ra$$ort fra ,&U nr1 @0!1 ,anmar's &il*Gunder-

sGgelser5 #arhus Universitet1

6lom=vist P5 &c)amee &S5 +hureson P1 820091 "om$ilation of international building regulations

8fire9 relevant for PSNPS1 SP +echnical )ote 200C01 SP +echnical 7eseach 4nstitute of Sweden1

6lum #5 #mes 6)1 8.>>91 (lame-retardant additives as $ossible cancer haBards1 %cience .?C >-2!1

6orgnes ,5 7i'heim 6 8200?91 mission measurements during incineration of waste containing

bromine1 +ema)ord 200?C?2.1 )ordic "ouncil of &inisters5 "o$enhagen1

6oBel 820!91 6rand go information :(ire good information<1 6oBel1d'5 Bero energy living1 #ccessed

#ugust 20! atC htt$Cwww1boBel1d'brand-go-information

6S( 8200A91 ,eca6, a$$lication factsheet1 6romine Science and nvironement (orum1 #c-cessed %une 20! atC htt$Cwww1bsef1comu$loadslibrary,eca-

6,M20#$$licationsM20210A1$df

"ariou 75 #ntignac %P5 al'o ,5 6errebi #5 "ravedi %P5 &aume ,5 &archand P5 &onteau (5 7iu #5

#ndre ( and Le 6iBec 61 8200@91 ;$osure assessment of (rench women and their newborns to

tetrabromobis$henol-#C occurrence measurements in maternal adi$ose tissue5 serum5 breast mil'

and cord serum1 "hemos$hereI >!C 0!A-0/1

""6P 8200@91 6rominated and chlorinated organic chemical com$ounds used as flame retardants1

&aterials for the ,ecember /-?5 200@ &eeting of the "alifornia nvironmental "ontaminant 6io-

monitoring Program 8""6P9 Scientific Kuidance Panel 8SKP91

htt$Coehha1ca1govmultimediabiomon$df20/0@flamedoc1$df

"hemsec 820091 lectronics 3ithout 6rominated (lame 7etardants and PV" R a &ar'et Over-

view1 "hemSec R the international chemical Secretariat5 Kteborg1

"hristensen %H5 Kroth 6S5 Vi'elsGe %5 Vor'am$ 1 8200!91 Polybrominated di$henyl ethers

8P6,s9 in sewage sludge and wastewater1 )74 +echnical 7e$ort )o1 /@1 )ational nvironmen-

tal 7esearch 4nstitute5 ,enmar'1

"hristensen %H5 PlatB %1 820091 Screening of $olybrominated di$henyl ethers in blue mussels5 ma-

rine and freshwater sediments in ,enmar'1 R Environ >onitQ !8?9C?/!-?/>1

"lariant 820!91 (lame-retardants online1 +he flame retardants mar'et1 "lariant Produ'te8,eutschland9 KmbH1 #ccessed &arch 20! at htt$Cwww1flameretardants-

online1comweben0A>ae!d!22!/.?/e2@eAAe?0Ae2@/da>f1htm

"OH46# 820a91 "OH46# Kuidance ,ocument )o1! for $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,s1

+he Kuidance ,ocument was com$iled *ointly by a list of authors under the leadershi$ of 6altic

nvironmental (orum Latvia within 3or' $ac'age ? of "OH46# $ro*ect1

"OH46# 820b91 3or' Pac'age /C 4dentification of sources and estimation of in$utsim$acts on

the 6altic Sea1 Summary re$ort Kermany1 Pre$ared within the $ro*ect "ontrol of HaBardous Sub-

stances in the 6altic Sea 7egion1



brominated flame retardants 2!?

,V(# 820o91 ,iocin5 P"6 OK P6, i fGdevare$rGver - dire'tiv .A2! 'ontrolresultater 2001

:,io;in5 P"6 and P6, in food sam$les1 820091 ,irective1 .A2!1 "ontrol results 200<1 Pro*ect

referenceC 200.-20-A?-002>1 +he ,anish Veterinary and (ood #dministration1

6(74P 82091 Our Substances1 uro$ean 6rominated (lame 7etardants 4ndustry Panel :noteC the

$anel has been dissolved<1 #ccessed &arch 20! atC htt$Cwww1ebfri$1orgmain-navour-

substances1

" 8200@91 "ommunication from the "ommission on the results of the ris' evaluation and the ris'

reduction strategies for the substancesC sodium chromate5 sodium dichromate and 2525A5A-

tetrabromo-/5/-iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol 8tetrabromobis$henol #9 8200@" ?20291 Official %our-

nal of the uro$ean Union5 "?25 @1A1200@5 $$ -201

" 8200@b9 "ommission 7ecommendation of !0 &ay 200@ on ris' reduction measures for the

substances sodium chromate5 sodium dichromate and 2525A5A-tetrabromo-/5/-

iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol 8tetrabromobis$henol #98notified under document number "8200@9

22?A918200@/?/"9

"6 820091 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 ,i$henyl ether5 $enta bromo deriv1 uro$ean "hemicals6ureau1

"6 8200291 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 6is8$entabromo$henyl9 ether1 uro$ean "hemicals 6ureau1

"6 8200!91 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 ,i$henyl ether5 octabromo deriv1 uro$ean "hemicals 6u-

reau1

"6 8200/91 U$date of the 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort for 6is8$entabromo$henyl9 ether1 uro$ean

"hemicals 6ureau1

"6 8200A91 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 252D5A5AD-+etrabromo-/5/D-iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol 8tetra-

bromobis$henol-# or +66P-#91 Part 44 R human health1 (inal re$ort1 uro$ean "hemicals 6ureau1

"6 8200@a91 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 He;abromocyclododecane1 uro$ean "hemicals 6ureau1

"6 8200@b91 7is' #ssessment 7e$ort1 252D5A5AD-+etrabromo-/5/D-iso$ro$ylidenedi$henol 8tetra-

bromobis$henol-# or +66P-#91 ,raft re$ort1 uro$ean "hemicals 6ureau1 8final 7#7 - nviron-

ment is still not $ubliched at the "6 website9

"H# 8200@91 #greement of the &ember State "ommittee on identification of he;abromocyclodo-

decane 8H6",,9 and all ma*or diastereoisomers identified as a substance of very high concern1

#do$ted on @ October 200@1

"H# 8202a91 "ommunity 7olling #ction Plan 8"o7#P95 2. (ebruary 2021

"H# 8202b91 #greement of the &ember State "ommittee on identification of

bis8$entabromo$henyl9 ether :decabromodi$henyl ether< as a substance of very high concern1

#do$ted on 2. )ovember 2021

"H# 820!a91 7egistered substances1 4nformation on "H#Ds website atC #vailable atC

htt$Cecha1euro$a1euwebguestinformation-on-chemicalsregistered-substances1

"H# 820!b91 "andidate List of Substances of Very High "oncern for #uthorisation1 #ccessed

&arch 20! atCC htt$Cecha1euro$a1eudacandidate-list-table

"H# 820!c91 (ourth #nne; N4V recommendation - > %anuary 20!1 #ccessed &arch 20! atCChtt$Cecha1euro$a1eudocuments0A2!A/0/th aˆ;ivˆrecommendationˆ>*an20!ˆen1$df



2!A brominated flame retardants

"H# 820!d91 "JL 4nventory database1 #ccessed &arch 20! atCC

htt$Cecha1euro$a1euwebguestinformation-on-chemicalscl-inventory-database

"H# 820!e91 "ommunity rolling action $lan 8"o7#P9 u$date covering years 20!5 20/ and

20?1 uro$ean "hemicals #gency1 20 &arch 20!1

(7# 820!91 3eb site of uro$ean (lame 7etardant #ssociation5 6russels1 #vailable athtt$Cwww1cefic-

efra1cominde;1$h$[o$tioncomˆcontentJviewarticleJidAJ4temid2>Jlangen

(S# 8200a91 Scientific O$inion on Polybrominated 6i$henyls 8P66s9 in (ood1 (S# Panel on

"ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8"O)+#&91 EA%$ Rournal 200I @809C>@.

(S# 8200b91 &anagement of left-censored data in dietary e;$osure assessment of chemical sub-

stances1 (S# %ournal 200I @8!9C??>1

(S# 820a91 Scientific O$inion on He;abromocyclododecanes 8H6",,s9 in (ood1 (S# Panel

on "ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8"O)+#&91 EA%$ Rournal 20I.8>9C22.A1

(S# 820b91 Scientific O$inion on Polybrominated ,i$henyl thers 8P6,s9 in (ood1 (S# Pan-

el on "ontaminants in the (ood "hain 8"O)+#&91 EA%$ Rournal 20I.8?9C2?A1

(S# 820c91 Scientific O$inion on +etrabromobis$henol # 8+66P#9 and its derivatives in food1

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7ic'lund )5 ier'egaard #5 &cLachlan &S1 820091 Levels and $otential sources of decabromodi-

$henyl ethane 8,6,P9 and decabromodi$henyl ether 8,eca6,9 in la'e and marine sediments in

Sweden1 Environ %ci Technol I //8A9C.@>-..1

7iu #5 "ravedi %P5 ,ebrauwer L5 Karcia #5 "anlet "5 %ouanin 4 and al'o ,1 8200@91 ,is$osition and

metabolic $rofiling of :"-/<-decabromodi$henyl ether in $regnant 3istar rats1 Environment 5n-

ternationalQ !/C !@-!2.1

7o$er "S5 &adden S5 6iesemeier %#5 Hollnagel H5 7othenbac'er 1 8200>91 +he in vitro $ercutane-

ous absor$tion of radiolabelled he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",9 through human s'in1 ;rgano-

halogen CompoundsQ A.C 20./-20.?1

7osenberg "5 H€meil€ &5 +ornaeus %5 S€''inen 5 Puttonen 5 or$i #5 iilunen &5 Linnainmaa

&5 Hesso #1 82091 ;$osure to flame retardants in electronics recycling sites1 $nn ;ccup gI

??8A9CA?@-AA?1

Sageru$5 15 ,orte HerB'e5 &i'ael Har*u5 #nita venset5 Kuttorm )1 "hristensen5 Heli 7outti5 va

(uglei5 %on #ars5 Hallvard StrGm and Keir 3ing Kabrielsen1 820091 )ew brominated flame retard-

ants in #rctic biota1 +# 2A!02001 "limate and Pollution #gency 8lif95 Oslo1

Schauer U&,5 Vl'el 3 and ,e'ant 31 8200A91 +o;ico'inetics of tetrabromobis$henol # in hu-

mans and rats after oral administration1 Toxicological %ciencesQ .C /.-?@1

Schecter #5 "olacino %#5 Harris +75 Shah )5 6rummitt S41 8200.91 # newly recogniBed occu$ational

haBard for US electronic recycling facility wor'ersC $olybrominated di$henyl ethers1 R ;ccup Envi-

ron >ed I ?8/9C /!?-//01

Schlabach &5 7emberger &5 6rorstrm-LundXn 5 )orstrm 5 a* L5 #ndersson H5 HerB'e ,5

6orgen #5 Har*u &1 82091 6rominated flame retardants 86(79 in the )ordic environment1 +e-

ma)ord 20C?2@1 )ordic "ouncil of &inisters5 "o$enhagen1

Schlabach5 & 820291 )ordic screening data relevant for P6+ evaluation1 +# 2@@!2021 "limate

and Pollution #gency 8lif95 Oslo1

Shaw S,5 6lum #5 3eber 75 annan 5 7ich ,5 Lucas ,5 oshland "P5 ,obraca ,5 Hanson S5 6irn-

baum LS1 820091 Halogenated flame retardantsC do the fire safety benefits *ustify the ris's[ ?ev

Environ ealthI 2?8/9C2A-!0?1

Shi +5 "hen S%5 Luo N%5 hang NL5 +ang "&5 Luo Y5 &a Y%5 3u %P5 Peng N5 &ai 6N18200@91 Oc-currence of brominated flame retardants other than $olybrominated di$henyl ethers in environ-

mental and biota sam$les from southern "hina1 "hemos$hereI>/8>9C.0-.0A1

Shi N5 3u Y)5 Li %K5 hao Y( and (eng %(1 8200.91 ,ietary e;$osure assessment of "hinese

adults and nursing infants to tetrabromobis$henol-# and he;abromocyclododecanesC occurrence

measurements in foods and human mil'1 Environmental %cience and TechnologI /!C /!/-/!.1

Soco$se 8200.91 #n inventory and assessment of o$tions for reducing emissionsC Polybrominated

di$henyl ethers 8P6,s91 Source "ontrol of Priority Substances in uro$e 8Soco$se9



2// brominated flame retardants

Statistics ,enmar' 820!91 Udenrigshandel5 $rodu'tion og forsyning :(oreign trade5 $roduction

and su$$ly<1 #ccessed &arch 20! atCC

htt$Cwww1dst1d'dainformationsserviceossUH$rod1as$;

Stec ##5 Hull +71 (2011). #ssessment of the re to;icity of building insulation materials1 Energ

and BuildingsQ /!C /.@R?0A1

Stevens K"5 msley #5 Lim L5 andola5 65 Horroc's #75 &orley )%5 6artlet "5 &cKill 4 820091

(ire 7etardant +echnologiesC safe $roducts with o$timised environmental haBard and ris' $erfor-

mance SP&+0.-01 KnoSys U Ltd for ,e$artment for nvironment5 (ood and 7ural #ffairs

8,(7#91

Strid #5 6ruhn "5 Sver'o 5 Svavarsson %5 +omy K5 6ergman {1 820!91 6rominated and chlorinated

flame retardants in liver of Kreenland shar' 8 %omniosus microcephalus91 ChemosphereI .829C222-

22@1

Stuer-Lauridsen (5 "ohr -H5 +rine +horu$ #ndersen ++1 8200>19 Health and environmental as-

sessment of alternatives to deca-6, in electrical and electronic e=ui$ment1 nvironmental Pro*ect

)o1 /2 200>1 ,anish nvironmental Protection #gency5 "o$enhagen1

Sweden 8200@91 #nne; NV dossier1 Pro$osal for identification of he;abromocyclododecane as a

SVH"1

SBabo ,+5 ,iliberto %%5 Ha'' H5 Huwe % and 6irnbaum LS1 820a91 +o;ico'inetics of the (lame

7etardant He;abromocyclododecane #l$haC ffect of ,ose5 +iming5 7oute5 7e$eated ;$osure5 and

&etabolism1 Toxicological %ciencesI 2C 2!/-2//1

SBabo ,+5 ,iliberto %%5 Huwe % and 6irnbaum LS1 820b91 ,ifferences in tissue distribution of

H6",, al$ha and gamma between adult and develo$ing mice1 Toxicological %ciencesQ 2!C 2?A-

2A!1

+" )S 8200@91 7esults of the P6+vPv6 $ro$erties of )5)-ethylenebis8!5/5?5A-

tetrabromo$thalamide91 "6 Summary Sheet1 P6+ 3or'ing Krou$ R P6+ list )01 01

+huresson 5 6ergman 5 7othenbacher 5 Herrmann +5 S*lin S5 Hagmar L5 P€$'e O5 %a'obsson

1 8200Aa91 Polybrominated di$henyl ether e;$osure to electronics recycling wor'ers--a follow u$

study1 ChemosphereIA/89C@??-@A1

+huresson 5 Hoglund P5 Hagmar L5 S*odin #5 6ergman # and %a'obsson 1 8200Ab91 #$$arent

halflives of he$ta- to decabrominated di$henyl ethers in human serum as determined in occu$a-

tionally e;$osed wor'ers1 Environmental ealth erspectivesI /C >A-@1

+roitBsch % 8ed19 8200/91 Plastics flammability handboo'1 Princi$les5 regulations5 testing5 and a$-$roval1 !rd edition1 Hanser Publishers5 &unich1

U 820091 #nalysis of the most a$$ro$riate ris' management o$tions for deca6,1 Submitted byC

United ingdom5 )ovember 201 #ccessed #ugust 20! atC

htt$Cwww1fira1co1u'documentdeca-bde-rmo-november-201$df

U 820291 #nne; NV dossier1 6is8$entabromo$henyl9ether 8decabromodi$henyl etherI deca6,91

Health J Safety ;ecutive5 U115 #ugust 2021

UL 820!91 UL ./5 the Standard for Safety of (lammability of Plastic &aterials for Parts in ,evices

and #$$liances testing1 Underwriters Laboratories1 #ccessed %uly 20! atC

htt$Cwww1ul1comglobaleng$agesofferingsindustrieschemicals$lasticstestingflame



brominated flame retardants 2/?

U)P 820091 +echnical review of the im$lications of recycling commercial $entabromodi$henyl

ether and commercial octabromodi$henyl ether1 U)PPOPSPOP7"1A21

U)P 8202a91 Kuidance for the inventory of $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,s9 listed under

the Stoc'holm "onvention on Persistent Organic Pollutants1 ,raft5 %uly 2021

U)P 8202b91 Kuidance on best available techni=ues and best environmental $ractices for therecycling and dis$osal of articles containing $olybrominated di$henyl ethers 8P6,s9 listed under

the Stoc'holm "onvention on Persistent Organic Pollutants1 ,raft1 U)P5 Secretariat of the Stoc'-

holm "onvention5 U)4,O and U)4+#71

US P# 8200@91 (lame retardants in $rinted circuit boards1 7eview draft 8final re$ort has not been

$ublished yet91 Partnershi$ to valuate (lame 7etardants in Printed "ircuit 6oards1 U1S1 nviron-

mental Protection #gency1

US P# 820a91 Partnershi$ on (lame 7etardant #lternatives to He;abromocyclododecane

8H6",,1 H6",, ## Sco$e v1! (4)#L5 #$ril 2@5 201 US nvironmental Protection #gency1

htt$Cwww1e$a1govdfe$ubs$ro*ectshbcdhbcd-$ro*ect-sco$e-v!-final-?21$df

htt$Cwww1e$a1govdfe$ubs$ro*ectshbcdhbcd-and-alternatives-for-dfe1$df

US P# 820b91 (ederal 7egister Volume >A5 )umber 2/. 83ednesday5 ,ecember 2@5 2091 Sec1

>2102@0 6enBene5 ethenyl-5 $olymer with 5!-butadiene1 #ccessed #ugust 202 atC

htt$Cwww1g$o1govfdsys$'g(7-20-2-2@html20-!!2A1htm

US P# 8202a91 #n alternatives assessment for the flame retardant decabromodi$henyl ether

8deca6,91 US nvironmental Protection #gency1

US P# 8202b91 ,eca6, Phase-out 4nitiative1 #ccessed %une 20! atC

htt$Cwww1e$a1govo$$te;istingchemicals$ubsaction$lansdeccadbe1html

US P# 820!95 (lame 7etardants in Printed "ircuit 6oards Partnershi$ - #bout this Pro*ect1 #c-cessed #ugust 20! at htt$Cwww1e$a1govdfe$ubs$ro*ects$cb

USKS 820291 &ineral Yearboo'1 6romine1 6y %1#1 Ober1 U1S1 ,e$artment of the 4nterior and U1S1

Keological Survey1

van der Ven L5 van de uil +5 Leonards PK5 Slob 35 Lilienthal H5 Litens H5 Herlin &5 H'ansson

H5 "antn 7(5 van den 6erg &5 Visser +%5 van Loveren H5 Vos %K5 Piersma #H 8200.91 ndocrine

effects of he;abromocyclododecane 8H6",9 in a one-generation re$roduction study in 3istar rats1

Toxicolog 6ettersI @?C ?-A21

van der Ven L5 Verhoef #5 van de uil +5 Slob 35 Leonards PK5 Visser +%5 Hamers +5 Herlin &5

H'ansson H5 Olausson H5 Piersma #H and Vos %K1 8200A91 # 2@-day oral dose to;icity study en-hanced to detect endocrine effects of he;abromocyclododecane in 3istar rats1 Toxicological %cienc-

esI ./C [email protected]

Van der Ven L+5 Van de uil +5 Verhoef #5 Verwer "&5 Lilienthal H5 Leonards P5 Schauer U&5

"antn 7(5 Litens S5 ,e %ong (H5 Visser +%5 ,e'ant 35 Stern )5 H'ansson H5 Slob 35 Van den

6erg &5 Vos %K5 Piersma #H1 8200@91 ndocrine effects of tetrabromobis$henol-# 8+66P#9 in

3istar rats as tested in a one-generation re$roduction study and a subacute to;icity study1 Toxicol-

ogI 2/?8-29C>[email protected]

van der Ven L+&5 van de uil +5 Leonards PK5 Slob 35 "anton 7(5 Kermer S5 Visser +%5 Litens S5

Ha'ansson H5 Schren' ,5 van den 6erg &5 Piersma #H5 Vos %K and O$$erhuiBen #1 8200@91 # 2@-



2/A brominated flame retardants

day oral dose to;icity study in 3istar rats enhanced to detect endocrine effects of decabromodi$he-

nyl ether 8deca6,91 Toxicolog 6ettersI >.C A-/1

V"#P 8200.91 V#"#P annual $rogress re$ort 200.1 uro$ean (lame 7etardants #ssociation and

6romine Science and nvironment (orum

V"#P 820291 V#"#P $rogress re$ort 2021 uro$ean (lame 7etardants #ssociation and 6romineScience and nvironment (orum1 htt$Cwww1veca$1info$ublications-2

V"#P 8year not indicated91 &anaging emissions of $olymer additives through the $roactive im-

$lementation of Kood Practice1 uro$ean (lame 7etardants #ssociation and 6romine Science and

nvironment (orum1

htt$Cwww1veca$1infou$loads&anagingM20missionsˆlightˆU8newM20$icture91$df

Viberg H5 (redri'sson # and ri'sson P1 8200>91 "hanges in s$ontaneous behaviour and altered

res$onse to nicotine in the adult rat5 after neonatal e;$osure to the brominated flame retardant5

decabrominated di$henyl ether 8P6, 20.91 &eurotoxicologI 2@C !A-/21

Videncenter for %ordforurening 82091 6ranchebes'rivelse for slambede :4ndustry overview fordrying beds<1+e'ni' og #dministration )r1 201 Videncenter for %ordforurening1

Vi'elsGe 8200!91 ,io;inemissionerC &ere viden om 'ilder og emissioner :,io;in emissionC more

'nowledge on sources and emissions<1 ,io;in mle$rogram5 Statusra$$ort a$ril 200/1 ,&U5 7os-

'ilde1

Vi'elsGe 8200/91 ,io;inemissionerC &ere viden om 'ilder og emissioner :,io;in emissionC more

'nowledge on sources and emissions<1 ,io;in mle$rogram5 Statusra$$ort a$ril 200!1 ,&U5 7os-

'ilde1

Vi'elsGe %5 +homsen &5 "arlsen L5 %ohansen 1 820029 Persistent organic $ollutants in soil5 sludge

and sediment1 # multianalytical field study of selected organic chlorinated and brominated com-$ounds1)ational nvironmental 7esearch 4nstitute5 ,enmar'1 )74 +echnical 7e$ort )o1 /02

htt$Cwww21dmu1d' viden2ˆ$ubli'ationer!ˆfagra$$orterra$$orterfr/021$df

Vor'am$ 5 7igXt ((5 6ossi 75 ,ietB 7 82091 +em$oral trends of he;abromocyclododecane5

$olybrominated di$henyl ethers and $olychlorinated bi$henyls inringed seals from ast Kreenland1

Environ. %ci. Technol.I /? 8/9C 2/!R2/.1

Vor'am$ 1 820291 6rominated flame retardantsC 6iomar'ers and Human 6iomonitoring1 4nC

nudsen L5 &erlo ,( 8ds191 6iomar'ers and Human 6iomonitoringC Volume 5 2025 5 2@@-!21

+he 7oyal Society of "hemistry

Vor'am$ 5 7igXt (( 820!91 )ye 'ontaminanter med relevans for det grGnlands'e mil*G :)ewcontaminants with relevance for the Kreenlandic nvironment<1 #arhus Universitet5 ," R )atio-

nalt "enter for &il*G og nergi1 +e'nis' ra$$ort fra ," - )ationalt "enter for &il*G og nergi nr1

.1 84n ,anish9

3aai*ers SL5 ong ,5 Hendri's HS5 de 3it "#5 "ousins 4+5 3esterin' 7H5 Leonards P5 raa' &H5

#dmiraal 35 de Voogt P5 Parsons %71 820!91 Persistence5 bioaccumulation5 and to;icity of halogen-

free flame retardants1 ?ev Environ Contam Toxicol 1C222C->1

3ang (5 3ang %5 ,ai %5 Hu K5 3ang %5 Luo N and &ai 61 820091 "om$arative tissue distribution5

biotransformation and associated biological effects by decabromodi$henyl ethane and decabromin-

ated di$henyl ether in male rats after a .0-day oral e;$osure study1 Environ %ci Technol I //C ?A??-

?AA01



2/@ brominated flame retardants

A%%endi3 $: Bac"#round information to cha%ter & on le#al frame(or"

+he following anne; $rovides some bac'ground information on sub*ects addressed in "ha$ter 21

+he intention is that the reader less familiar with the legal conte;t may read this concurrently with

cha$ter 21

09 and Danish le#islation

"hemicals are regulated via U and national legislations5 the latter often being a national trans$osi-

tion of U directives1

There are four main 09 le#al instruments:

•

7egulations 8,C (orordninger9 are binding in their entirety and directly a$$licable in all U

&ember States1

• ,irectives 8,C ,ire'tiver9 are binding for the U &ember States as to the results to be

achieved1 ,irectives have to be trans$osed 8,C gennemfGrt9 into the national legal framewor'

within a given timeframe1 ,irectives leave a margin for manoeuvring as to the form and means

of im$lementation1 However5 there are great differences in the s$ace for manoeuvring between

directives1 (or e;am$le5 several directives regulating chemicals $reviously were rather s$ecific

and often trans$osed more or less word-by-word into national legislation1 "onse=uently5 and

to further strengthen a level $laying field within the internal mar'et5 the new chemicals $olicy

87#"H9 and the new legislation for classification and labelling 8"LP9 were im$lemented as

7egulations1 4n ,enmar'5 ,irectives are most fre=uently trans$osed as laws 8,C love9 and

statutory orders 8,C be'endtgGrelser91

+he uro$ean "ommission has the right and the duty to suggest new legislation in the form of regu-

lations and directives1 )ew or recast directives and regulations often have transitional $eriods for

the various $rovisions set out in the legal te;t1 4n the following5 we will generally list the latest $iece

of U legal te;t5 even if the $rovisions identified are not yet fully im$lemented1 On the other hand5

we will include currently valid ,anish legislation5 e1g1 the im$lementation of the cosmetics di-rective9 even if this will be re$laced with the new "osmetic 7egulation1

• ,ecisions are fully binding on those to whom they are addressed1 ,ecisions are U laws relat-

ing to s$ecific cases1 +hey can come from the U "ouncil 8sometimes *ointly with the uro$ean

Parliament9 or the uro$ean "ommission1 4n relation to U chemicals $olicy5 decisions are

e1g1 used in relation to inclusion of substances in 7#"H #nne; NV44 8restrictions91 +his ta'es

$lace via a Ecomitology $rocedure\ involving &ember State re$resentatives1 ,ecisions are also

used under the U ecolabelling 7egulation in relation to establishing ecolabelling criteria for

s$ecific $roduct grou$s1

• 7ecommendations and o$inions are non-binding5 declaratory instruments1

4n conformity with the trans$osed U directives5 to some e;tent ,anish legislation regulate chemi-

cals via various general or sector s$ecific legislation5 most fre=uently via statutory orders 8,C

be'endtgGrelser91

Chemicals le#islation

'0AC4 and C>P

+he 7#"H 7egulation and the "LP 7egulation2 are the overarching $ieces of U chemicals

legislation regulating industrial chemicals1 +he below will briefly summarise the 7#"H and "LP

11 7egulation 8"9 )o .0>200A concerning the 7egistration5 valuation5 #uthorisation and 7estriction of "hemicals

87#"H912 7egulation 8"9 )o 2>2200@ on classification5 labelling and $ac'aging of substances and mi;tures



2?0 brominated flame retardants

received1 +here is no tonnage trigger for this obligation1 (or the $ur$ose of this re$ort5 self-

classifications are summarised in #$$endi; A to the main re$ort1

6n#oin# acti1ities %i%eline

4n addition to listing substances already addressed by the $rovisions of 7#"H 8$re-registrations5

registrations5 substances included in various anne;es of 7#"H and "LP5 etc195 the "H# website

also $rovides the o$$ortunity for searching for substances in the $i$eline in relation to certain7#"H and "LP $rovisions1 +hese will be briefly summarised belowC

Community 'ollin# Action Plan FCo'APG

+he U &ember States have the right and duty to conduct 7#"H substance evaluations1 4n order

to coordinate this wor' among &ember States and inform the relevant sta'eholders of u$coming

substance evaluations5 a "ommunity 7olling #ction Plan 8"o7#P9 is develo$ed and $ublished5

indicating when and by whom a given substance is e;$ected to be evaluated1

Authorisation %rocessX candidate list Authorisation list Anne3 MI

6efore a substance is included in 7#"H #nne; N4V and therefore sub*ect to #uthorisation5 it has

to go through the following ste$sC

1 4t has to be identified as a SVH" leading to inclusion in the candidate list!

21 4t has to be $rioritised and recommended for inclusion in #))N N4V 8+hese can be found as

#nne; N4V recommendation lists on the "H# web-site9

!1 4t has to be included in 7#"H #nne; N4V following a comitology $rocedure decision 8sub-

stances on #nne; N4V a$$ear on the #uthorisation list on the "H# web-site91

+he candidate list 8substances agreed to $ossess SVH" $ro$erties9 and the #uthorisation list are

$ublished on the "H# web-site1

'e#istry of intentions

3hen U &ember States and "H# 8when re=uired by the uro$ean "ommission9 $re$are a $ro-$osal forC

• a harmonised classification and labelling5

• an identification of a substance as SVH"5 or

• a restriction1

+his is done as a 7#"H #nne; NV $ro$osal1

+he registry of intentions gives an overview of intentions in relation to #nne; NV dossiers divided

intoC

•

current intentions for submitting an #nne; NV dossier5• dossiers submitted5 and

• withdrawn intentions and withdrawn submissions

for the three ty$es of #nne; NV dossiers1

International a#reements

6SPA' Con1ention

OSP#7 is the mechanism by which fifteen Kovernments of the western coasts and catchments of

uro$e5 together with the uro$ean "ommunity5 coo$erate to $rotect the marine environment of

the )orth-ast #tlantic1

! 4t should be noted that the candidate list is also used in relation to articles im$orted to5 $roduced in or distributed in the U1"ertain su$$ly chain information is triggered if the articles contain more than 01M 8ww9 87#"H #rticle >12 ff91




3or' to im$lement the OSP#7 "onvention and its strategies is ta'en forward through the ado$tion

of decisions5 which are legally binding on the "ontracting Parties5 recommendations and other

agreements1 ,ecisions and recommendations set out actions to be ta'en by the "ontracting Parties1

+hese measures are com$lemented by other agreements setting outC

•

issues of im$ortanceI•

agreed $rogrammes of monitoring5 information collection or other wor' which the "ontracting

Parties commit to carry outI

• guidelines or guidance setting out the way that any $rogramme or measure should be im$le-

mented5 and

• actions to be ta'en by the OSP#7 "ommission on behalf of the "ontracting Parties1

40>C6+ 4elsin"i Con1ention

+he Helsin'i "ommission5 or HL"O&5 wor's to $rotect the marine environment of the 6altic Sea

from all sources of $ollution through intergovernmental co-o$eration between ,enmar'5 stonia5

the uro$ean "ommunity5 (inland5 Kermany5 Latvia5 Lithuania5 Poland5 7ussia and Sweden1 HL-

"O& is the governing body of the F"onvention on the Protection of the &arine nvironment of the

6altic Sea #reaF - more usually 'nown as the Helsin'i "onvention1

4n $ursuing this ob*ective and vision the countries have *ointly $ooled their efforts in HL-

"O&5 which is wor's asC

• an environmental $olicy ma'er for the 6altic Sea area by develo$ing common environmental

ob*ectives and actionsI

• an environmental focal $oint $roviding information about 8i9 the state oftrends in the marine

environmentI 8ii9 the efficiency of measures to $rotect it and 8iii9 common initiatives and $osi-

tions which can form the basis for decision-ma'ing in other international foraI

• a body for develo$ing5 according to the s$ecific needs of the 6altic Sea5 7ecommendations of

its own and 7ecommendations su$$lementary to measures im$osed by other international or-ganisationsI

• a su$ervisory body dedicated to ensuring that HL"O& environmental standards are fully

im$lemented by all $arties throughout the 6altic Sea and its catchment areaI and

• a co-ordinating body5 ascertaining multilateral res$onse in case of ma*or maritime incidents1

C>'TAP Con1ention on >on#ran#e Transboundary Air Pollution

Since .>. the "onvention on Long-range +ransboundary #ir Pollution 8"L7+#P9 has addressed

some of the ma*or environmental $roblems of the U)" 8United )ations conomic "ommission

for uro$e9 region through scientific collaboration and $olicy negotiation1

+he aim of the "onvention is that Parties shall endeavour to limit and5 as far as $ossible5 graduallyreduce and $revent air $ollution including long-range transboundary air $ollution1 Parties develo$

$olicies and strategies to combat the discharge of air $ollutants through e;changes of information5

consultation5 research and monitoring1

+he "onvention has been e;tended by eight $rotocols that identify s$ecific measures to be ta'en by

Parties to cut their emissions of air $ollutants1 +hree of the $rotocols s$ecifically address the emis-

sion of haBardous substances of which some are included in LOUSC

• +he ..@ Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants 8POPs9I !! Parties1 ntered into force on

2! October 200!1

• +he ..@ Protocol on Heavy &etalsI !! Parties1 ntered into force on 2. ,ecember 200!1



2?2 brominated flame retardants

• +he .. Protocol concerning the "ontrol of missions of Volatile Organic "om$ounds or their

+ransboundary (lu;esI 2/ Parties1 ntered into force 2. Se$tember ..>1

Stoc"holm Con1ention on Persistent 6r#anic Pollutants FP6PsG

+he Stoc'holm "onvention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is a global treaty to $rotect human

health and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long $eriods5

become widely distributed geogra$hically5 accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife5and have adverse effects to human health or to the environment1 +he "onvention is administered by

the United )ations nvironment Programme and is based in Keneva5 SwitBerland1

'otterdam Con1ention = PIC Con1ention

+he ob*ectives of the 7otterdam "onvention areC

•

to $romote shared res$onsibility and coo$erative efforts among Parties in the international

trade of certain haBardous chemicals in order to $rotect human health and the environment

from $otential harmI

• to contribute to the environmentally sound use of those haBardous chemicals5 by facilitating

information e;change about their characteristics5 by $roviding for a national decision-ma'ing

$rocess on their im$ort and e;$ort and by disseminating these decisions to Parties1

• +he "onvention creates legally binding obligations for the im$lementation of the Prior 4n-

formed "onsent 8P4"9 $rocedure1 4t built on the voluntary P4" $rocedure5 initiated by U)P

and (#O in .@. and ceased on 2/ (ebruary 200A1

+he "onvention covers $esticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely re-

stricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties and which have been notified by Parties for

inclusion in the P4" $rocedure1 One notification from each of two s$ecified regions triggers consid-

eration of addition of a chemical to #nne; 444 of the "onvention1 Severely haBardous $esticide for-

mulations that $resent a ris' under conditions of use in develo$ing countries or countries with

economies in transition may also be $ro$osed for inclusion in #nne; 4441

Basel Con1ention+he 6asel "onvention on the "ontrol of +ransboundary &ovements of HaBardous 3astes and their

,is$osal was ado$ted on 22 &arch .@. by the "onference of Pleni$otentiaries in 6asel5 SwitBer-

land5 in res$onse to a $ublic outcry following the discovery5 in the .@0s5 in #frica and other $arts

of the develo$ing world of de$osits of to;ic wastes im$orted from abroad1

+he overarching ob*ective of the 6asel "onvention is to $rotect human health and the environment

against the adverse effects of haBardous wastes1 4ts sco$e of a$$lication covers a wide range of

wastes defined as EhaBardous wastes\ based on their origin andor com$osition and their character-

istics5 as well as two ty$es of wastes defined as Eother wastes\ - household waste and incinerator

ash1

+he $rovisions of the "onvention center around the following $rinci$al aimsC

• the reduction of haBardous waste generation and the $romotion of environmentally sound

management of haBardous wastes5 wherever the $lace of dis$osalI

• the restriction of transboundary movements of haBardous wastes e;ce$t where it is $erceived

to be in accordance with the $rinci$les of environmentally sound management5 and

• a regulatory system a$$lying to cases where transboundary movements are $ermissible1

0colabels

co-label schemes are voluntary schemes where industry can a$$ly for the right to use the eco-label

on their $roducts if these fulfil the ecolabelling criteria for that ty$e of $roduct1 #n U scheme 8the



brominated flame retardants 2?!

flower9 and various nationalregional schemes e;ist1 4n this $ro*ect we have focused on the three

most common schemes encountered on ,anish $roducts1

09 flo(er

+he U ecolabelling 7egulation lays out the general rules and conditions for the U ecolabelI the

flower1 "riteria for new $roduct grou$s are gradually added to the scheme via decisionsI e1g1 the

"ommission ,ecision of 2 %une 200> establishing the ecological criteria for the award of the"ommunity eco-label to soa$s5 sham$oos and hair conditioners1

Nordic S(an

+he )ordic Swan is a coo$eration between ,enmar'5 4celand5 )orway5 Sweden and (inland1 +he

)ordic colabelling 6oard consists of members from each national colabelling 6oard and decides

on )ordic criteria re=uirements for $roducts and services1 4n ,enmar'5 the $ractical im$lementa-

tion of the rules5 a$$lications and a$$roval $rocess related to the U flower and )ordic Swan is

hosted by colabelling ,enmar' F&il*GmWr'ning ,anmar'F 8htt$Cwww1ecolabel1d'91 )ew crite-

ria are a$$licable in ,enmar' when they are $ublished on the colabelling ,enmar'Ds website 8ac-

cording to Statutory Order no1 //> of 2!0/20091



A%%endi3 &: Physical and chemical %ro%erties

"ommon names are indicated if a common easily readable name is used e1g1 in the descri$tion of mar'eted flame retardants1 6ergman e

number of synonyms a number of common names and trade names1 Va$our $ressure 8Pa95 Log O3 and molecular weight is mainly deriv

"hemical structures are co$ied from (S# re$orts and S4S 8uro$ean chemical Substances 4nformation System91 "hemical structures

al. 820291

Abbre1ia

tion

CAS No Chemical name Common name A' +olecular for

mula

Chemical structure

F

)QPeBP6B

D0&5

FDPeTeBrB2

G

[email protected]?-AA-? 525/5?-tetrabromo-!5A-

6is8$entabromo$heno;y

9 benBene

6is8$entabromo-

$heno;y9 benBene

# "@6r/O2

(S#5 202a

.

BDBP

TART6

>?>.?-A-! 5!-6is825!-

dibromo$ro$yl9-?-allyl-

5!5?-triaBine-


#7 "2H?6r/)!O!

(S#5 202a

@

B04T0BP

FB04TBPG

2A0/0-?-> 6is82-ethylhe;yl9 tetra-

bromo$hthalate

+etrabromo-

$hthalate ester

# "2/H!/6r/O/

(S#5 202a



brominated flame retardants 2??

Abbre1ia

tion


mula

Chemical structure

F

BTBP0 !>@?!-?.- 52-6is825/5A-

tribromo$heno;y9 ethan

# "/H@6rAO2

(S#5 202a

2

DBDB0 /.>0>-!-@ 6enBene5 5T-

:o;ybis8methylene9<bis

:25!5/5?5A-

$entabromo8."49

,ecabromodibenByl

ether

# "/H/6r0O 2

DBDP0 @/@?2-?!-. 5-8thane-52-

diyl9bis:$entabromoben

Bene<

,ecabromodi$henyl

ethane

# "/H/6r0

(S#5 202a

A

DB0DBC4

FTB0C4G

!!22-.!-@ 52-,ibromo-/-852-

dibromoeth-

yl9cyclohe;ane

# "@H26r/

(S#5 202a

2

DB4CTD ?.!A-??- >5@-,ibromo-

525!5/55-he;achloro-

5/5/a5?5A5>[email protected]

decahydro-5/-

methanobenBocy-

clooctene

# "!H26r2"lA

(S#5 202a

@

DBNP8 !2.A-.0-0 252-

bis8bromomethyl9$ro$a

ne-5!-diol

,ibromoneo$entyl

glycol

7 "?H06r2O2

(S#5 202a

A



2A0 brominated flame retardants

Abbre1ia

tion


mula

Chemical structure

F

%entaBD0 !2?!/-@-. ,i$henyl ether5 $en-

tabromo derivative

Pentabromodi$he-

nyl ether

# "2H?6r?O

"65 200

/

'DT7 >!/2->>-! "arbonic dichloride5

$olymer with /5/-8-

methylethyli-

dene9bis:25A-

dibromo$henol<5

bis825/5A-

tribromo$henyl9 ester

Pheno;y-terminated

carbonate oligomer

of +66P#

7 8">H26r!O2918"

AH06r/O!9n18"A

H26r!O9

n

TBA A0>-..-@ 25/5A5-tribromoanisol ">H?6r!O n

TBBPA

FTBBPAG

>.-./-> 2525A5A-+etrabromo-

/5/-


8tetrabromobis$henol #9

+etrabromo-

bis$henol #

#7 "?H26r/O2

fsa5 20c

TBBPABA ??20?-!@-/ 2-Pro$enoic acid5 5T-

:8-methylethylidene9

bis825A-dibromo-/5-

$henylene9< ester

7 "2HA6r/O/

(S#5 20c

!

TBBPABA0

FTBBPA

bAcrG

2?!2>[email protected]! 5-4so$ro$ylidenebis:/-

8allylo;y9-!5?-

dibromobenBene<

+etrabromo-

bis$henol # bis 8allyl

ether9

#7 "2H206r/O2

(S#5 20c



brominated flame retardants 2A

Abbre1ia

tion


mula

Chemical structure

F

TBBPA

BDBP0

FTBBPA

bDiBPr0G

2@?0-//-2 5-84so$ro$ylidene9

bis:!5?-dibromo-/-825!-

dibromo$ro-

$o;y9benBene<

+etrabromo-

bis$henol-#5 bis

825!-dibromo$ro$yl

ether9

# "2H206r@O2

(S#5 20c

2

TBBPAB80 !0>2-@/-2 252-:8-&ethylethylide-

ne9bis:825A-dibromo-

/5-$henyle-

ne9o;ymethylene<<biso;i

rane

6rominated e$o;y 7 "2H206r/O/

(S#5 20c

TBBPA

B400

FTBBPA

b6400G

/A2-/?-2 /5/-

iso$ro$ylidenebis82-

825A-

dibromo$he-

no;y9ethanol9

+etrabromo-

bis$henol # bis82-

hydro;yethyl9 ether

#7 ".H206r/O/

(S#5 20c

2

TBBPA

B400BA

F,,7$7&G

AA>0-.>-2 2-Pro$enoic acid5 5T:8-

methylethyli-

dene9bis:825A-dibromo-

/5$henylene9o;y-25-

ethanediyl<< ester

+etrabromo-

bis$henol # bis82-

hydro;yethyl9ether

7 "2?H2/6r/OA

(S#5 20c

TBBPAB+0 !>@?!-A-? 6enBene5 5T-8-

methylethylidene9

bis:!5?-dibromo-/-

metho;y

+etrabromo-

bis$henol # bisme-

thyl ether

7 ">HA6r/O2

(S#5 20c

2



brominated flame retardants 2A!

Abbre1ia

tion


mula

Chemical structure

F

TBP

F&),TBPG

@->.-A 25/5A-+ribromo$henol 25/5A-

+ribromo$henol

#7 "AH!6r!O

S4S

2

TBPA0

FAT0G

!2>@[email protected]? 2-8allylo;y9-5!5?-

tribromobenBene

25/5A-

+ribromo$henyl

allyl ether

#7 ".H>6r!O

S4S

2

TBPDBP0

FDPT0G

!?0.-A0-? 5!5?-tribromo-2-825!-

dibromo$ro-$o;y9benBene

# ".H>6r?O

S4S

TBPDTBP A@/!/-/?-? Phenol5 25/5A-

tribromo!-

8tetrabromo$entadecyl9

#7 - n

TBBPSB+0 >0?A->.-? 6enBene5 5T-

sulfonylbis:!5

?-dibromo-/-metho;y

+etrabromo-

bis$henol S bisme-

thyl ether

# "/H06r/O/S !

TBM 2!/@@-!@-2 25!5?5A-+etrabromo-$-

;ylene

# "@HA6r/

(S#5 202a

?



2A/ brominated flame retardants

Abbre1ia

tion


mula

Chemical structure

F

TDBPP 2A->2-> tris825!-dibromo$ro$yl9

$hos$hate

# ".H?6rAO/P

(S#5 202a

!

TDBP

TART6?2/!/-.0-. 5!5?-+ris825!-


triaBine-


# "2H?6rA)!O!

(S#5 202a

/

T0BPAnh A!2->.- +etrabromo$hthalic

anhydride

+etrabromo$hthalic

anhydride

7 "@6r/O!

TTBNPP .@A-.>- +ri:!-bromo-252-

bis8bromomethyl9$ro$yl

<$hos$hate1

+ris8tribromo-

neo$en-

tyl9$hos$hate

# "?6r.H2/PO/

(S#5 202a

TTBPTAR 2?>!-A0-/ 5!5?-+riaBine5 25/5A-

tris825/5A-

tribromo$heno;y9-

# "2HA6r.)!O!

(S#5 202a

2



A%%endi3 *: B;'s mar"eted by maor manufacturers

+he following list of brominated flame retardants mar'eted by the ma*or manufacturers for flame

retardants is based on information from the com$anyDs websites &arch 2o!1 3ebsites of the fol-

lowing manufacturers have been consultedC #lbemarle "or$oration5 "hemtura5 4"L 4ndustrial

Products5 +osoh "or$oration and Solvay1 (or each of the substances5 e;am$les of $roduct namesare $rovided5 but the list of $roducts may not be com$rehensive1

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated by

manufacturerG

Abb. A%%lications

Fas indicated by manufacturersG

Product

name Fe3.G

+anufac

turer

$$,*$/ ,ecabromodi$henyl

o;ide

deca6, High bromine content cou$led with its

e;ce$tional thermal stability ma'es it the

material of choice for a large variety of

a$$lications1

(7-20 4"L

4n elastomers5 wire J cable5 te;tile coat-

ings5 business machines and television

cabinets formulations1 S#Y+N 02

flame retardant is $articularly effective in

$olyolefins5 styrenic5 $olyamide and $oly-

ester resins1

S#Y+N

02

#lbemarle

- (lamecut

07

+osoh "or-

$oration

#dditive flame retardant for thermo$lastic5

elastomeric and thermoset $olymer sys-tems5 such as H4PS5 P6+5 nylon5 $oly$ro-

$ylene5 L,P5 P,&5 unsaturated $olyes-

ter5 and e$o;y1 ,-@!7 is an e;cellent

flame retardant for coatings and adhesive

systems5 including bac'coatings for fab-

rics1

,-@!7 "hemtura

$$57, 25/5A-tribromo$henol +6P 7eactive flame retardant with a high con-

tent of aromatic bromine5 used mainly as

an intermediate for high molecular weight

flame retardants5 low &3 $ro$rietary

flame retardant5 including end-ca$$ing of brominated e$o;ies1 4t is also an effective

fungicide and wood $reservative

(7-A! 4"L

(lame retardant5 antifungal agent 8with

(4(7# a$$roval9 or chemical intermediate

in a convenient non-ca'ing bri=uette form

PH->!(( "hemtura

$&$&)7 #mmonium 6romide - (lame retardant used mainly for chi$-

board1 4t can be easily introduced in the

early stage of the $rocess to $re$are the

wet mat which will feed the $ress

(7- 4"L



2AA brominated flame retardants

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated by

manufacturerG

Abb. A%%lications


Product

name Fe3.G

+anufac

turer

$*/&&)5 nd ca$$ed brominat-

ed e$o;y

- H4PS5 #6SI styrenic co$olymers (-!020 4"L

$)5*$ Polydibromo-styrene

co$olymer

- ,esigned for $olyamides and thermo-

$lastic $olyesters 8P6+ and P+914 has low

molecular weight and $referred for a$$li-

cations where im$roved flow is a re=uire-

ment1

(iremaster

"P-//H(

"hemtura

$/57&/))$ nd ca$$ed brominat-

ed e$o;y

- Suitable for use in H4PS and #6S includ-

ing electronics a$$lications1 ;hibits high

thermal and UV stability5 good low metal

adhesion5 and e;cellent flow $ro$erties1

4s non-blooming1

(-!?A 4"L

$$5,7$ +ris8tribromo-

neo$entyl9$hos$hate

++6)PP #dditive flame retardant develo$ed for

a$$lications such as PP and H4PS to reach

class V-2 according to the UL ./ standard5

with outstanding UV and light stability1

(7-!>0 4"L

&/,,*/& &i;ture of the

diesterether diol of

tetrabromo$hthalic

anhydride and $hos-

$hate ester1

HHP-

+6P

7eactive diol for rigid $olyurethane and

$olyisocyanurate foams5 urethane elasto-

mers and coatings

S#Y+N

76->.?0

#lbemarle

&$5/))& +etrabromobis$henol-

#5 bis 825!-

dibromo$ro$yl ether9

+66P#-

6,6P

Suitable for $olyolefin and styrenic resins

and it is es$ecially recommended for UL-

./ class V-21 4t is also a$$licable in class

V-0 $oly$ro$ylene

(7->20 4"L

P-A@ has e;cellent thermal stability and

melts during $rocessing for uniform dis-

$ersion

P-A@ "hemtura

&/*&75* +etrabromobis$henol

# bis 8allyl ether9

+66P#-b# #dditive flame retardant for PS and in

foam $olystyrene1 +he unsaturated end

grou$s $rovide the uni=ue function of

initiating (7 $erformance1

6-? "hemtura

&/7$*,) 25/5A-+ris825/5A-

tribromo$heno;y9-

5!5? triaBine

++6P-+# &a*or use of (7-2/? is in #6S and H4PS (7-2/? 4"L

&,)/$7 +etrabromo$hthalate

ester

6H-+6P (lame retardant $lasticiBer for PV" a$$li-

cations such as wire and cable insulation5

coated fabrics5 film and sheeting1 4t is

$roven to be e;tremely effective in PV"

*ac'eting for wire and cable meeting the

$lenum 8UL.09 standards1

,P-/? "hemtura



brominated flame retardants 2A>

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated by

manufacturerG

Abb. A%%lications


Product

name Fe3.G

+anufac

turer

(lame retardant for fle;ible $olyurethane

foam and can be used in a wide variety of

a$$lications5 in $articular where low fog-ging is critical1

(iremas-

ter 6-?/

"hemtura

*7&5)& 6rominated e$o;y +66P#-6K Used to stabiliBe $lastic com$ositions

containing active halogen atoms such as

flame retardant Poly styrene foam 8NPS91

4t can also be used as a (7 in e$o;y formu-

lation

(-2200 H& 4"L

*$)//, 525?5A5.50-

He;abromocyclodo-

decane

H6",, 7ecommended for styrene based systems

such as e;$anded and e;truded $olysty-

rene foams

(7-20A 4"L

7ecommended as an additive flame re-

tardant for thermo$lastic and thermoset-

ting $olymers1

",->?P "hemtura

Used in $olystyrene and $oly$ro$ylene

resins1 4t can also be used in te;tile treat-

ments5 adhesives and coating a$$lications1

S#Y+N

HP-.00

#lbemarle

StabiliBed he;abromo-

cyclododecane

H6",, #dditive flame retardant for critical ther-

mo$lastic and thermosetting $olymer

a$$lications and $roduct of choice for PS

8e;$anded $olystyrene foam9 and other

styrene based resin systems where im-

$roved melt viscosity stability is needed in

$rocessing1

SP->? "hemtura

*&/557,) thylenebistetra-

bromo$hthalimide

6+6P4 Used in $olyolefins5 high-im$act $olysty-

rene 8H4PS95 thermo$lastic $olyesters

8P6+5 P+5etc195 $olycarbonate and elas-

tomers1

S#Y+N 6+-

.!

#lbemarle

*&755/ +ribromo$henyl allyl

ether

+6P-# #dditive flame retardant for PS and

foamed $olystyrene1 PH-A? may also be

used as a synergist for aromatic bromine

containing flame retardants in a$$lications where ma;imum $rocess tem$eratures do

not e;ceed ?0"1

PH-A? "hemtura

*&, ,ibromoneo$entyl

glycol

,6)PK Used in "("-free foam systems designed

to meet more stringent standards of flame

retardancy1

(7-?22 4"L

*,)5*/7/ +ribromoneo$entyl

alcohol

+6)P# Used as a reactive intermediate for high

molecular weight flame retardants5 $artic-

ularly in the $roduction of $hos$horus and

bromine containing (7s

(7-?! 4"L



2A@ brominated flame retardants

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated by

manufacturerG

Abb. A%%lications


Product

name Fe3.G

+anufac

turer

*75/*/$ 6is 8tribromo$heno;y9

ethane

6+6P (lame retardant for H4PS5 #6S5 $olycar-

bonate5 thermo$lastic5 elastomers5 unsatu-

rated $olyesters5 adhesives5 coatings5 andte;tiles

((-A@0 "hemtura

/))7//$ 6rominated acrylate

monomer

P66-#cr Late;5 rubbers1 7eactive monomer5

thermal stability5 im$roves

com$atibility in $olymer matri;

(7-02?& 4"L

/))7/7* Poly $entabromoben-

Byl acrylate

- s$ecially suitable for engineering ther-

mo$lastics5 P+5 P6+5 nylon and styrenic

co$olymers

(7-02? 4"L

,*&7$ +etrabromo$hthalic

anhydride

+6P-#nh S#Y+N 76-/. flame retardant is de-

signed as a reactive intermediate for use in

unsaturated or saturated $olyesters5 $oly-ols5 esters and imides

S#Y+N

76-/.

#lbemarle

Primarily been used as a flame retardant in

the $roduction if unsaturated $olyester

resins1 4ts derivatives have been used as

flame retardants in a$$lications as diverse

as rigid $olyurethane $olyols5 wire coat-

ings and wool

PH+-/ "hemtura

,5))$,&* Halogenated $olyeth-

er$olyol 6

- Particularly well suited for the $roduction

of rigid $olyurethane foams1

4NOL 6

2?

Solvay

,5&57$ 6rominated $o;y

$olymer

- (or P"#6S and P6+ (-200L 4"L

Used in unsaturated $olyester and vinyl

ester resins1

(-200 4"L

#6S (-20A 4"L

7$*)&77* Pheno;y-terminated


+etrabromobis$henol

#

7,+-> (lame retardant for thermo$lastic resin

systems

6"-?@ "hemtura

7)7 +etrabromobis$henol

#

+66P# Used as a reactive flame retardant in the

manufacture of e$o;y5 $henolic and $oly-

carbonate resins

(7-?2/ 4"L

(lamecut

20K

+osoh "or-

$oration



brominated flame retardants 2A.

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated by

manufacturerG

Abb. A%%lications


Product

name Fe3.G

+anufac

turer

#s a reactive flame retardant5 S#Y+N "P-

2000 flame retardant finds $articular

a$$lication in e$o;y5 vinyl esters and$olycarbonate systems1 #s an additive

flame retardant5 S#Y+N "P-2000 flame

retardant is widely used in #6S

S#Y+N "P-

2000

#lbemarle

Used as a reactive flame retardant for

$olycarbonates and as an additive for

styrenic thermo$lastics such as #6S and

high im$act $olystyrene1

6#-?.P "hemtura

5)5/&/* thane-52-

bis8$entabromo$henyl

9

,ecabromodi$henyl

ethane

,6,P &a*or a$$lication areas include H4PS5

Low-,ensity Polyethylene5 Poly$ro$ylene

8Homo$olymers and "o$olymers95 las-

tomers5 P6+5 Polyamides5 UP and $o;y1

(7-/0 4"L

Used in styrenic $olymers5 engineering

resins5 wire J cable and elastomers1

Sayte; @00 #lbemarle

#dditive flame retardant for thermo$lastic5

elastomeric and thermoset $olymer sys-

tems5 such as H4PS5 P6+5 $oly$ro$ylene5

L,P5 P,&5 unsaturated $olyester5 and

e$o;y1

(iremaster

2007

"hemtura

55)7/,7 6rominated Polysty-

rene

- s$ecially suitable for engineering ther-

mo$lastics such asC )ylon5 P+ and P6+

(7-@0!P 4"L

4t is $articularly suitable for engineering

$lastic a$$lications such as $olyesters

8P+5 P6+5 P"+9 and $olyamides 8nylons91

S#Y+N

HP->00

#lbemarle

)**),)& Pheno;y-terminated


+66P#

- (or thermo$lastic resin systems 6"-?2 "hemtura

$$/75*5 6enBene5 ethenyl-5

$olymer with

5!-butadiene5 bro-

minated

:6rominated 6utadi-

eneStyrene 6loc'

"o$olymer<

- (or e;$anded $olystyrene 8PSNPS9 for

thermal insulation a$$lications1 7-22P is

an alternative $roduct to (7-20A

8H6",91

(7-22P 4"L

# stable5 high molecular weight $olymeric

flame retardant designed to gradually

re$lace He;abromocyclododecane 8H6",9

for use in e;truded 8NPS9 and e;$anded

8PS9 $olystyrene a$$lications1

Kreen-

"rest

#lbemarle

Sustainable5 4nnovative5 High-

Performance5 6rominated Polymeric

(lame 7etardant for Polystyrene (oams

merald

4nnova-

tion !000

"hemtura



2>0 brominated flame retardants

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated by

manufacturerG

Abb. A%%lications


Product

name Fe3.G

+anufac

turer

Pro%rietary Physical blend of

brominated $olysty-

rene and a $olyesterresin

- ,esigned s$ecifically for in*ection-molding

grades of $olybutylene tere$hthalate

8P6+91 #dditive that wor's well in unfilled5fiberglass and fiberglassmineral-

reinforced P6+ com$osites

S#Y+N A2 #lbemarle

Pro%rietary 7eactive diol blend - (or rigid $olyurethane and $olyisocyanu-

rate foams5 urethane elastomers and coat-

ings

S#Y+N

76->00

#lbemarle

Pro%rietary #romatic reactive diol - (or rigid $olyurethane and $olyisocyanu-

rate foams5 urethane elastomers and coat-

ings

S#Y+N

76-.>0

#lbemarle

Pro%rietary 6rominated $olymer - (or styrenic $olymers es$ecially for H4PS

and #6S5 engineering resins and $olyole-fins for wire and cable and elastomers1

Kreen-

#rmor

#lbemarle

Pro%rietary +etrabromo$hthalic

anhydride based diol

- Uses include rigid foam5 $olyurethane

74&5 elastomers5 coatings5 adhesives5 and

unsaturated $olyesters1

(iremaster

?20

"hemtura

Pro%rietary

CAS No

$5*,/5&77

and

&,)/$7

FC0CBP

&5G

"hemtura - (or PU foams and other a$$lications

which re=uire a li=uid $roduct

(iremaster

??0

"hemtura

Pro%rietary Phos$horus-bromine

flame retardant

- (or $olyurethane foams which is recom-

mended for mechanically cooled foams

(iremas-

ter??2

"hemtura


flame retardant

- (or $olyurethane foams and other a$$lica-

tions

(iremaster

A00

"hemtura


flame retardant

- (or fle;ible $olyurethane foams and is

recommended for mechanically cooled

foams1

(iremaster

A02

"hemtura

Z "hemical name according to S4S 8H++PCesis1*rc1ec1euro$a1eu9




A%%endi3 ): Substance flo( dia#ram for decaBD0 and 4BCDD

Substance flow diagrams for deca6, and H6",, for the 6altic Sea region from the "OH46#

82029 $ro*ect are found below 8see te;t in "ha$ter / in main re$ort91



2>2 brominated flame retardants



brominated flame retardants 2>!

A%%endi3 /: Su%%lemental data on the a%%lications of the B;'s

+he following a$$endi; includes information su$$lemental to the descri$tion in "ha$ter ! R $lease

see cha$ter four for further descri$tion1

TAB>0 A/& #PPL4"#+4O)S O( ,"#6, 86S(5 200A9

0lectrical and electronic F0U0G eui%ment

• housings and internal com$onents of +Vs

• mobile $hones and fa; machines

• audio and video e=ui$ment

• remote controls

•

communications cables

• ca$acitor films

• building cables

• wire and cables5 e1g15 heat shrin'able tubes

•

connectors in J e=ui$ment• circuit brea'ers

• coils of bobbins

• $rinting and $hotoco$y machine com$onents - toner

• cartridges and connectors

• scanner com$onents

Shi%s boats air%lanes

• electrical wiring and cables

• electric J lectronic e=ui$ment

− navigation and telecommunications e=ui$ment

−

com$uters and com$uter devices− audio and video e=ui$ment

− electrical connectors

− a$$liances

− housings and internal com$onents of +Vs

− fa; machines

− remote controls

− communications cables

− ca$acitor films

− cables

− circuit brea'ers

− $rinting and $hotoco$y machine com$onents - toner

−

cartridges and connectors− scanner com$onents

− air ducts for ventilation systems

− electrical ducts and fittings

− switches and connectors

− com$onents in fans5 heating fans and hair dryers

Te3tiles and furniture

• householdsfurniture a$$liances

− u$holstery te;tiles e1g1 sofas5 offices chairs

− PU fle;ible foam

•

army tents



2>/ brominated flame retardants

Automobilesmass trans%ortation

• fabric 8where ,eca-6, is enca$sulated in bac'coating of article9

• rear dec'

• u$holstery

• headliner

• sun visor

•

head rest•

trim $anel

• reinforced $lastics

• instrument $anel

• interior trim

• under the hood or dash

•

terminal fuse bloc'

• higher am$erage wire J cable *ac'eting 8s$ar'$lug wire9

• lectric J lectronic e=ui$ment

• battery case and battery tray

• engine control

• electrical connectors

• com$onents of radio dis'5 KPS and com$uter systems

4ousehold

• lam$ soc'ets

• 'itchen hoods

• electrical 'itchen a$$liances

• curtains and hanging dra$es

• com$onents of water heating device

• com$onents of electrical a$$liances such as

• transformers and switches

• com$onents in fans5 heating fans and hair dryers

Public %ri1ate and industrial buildin#sconstruction a%%lications

• $i$es

• lam$ holders

• stadium seats

• reinforced $lastics

• switches and connectors

• facing laminates for insulation $anel

• film for use under the roof and to $rotect building areas

• electrical ducts and fittings

• com$onents in analytical e=ui$ment in industrial and

•

medical laboratories• air ducts for ventilation systems

• $illars for tele$hone and communication cables



TAB>0 A/&

#PPL4"#+4O) SP"+7# O( 6(7S (7O& #L6&#7L 8#L6&#7L5 20!9

A%%lication DecaBD0 DBDP0 0BT0BPI 4BCDD TBBPA T0BPAnh Tetrabromo%h

thalic

anhydride

diesteretheriol

Solid thermo%lastics

ABS

4IPS

Polyamide

4i#h tem%erature

%olyamide

Polyester

Polycarbonate ‘

Poly%ro%ylene

Polyeth

yleneco%olymers

SAN

Alloys FPCABS

4IPSPP6G

0lastomers

PC

;oams

03truded Polystyrene

03%anded Polysty



2>A brominated flame retardants


thalic

anhydride

diesteretheriol

rene

'i#id %olyurethane

;le3ible %olyure

thane

‘

Polyolefins

PCnitrile

0lastomers

-ire and cable

Silicone

0PD+

Poly%ro%ylene

P00A

PC

M> P00A

TP9

PC

Thermosets

0%o3y ‘ ‘

Phenolic ‘

9nsaturated %olyes

ter

‘ ‘



brominated flame retardants 2>>


thalic

anhydride

diesteretheriol

inyl esters ‘ ‘

Acrylic resins

S+CB+C ‘

P9CAS0 ‘

Polyurea ‘

>ate3

Te3tiles and coatin#s

Bac"coatin#

Paints ‘

4ot +elts

;ibres

C additive5 ‘C reactive

ZC (our $roducts with brominated $olystyrene are merged here1



Concentrations of B;'s in materials

+he concentration of 6(7s added to the different $olymers de$ends onC

• +he efficacy of the 6(7 8e1g1 determined by the bromine content of the 6(79 and synergistsI

• +he desired level of flame retardancy 8tested by different flammability tests95 and

• +he flammability of the base resin 8e;$ressed by the Flimiting o;ygen inde;F of base resin91

3ith a bromine content of @/M deca6, has the highest s$ecific bromine content among the com-

mercial 6(7s1 6y the substitution of regulated 6(7s by other 6(7s5 the efficacy of the 6(7s will

influence the loading necessary to obtain a similar level of flame retardancy5 as further discussed in

cha$ter >1

+he limiting o;ygen inde; indicates the minimum $ercentage of o;ygen re=uired in the combustion

atmos$here to sustain ignition and combustion1 4f the limiting o;ygen inde; is 20M 8atmos$heric

concentration9 or lower5 the resin will continue burning when ignited in the normal atmos$here1

+he o;ygen inde; gives a broad indication of the flammability $erformance of the material1

O;ygen indices of a number of resins are shown in +able ?#-!1 +he o;ygen inde; of the resins may

vary somewhat5 and slightly different values may be found in different information sources1 +he

o;ygen inde; is also de$endent on the addition of reinforcement materials1 +he addition of glass

fibres5 for instance5 lowers the o;ygen inde; of the $lastic material5 and re=uires a higher flame

retardant loading to obtain a desired (7 classification1

7esins with a limiting o;ygen inde; of more than about !0M are self-e;tinguishing5 i1e1 they can

achieve a flame retardant grade without addition of flame retardant substances1 +hree of the resins

included in the table - $olysulfone5 $olyarylether'etone and $olyethersulfone - have such high o;y-

gen indices that relevant flame retardant grades are achieved without addition of flame retardants1

6y mi;ing a resin with a low limiting o;ygen inde;5 e1g1 $olystyrene5 with a resin with a higher in-

de;5 e1g1 $oly$henylene5 a co$olymer with a higher limiting o;ygen inde; than the $ure $olystyrenecan be obtained1 3ith a higher limiting o;ygen inde;5 the co$olymer can meet a desired (7 classifi-

cation at lower (7 loading5 or with the use of less efficient flame retardants1 +he use of co-$olymers

with a higher LO4 has been used as an a$$roach in the substitution of regulated 6(7s as further

discussed in "ha$ter >1



brominated flame retardants 2>.

TAB>0 /A*

L4&4+4)K ONYK) 4),N 8LO49 O( 6#S 7S4)S 8L#SS) ET $6.5 200A9

Base %olymer Abbre1iation >imitin# o3y#en

inde3

of base %olymer

FE G

Polystyrene PS @

Poly'etone P 20

Polybutylene tere$hthalate P6+ 22

Polyamide P# 2/1?

Poly$henylene ether PP 2@

Polycarbonate P" 2.

Polysulfone PSU 2.1?

Polyarylether'etone P# !>

Polyethersulfone PS !@

Z See Lassen et al.5 200A for original references

+he desired level of flame retardancy is generally determined by the standards the articles5 com$o-

nents or materials have to meet1

4n the descri$tion of the efficacy of 6(7s and the necessary loadings in order to obtain a certain

level of flame retardancy5 it is common to refer to the material classification of the UL./ classifica-

tion of the #merican Underwriters Laboratories 8UL5 20!91 +here are 2 flame classifications s$eci-

fied in UL ./ that are assigned to materials based on the results of small-scale flame tests1 +hese

classifications listed in descending order for each of the following three grou$ings are used to dis-tinguish a materials burning characteristics after test s$ecimens have been e;$osed to a s$ecified

test flame under controlled laboratory conditions1

• Si; of the classifications relate to materials commonly used in manufacturing enclosures5

structural $arts and insulators found in consumer electronic $roducts 8?V#5 ?V65 V-05 V-5 V-

25 H691

• +hree of the classifications relate to low-density foam materials commonly used in fabricating

s$ea'er grills and sound-deadening material 8H(-5 H(-25 H6(91

• +he last three classifications are assigned to very thin films5 generally not ca$able of su$$ort-

ing themselves in a horiBontal $osition 8V+&-05 V+&-5 V+&-291 +hese are usually assigned to

substrates on fle;ible $rinted circuit boards1

(or electronic $roducts the UL ./ material flammability classifications range from H6 8the lowest

standard9 to successively more stringent vertical burning tests 8"lass UL ./ V-25 V-5 V-0 and ?V9

and higher loadings or higher LO4 of base resin are needed to meet the classification1 Plastic $arts

in contact with electrical bearing $arts should ty$ically meet the V-0 classification5 whereas casing

and other structural $arts would ty$ically only need to meet a V-2 classification1

;am$les of loadings of 6(7s needed for V-0 grade H4PS5 P6+ and P# are shown in +able ?#-/1 #s

indicated in the table5 higher LO4 of the base resin does not necessarily result in lower loading5 as

the highest loadings are recommended for P# with the highest LO41



2@0 brominated flame retardants

TAB>0 /A)

N#&PLS O( "O&&7"4#LLY #V#4L#6L 6(7S (O7 V-0 K7#, H4PS5 P6+ #), P# 86#S, O) L#SS) ET $6.5

200A9

4IPS F>6IZ$5G PBT F>6IZ&&G PA F>6I &)./G

Substance >oadin# for

#rade

Syner#ist

AT6

>oadin# for

#rade

Syner#ist

AT6

>oadin# for

#rade

Syner#ist

AT6

DecaBD0 2-!M /-?M 01/M /M A-@ M A-> M

DBDP0 2-!M /-?M 01/ M /M A-@ M A-> M

0BT0BPI 2-!M /-?M 2-/ M ?M n1a1 n1a1

Brominated e%o3y %olymer

n1a n1a ?1@ M /M n1a1 n1a1

TBBPA /-20M /M n1a1 n1a1 n1a1 n1a1

Pheno3yterminated car

bonate oli#omer of TBBPA

n1a1 n1a1 /1? M /M n1a1 n1a1

TBBPABDBP0 ?M 8in

Fstyrenic

based res-

insF9 Z

?M n1a1 n1a1 n1a1 n1a1

Brominated %olystyrene n1a1 n1a1 21 M /M .-2 M A->M

PolyFdibromostyrene n1a1 n1a1 /1? M /1/M

)QPeBP6BD0&5 2M /M 2-/ M ?M A-@ M A-> M

TTBPTAR /1!M AM n1a1 n1a1 n1a1 n1a1

Z +he low loadings indicate that the Fstyrenic based resinsF may be styrenic based co$olymers1

n1a1 )ot available1

Z2 See Lassen et al. 8200A9 for original references1



brominated flame retardants 2@

A%%endi3 ,: Self classification of selected brominated flame retardants

+he "lassification J Labelling 8"JL9 4nventory database at the website of the uro$ean "hemicals

#gency 8"H#9 contains classification and labelling information on notified and registered sub-

stances received from manufacturers and im$orters1 +he database includes the harmonised classifi-

cation as well1 "om$anies have $rovided this information in their "JL notifications or registrationdossiers 8"H#5 20!d91 "H# maintains the 4nventory5 but does not verify the accuracy of the

information1

+he "JL database has been searched for all 6(7s listed in +able and 2 of the main re$ort1 "lassifi-

cation of the 6(7s listed in the "JL database is shown in the table below1

Please note that in many instances5 the substances are not classified because data are lac'ing1 +he

absence of a classification e1g1 for environmental haBards5 does not necessarily mean that the sub-

stances are not haBardous1 7eference is made to the "JL inventory for more information on the

self-classification of each of the substances1

TAB>0 A*"L#SS4(4"#+4O) 4)(O7&#+4O) O) )O+4(4, #), 7K4S+7, SU6S+#)"S 7"4V, (7O & &#)U(#"+U77S

#), 4&PO7+7S 8"JL L4S+9

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated in

%rere#istrationG

Abbre1.4a2ard Class and

Cate#ory CodeFsG

4a2ard

Statement

Codes

Number of

notifiers

$$,*$/ 6is8$entabromo$heny

l9 ether

,eca6, Total

#cute +o;1 /

#cute +o;1 /

ye 4rrit1 2

#cute +o;1 / &uta1 2

S+O+ 7 2

#=uatic "hronic /

H!02

H!2

H!.

H!!2H!/

H!>!

H/!

&//

/.

/@

2>

2!?

/

22

$$57, 25/5A-+ribromo$henol +6P Total

#cute +o;1 !

#cute +o;1 /

S'in Sens1

ye 4rrit1 2

S+O+ S !

7e$r1 2S+O+ S 2

S+O+ 7 2

#=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic

H!0

H!02

H!?

H!>

H!.

H!!?

H!AH!>

H!>!

H/00

H/0

$$$

2

2/

2!

@2

0?

2!

@2

2

$&$&)7 #mmonium bromide Total

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

S+O+ S !

H!?

H!.

H!!?

)/,

A0

/?2

A0



2@2 brominated flame retardants

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated in

%rere#istrationG


Cate#ory CodeFsG

4a2ard

Statement

Codes

Number of

notifiers

$&,7&7 +ris825!-

dibromo$ro$yl9 $hos-

$hate

+,6PP Total

#cute +o;1 /

S'in 4rrit1 2"arc1 6

#=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic

H!02

H!?H!?0

H/00

H/0

&,

2A

2!2!

2!

2!

$/&&&/ !-6romo-252-

bis8bromomethyl9--

$ro$anol

Pentaerythritol +ri-

bromide

+6)P# Total

ye 4rrit1 2

#cute +o;1 /

#cute +o;1 /

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

#cute +o;1 /

H!.

H!02

H!2

H!?

H!.

H!!2

&/

2/

$/57&/))$ 2525A5A-+etrabromo-

/5/-

iso$ro$ylidenedi$he-

nol5 oligomeric reac-

tion $roducts with -

chloro-25!-

e$o;y$ro$ane and

25/5A-tribromo$henol

O6+&P4 Total

)ot classified 8no infor-

mation $rovided9

)

/

&/,,*/& 2-82-

Hydro;yetho;y9ethyl

2-hydro;y$ro$yl

!5/5?5A-

tetrabromo$hthalate

HHP-+6P Total

#=uatic "hronic ! H/2

)

>

&$5/))& 5-84so$ro$ylidene9

bis:!5?-dibromo-/-

825!-

dibromo$ro-

$o;y9benBene<

+66P#-

6,6P

Total

)ot classified 8no in-

formation $rovided9

))

/!

&*)55*5& 25!5?5A-+etrabromo-$-

;ylene

+6N Total

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

S+O+ S !

H!?

H!.

H!!?

&*

2!

2!

2!

&/*&75* 5-

4so$ro$ylidenebis:/-

8allylo;y9-!5?-

dibromobenBene<

+66P#-b# Total

ye 4rrit1 2

#=uatic "hronic /

H!.

H/!

**

!

20

&/,*7) He;abromocyclodo-

decane

H6",, Total

7e$r1 2

Lact1

#=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic

H!A

H!A2

H/00

H/0

$*

.

.

0

.0



brominated flame retardants 2@!

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated in

%rere#istrationG


Cate#ory CodeFsG

4a2ard

Statement

Codes

Number of

notifiers

&,)/$7 6is82-ethylhe;yl9

tetrabromo$hthalate

6H-+6P Total

ye 4rrit1 2 H!.

&*

22

*7&5)& 252-:8-&ethylethylide-

ne9bis:825A-dibromo-

/5-

$henyle-

le-

ne9o;ymethylene<<bis

o;irane

+66P#-6K Total

S'in sens1 H!>

*,

2

*$75&,) ,ibromostyrene ,6S Total


mation $rovided

$

*&/*)5$ ,i$henyl ether5 $en-

tabromo derivative

$enta6, S+O+ 7 2

Lact1

#=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic

H!>!

H!A2

H/00

H/0

*&/*,/& ,i$henyl ether5 oc-

tabromo derivative

octa6, 7e$r1 6 H!A0,f

*&/557,) )5)-

ethylenebis8!5/5?5A-

tetrabromo$h-

thalimide9

6+6P4 Total

)ot classified 8data

lac'ing9

$$,

?!

*&755/ 2-8allylo;y9-5!5?-

tribromobenBene

+6P-# Total


mation $rovided

&

20

*&, 252-

bis8bromomethyl9$ro$

ane-5!-diol

,6)PK Total

#cute +o;1 /

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

S+O+ S !

&uta1 6

"arc1 6

"arc1 2S+O+ 7 2

#=uatic "hronic /

H!02

H!?

H!.

H!!?

H!/0

H!?0

H!?H!>!

H/!

$$,

2A

2A

2?

@?

@?

!0@

@

**&&*5 52-,ibromo-/-852-

dibromoeth-

yl9cyclohe;ane

,6-,6"H Total

ye 4rrit1 2 H!.

&*

2!

*///$$$ #llyl $entabromo-

$henyl ether9

P6P# Total

#=uatic "hronic / H/!

&*

2!

*,*//$5 He;abromo-5-

bi$henyl

He;a66 Total

)o indication

$



2@/ brominated flame retardants

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated in

%rere#istrationG


Cate#ory CodeFsG

4a2ard

Statement

Codes

Number of

notifiers

*,)5*/7/ 252-dimethyl$ro$an--

ol5 tribromo derivative

+6)P# Total

#cute +o;1 /

ye 4rrit1 2&uta1 2

#=uatic "hronic !

H!02

H!.H!/

H/2

$&$

20

/20

.!

*75/*/$ 5-:ethane-52-

diylbiso;y<bis:25/5A-

tribromobenBene<

6+6P Total

)ot classified 8no ifor-

mation $rovided9

&

2.

)$,&)/& /5/-

iso$ro$ylidenebis82-

825A-

dibromo$he-

no;y9ethanol9

+66P#-6H Total

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

S+O+ S !

H!?

H!.

H!!?

&7

2/

2/

2!

/&)*) 5!5?-+ris825!-


triaBine-

25/5A8H5!H5?H9-

trione

+,6P-+#+O Total

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

S+O+ S !

#=uatic "hronic /

H!?

H!.

H!!?

H/!

/

?>

?>

?!

2

/5,/,,/ 525/5?-tetrabromo-

!5A-

6is8$entabromo$heno

;y9 benBene

/T-

Pe6PO6-

,20@

Total

)o classification indi-

cated

*)

/))7//$ 8Pentabromo-

$henyl9methyl acry-

late

P66-#cr Total

S'in Sens1

ye 4rrit1 2

#=uatic "hronic /

H!>

H!.

H/!

&/

2

2?

2!

,57$ Pentabromo$henol P6P Total

#cute +o;1 !

#cute +o;1 !

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

#cute +o;1 !

S+O+ S !

#=uatic #cute

H!0

H!

H!?

H!.

H!!

H!!?

H/00

&/

2!

2!

2!

2!

2!

2!

2!

,$//57 25/-dibromo$henol ,6P Total

#cute +o;1 2

#cute +o;1 /

#cute +o;1 /

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

#cute +o;1 /

S+O+ S !

#=uatic "hronic !

H!00

H!02

H!2

H!?

H!.

H!!2

H!!?

H/2

*

2?

!

!

2?

2?

!

2!

2



brominated flame retardants 2@?

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated in

%rere#istrationG


Cate#ory CodeFsG

4a2ard

Statement

Codes

Number of

notifiers

,*&7$ +etrabromo$hthalic

anhydride

+6P-#nh Total

S'in 4rrit1 2

S'in Sens1 ye 4rrit1 2

S+O+ S !

H!?

H!>H!.

H!!?

7)

2/

/@2/

2!

,5))$,&* 2-butyne-5/-diol5

$olymer with 2-

8chlorome-

thyl9o;irane5 bromin-

ated5 dehydrochlorin-

ated5 metho;ylated

Total

#cute +o;1 /

ye 4rrit1 2

H!02

H!.

$,/

A?

A?

,5&57$ Phenol5 /5/-8-

methylethyli-

dene9bis:25A-dibromo-

5 $olymer with 252-:8-

methylethyli-

dene9bis:825A-

dibromo-/5-

$he-

nylene9o;ymethylene<

<bis:o;irane<

Total

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

)ot classified

H!?

H!.

7*

2!

2!

2

7)7 2525A5A-+etrabromo-

/5/-

iso$ro$ylidenedi$he-

nol

+66P# #=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic

H/00

H/0

5)5/&/* 5-8thane-52-

diyl9bis:$entabromobe

nBene<

,6,P Total

#=uatic "hronic / H/!

)*

!02

5/&&* 25!5/5?5A-

Pentabromoethylben-

Bene

P66 Total

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

S+O+ S !

H!?

H!.

H!!?

&,

2A

2A

2!

575&$ He;abromobenBene H66 Total

#cute +o;1 /

#cute +o;1 /

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

#cute +o;1 /

S+O+ S !

H!02

H!2

H!?

H!.

H!!2

H!!?

&,

2!

2!

2/

2/

2!

2!

575*& 25!5/5?5A-

Pentabromotoluene

P6+ Total

S'in 4rrit1 2

ye 4rrit1 2

S+O+ S !

#=uatic #cute

#=uatic "hronic

H!?

H!.

H!!?

H/00

H/0

&)

2/

2/

2!



2@A brominated flame retardants

CAS No

Substance name

Fas indicated in

%rere#istrationG


Cate#ory CodeFsG

4a2ard

Statement

Codes

Number of

notifiers

55)7/,7 6enBene5 ethenyl-5

homo$olymer5 bro-

minated:6rominated Polysty-

rene<

Total

)o haBard statement

ye 4rrit1 2)ot classified

H!.

*/

2@

A

Z Harmonised classification



Sur1ey of brominated flame retardants

+his survey is $art of the ,anish P#Ds review of the substances on the List of Undesirable Substances

lous 2013 hoering brominated flame retardants

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