low germanic loanwords borrowed in english

LINGUISTICA BRUNENSIA 60, 2012, 12

ZUZANA MALKOV

LOW GERMANIC1 LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE

AbstractThis article provides a list of English loanwords which were borrowed in the European contact area from Low Germanic varieties, namely from Dutch, Low German, Flemish and Frisian. The loan-words are divided according to the century in which they were first attested in English; individual items consist of a definition of the English lexeme, possible source word/words and if necessary, it is followed by a short commentary. A further analysis regarding the development of the process of borrowing, number of borrowings according to the individual varieties and their semantic field is offered in the Introduction.

Key wordsEnglish; Low Germanic; loanwords

Introduction

This article focuses on the Low Germanic loanwords in English which were taken over from people speaking Low Germanic varieties through their mutual contact with English in Europe. English has a special position among the West Germanic languages as it developed in a relative isolation on the British Isles. While the languages on the continent were much more prone to be influenced by each other thanks to various socio-cultural and political factors, the English speaking population separated from them by the sea was exposed to different in-fluences than the Low Germanic varieties were. Despite the natural barrier there was (and of course still is) mutual contact between these two groups. One of the ways of observing the frequency and intensity of their contact is to study their languages and find out whether and to which extent they were influenced by one another. According to the sociolinguistic research, the lexical level is the least

1 In this article, the terms Low Germanic and Low German are used in order to differentiate between all the West Germanic languages on the continent which did not undergo the Second Sound Shift and the varieties spoken in Northern Germany also known as Plattdeutsch, respectively.

212 ZUZANA MALKOV

stable during a contact period between two cultures therefore I concentrated on this level of language to see which varieties of Low Germanic languages exerted the greatest influence on English, when the contact occurred and which spheres of language were influenced.A thorough study of English vocabulary proved that mutual contact between England and Low Countries exerted a certain influence on the English lexis. In this study, 243 borrowings were attested in English which had been taken over from Low Germanic between the 13th and 20th C. As the varieties of Low Germanic are closely related and mutually influenced by one another, difficulties arise when trying to determine which variety is responsible for a particular loanword. Therefore, in questionable cases, possible source words are listed from more varieties, all of which are counted as a source word for the graphs.

Fig. 1 Number of loanwords in English according to their original variety

From Figure 1, it is immediately obvious that Dutch represents the major source of borrowings, 234 Dutch lexical items were taken into English. This overwhelm-ing lead can be accounted to the fact that Dutch is the only standardised language; its formation falls into the 10th and 11th C and since that time the economical and political power of Dutch people assured their language an overt prestige, which ultimately led to its standardisation and establishment as a national language. However, it can be observed in Fig. 2 that in the 13th C Low German enjoyed a higher prestige than Dutch due to a larger amount of loanwords; this can be ex-plained by the existence of the Hanseatic League, thanks to which Low German spread to almost every port in Europe. Low German, Flemish and Frisian have never disposed of a standard variant, which resulted in lesser interest devoted to these varieties as far as writing dictionaries and grammar books are concerned. Moreover, as non-standard variants these languages were used by fewer people and were suppressed by the Dutch, French and German when being under their rule. These facts are reflected by the number of possible source words for borrow-ings; Low German, Flemish and Frisian could have provided the source for 75, 12 and 10 English loanwords respectively. However, in almost every case there

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dutch Low German Flemish Frisian

Fig. 1 Number of loanwords in English

Number of loanwords in English

213LOW GERMANIC LOANWORDS IN ENGLISH BORROWED IN EUROPE

is also a Dutch word, which can be considered a source for the loanword; and it is also important to realize that in some cases an unattested word from one of the non-standard variety might have served as a source for the English loanword. The development of the process of borrowing from Low Germanic languages can be observed in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Development of the process of borrowing

In the following tables the relevant English loanwords are listed alphabetically according to the century in which they were first attested in English. It can be ob-served that no grammatical words were taken over and the lexical words mainly prove that the historic contact areas between English and Low Germanic people were mainly concentrated on the nautical, commercial and military domains.

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ledge and Kegan Paul.DONALDSON, B.C. 1983. Dutch. A Linguistic History of Holland and Belgium. Leiden: Martinus

Nijhoff.GELDEREN, E. van. 2006. A History of the English Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub-

lishing Company.HARPER, D. 2001-2011. Online Etymology Dictionary. HASPELMATH, M. TADMOR, U. 2009. Loanwords in the Worlds Languages: A Comparative

Handbook. The Hague: De Gruyter Mouton.HASPELMATH, M. TADMOR, U. 2009. World Loanword Database.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Fig. 2 Development of the process of borrowing

Dutch

Low German

Frisian

Flemish

214 ZUZANA MALKOV

HOAD, T.F. 1986. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Oxford Univer-Oxford: Oxford Univer-sity Press, 1986.

MARKEY, T.L. 1976. Germanic Dialect Grouping and the Position of Ingvaeonic. Insbruck: Inns-Insbruck: Inns-brucker Beitrge zur Sprachwissenschaft.

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hoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co.


13th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

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otes

boun

ce (o

r. bu

nsen

) ap

plic

atio

n to

loud

ex

plos

ive

nois

e

bum

sen

LG

bow

line

rop

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nnec

ting

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wea

ther

si

de o

f a sa

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ith th

e bo

w

bl

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u

bow

spri

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ar e

xten

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from

the

bow

of

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ip

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spre

t MLG

dote

to

be fo

olis

h, ra

ve

dote

n M

LGdo

ten

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upr

obab

ly fr

om M

LG, o

f unk

now

n or

igin

driv

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erva

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lem

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vel

freig

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vrac

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rech

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LGvr

acht

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orig

inal

LG

M a

nd M

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wor

d m

eant

co

st o

f tra

nspo

rt, i

t may

be

crea

ted

from

a lo

st O

ld

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ian

wor

d fr

om P

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c *f

ra-a

ihti

z a

bsol

ute

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essi

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rope

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frat

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ual a

id

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etty

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an

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naut

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ia O

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216 ZUZANA MALKOVE

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14th

Cen

tury

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wor

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lish

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man

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chFr

is.,

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otes

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kage

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side

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f M

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in, t

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to m

ove

back

and

forth

as a

gain

st

anot

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ce

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elin

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rou

gh, u

neve

nru

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to sc

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p u

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r bai

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out

sche

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LG

to

draw

wat

er

scho

pe M

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buc

ket

for b

ailin

g w

ater

sc

our

clea

nse

by ru

bbin

gsc

uren

M.D

u t

o po

lish,

cle

an

Poss

ibly

orig

inal

ly a

tech

nica

l ter

m a

mon

g Fl

emis

h w

orkm

en in

Eng

land

, pro

b. a

dopt

ed fr

om

OF

escu

rer.

scum

a

film

or

laye

r of

fou

l; lo

w,

wor

thle

ss o

r evi

l per

son

schu

me

M.D

u f

oam

, fr

oth

skip

per

capt

ain

or m

aste

r of a

ship

sc

ippe

r M.D

u fr

om

scip

218 ZUZANA MALKOVE

nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

essl

ing

impl

emen

t for

thro

win

g st

ones

sl

inge

MLG

s

ling

slin

ge O

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from

an

unid

enti

fied

con

tine

ntal

sou

rce

(cf.

OH

G

slin

gan,

M.S

wed

slon

ga)

snac

k to

bite

or s

nap

sinc

e 18

C l

ittle

m

eal

snac

ken

M.D

u t

o sn

atch

, cha

tter

snor

t to

snor

esn

orte

n LG

pr

ob. r

elat

ed to

snor

e or

to th

e LG

exp

ress

ion

splin

t pl

ate

of a

rmou

rsp

linte

, spl

ente

M

LG t

hin

piec

e of

iron

splin

te M

.Du

rela

ted

to M

LG

spoo

l a

cylin

dric

al p

iece

on

whi

ch

som

ethi

ng is

wou

nd

spoe

le M

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a s

pool

ster

n h

ind

part

of a

ship

st

iarn

e O

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r

udde

ror

from

ON

stjo

rn a

stee

ring

trad

e th

e pr

oces

s of b

uyin

g an

d se

lling

tr

ade

MLG

tr

ack,

cou

rse

trad

e M

.Du

intro

duce

d by

Han

sa m

erch

ants

wai

nsco

t (or

. way

nsco

t) im

porte

d oa

k of

su

perio

r qua

lity

wag

hens

cote

M.D

u s

uper

ior q

ualit

y oa

k w

ood,

boa

rd u

sed

for

pane

lling

wag

hens

cote

M

.Fle

m.

wra

ck w

reck

ed sh

ip

wra

k M

.Du

wre

ck

15th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

boor

hus

band

man

b

r MLG

boer

Du

prob

. of G

mc

*b-

dw

ell,

IE *

bhu,

rein

trodu

ced

due

to D

utch

for

m b

oer

boot

y p

lund

er

bute

MLG

bute

n M

.Du

brak

e a

ppar

atus

for r

etar

ding

the

mot

ion

of a

whe

el

brak

e M

LGbr

aeke

M.D

u

brui

n c

omm

on o

r bro

wn

bear

br

uin

Du

bro

wn


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

bulw

ark

ram

part

, for

tifi

cati

on

bolw

erk

M.D

uor

MH

G b

olw

erk

bal

list

a, f

orti

fica

tion

bu

ng a

stop

per f

or th

e op

enin

g of

a c

ask

bong

e M

.Du

sto

pper

bu

oy

mar

ked

floa

tbo

je, b

oei M

.Du

Dut

ch p

roba

bly

borr

owed

this

wor

d fr

om F

boi

e,

buie

cha

in, f

ette

r fr

om w

hich

it e

nter

ed E

nglis

hco

rf

bask

et, (

late

r) s

peci

fica

lly

for

min

ing

korf

MLG

korf

Du.

curl

to

form

into

coi

ls a

s the

hai

rkr

ull M

.Du

cur

ly

krul

l E.F

ris

lock

of h

air

dapp

er e

lega

nt

dapp

er M

LG

bol

d, st

rong

, st

urdy

dapp

er M

.Du

deck

pla

tform

ext

endi

ng fr

om si

de to

si

de o

f a sh

ip

dec,

dek

M.D

u r

oof,

co

verin

gex

cise

tol

l, ta

xex

cijs

M.D

u fir

kin

cas

k; q

uart

er o

f a

barr

el

vier

delk

ijn

M.D

u go

lf a

gam

eco

lf, c

olve

M.D

u s

tick,

clu

b, b

at

take

n fr

om S

cotti

sh g

ouf w

hose

sou

rce

was

Du

colf

groo

ve m

inin

g sh

aft,

min

egr

oeve

M.D

u f

urro

w,

ditc

hgu

ilder

coi

n of

the

Net

herla

nds

guld

en D

ugu

lden

Fle

mho

ist

to ra

ise

hiss

en, h

iese

n LG

hyss

en M

.Du;

hi

jsch

en D

u t

o ho

ist

or

igin

ated

pro

b. fr

om

M.D

uho

p h

op p

lant

, hum

ulus

lupu

sho

ppe

MLG

hopp

e M

.Du

hoy

sm

all s

ailin

g ve

ssel

ho

ei, h

oede

, heu

de

M.D

ule

ak t

o le

t wat

er in

or o

ut

leke

n to

drip

, to

leak

ei

ther

fro

m M

.Du

or O

N le

ka m

ight

be

an

alte

rnat

ive

sour

celo

iter

idle

, lin

ger i

ndol

ently

le

uter

en M

.Du

wag

ab

out,

leut

eren

Du

sha

ke, t

otte

r, da

wdl

e

perh

aps i

ntro

duce

d by

vag

rant

s fro

m th

e Lo

w

Cou

ntrie

s

220 ZUZANA MALKOVE

nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

eslu

ck g

ood

fortu

ne, h

appi

ness

lu

k LG

ghel

ucke

M.D

u, g

eluk

D

upr

obab

ly o

rigin

ally

intro

duce

d as

a g

ambl

ing

term

mar

line

sm

all l

ine

mar

lijn

Du

mar

t m

arke

tm

arct

M.D

ufr

om L

mer

catu

s tra

de

mee

rkat

mon

key

mee

rkat

Du

mon

key

nap

dow

ny su

rfac

e of

clo

th

nopp

e M

LGno

ppe

M.D

u n

ap, t

uft

of w

ool

prob

ably

intro

duce

d by

Fle

mis

h cl

oth-

wor

kers

orlo

p th

e lo

wer

mos

t of f

our o

r mor

e de

cks a

bove

the

spac

e at

the

botto

m o

f a

hull

over

lp

MLG

ov

erlo

op M

.Du

cov

erin

g, a

n ov

er-

leap

pi

ckle

sal

t liq

uor i

n w

hich

food

is

pres

erve

dp

kel L

Gpe

kel M

.Du

pic

kle,

br

ine

pke

l E.F

ris

pill

med

icam

ent

pille

MLG

pille

M.D

upi

p d

isea

se o

f bird

spi

ppe

M.D

u m

ucus

pl

acar

d f

orm

al d

ocum

ent a

uthe

ntic

ated

by

an

affi

xed

seal

pl

acke

n M

.Du

to

patc

h, to

pla

ster

or

ig. p

rob.

from

MF

plac

quar

d

pum

p a

ppar

atus

for f

orci

ng li

quid

or a

irpu

mpe

MLG

pom

pe M

.Du

wat

er

cond

iut,

pipe

ra

ck f

ram

e w

ith b

ars

rakk

LG

rec

M.D

u f

ram

ewor

kse

lvag

e e

dge

of w

eb o

r cl

oth

so fi

nish

ed

as to

pre

vent

rave

ling

sulfe

gge

LGze

lfka

nt D

use

lveg

ge

M.F

lem

a co

rrup

tion

of se

lf+ed

ge a

rose

as a

n an

alog

y of

M

.Fle

m se

lveg

gesl

ed a

sled

ge u

sed

for t

rans

port

of h

eavy

go

ods

sled

de M

.Du

slip

nar

row

strip

sl

ippe

MLG

slip

pe M

.Du

cut

, sli

tsm

elt

to fu

se o

r mel

t (or

e)

smel

ten

LGsm

elte

n D

usn

ap q

uick

, sud

den

bite

or c

ut

snap

pen

LGsn

ap(e

n) D

u st

ove

hea

ting

stov

e M

LG

hea

ted

room

st

ove

M.D

u


16th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

aloo

f at

a d

ista

nce,

rese

rved

lo

ef D

u, lo

f M.D

u t

he

wea

ther

side

of a

ship

an

ker,

also

anc

hor

liqui

d m

easu

re in

N

orth

Sea

and

Bal

tic tr

ade

anke

r D

uM

.L. a

ncer

ia, a

nche

ria

a sm

all v

at

bele

ague

r to

surr

ound

with

mili

tary

fo

rces

be

lege

ren

LG

to b

esie

ge

bele

gere

n D

ua

wor

d fr

om th

e Fl

emis

h W

ars,

spel

ling

infl

uenc

ed b

y le

ague

blin

k to

ope

n an

d cl

ose

the

eye

blin

ken

M.D

u t

o gl

itte

rof

unc

erta

in o

rigin

boom

a

long

spa

r, fl

oati

ng ti

mbe

r ba

rrie

rb

msc

hip

MLG

, bu

mbo

ot L

G

bum

boat

Du

boom

lon

g po

le

boom

Du

tre

e, p

ole,

be

am

from

Sco

ttish

bou

n w

hich

was

bor

row

ed fr

om

Du

brac

k s

alty

, brin

ybr

ak D

u w

orth

less

bu

ckw

heat

a p

lant

, Fag

opyr

um

escu

lent

um

boec

wei

te M

.Du

bee

ch

whe

at

bugg

er s

odom

ite, v

ulga

r coa

rse

boug

re M

.Du

via

Du

from

the

(O)F

bou

gre

(orig

in in

B

ulga

rians

who

wer

e co

nsid

ered

to b

e he

retic

as

mem

bers

of E

aste

rn O

rthod

ox C

hris

tians

)bu

lly a

blu

ster

ing,

qua

rrel

som

e,

over

bear

ing

pers

on

orig

. sw

eeth

eart

boel

Du

lov

er, b

roth

er

bum

pkin

aw

kwar

d co

untry

fello

w

bom

mek

ijn

M.D

u l

ittl

e ba

rrel

bu

rghe

r ci

tizen

bu

rger

Du

burg

omas

ter

chie

f m

agis

trat

e of

a D

utch

or

Fle

mis

h to

wn

burg

emee

ster

Du

dock

bed

or h

ollo

w in

whi

ch a

ship

rest

s at

low

wat

erdo

cke

MLG

dock

e, d

ok M

.Du

of u

nkno

wn

orig

in

222 ZUZANA MALKOVE

nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

esdo

ck

soli

d fl

eshy

par

t of

a ho

rse

s ta

il,

crup

per

do

cke

(M)

LG b

undl

e of

st

raw

dock

e M

.Du

dok

Fris

. b

unch

, bal

l (o

f tw

ine)

do

it a

n ol

d sm

all c

oppe

r coi

n of

the

Net

herl

ands

, a b

it o

r tr

ifle

duit

M.D

u

dolla

r cu

rren

cy

dale

r LG

from

G ta

ler,

abbr

evia

tion

of J

oach

imst

alle

r g

ulde

n of

Joac

him

stal

do

min

eer

to ru

le a

rbitr

arily

, tyr

anni

ze

dom

iner

en D

u t

o ru

le

from

M.F

dom

iner

elop

e to

run

off

(ont

)lope

n M

.Du

run

aw

ay

prob

ably

reb

orro

win

g fr

om M

.Du

filib

uste

r pi

ratic

al a

dven

ture

rvr

ijbu

iter

Du.

fr

ee-

boot

er

fitch

, fitc

hew

pol

ecat

and

its f

ur

vits

che,

vis

se, fi

sse

Du

appa

r. of

OF

orig

in fi

chea

uflu

e (o

r. flo

ow)

chim

ney,

smok

e du

cts

in it

vl

oe M

.Du

vluw

e W

.Fle

m

fois

t in

trodu

ce su

rrep

titio

usly

or

unw

arra

ntab

ly

vuys

ten

M.D

u t

o ta

ke in

th

e fi

st

forl

orn

hope

ho

pele

ss e

nter

pris

e;,

desp

erat

e ad

vent

urer

s, pl

ayer

sve

rlor

en h

oop

Du

los

t tro

op

freeb

oote

r pi

ratic

al a

dven

ture

rvr

ibue

ter M

.Du

frolic

jo

yous

, spo

rtiv

evr

olij

k (M

.)D

u , v

ro

gla

d, jo

yous

ga

s a

subs

tanc

e po

sses

sing

per

fect

m

olec

ular

mob

ility

ga

s Du

prob

. fro

m G

k kh

aos

em

pty

spac

e, fi

rst u

sed

by F

lem

ish

chem

ist J

.B. v

an H

elm

ont

grab

to

seiz

e su

dden

ly o

r qui

ckly

gr

abbe

n M

LG

to g

rab

grab

ben

M.D

u

gruf

f co

arse

, coa

rse-

grai

ned

grof

MLG

c

oars

e in

qu

ality

, thi

ck

grof

M.D

u

hack

but

wea

pon

hke

buss

e M

.Du

(fro

m F

ha

queb

ut)

MF

ha(r

)que

busc

h ca

me

to E

ngli

sh v

ia D

utch


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

haw

ker

itine

rant

, sel

ler

hoke

r, ha

c M

LG

heuk

er D

upr

ob. o

f LG

orig

inho

yden

a b

oist

erou

s, bo

ld, a

nd c

aref

ree

girl

heid

en D

u r

usti

c,

unic

ivili

zed

man

of

unk

now

n or

igin

, per

haps

fro

m D

u

inte

rlop

er u

naut

horiz

ed tr

ader

tre

spas

sing

on

priv

ilege

s of c

harte

red

com

pani

es

loop

er D

u, lo

per M

.Du

run

ner,

rove

r

isin

glas

s ge

latin

obt

aine

d fr

om a

ir-bl

adde

r of s

turg

eon

huiz

enbl

as D

u hu

ysen

s

turg

eon

+ b

las

bla

dder

stur

geon

s bla

dder

late

r ass

imila

ted

to g

las

kerm

ess,

kir

mes

s a

loca

l, an

nual

out

door

fa

ir or

fest

ival

ke

rmis

Du

from

M.D

u ke

rk-m

isse

ch

urch

-mas

s

land

scap

e p

ictu

re re

pres

entin

g na

tura

l in

land

scen

ery

lant

scap

M.D

u fr

om

land

lan

d +

scap

-sh

ip,

cond

itio

n; o

rigi

nall

y in

trodu

ced

as a

pai

nter

s te

rmli

nsto

ck s

taff

to h

old

a lig

hted

mat

ch

lont

stok

Du

mat

ch st

ick

litm

us b

lue

dye

obta

ined

from

cer

tain

lic

hens

li

jkm

oes

M.D

u, la

kmoe

s D

um

anik

in

join

ted

figu

re u

sed

by a

rtis

ts

man

neke

n D

u l

ittl

e m

an

mar

grav

e g

over

nor o

f a G

erm

an b

orde

r pr

ovin

ce

mar

cgra

ve M

.Du

orig

inal

ly fr

om O

HG

mar

cgra

vo

min

ikin

dar

ling

min

neki

jn M

.Du

min

x p

et d

og, p

ert g

irl

min

neki

jn M

.Du

of u

ncer

tain

ori

gin

perh

aps

a sh

orte

ning

of

Du

min

ikin

girl

, wom

an

muf

f w

arm

cov

erin

g fo

r the

han

ds

mof

Du

a m

uff

sh

orte

ned

from

M.D

u m

offe

l m

itten

, muf

fpa

d b

undl

e of

stra

w to

lie

on

pad

LG s

ole

of

the

foot

pa

d D

u

pals

grav

e a

cou

nt p

alat

ine

pals

grav

e M

.Du

pals

p

alac

e +

gra

af c

ount

224 ZUZANA MALKOVE

nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

esqu

acks

alve

r ch

arla

tan,

qua

ck d

octo

rkw

akza

lver

Du

rant

to

be u

proa

rious

ly m

erry

ra

nten

M.D

u t

o ta

lk

fool

ishl

y, ra

ve

rave

l to

unt

angl

e, u

nwin

dra

vele

n M

.Du

to

tang

le,

fray

, unw

eave

re

ef (r

iff)

ridge

und

erw

ater

ri

ffe D

upr

ob. v

ia D

u fr

om O

N ri

f rid

ge

rix-

doll

ar a

ny o

f var

ious

silv

er c

oins

ri

jksd

aler

Du

rove

r se

a ro

bber

, pira

te

rve

r MLG

rve

r D

u r

obbe

r, pr

edat

or, p

lund

erer

sc

one

thi

n, fl

at c

ake

scho

nbro

d LG

scho

on b

rood

Du

fine

br

ead

shal

lop

kin

d of

ligh

t boa

tsl

oep

Du

slo

op

orig

. F c

halo

upe

cam

e to

E v

ia D

usi

skin

ca

rdue

line

finc

hes

czt

ze M

LG

sijs

ken

M.D

u fr

om L

Gor

ig. f

rom

Sla

vic,

Lus

atia

n cy

, C

zech

snap

hanc

e a

sprin

g lo

ck fo

r dis

char

ging

a

fire

arm

sn

apha

an D

u a

gun

, or

igin

ally

, the

snap

ping

co

ck o

f a g

un

snip

sm

all p

iece

of c

ut-o

ut c

loth

sn

ippe

n LG

snip

pen

Du.

to

cut

in

smal

l pie

ces

spat

ter

to sc

atte

r or d

ash

in sm

all

parti

cles

or d

rops

sp

atte

n LG

spat

ten

Du

to

burs

t, sp

out

splic

e t

o jo

in to

geth

er, t

o un

ite

splis

sen

M.D

u t

o sp

lice

sp

lit t

o di

vide

, sep

arat

esp

litte

n M

.Du

split

a O

Fris

, sp

litte

Fris

stiv

er n

ickl

e co

in o

f the

Net

herla

nds,

the

smal

lest

pos

sibl

e am

ount

st

uive

r Du

sutle

r pe

rson

who

follo

ws a

n ar

my

to

sell

food

to so

ldie

rs

sute

ler,

sude

ler

MLG

per

son

who

per

form

s di

rty ta

sks

soet

eler

M.D

u s

mal

l tra

desm

an,

zoet

elaa

r D

u

swab

from

swab

ber

mop

mad

e of

rope

or

yar

nzw

abbe

r D

usw

abbe

r W

.Fris

mop


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

upro

ar i

nsur

rect

ion,

tum

ult

opro

er D

u t

umul

t, ri

ot

wag

gon

whe

eled

veh

icle

w

agen

Du

it ca

me

into

Eng

. due

to F

lem

ish

imm

igra

tion,

D

utch

trad

e or

the

Con

tine

ntal

war

sw

isea

cre

wis

e pe

rson

w

ijs-

segg

er M

.Du

from

M

HG

wei

s-sa

ger

yach

t a

light

, fas

t-sai

ling

ship

ja

cht M

LG

jach

t Du

into

Eng

. via

MLG

from

the

Nor

w. ja

ght

youn

ker

youn

g no

blem

an

jonk

er D

u, jo

nckh

er

M.D

u

17th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

abel

e th

e w

hite

pop

lar t

ree

abee

l Du

via

Dut

ch f

rom

ori

g. O

F a

bel,

aube

lav

ast

a na

utic

al in

terj

ecti

on

hold

!,

stop

!

houd

vas

t Du

hol

d fa

st

blun

derb

uss

shor

t gun

with

larg

e bo

re

dund

erbu

s Du

bran

dy (e

arlie

r bra

ndw

ine)

bran

dew

ijn

Du

com

mod

ore

orig

. com

man

dore

sen

ior

capt

ain

in th

e na

vy

kom

ande

ur D

upr

ob. f

rom

Du

kom

ande

ur w

hich

cam

e or

igin

ally

fr

om F

com

man

deur

OF

com

ande

orco

per

selle

r of h

orse

sco

per

mer

chan

t M

.Du

crim

p to

pre

ss in

to sm

all r

egul

ar fo

lds,

to c

url

krim

pen

LG t

o sh

rink,

crim

pcr

impe

n M

.Du

crui

se t

o sa

il, tr

avel

aro

und

krui

sen

Du

to

cros

s,

sail

to a

nd fr

ode

coy

poo

l with

net

ted

appr

oach

es fo

r th

e ca

ptur

e of

wild

fow

lka

ue M

LGde

koo

i Du

cag

epe

rh. b

ack

to L

. cav

ea c

age

Dop

per

Bap

tist

doop

er E

MD

u

226 ZUZANA MALKOVE

nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

Fris

., Fl

em.

Not

esdr

ill

bore

a h

ole;

trai

n in

mil

itar

y ev

olut

ions

dr

illen

MLG

r

oll,

turn

dr

illen

EM

Du

bor

e,

turn

in a

circ

le,

bran

dish

du

ck s

trong

fabr

ic u

sed

for s

ails

and

sa

ilors

do

eck

Du

lin

en

clot

h, d

oec

M.D

udu

ffle,

duf

fel

coar

se w

oolle

n cl

oth

with

a

thic

k na

pD

uffe

l Du

tow

n in

B

raba

ntto

wn

in B

raba

nt w

here

the

clot

hes w

as o

rigin

ally

so

ld

ease

l st

andi

ng fr

ame

to su

ppor

t a

pict

ure

ezel

Du

furl

ough

mili

tary

a v

acat

ion

or le

ave,

te

mpo

rary

layo

ff fr

om w

ork

verl

of M

.Du

ver-

c

ompl

etel

y, fo

r +

laf,

lof

perm

issi

onga

rboa

rd

firs

t ran

ge o

f pl

anks

or

plat

es

laid

on

the

keel

ge

erbo

ord

Du

gher

kin

sm

all c

ucum

ber u

sed

for

pick

ling

gurk

en E

MD

u.

smal

l pi

ckle

d cu

cum

ber

augu

rk

E.Fr

is

cuc

umbe

rha

nker

lin

ker,

loite

rhu

nker

en D

u t

o ha

nker

ha

nker

en

Flem

of

unk

now

n or

igin

, pro

b. f

rom

Fle

m.,

rela

ted

to D

u

hols

ter

leat

her c

ase

for a

pis

tol

hols

ter M

.Du

prob

. OE

heol

ster

, hel

ustr

con

ceal

men

t, hi

ding

pl

ace

rei

nfor

ced

by D

u ho

lste

rho

wit

zer

a ca

nnon

ho

uwits

er D

u vi

a D

utch

fro

m B

ohem

ian

houf

nice

a c

atap

ult

hust

le s

hake

to a

nd fr

o, p

ush

abou

t ro

ughl

yhu

tsel

en (

M.)

Du

huss

elen

, hut

sele

n to

sh

ake,

to to

ss

the

stem

s hot

-, hu

t- ap

pear

in b

oth

HG

and

LG

a

shak

ing

mov

emen

t

jib

(var

iant

of g

ybe)

tria

ngul

ar st

ay sa

ilgi

jben

Du

rela

ted

to

gijk

boo

m o

r spa

r of

a sa

iling

ship

ke

elha

ul t

o ha

ul u

nder

the

keel

ki

elha

len

Du

kink

tw

ist o

r cur

lki

nk D

u t

wis

t in

a ro

pe


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

knap

sack

bag

for c

loth

es a

nd o

ther

su

pplie

skn

apsa

ck

knap

zak

Du

orig

in in

MLG

laym

an

lay

figu

re, n

on-e

xper

tle

eman

Du

mae

lstro

m w

hirlp

ool o

ff th

e no

rthw

est

coas

t of N

orw

ay

Mae

lstro

m D

u g

rindi

ng-s

tream

or

ig. f

rom

Dan

mal

str

m

mau

lsti

ck l

ight

stic

k us

ed b

y pa

inte

rs to

su

ppor

t the

pai

ntin

g ha

nd

maa

lsto

k D

u fr

om

mal

len

to p

aint

+

stoc

k s

tick

mor

ass

wet

, sw

ampy

trac

tm

orea

s Du

mar

sh,

fen

or

ig. f

rom

OF

mar

ais

mar

sh

onsl

augh

t an

ons

et, a

ssau

ltaa

nsla

g D

u a

ttac

kou

tland

er a

fore

igne

r, an

out

side

rui

tland

er D

upa

troon

mas

ter o

f a sh

ip

patro

on D

upl

ug a

pie

ce u

sed

to st

op u

p a

hole

pl

uck

MLG

plug

Du,

plu

gge

M.D

u b

ung,

stop

per

pold

er l

ow-ly

ing

land

recl

aim

ed fr

om

the

sea

polre

M.D

u

sham

ble

to

wal

k w

ith

a sh

uffl

ing

gait

sc

ham

pele

n M

.Du

skat

e ic

e sk

ate

or ro

ller s

kate

sh

ake

LG l

eg

scha

ats D

u, sc

haet

se

M.D

uit

was

bro

ught

to E

ngla

nd a

fter t

he R

esto

ratio

n by

exi

led

follo

wer

s of C

harle

s II w

ho h

ad ta

ken

refu

ge in

Hol

land

, orig

. fro

m F

esc

ache

a st

ilt,

trest

le

sket

ch r

ough

dra

win

g in

tend

ed to

serv

e as

the

base

s fo

r a

fini

shed

pic

ture

sc

hets

Du

(a lo

anw

ord

from

It sc

hizz

o)

sloo

p a

sing

le-m

aste

d sa

iling

ves

sel

sloe

p D

u s

loop

pr

ob. f

rom

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halo

upe

slur

del

iber

ate

slig

ht

slur

en M

LG t

o tra

il in

mud

sl

oren

M.D

uto

dr

aggl

esl

uren

E.F

ris

to g

o ab

out

care

less

ly

from

ME

slor

e, c

ogna

te w

ith

ML

G,M

.DU

and

E.

Fris

form

s

slur

p to

inge

st w

ith lo

ud su

ckin

g no

ises

sl

urpe

n D

usm

ack

sin

gle-

mas

ted

sailb

oat

smak

LG

s

ailb

oat

smac

ke M

.Du

228 ZUZANA MALKOVE

nglis

hL

ow G

erm

anD

utch

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., Fl

em.

Not

essm

uggl

er t

o tra

nspo

rt (g

oods

) ille

gally

sm

ugge

ln L

Gsm

okke

len

Du

snic

ker

to la

ugh

in a

hal

f-su

ppre

ssed

m

anne

rsn

ikke

n D

u t

o ga

sp,

sob

poss

ibly

of i

mita

tive

orig

in

snuf

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wde

red

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cco

to b

e in

hale

dsn

uffe

n M

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snuf

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m

sho

rtene

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rm o

f snu

ftab

ak

span

cel

a no

osed

rope

with

whi

ch to

ho

bble

an

anim

al

span

sel L

G

deriv

ativ

e of

sp

anne

n to

st

retc

h

span

sel M

.Du

spel

ter

zinc

, esp

ecia

lly in

the

form

of

ingo

ts

spia

lter L

Gsp

eaut

er M

.Du

of u

ncer

tain

ori

gin,

but

aki

n to

M.D

u an

d L

G

still

life

pa

inti

ng o

f in

anim

ate

obje

cts

still

even

Du

stip

ple

to p

aint

, eng

rave

by

mea

ns o

f do

ts o

r sm

all t

ouch

es

stip

pele

n D

u t

o m

ake

poin

ts

stok

e t

o fe

ed a

nd s

tir

up a

fire

in a

fi

repl

ace

stok

en D

u t

o st

oke

fr

om st

oken

M.D

u t

o po

ke, t

hrus

tst

ripe

a li

ne o

r ban

d in

clo

th

stri

pe M

LG

stri

pe, s

treak

st

ripe

M.D

u

stum

un

ferm

ente

d gr

ape

juic

est

om D

u, st

amer

en

M.D

usw

amp

a tr

act o

f wet

, spo

ngy

land

su

mp

MLG

s

wam

pso

mp

M.D

u

tatto

o s

igna

l cal

ling

sold

iers

or s

ailo

rs to

qu

arte

rs a

t nig

ht

tapt

oe D

u f

auce

t of

a ca

sk

trig

ger

caus

e, in

itiat

etr

ekke

r D

u t

rigg

er

from

trek

ken

to p

ull

wal

rus

a la

rge

mar

ine

mam

mal

w

alru

s Du,

pro

b. f

olk

etym

olog

y w

alvi

s w

hale

and

ros

hor

se


Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

yaw

l ty

pe o

f shi

pjo

lle

MLG

a

Jutla

nd b

oat

jol D

uof

unk

now

n or

igin

18th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chFr

is.,

Flem

.N

otes

gene

va (s

horte

r gin

) s

piri

t flav

oure

d w

ith

the

juic

e of

juni

per

berr

ies

jene

ver,

gebe

ver

Du

from

OF

gene

vre

assi

mila

ted

to th

e na

me

of

Gen

eva

in S

witz

erla

ndco

lza

col

esee

dk

lst

LG

kool

zaad

Du

delft

war

eD

elft

tow

n in

Hol

land

whe

re th

e gl

azed

ear

then

war

e w

as m

ade

rost

er l

ist,

roll

or re

gist

er

roos

ter D

u t

able

, lis

t

hale

dra

g, su

mm

on

hale

n O

.Du

spil

liki

n a

jack

stra

w

spel

leke

n M

.Du

cabo

ose

coo

k-ho

use

(gal

ley)

of a

ship

ka

bhus

e M

LG

woo

den

cabi

n on

ship

s d

eck

cab

se, c

omb

se

EM

od.D

u , k

abui

s D

upr

obab

ly a

com

poun

d w

hose

ele

men

ts c

orre

spon

d to

Eng

lish

cabi

n an

d ho

use

wen

tletr

ap e

pito

nii

wen

teltr

ap D

u s

pira

l st

airc

ase

etch

ing,

etc

h th

e ar

t of e

ngra

ving

et

sen

Du

iceb

erg

a la

rge

floa

ting

mas

s of

ice

ijsb

erg

Du

lit.

ice

m

ount

ain

part

ial l

oan-

tran

slat

ion

of D

u

scow

la

rge

flat

-bot

tom

ed b

oat

scho

uw D

u a

fer

ry

boat

, pun

t, sc

ouw

e M

.Du

cam

mac

hine

ry, d

isc

havi

ng a

n irr

egul

ar

form

ca

m D

u c

og o

f a

whe

el

dune

san

d hi

ll on

the

sea-

coas

td

ne M

.Du,

dui

n D

u

230 ZUZANA MALKOVtr

ass

a lig

ht-c

olou

red

type

of v

olca

nic

tuff

tras

Du

via

Du

from

the

It te

rraz

za

ahoy

na

utic

al, i

nter

ject

ion

hoi D

u h

i, he

llo

19th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

ds

Eng

lish

Low

Ger

man

Dut

chfle

nch,

flen

se c

ut u

p th

e fa

t of a

wha

le, s

kin

a se

al

flenc

h, fl

inch

Du

hook

y u

njus

tifi

able

abs

ence

fro

m s

choo

l, w

ork

hoek

je D

u h

ide

and

seek

m

olly

mol

lym

awk,

a se

a bi

rd

mal

lem

ok D

u (m

al f

oolis

h +

mok

gul

l)pi

nkie

th

e li

ttle

fing

er

pink

je D

u.pi

t ha

rd se

ed

pit D

u k

erne

l, se

ed, m

arro

w

popp

ycoc

k r

ubbi

sh, n

onse

nse

papp

ekak

Du,

pap

pe M

.Du

sof

t dun

gsc

hipp

erke

a B

elgi

an b

reed

of s

mal

l dog

sk

ippe

rkin

Du

lit

tle

boat

man

sp

ecst

ione

er t

he c

hief

har

poon

er

spek

-sni

jer

Du

spoo

k a

gho

st

spoo

k D

u, sp

ooc

M.D

u s

pook

, gho

st

waf

fle a

bat

ter c

ake

waf

el M

LGw

afel

Du

witl

oof

endi

ve

witl

oof D

u li

t w

hite

fol

iage

, whi

te le

af

20th

Cen

tury

loan

wor

dsE

nglis

hD

utch

Stij

l a

grou

p of

Dut

ch a

rtis

ts

De

Stij

l Du

bazo

oka

met

al tu

be ro

cket

laun

cher

ba

zuin

Du

tru

mpe

t


DOLNONMECK VPJKY V ANGLITIN PEVZAT V RMCI VZJEMNHO KONTAKTU V EVROP

Tento lnek pedkld seznam anglickch vpjek, kter do anglitiny pronikly z dolnonminy (v irm smyslu) dky kontaktu v evropskm prostoru, tedy z holandtiny, dolnonminy, vlmtiny a frtiny. Vpjky jsou rozdleny podle stolet, ve kterm byl jejich vskyt v anglitin poprv zaznamenn. Soust jednotlivch hesel je definice anglickho lexmu, pravdpodobn slovo zdrojovho jazyka/jazyk a v ppad poteby heslo dopln krtk koment. Dal analza zahr-nujc vvoj procesu pejmn vpjek a jejich poet a rozdlen podle jednotlivch variet, stejn jako zkladn informace o jejich smantick povaze, tvo vodn st.

Zuzana Malkovstav jazykovdy a baltistikyFilosofick fakulta Masarykovy universityArna Novka 1602 00 Brnoesk republikae-mail: [email protected]

low germanic loanwords borrowed in english

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