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OUR COVER PICTURES. Huge crowds, giving the 'AFRIKA!' salute, filled thestreets near the Drill Hall when the Treason Trial opened. The Bishop ofJohannesburg, with him the Rey. Pinnock, intervened between police end crowdwhen a tense atmosphere developed after police fir-

TREASON TRIAL FIJNDDONORS REASSUREDFrom Our Own RepresentativeMARITZBURG, Wednesday. PEOPLE who give to the Treason Trial DefenceFund will not be taking sides between the prosecution and the accused but will betaking a timely stand for justice and humanity, the Hon. Richard Feetham, formerAppellate Division Judgeand one of the Fund's sponsors, says in a letter to " The Natal Mercury."The letter reads: "May I, as longed trial are bound to be established for thepurposesa sponsor of the Treason Trial heavy, specified in its constitution,whichDefence Fund, be allowed "Apart from meeting legal include theprovision of 'adequate costs, the Fund has of course to legal defence' of theaccused again to urge upon the atten- continue during the trial to pro- persons attheir trial. tion of your readers the con- vide needed means of livelihood "Inanswer to the second point,tinuing need of the Fund for for the accused persons and their let me say that thepresentation wives and children. The selec- of a proper legal defence is gentheirgenerous support? tion of Pretoria as the place of erally recognised asindispensable"Friday, August 1, is the open- trial in preference to Johannes- in any case of thischaracter for ing date for the trial, which is burg is involving an increase in thepurpose of ensuring that the to take place at Pretoria before the Fund's liabilitiesunder this Court concerned will be in a posia specially constituted Court of head.tion to arrive at a just conclusion,three Judges, and that date "While attending the prepara- and that donors tothe fund, by marks the beginning of the tory examination in Johannes- helpingit to provide for such a period during which the Fund burg, the accused personshave defence, as well as for other must be ready to meet its foundaccommodation for them- needed help for the accused and heaviest rate ofexpenditure, selves and their families in the their families, are not taking "Inspite of the discharge of town and along the Reef; none sides as between theprosecution 64 of the persons involved in the of them lives in Pretoria, and it and

the accused but are taking lengthy preliminary proceedings is not practical forthem now to a timely stand on the side of before the Magistrate during findaccommodation there. justice and humanity.1957, there are still as many as "Contributions may be sent to92 persons who have to stand EXTRA BURDEN the Treason TrialsDefence Fund,their trial before the Special "The Minister of Justice has c/o P.O. Box 1370,Durban; or Court. All these persons face a stated that free transport will be c/oP.O. Box 8311, Maritzburg." charge of High Treason and two provided dailybetween the Rand further charges framed under the and Pretoria for accusedpersons Suppression of Communism Act. attending the trial."The charge of high treason "But the number of hoursis a charge that they conspired which will thus have to be spent together toprepare a violent in travelling between the two revolution leading to the over-centres, in addition to the hours throw of the State, and this con- occupied byattendance at the spiracy is alleged to have taken trial, will mean that thoseplace throughout the .Union dur- accused persons who have hithing the periodfrom 1952 to erto been able to earn money for 1956. themselvesat odd hours whentheir attendance was not requiredSEVERAL MONTHS in Court, and have thus succeeded more or less inavoiding"The nature of the charges, having mo r upon avidingthe number of defendants, and ng to draw upon the limitedth resources of the fund for the the wide range which the ev- bare necessities oflife, will now, dence may take, point to theI with their families, become anprospect of a trial lasting for 2- burdenseveral months, and a team of -e em that some good citiadvocates is needed forthe de- zens will hesitate to support the fence, sufficient to ensure due TreasonTrial Defence Fund attention to the details of evi- either on the ground that it isdence affecting each of the indi- an organisation of doubtful revidual accusedpersons.on the ground"Advocates have been generous that by supporting it they would in their services,and, in spite of tat s ing it the wuld the extent to which the trial may and omittngthemseolves to an monopolise their time and atten- om outtin thel toation for long periods, the defence opinion in favour of their innocneof .te chargesbroughtfees will be at much lower rates cen othem. than would normally be the case.Nevertheless the costs of provid- REGISTEREDing adequately for the defence "In answer to the first point, throughout thecourse of a pro- may I remind your readers thatthe fund is a "welfare organisation," duly registered under theWelfare Organisations Act, as*R&CO.8/58/1425

On Trial for Treason....

It is now November 1957. South Africa's Treason Trial is one year old. The 156have sat it out in the improvised Courtroom at the Drill Hall, the headquarters ofthe Department of Defence, through months of tension, summer, autumn, winterand spring. Endlessly, day after day, the team of prosecutors has led evidence - acollection of some 10,000 documents containing almost every circular, pressrelease, statement and report issued by the Congresses in the past four years;every book and document of a political character found in the houses and officesof the accused and their organisations; agendas, minutes and notes seized inpolice raids on meetings; and a collection of policemen's notes in longhand andshorthand of speeches made by the accused or by the members of theirorganisations at hundreds of meetings and conferences.Day after day the.evidence has droned on in the courtroom as the treason trialunfolded.And it is still unfinished; it will go on in South Africa for a long while yet. TheCrown has still to conclude its case against the 156; the Defence has yet to answerthe charges, and call its own evidence.At this stage the proceedings are in the form of a preparatory examination.Committal for trial could mean long months more.What is the aim of this tremendous mountain of accumulated history, based partlyon publicly known and publicly stated facts, partly on fantasy?What sort of people are these who are accused? All of them, one way or another,to a greater or lesser extent, are public figures, and their activities and doings arematters of public record. For all of them, in one way or another, have taken part inthe organisations which are no less on trial for their lives and their continuedliberty to function than are the 156 accused - in the Congresses, in the tradeunions, in womens', youth, peace and other organisations.What sort of organisations are these?In this booklet we introduce them to you, together with the aims for which theycampaign and their record over the past years.Page 1

The arrests at dawn . .P lain clothes police and Special Political Branchdetectives have a firm and heavy tread; their thump on the door is loud andresounding.On Wednesday, December 5th, 1956, a thump on the door of his Jabavu housepulled factory worker, former trade unionist Lawrence Nkosi from his bed. TwoEuropean detectives and an African constable entered, flourishing a warrant tosearch. "Treason!" said the warrant. A number of documents were removed,among them a treasured photograph of the African Laundry Workers' UnionExecutive, with Lawrence among its members. Then a warrant of arrest wasproduced, and Lawrence was handcuffed and told he had to leave immediatelywith the detectives.Twelve year old Mandhla and nine year old Bongi were still sleeping. Divorcedsome years ago, Lawrence had no option but to leave the children alone in thehouse. So he kissed them goodbye and locked the door behind him, for safety. It

was late that afternoon before Congressmen visiting the raided homes couldretrieve the children and move them to their grandmother's home. LawrenceNkosi, suffering from advanced tuberculosis (and later to be released from thelong-drawn-out court proceedings for admission to hospital) was driven off toJohannesburg Police Headquarters at Marshall Square.The dawn thump of the Special Branch was heard on doors throughout thecountry that Wednesday morning.Police SwoopsMass police swoops, of course were nothing new under the Nationalists andMinister of Justice Swart. Police cordons are regularly thrown round wholeAfrican townships and hundreds arrested for petty offences.It is a usual week-end event for many hundreds to be taken into custody in asingle police operation. The outstretched police hand for the pass book; theprobing crow bar for the tin of home-brewed liquor suspected buried in theground; the roving squad car; the search warrant; the spying; the scrutiny; thenote-taking by detectives at meetings - these are all the hallmarks of a police state.It had its first beginnings in the iron fist rule grinding down the Africans... andthen when the protest meetings were called and the great demonstrationsorganised, the Government's answer was the Public Safety Act, the greatlyswollen Political Branch of the Police, martial law powers, banishments andprohibitions under the Suppression of Communism Act.Dangerous MenThose were the beginnings; and here yet another mammoth police action. BuDecember 5th, 1956, it was no ordin routine police operation. On that day werearrested in the Union-wide police

In Springs the Rev. Douglas Thompson, Methodist Minister, was roused in themanse. He had slept for only two and a half hours since a long vigil at the bedsideof a dying member of his congregation had ended at 2 a.m.In Alice, Cape Province, the renowned educationalist, Professor Z. K. Matthews,acting principal of the Fort Hare University College, was placed under arrest.Miles away his eldest son Joseph Matthews was confronted with an identicalwarrant of search and arrest; in Cape Town, Mr. L. B. Lee-Warden, M.P.,representative of Africans for the Western Cape seat; in Durban, attorney IsmailMeer, convalescing in bed after a major operation. Dorothy and Errol Shanleymade hasty arrangements for neighbours to look after three children.National Round-upThe round-up covered the whole country, Johannesburg, the Reef, Bloemfontein,Kimberley, Port Elizabeth, Cape Town, Worcester, Durban, Pietermaritzburg. Bythe day's end there were 140 under arrest, among them two African ministers ofthe Anglican Church, a Cape Town barrister, factory workers, teachers,housewives, journalists, doctors, trade union officials.The police drew Into their net those known to them as the national, provincial andlocal leaders of all sectors of the congress movement: the African NationalCongress, the South African Indian Congress, the S.A. Congress of Democrats,the S.A. Coloured Peoples' Organisation, the S.A. Congress of Trade Unions, the

Congress Youth and Women's organisations and also the S.A. Peace Council. Inaddition to the homes of the 140 arrested, many other homes and offices weresearched in the dawn raids.Hush-Hush?The warrants were familiar: they had been used, in almost identical wording,several times before. They empowered the police to search for documentsin connection with 48 organisations, ranging from the African National Congressto a "Cheese-Cheesa Army", and to remove minute books, diaries, notes, financialstatements, membership cards, lectures, films and typewriters. So the cupboardsand drawers were opened, carbon sheets held up to the light, bookshelvesransacked, radiogram knobs twiddled. In some cases the searchers were thorough,in others almost casual.The hauls were receipted and tied together with string, the police cars with theirprisoners moved off to a dozen different charge offices in far-flung corners of thecountry.Hush-Hush4.30 a.m. was the starting hour of the raids. "The police prefer to act early in themorning", said their press statement. "They are able to carry out their duties asunobtrusively *as possible." Unobtrusively? Details of the arrests'were flashedround the world!C.I.D. and Police Chiefs tried to blanket the news in a strict security ban."INVESTIGATIONS ARE STILL PROCEEDING; MORE ARRESTS CAN BEEXPECTED", said a police spokesman. Pre-warned courts were ready in allcentres for the first formal appearances of prisoners, who appeared for a momentonly for formal remand to Johannesburg on a preparatory examination on a chargeof TREASON.Air-LiftIn Durban, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth military aircraft stood by. The greatpolice air-lift began with strict security measures to seal the airfields off frompress and public. By 3 p.m., 56 men and women arrested in the Transvaal hadappeared in court, been formally charged with High Treason and remanded incustody. Spectators had rushed for seats in the court galleries for the briefappearances.After facing the magistrate and hearing the charge, the prisoners filed down againfrom the dock to the yawning detention cells below the Magistrate's Court.Among the public in court that first day had been the tall, conspicuous figure ofAlfred Hutchinson, African teacher and writer; but the following day, he, too wasarrested in full view of his whole classroom of pupils at the Indian High School.In the next few days, the stragglers were brought in - Joshua Makue arrested in ataxi; Dr. 'Ike' Moosa at a relative's wedding in Cape Town and the number ofprisoners at Johannesburg's prison grew."THERE IS PLENTY OF ROOM AT THEFORT," said the superintendent of the former Kruger-republic Fort, now the jail,built into the Hospital Hill overlooking the city. "BUT FOR A FEWDIFFERENCES," he told newspaper reporters, "THE ARRESTED MENAND WOMEN

MIGHT JUST AS EASILY BE IN A WELLKEPT BOARDING HOUSE!"Swiftly prepared bail applications were presented to the Supreme Court thefollowing dey, but they were refused in deference to strong police opposition, thejudge commenting on the "most difficult task of the police." So the 140 waited inthe prison cells, into which filtered rumours from outside that further arrests wereanticipated.... And More Dangerous MenIn the early hours of December 13th, eight days after the first wave of arrests, afurther series of raids took place, many of them on the very houses searched butthe previous week. Eleven more men and women were arrested, charged andremanded to the Fort, among them the barrister, Joe Slovo, who had appeared forsome of the 140 accused at their first formal hearing.Brigadier H. J. du Plooy, Assistant Commissioner of Police, said in Pretoria thatthe new arrests were a direct result of fresh evidence and information obtained inthe raids and searches 9f the previous week,Page *

In the Fort . . .In the Fort from December 5 to 20, then, over 150leaders of the national organisations were held. The figure rose to 156 by the timethe preliminary preparatory examinations opened. Countless prisoners had passedthrough those grim, heavy doors, but never had the Fort known a group such asthis.One of the prisoners, ALFRED HUTCHINSON,describes those days in prison asThe night marchingto the morrow.0 0S.ometimes it is the "sunset touch" - the splash of sunlight trembling on thewall - that brings intimations of the outside world. Another day sunk. Thebusiness of living goes on; must go on. At this hour the smoke of evening fireshangs thick in the location air, thick like the voices of the children at the end oftheir play. It is the hour of the tottering ride in the packed train, the bus crazilyswaying. At the end of the journey is home.But the cell is not desolate. A game of "Spoof", an argument, writing home,physical jerks - these bring forgetfulness of the days of waiting that lie ahead. Thesplash of sunlight dies on the wall and the day ripples to a close. Night sets in andmemories come alive."Halt who goes there!" The challenge rings in the quiet night. The gasp, thesurprise, and the words roll in the night. "All's well . . .". The words of assurancering strangely unnecessary in the fastness of the Fort. You are alone. You think ofAchie's little Zida who has asked him to bring bugs and lice home . . . "Halt . . .N"othing but the night marching on, and one day less of waiting.December 5th, 1956. The newspapers scream: "High Treason." Dawnswoop and country-wide arrests. It is the talk in the bus, in the train, at the street-corner . . . At school, it is a day of waiting; waiting for an unknown footfall and of

silent preparation. Perhaps . .. The next day comes the footfall. The tremulous"Afrika" as the children say goodbye. I remember the unmarked examinationscripts . . .Marshall Square. The key rattles in the lock and the heavy door swings open.Blankets in hand I stumble into the dusk and foetid smell. A numberFrom the police van to a cell in the Fort.of men are lying or sitting on the grey smelly blankets, waiting for the morrow.Pass, permit, curfew, theft. . . But mostly Pass. "Things will come right..." Imarvel at the man whose fount of hope has not dried up. The cell is slowly filling,the rattling door announces a new arrival. A group of boys noisily recount theiradventures in Bethal and the potato fields. They are afraid, for all their big talk.Slowly the cell takes on the appearance of a club, a rendezvous. Friends meet: Iam alone.The cement floor is a huge vampire, sucking all warmth from the body. Yousquirm but there is no respite; no respite from the cement, no respite from the lice.The cell is a tortured symphony of scratching. Perhaps lice are as much a part ofgaol as the harshness, the bewilderment, the jog-trotting, the stench, tb" bangingponderous doors, the perpetual lining up, the counting and recounting.I am waiting in a cell at the Magistrate's Court. I used to think that pacing cellswas theatrical stuff. Now I am doing the same. Will the waiting ever come to anend? It ends and I am among friends again. Is this another Congress of the peopledrawing all South Africans together?Now we are swinging in the huge kwela-kwela towards the Fort. They aresinging, and I am singing too: Izokunyathela I Afrika . . . Africa will trample youunderfoot. Unrepentant. People seen through the mesh: surprise and dawningunderstanding. The thumb raised in reply. Mayibuye i Afrika!The Fort is in Johannesburg, but it could be anywhere in the land. The high walls,the locks and keys, cut off Johannesburg: its sounds, its lif. There is a patch ofsky . - . but men have no wings. From the General Hospltal it resembles a mound,a huge molehill, a subterranean lair. Impregble, a fastness of retribution.Page 4

The Minister of Justice has placed the figure at two hundred. The Fort has roomfor many more. Who will be next? More come singly and in groups. Walter,Moses, Ruth, Joe, Duma, Rusty, Jack, Ismail Meer . . . Children suddenlyorphaned. The morning and evening papers bring drifts of the outside world.There is widespread agitation, a ferment. Things are happening, things are beingdone: a protest meeting in Sophiatown, a treason fund . . . At seven o'clock everymorning Babla's gruff voice, announcing breakfast. We do not want ..Visiting day is an institution, a fraud, a form of lung exercise. Your visitor is threefeet away, across a no-man's land. You stand in line and wait for the order tospeak. Two dozen hearts are crying for expression, for news. It is Babel let loose.It is a question of the survival of the loudest voice, of talking your neighbour intosubmission.A fortnight of waiting. The fraternity of strong men in the "lower house" buildingmuscles... Joe Modise in his enthusiasm landing up in the prison hospital. Robert

Resha taking longer rests than exercise spells. "General China" Chamile whittlingat his wooden spoon. Mosie Moolla constantly, posing in the hope that Alex laGuma will deign to sketch him. Dr. Naicker and his "smallwalks." The perennial youthfulness of Rev. Gawe, found where the song isthickest and the dancing most spirited ... And Mini's glorious voice riding the seaof song like an unerring pilot homeward-bound.The joint sessions of the "upper" and "lower" house are an inspirationRev. Calata speaking on music; Prof. Matthews on the American Negro; Dr.Letele on African medicine; Debi Slngh outlining the history of the struggles ofthe Indian people . . . Chief Lutuli joining hands in dedication and rededication tothe fight for freedom. And then the burst of song, beginning sometimes as asolitary voice and gathering strength until it is an irresistible torrent making thewalls ring with sound.But the jog-trotting, frightened youths stab the heart. Hounded, assaulted It cannotbe endured. We protest. For the prison is run by the prisoners and the strong-armmen are the bosses. After our protest things improve...Tomorrow, December 19th, Is "Treason Day." The days of waiting are drawing toan end. A tide of excitement is rising. Ball or no bail we will leave the Fort for awhile. "Haltwhogoesthere!"' Only the night marching to the morrow . . . .THE COUNTRY RALLIESIN DEFENCE ...In Johannesburg, a DefenceFund sponsored by two former judges, the Archbishop of Cape Town, the Dean ofCape Town, Senators and Members of Parliament, and headed by the Bishop ofJohannesburg, the Rt. Rev. Ambrose Reeves, was launched. A "Stand by YourLeaders' 'Committee organised meetings, demonstrations and poster parades insupport of the 156. Two worldwide lawyers' organisations arranged to sendobservers to watch the approaching legal proceedings. In Britain, and ot untriesimmediate ap,e launched for the legal e of those accusedand the reINVgf their depen-

The Trial Opens...From the police van into the Drill Hall for the first day'sproceedings: prisoners under guard."Let us in!" the crowds clamour outside the Drill Hall.O n December 19, the preparatory examination intothe allegations of treason opened in Johannesburg.A police statement issued the day before announced that "all demonstrationswithout police authority" were prohibited in the vicinity of the court. The courtwas specially constituted in the Drill Hall, the headquarters of the Department ofDefence, where the Public Works Department arranged seating, erected a hessianceiling to improve acoustics and installed loudspeaker equipment.Despite the police prohibition crowds began to gather outside the hall at 5 a.m.Queues went three sides round the block, seven deep. A few hours later the crowdcompletely blocked the streets. Congress men and women lined the pavementswith "WE STAND BY OUR LEADERS" sandwich boards. Choir-leaders and

queue marshalls controlled the crowds and for hours they waited for the firstappearance of the 156. People lined the roads leading to the Drill Hall which the'Kwela-Kwela' vans, carrying the accused followed. Shouts of 'Mayibuye!'followed the vans through the crowds all the way to the Hall, a forest of raisedthumbs in the Congress salute.Through the Meshed windows of the police vans, the answering thumbs-up saluteand the sound of the prisoners singing Congress songs as they travelled along.The formal remand from the Magistrate's Court took hours. Then, as 11 a.m.approached, the police cordoned off the entrance of the Drill Hall from the crowdwaiting for admission. THE POLICE VANS WERE ON THEIR WAY AND ATTHE SIGHT OF THEM A TUMULTUOUS ROAR OF WELCOME WENT UP.THE PROCEEDINGS BEGIN - SHAMBLESThe accused filed into a hastily erected dock, separated from the public by a 3'O"rail. Public and accused mingled freely to the frenzied consternation of the policeescorts and warders. But for every member of the vast crowd who managed tosqueeze into the hall, hundreds remained demonstrating clamorously outside.Press benches were packed by reporters drawn from every local and manyoverseas papers. Counsels tables were filled with massed ranks of the city'sforemost juniors and seniors.The dramatic moment came for the proceedings to start. But drama rapidlychangeto farce. Nosooner had the prosecutor risen to his feet to outline the Crown case than therewas a complaint that neither accused, counsel nor public could hear a word ofwhat was being said. Twenty-two minutes after the court orderly's call "Silence inCourt!" the court adjourned for the day, baffled by the defective loudspeakersystem. Outside the great crowds remained to cheer the accused back to their cellsat the Fort.A SECOND STARTThe following day a second start was made. The crowds outside were as large asthe day before, and nervous, armed police, mainly teen-agers, were on duty,ordered to move the milling thousands standing round the Drill Hall severalblocks away. The atmosphere was tense and brittle.THE CAGEInside the Drill Hall the scene had changed. Overnight, a five foot high diamond-mesh wire cage had been built to contain the accused. Police were posted allround to keep public - and even defence counsel from approaching too close tothe wire. The noise of the crowd outside, banned entry to the hall as soon as theseats for the public had been filled, formed a constant background to the tensescene when Mr. Maurice Franks, Q.C. rose on behalf of all Counsel."The cage in which the prisoners have now been placed makes them appearbefore this court like wild animals or beasts," he said. Unless the cage wasremoved and counsel restored full access to their clients, he said, all members ofthe Bar and Side Bar would withdraw forthwith from the proceedings.Another adjournment, while counsel and prosecution argued the matter. Andwhen the court resumed some time later it was conceded by the Crown that by the

following day the cage would be moved, leaving only a fence between the publicgallery and the dock, and low railings along the sides of the dock.POLICE OPEN FIREThe proceedings moved off to a slow suddenly, at the sound of firing from t reetsoutside, many in the courtroom leaped horifled to their feet, and the examinationhatl1y adjourned.Page 6

The police outside had completely lost control of the situation and had opened fireafter baton charges on the crowd.Bullets shattered shop windows twoblocks away; several people fell. According to press reports the WitwatersrandDeputy Commissioner of Police ran down the street shouting to his men "Stopthat Shooting!" The crowd had retreated a block away from the hall. In full viewof the public the police who had fired were ordered to step forward and theirrevolver magazines were examined.Alex Hepple, Labour M.P. and Bishop Ambrose Reeves of Johannesburgintervened between police and crowd in a tense atmosphere that lasted for the restof the day.When the proceedings were resumed, at long last, Mr. J. C. Van Niekerk thesenior prosecutor rose, shuffled the 53 typed pages of his opening address, andbegan to read.THE GOVERNMENT'S CASE rested on the allegation that certain politicalorganisations (the Congresses chiefly) were pursuing a policy designed topromote a classless society based on racial equality and that this policy Involvedthe overthrow, by violent means, of the existing structure of the existing state.The Crown case would show, said the Prosecutor,"That the holding of the Congress of the Peopie and the adoption of the FreedomCharter are steps in the direction of the establishment of a Communist state and anecessary prelude to therevolution . . ."That the accused . . . not only advocated thatthe revolutionary change over is desirable, inevitable or imminent, but alsoactually created unrest among the people of the Union of South Africa,encouraging hostility between the European and Non-European races, and incitingmembers to revolt against the existing authority by way of insurrection andrebellion, by force andviolence."THE DEFENCE CHARGED, in reply "This case is a political plot comparable inhistory with the Inquisition and the Reichstag Fire Trial staged by the Nazis."It was an attempt to silence and outlaw the ideas held by the 156 accused and thethousands yhor they represent."Clubbed by a policeman in a baton charge a woman is h Iped to an ambulance.Page iSaid Adv. Berrange: The Congresses would affirm that they adopted the Charterand that they aim at the realisation of its principles.

They would show that they stood for racial unity, and had "at all times done allthat is in their power to draw the various racial groups together; to make eachgroup understand that its interest cannot be furthered where a spirit of racialantagonism exists, to make each group appreciate the needs of the other and notonly its own needs - in short, to create race-harmony and mutual assistance andcooperation".The accused - a cross-section of the South African population - held one thing incommon, despitedifferent political affiliations, and that was a in the brotherhood of man and adesire to woi his betterment."We will endeavour to show that what Is or here are not just 156 Individuals butthe Ideas they and thousands of others in our land have ly espoused andexpressed," said the defence battle of ideas has indeed been started In our try; abattle in which on the one side - the ac will allege - are poised those Ideas whichequal opportunities for, and freedom of though expression by, all persons of allraces and c and, on the other side, those which deny to a a few riches of life, bothmaterial and spir which the accused aver should be common to

The trial lasted three days in December and then opened in earnest in January.Day after day the 156 went not to their offices or workbenches, their surgeries ordesks, but to the Drill Hall. For long months they heard the Crown mount the caseagainst them, accusing not only the 156 individual accused but the organisationsto which they belong. What sort of organisations are these?The Congresses on TrialThe African National Congressre African National Congress was founded in1912, two years after the Union of South Africa itself was formed. It is thereforeone of the oldest political organisations in the country.Immediately after the Act of Union the South African Government embarked onits programme of segregation with the Land Act, a measure to destroy Africanland rights outside the reserves, a measure that threatened millions withdestitution. African organisations throughout the country came together atKimberley to fight this threat. THIS HARD STRUGGLE WAS THE BIRTH OFTHE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS. Protests were conducted throughoutthe land; a deputation was sent to London. But despite the protests the NativeLand Act became law in 1913, ruining hundreds of thousands of small Africanfamilies, uprooting families and turning them out on to the road, and transformingthe African people into a nation of landless people, migrant miners and unskilledfactory workers. But the African National Congress went on. It struggled againstthe evermounting burden of discrimination piled upon the African people bysuccessive parliaments, against pass laws, segregation measures, and industrialcolour bar laws. But because the Act of Union denied the vote to the Africanpeople, Parliament ignored their protests, memoranda and deputations.STRUGGLES OF THE '30'sIn the 1930's the process of separating the African people from any stake orsecurity in the land

The green, gold and black flag aloft, Congress goes to the people.was accelerated under the 'Fusion' Government of Hertzog and Smuts. The lastright of Africans in the Cape Province to enrol on the common voters' roll wasabolished, and replaced by a powerless and futile Native Representative Council -the "toy telephone" it was named derisively by Africans. The Urban Areas Actmade every African in the towns a transient dweller without right of tenure; theadvisory boards formed in urban African locations were powerless to do anythingexcept "advise" and see their advice consigned to the location superintendent'swastepaper basket. The Land Act was again amended, to confine Africans in therural areas still more closely to inadequate and crowded reserves. African protestsachieved little.THE NATS TAKE POWERWith the coming to power of the Nationalist Party in 1948, came apartheid: theopen proclamation of a state of permanent inferiority for the NonWhite people;the slamming of all doors to African advancement; fierce repression; ears deaf toall protests.The African National Congress had to findnew methods - or perish. There were thefirst sharp break-aways from the old ways of petitions and deputations, to the newways of mass organising and mass campaigning amongthe people,Reaction was fierce. The Nationalists turned Parliament into a factory foroppressive legislation: the Group Areas Act; the Suppression of Comunism Act;the Separate Representation of Act; the Native Building Workers' Act; t ativeTrust and Land Amendment Act.The police state began to take sPage 8

UNITY GROWSBut the new trends of African National Congress policy were showing results.Close relations begpn to develop with the South African Indian Congress; and thefirst moves began to draw the people into widespread protest action andcampaigning outside the field of Parliament, Advisory Boards and elections, andthe conference hall. A new spirit of national pride flowered; a new confidence inunity displaced tribal divisions where they still lingered. This new atmospherefinding its direct expression among the urban African youth, out off from thecountryside, cut off from advancement by the dead-end alley of a rigid colour-barsociety, gave rise to a new militant generation of Congressmen and women - theAfrican National Congress Youth League.STRIKES IN 1950On the Witwatersrand on May 1st, 1950, tens of thousands struck work for theday in support of general demands for liberties and opportunities. On June 26ththe same year Non-European workers took part in a national stoppage of work inprotest against the Suppression of Communism Act, at the call of a jointcommittee including representatives of the African National Congress and theSouth African Indian Congress.

The S.A. Indian ConqressThe Natal Indian Congress, the fore-runner ofthe South African Indian Congress was formed by Mahatma Gandhi, under whoseleadership it had launched the first South African passive resistance campaigns, inwhich volunteers courted imprisonment by breaking the provincial barriers inprotest against anti-Indian laws. These campaigns were to lay the basis for theimmeasurably greater 'satyagraha' campaigns led by Gandhi in India years later,which paved the way to that country's independence.NEW LEADERSHIPwith the departure of Gandhi the South African Idian Congress languished formany years under the leadership of a small group which avoided anything whichmight bring about a collision withthe authorities, and refused to make common cause with their fellow victims ofthe colour bar, the African people. The social and political position of the Indianpeople went from bad to worse.In the early 'forties, however, in the new-found militancy of the wartime world, adynamic group, gathered about Dr. Y. M. Dadoo and Dr. G. M. Naicker, whichadvocated a revival of the Gandhian concept of mass activity and an alliance of allNonEuropeans for full democracy. Popular supnort of these new policies sweptthis group to the leadership of the South African Indian Congress. PassiveResistance campaigns were opened against Smuts' Ghetto Act.Page 9

The DefianceCampaign...0n June 26th, 1952, the African National Congress, together with the SouthAfrican Indian Congress, launched the Campaign in Defiance of Unjust Laws.Eight thousand volunteers, men and women of all races, went to prison fordefying apartheid regulations. A wave of enthusiasm for Congress swept thepeople. The "thumbs up" salute, the slogan "Mayibuye I'AFRIKA", the rousingfreedom songs, were seen and heard everywhere. The campaign shook thecountry. The membership and activity of the African National Congress took adramatic upward leap. Everyone was forced to take note of the African NationalCongress. Some feared it; millions looked to it with new hope: none could ignoreit.The Nationalists rushed through Parliament the Public Safety Act which providedfor the suspension of all laws in times of "emergency", and the Criminal LawsAmendment Act which provided savage penalties, including long terms of prisonand whippings, for anyone who broke a law by way of protest, or incited others todo so.The Defiance Campaign was suspended. But the African National Congressremained without doubt or challenge the real representative and spokesman of theAfrican people, with an influence and membership greater than it had everenjoyed before. But its activities were more and more circumscribed bygovernment counter-measures. Meetings were forbidden in many areas. Congressleaders were ordered to leave the organisation under pain of long terms of

imprisonment. Many were forbidden to attend any meetings. Some were banishedfrom their homes and restricted to remote rural areas. The Special Political Police,its personnel enormously swollen, became more and more aggressive, attendingevery Congress meeting, photographing speakers and audiences, raiding offices,tapping telephones and opening letters. The leaders of the African and IndianCongresses were charged forDEFY UNJUST LAWS: Up and down the country the call echoed at hugemeetings.

their part in the Defiance Campaign and convicted. Under the Suppression ofCommunism Act anyone who tries to bring about change by any unlawful act iscommitting "Communism."The Defiance Campaign had not been confined to African and Indian volunteers,for some few pioneering Europeans and Coloured supporters had come forward tojoin the volunteer groups.In the midst of the Defiance Campaign and inspired by it, a new organisation ofEuropeans, subscribing to the Congress aim of equal rights for all, was broughtinto being.The Congress of Democrats is an organisatlon of White South Africans whichbelieves in and proclaims the right of all South Africans to unconditional equalyin every sphere of life. It demandsPage 11VOLUNTEERS ALL - (left) Walter hv a permit; (centre) Yusuf Cachalia and(right) Dr. G. M. Naicker, president-gelu, secretary-general of the African National Boshielo were arrested for being inthe city of the South Afric an Indian Congress, led thefor all adults the franchise, and the right to stand as candidates for office on allorgans of national and local government and administration. Seeing freedom notas a gift to be bestowed by Whites as an act of philanthropy but as a prize to bewon, It has allied itself with the African National Congress and the South AfricanIndian Congress in their striving for emancipation, assisted them and workedtogether with them in many common campaigns.Later in 1953 when the struggle against the removal of Coloured voters from thecommon electoral roll in the Cape had revealed also to the Col-

The Congress of the People...T he four Congresses were the bodies that joined together in 1954 on the initiativeof the African National Congress to issue the "Call for the Congress of thePeople", a call for the gathering of representatives of the ordinary people of theland, from all racial and occupational groups, from all parts of South Africa, tospeak out their demands and their aspirations and to express them in a commonprogramme - the Freedom Charter.Right from the start of the joint campaign, Special Branch police acted to interferewith, and intimidate the preparations for the Congress of the People. Police ChiefRademeyer, in a newspaper interview, declared that the Joint Action Council of

the four organisations, by attempting to convene the Congress of the People, wasplotting treason.A new wave of bannings and proscriptions was initiated. A meeting of the jointexecutives of the Congress organisations, held at Stanger, Natal, to which centreChief LutulU, A.N.C. president-general had been confined, was raided by theSecurity Branch and all documents seized. Many preparatory meetings werebanned.Yet the campaign went on. In the cities and the villages the people of the fourprovinces began to elect their delegates. From hundreds of meetings, big andsmall, in factories, farms, mines, townships. even in prisons, came demands forinclusion in the Charter.On June 23rd, 1955, thousands of delegates began to make their way to theAssembly. Attempts were made to stop them on the way.POLICE INTERFEREOn many national roads police road blocks were set up to stop all cars carryingpossible delegates to the Assembly. Of the Cape Western's 90 odd delegates, 60travelling on two lorries were detained at Beaufort West, and only a handfulmanaged to get through to Johannesburg that week-end. Transportation permitsand tax receipts were demanded and Indians ordered to show their Transvaal entrypermits.But in a continuous stream the delegates converged on Kliptown - to formprobably the most representative gathering ever held anywhere In South Africa.There were messages of greeting from all over South Africa and beyond itsborders. Amidst great enthusiasm the ancient heroes' title of "ISITWALANDWE"was bestowed on Father Trevor Huddleston, Chief Lutuli and Dr. Dadoo, foroutstanding service to the people of South Africa.Th~e Jatter two could not, by reason of Government bans, be present to receivethe awards, but a recorded message was heard from Chief Lutuli, and his daughterand Yusuf Dadoo's aged mother came forward to receive the honours on theirbehalf. Then the delegates discussed the draft Charter compiled from thousands ofsmall and large suggestions made by people throughout the country during the 18months of the preceding campaign.From the start of the Assembly, Special Branch detectives from all parts of thecountry had stood oStentatiously at entrances, observing, making notes andrecording names.Suddenly in the final afternoon of the proceedings, on Sunday, June 26th, duringthe speeches, the whole open air assembly was surrounded by armed, uniformedpolice. A party of police and Special Branch men invaded the platform with awarrant that declared that they had reason to suspect that treason, sedition andcontraventions of the Suppression of Communism Act were being committed.The police demanded the name and address of each delegate, searched andphotographed each one, confiscated agenda papers, newspapers and magazines,personal possessions. They entered the Peace Pavilion set up on an open sitenearby the Congress of the People square and destroyed pamphlets and posters.But there was a fatal defect in the warrant! It did not permit the police to stop theproceedings. EVEN WHILE THE POLICE SEARCH WAS GOING ON THE

DELEGATES AT THE CONGRESS OF THE PEOPLE COMPLETED WHATTHEY HAD COME TOGETHER TO DO. Calmly and deliberately the FreedomCharter was adopted, clause by clause, the passing of each sentence marked bythe singing of national songs.Page 12

At the Congress of the People, with the Wheel of Freedom in the background,leaders of all racial groups introduced the F r e e d o m C h a r t e r to thedelegates.Page 13

the guidz-~ rf Cwithout distinction of coIbelief."The detailed .points of the C under ten main headings:* The people shall govern.* All national groups shall ha " The people shall share in tl* The land shall be shared1- 0)f 0 YT; 0 ord,!t:f *[itThere shall be wo The doors of le opened.There shall be hc There shall be pehe National Consultative Commitsponsoring organisations of the People,thousands of individual siglected in support of its demands. frican IndianCongress formally-ter as its programme in 1956; the 1 Congress likewise in 1956; the aocrats in1955.vas formally adopted by the S.A. TRADE UNIONS, the trade union dy formedafter the Trades and had gone out of existence and had y the Trade Union Councilwhich Unions from membership. The trade union co-ordinating body in CTUentered the National Consule to work for and popularise the1956 the I ounced Invere aboulJustice, Mr. C. R. of Assembly that some 200 arrests onarrests took laceall our in it,

Portrait of a Courtroom .The Drill Hall is a great bare draughty hall, with

a rifle range in the basement. Alongside the hall, in a series of jumbled, drearybuildings are the offices, orderly rooms and mess rooms of the several peacetimemilitary units of the Defence Force.The hall itself is in the strictly military, utilitarian tradition of discomfort. It has aniron roof; normally the underside of the roofing iron can be seen, through a forestof wood rafters and beams. But for the purposes of the hearing, a temporaryceiling of khaki-coloured hessian has been nailed to the beams, supposedly toimprove the acoustics. When the sun shines in summer it is close and hot as anoven; in winter, before the improvised heating was installed, it was bitterly coldand draughty. Fromtime to time, as the hearing drags on, there are minor changes, as new equipmentreplaces old.The 156 accused people sit inside a made-tomeasure temporary wooden dock.Four and a half sitting hours a day on hard,straight-backed office chairs, twenty-two to a row, each accused sits in the chair bearing his number on the prosecutor'slist.Before them are tables on which sit the prosecutors: Messrs. J. C. Van Niekerk, C.N. Van der Walt and J. H. Liebenberg; and the defence counsel, Advocate N. E.Rosenberg, Q.C.; Advocate V. C. Berrange; Advocate J. Coaker and Advocate J.Slovo, who is one of the accused, appearing on his own behalf.Facing them against a temporary bac merly of hessian but now of red curtainpresiding magistrate, Mr. F. A. C. WesseAll the actors in this drama speak ii phones and the boom of the voices, novacoustics have been improved, fills the haTHE "DRAMA" HAS NOT, FOR T] PART, BEEN VERY DRAMATIC, MOS'.POLICE WITNESSES ARE POOR RE] THEIR ACCOUNTS OF MEETINGSHE AGO ARE DULL, SOMETIMES INCOM SIBLE AND ILLITERATE. OnlyA Counsel rise to cross-examine do the p come to life for a while to those in theTWEEN WHILES, THE CASE RELAP; A SOUL-DESTROYING TEDIUM OFREPETITION.Life's Threads are Broken . . .N ot the least of the difficulties of the accused isthe need to reshape the pattern of their lives to seeing out the ordeal.From nine in the morning until four in the afternoon - with a break for lunch -they have been snatched from their hundred and fifty occupations in a dozentowns and villages, to become the vehicles of proceedings in which theythemselves can play but little active part.Some of them normally live and work in Johannesburg. And of these a few havemanaged to carry on in a fashion with their former occupations. Early in themorning they dash to their offices for a few hours hectic work, and from four untillong after dark they are back again, trying to shake off the fatigue of a day incourt and catch up with their routine. But many, even of the Johannesburgers,cannot do this. Factory and office workers, teachers, lawyers and others whoseoccupationsdemand attendance in normal hours, able to carry on with their jobs ev ducedfrenzied scale.

For them, and for those who cor other than Johannesburg, the treasc have raisedcruel problems. Therebe supported, obligations to be faced, purchase commitments to be met, fan andlives that have been broken. The penalties of the trial, already cripplin stage,before ever the end is in sightThe Bishop's FundTo a very limited extent these hardships have been mitigated by the Treason TrialDefence Fund, affectionately referred to by the accused as the "Bishop's Fund"because it is presided over by the Bishop of Johannesburg, the Right Rev.Ambrose es. The Fund has managed, thus far, to asss the hardest hit by a grant off5 a month towrdsent and the provision of monthly foodThe "Stand by Your Leaders" Committee too has The Bishop's Fun(been able to do a little in the way of providing a of its resources mu: fewnecessities. A small band of helpers has work- legal expenses. Tho ed underdifficult conditions to provide a daily reduced to the bar( lunch.colossal sums as thcannot possibly corBut for every one of the aceued the trial odd individual caseshas raised cruel problems: material hard- the accused but is siships, separation from families - in many Yet one will hearcases of mothers from young children - un- from the men and vemployment, interrupted studies, ruined spirit is extraordinalans. in adversity is an In

The Drill Hall: A World of its own...rom time to time that spirit breaks through In impressive demonstration, as onJune 26, when throughout Johannesburg thousands of people stayed away fromwork as a demonstration against Governmenrt policy. At the morningadjournment, without apparent signal, the accused stood silent in their places forfive minutes, not a soul moving. Gradually the unusual silence affected the policeon duty, who came slowly to attention. So did the public in the visitors' gallery.Gradually, over the course of the months, something of the spirit and confidencehas communicated itself to everyone who comes into contact with these 156.And gradually too an air of futility and of failure has begun to creep up among theSpecial Branch men and the prosecution, to whom the Treason Trial with its 156accused has become a burden on their backs.Gradually the Drill Hall has become a little world of its own, with its own codes,discipline and atmosphere. Outside, people are herded into racial kraals,suspicious of and avoiding people of different groups. But here, of allJohannesburg, there is a place without colour barriers and race distinctions. To seethe treason accused coming and going from court. talking in little knots during thebreaks, living the trial out in mutual affection and confidence, is to see a pictureof the brotherhood of man as it could exist through-out South Africa; of South Africa's tomorrow as it will be if the ideas and outlookof these accused are freed to communicate themselves to others of all racesoutside. Seeing them, high-spirited, confident, laughing and singing Congress

songs during the breaks, it is difficult to believe that these 1456 are on trial for themost serious crime known to law, a crimefor which death is a possible penalty.What is the source of this strength and confidence which rises superior to all theirreal hardships, suffering and personal tragedies?They have no doubts...p robably it grows from the fact that the thing thathas brought them all together into the organisations on trial, into the JohannesburgFort and into the Drill Hall, has been that all in their own way have worked toraise the standards of life and happiness of their fellowmen. IN THE COURSEOF THAT WORK THEY HAVE COME TO UNDERSTAND THAT THESPIRIT OF MAN IS UNDYING AND RISES LIKE THE PHOENIX FROMTHE FIRES OF THE DEEPEST OPPRESSION.Whatever happens to them in this case, they know without any shadow of doubt,that the cause of liberty and brotherhood for which they have lived and workedwill go on and win through against all its opponents - with them or without them.At the breaks in the court session, they speak not of themselves and their troubles,but of the great world outside. And! for them, every daybrings new proof that the wind of protest which they have helped to sow in SouthAfrica rises ever higher and higher, new witness that the day of national liberationin South Africa draws nearer. This they know and understand - that their trial isanother obstacle placed in the path of that liberation, but even such an obstacle,formidable, terrifying though it might be, cannot turn aside the wind. Theirconfidence is not in their own immunity from reprisals, from punishment orconviction, but in the certain victory of the people of this land in their march toliberation.This Treason Trial is not really, at this stage, a trial. It is what is known in SouthAfrican law as a preparatory examination. When he has heard the Crown evidenceand the answer of the accused, the magistrate must decide whether there arereasonable grounds for committing the accused to trial before the Supreme Court,so much of the evidence will be repeated next year. By South African law it is anoffence to comment publicly on the issues now before tie cort.So here no opinion may be expressed on the merits or strength of the Prosecutioncase, or on whether treason has or has not been committed by any or all of theaccused.But in a deeper sense, IT IS NOT MERELY THE 156 IN THEJOHANNESBURG DRILL HALL WHO ARE ON TRIAL. IT IS ALSO THESHAPE OF SOUTH AFRICAN SOCIETY, WITH ITSRIGID RACIAL AND COLOUR STRATIFICATION.In that sense the trial is one before the Court of public opinion all the world over.Let the people know and understand that In the last resort the hopes of the 156rests not on courts and judges alone, but more - on the men and women of SouthAfrica who will not be turned aside. Let the people of South Africa see that justiceis done to the ideas and to the ideals for whi the 156 stand trial.MAYIBUYE I AFRIKA!~Page 16

'Stridom, You have struck a rock', the women sang when they converged on theUnion Buildings at Pretoria in 1956 t rotest that theynot carry pase.-

Into the lives of these men and women is written the history of the freedomcampaigns of the people of South Africa. Those on trial form a true cross-sectionof our people. Let us introduce them to you.Farid Ahmed Adams. Born 1933. Clerk. Joined Indian Congress in the'forties during the antl-"Ghetto" Act campaign. Convicted for painting FreedomCharter slogans in 1955, but ludgement on appeal is pending.(Mrs) Yetta Barenblatt. Born 1913. Secretary. Organised trade unions in EastLondon in the '40s, and the East London Workers' Civic League; laterorganised for Springbok Legion.CHIEF ALBERT JOHN LUTULI, President-General of the African NationalCongress.Sugar cane farmer. Born in 1898 at a Seventh Day Adventist Mission. His fatherwas John Bunyan Lutuli, second son of Chief Ntaba Lutuli, of theAbasemokholweni tribe which elects its chiefs. Chief Lutuli trained as a teacherand tafught at Adams College until 1935. He became president of the NatalAfrican Teachers' Association, Chairman of the Congregational Churches of theAmeri-Mohamed Snleman 'Bob' Asmal. Born 1923. Commercial traveller. DuringEvatonbus boycott was charged with public violence and murder, as well as othercharges, but acauitted on all counts.Hymle Barsel. Born 1920. Clerk. During the '30s was assaulted when takingpart in dessonstrations against the Blackshirt movement. Secretary of DurbanMedical Aid for Russia during the war.THE 156 ON TRIALAndrles 'General China' Chamile. Born 1900.Labourer. Member Newclare branch of African .'lational Congress which hejoined during the Defiance Campaign,Isaae Bokala. Born 1929 in Newclare. Johannesburg, where he has been active inAfrican National Congress campaigus since the 1952 Defiance Campaign.Pletee Beyleveld. Born 1916. Businessman.Ieaded Afrikaans sertion of the S.A. Forces Radio in Cairo during latter part of thewar. Took part in the Sailor Malan-Dolf De La ReV Commando to CapeTown, forerunner of the Torch Commando. La'. our Party National Organiser in1952 General Election Campaign.Lionel 'Rusty' Renstein. Born 1920. Architect. Served with the S.A ArtilleryourIngthe Italian campaign. Among those convicted of assisting an Illegal strike ofAfrican miners on the Reef in August, 1946.Siflsan Esakjee. Born 1928. Clerk. Served terms of imprsonment during the1946 i'asstve

Ieestance campaign snd the Defiance (amtain. Convscteo lro painting Freedomunarter slogans in 1955, but judgement on appeal is pending.Barthelomew 11atugine. Born 1918. Factory worker. Played active part inthe African National Congress from the time the Nationalist Government cameto power in 1948.can Board; President of the Natal Missionary Conference; and an executivemember of the Christian Council of S. Africa. He founded the Natal andZululand Bantu Cane Growers Association.In 1936 the Abasemakholweni tribe elected Chief Lutuli its tribal head and heheld that position until 1952 when the government ordered him to choose betweenhis chieftainship and Conqress leadership. Chief Lutuli chose deposal rather thanrelinquish his political convictions. He was a member of the NativeRepresentatfive Council until that Council was abolished by the Nationalists.In 1938 he went to India as a delegate of the Christian Council to theInternational Missionary Council; and in 1948 he went to the United States toattend the North American Missionary Conference.

(Ms.) Helen Joseph.Taught at a girls' school in Hyderabad. India. Welfare officer in the WAAFs.Secretary of Transvaal Clothing Industry Medical Aid Society, which has20,000 members. One of the leaders of the women's anti-pass protestmovement.Jerry Dlbanhlele Kumalo. Born 1922. Clothing designer and cutter. Servedprison sentences as a volunteer in Defiance Campaign in Germiston andWolmaransstad. Active in African National Congress.Norman Levy. Born 1929. Teacher, but suspended by Education Departmentafter the treason arrests. Helped establish cultural clubs for African childrenexpelled from Banu Education Schools by Dr. Verwoerd after the BanuEducation boycott.Vos'umzi Make. Born 1931. Articled clerk. Joined A.N.C. Youth League as aschoolboy. Prominent in yearlong Evaton bus boycott and acquitted on chargesof public violence and murder arising from the boycott.Paul Joseph. Born 1930. Factory worker. Joined Indian Congress youthmovement when a boy of 14. Delegate to the World Federation of Tcade UnionsConferece in Vienna in 1953.Ahmed Mohanmed'Kathy' Kathrada. Born 1929. Youth organiser. Took part in Indian Congressactivities froman early age, leaving school in 1946 to work tor the TransvalPassive Resistance C o u n c i . Among those convicted for leadership of theDefiance Campaign.Joseph M. 'Anti-Pass" Kinualo. During Evaon bus boycott banished in terms ofthe 1927 Native Adminisra irn Act to Duiwelskloof, from where he wasbrought to stand trial.Stanley B. Lollan. Born 1925 Clerk. Active in campaigns of the Coloured peopleagainst the abolition of Cape Coloured franchise, cadi1 classification of Colouredpeople under the P'opulation Regis ra ion Act. and against Group Areas Act.

Piet Mokgofe. Born 1914. Labourer. Joined he African National Congress in1938 and was active in the 1946 African miners' strike'Fish' Keitsing. Born 1919. Undergroundworker in gold mines and a foundation member of African Mine Workers'Union. In middle of treason trial he started a 12-months sen-cre for releasingpass-law prisoners from police custody during 1956. Brought to Drll Hall dailyunder escor.Moses M. Kotane. Born 1905. Formerly General Secretary of the CommunistParty of South Africa. Together with the Party's Central Committee chargedwith sedition in 1946 after African miners' strike, but the case was laterabandoned. Attended the Bandung Conference as an observer for African people.Leon Levy. Born 1929. Trade unionist. Started work at the age of 16. Front rank- and - file member of National Union of Distributive Workers, rose to besecretary of number of trade unions.Frank Modiba. Born1909. Cabinet maker. While a youngster in the Tzaneen district refused to tendsheep o1 a European cattle farmer and received 8 cuts. lame to Johannesburg In1926, worked as a SIomestic servant and later in textile and garment factories.Tennyson Xola Makiwane. Born 1933. Law ,tudent and journalist. Expelled fromFort Hare in 1953 after student lemonstration tb e r e. llis grandfather, tie Rev .makiwane, was a member of the 1910 deputation to London to protest againstthe .oour bar in the Act of Union.Aaron Mahlangu. Born1914. Trade unionist. As a domestic worker took part in the 1942 anti-patscampaign and was sacked, Later again victirsised after taking part in a strike at apower station. Became a full-time trade union secretary after entering the laundryindustry.Joshua Makue. Born 1909. Teacher and tailor. Joined the I.C.U. after beingrefused enrolment as an enginCoring student at the Witwaterstand uiveriybecause the course was not open to NonEuropeans. Joined the 1946 indianpassive esistance c am p a i g n and went to prison.Henry George 'Squire' Makgothi. Born 1928. Teacher, now clerk. Joined thCongress Youth League in the '40s. Expelled from the teaching profession whenhe volunteered to serve a prison sentence during the Defiance Campaign.Elmon Malele. Born 1920. A leading Congress member in Moroka and thesouth-west townships of Johannesburg. Joined Congress during DefianceCamPaign.Daniel 'Sample' Malope. Born 1915. Houve painter. Joined A.N C. YouthLeague in 1944. Arrested in 1946 for assisting African miners' strike. Served aterm of imprisonment during the Defiance Campaign. An accomplished linuist,speaking Sotho, Xhosa, English. Hindustani and Afrikaans.Nelson R. Mandela. Bnen 1918. the son of Chief Henry Mandela of theTranskei. Attorney. Was amongst those sentenced for leaderhip of the DefianceCampaign. Keen atatesr boxer,

Leslie Massina. Born 1921. Trade unionist. Father is a foundation member ofthe African National Congress. Reelected to the Dube Advisory Board whi'e inPrison awaiting trialJuly Mashaba. Born 1918. Factory worker. Joined African National Congressduring Mhe Defiance Campaign and is active in the Moroka branch,Miss Beriha Nonkumbi Mashaha (Mrs. Thage). Born 1934. Typisteclerk. Aprominent organiser and public speaker for Congress Women's League.

Philemon M a t h ol e. Born 1916. Trader, Worked as a miner and took part inthe 1946 miners' strike. Served on Moroka Advisory Board afterestablishment of this township. and has been in forefront of many campaigns inJohannesburg.Jolanes Modise. Born 1929. Lorry driver. Active in campaigns against theremoval of the Western Areas and in the Congress Youth League.Jonas Dinous Matlou. Born 1920. Insurance and land agent. Herded his farm-tenant family s flock till he went to school at age of 12. Joined the A.N.C. in the'40s at an anti-pass protest meeting. Foundation member ANC Youth League,Patrick Msel Molsoga. Born 1925. Clerk. Pass raids and the disabilities of Africanyouth brought him into the African National Con?ress. A lightweight boxersince his schooldays, he runs a gymnasium in Western Native Township.Dr. Hassen M. 'Ike' Moosa. Born 1923. Medical practitioner. Educated atFort Hare and the University of Cape Town and active in the political movementsince his student days. An executive member of the Franchise Action Counciland vice-president of the Cape Indian Assembly.Miss Ida Flyo Mntwaa. Born 1903. Dressmaker. First president of the A.N.C.Womens League of Transvaal and leader of many mass women'sdemosrstrations from Western Native Township.Suisman Mabomed 'Sol" Nathie. Born 1918. Businessman. Entered Indianpolitics in 1939 with the passing of the Pegging Act and started a branch of theNonEuropean United Front at Kliptown. Charged with public violence andmurder during the Evaton bus boycott but acquitted on all counts.W i I I I a m Ngsdn. Born 1904. Insurance agent. Joined Congress in 1937;active in 1943 anti-pass campaign and 1949 Western Areas ram boycott.Joseph Sallie Poonyane Molefl. Born 1930. Journalist. Joined the A.N.C. YouthLeagse while a schoolboy. Was one of the leaders of the Evaton bus boycottwhich ended in complete victory. Arrested on a number of charges arising out ofthis boycott, but atquitted on all countsElias Phakane Moretsele. Born 1897. Restaurant - proprietor. Joined Congressin 1917 and is a veteran of the 1922 struggle against increased poll tax, the 1925campaign against Passes for women, and subsequent struggles,Manglst Pheneas Nene. Born 1918. Businessman. A leading figure in theCultural Club movement of the Atrican Education Movement and in AlexandraTownship Congresscampaigns.John K. Nkdlsneg. Born 1925. Trade unionist. Formerly organiser of ironand steel workers. Helped Drganise volunteers for the Defiance Campaign.

John A. Mavaso. Born 1926. Messenger. Took part in the post-war Shantytown'movemen: in Alexandra Township that drew public attention to the acute housingcrisis. Was due to write the Junior Certificate Examination the day he wasarrested on charge of treason.Obed Motshabi. Born 1925. Clerk. Took part in the 1944 Alexandra rownshipbus boycott movement and the shantytown movement after World War I.Lawrence Nkos. Born 1910. Factory worker. Active trade unionist. Has beenhospitalsed with tuberculosis for greater part of trial.Theophihis Kgoslkobo Musi. Born 1936. Clerk. Taught for awhile in a primary school but then had to find employment in Johannesburgto support seven orphaned brothers and sisters.M4oosa Mohamed 'Mosie' Moolla. Born 1934. Clerk. Expelled from school forjoining the Defiance Campaign. Awaiting an appeal against conviction forPainting Freedom Char,er slogans on Johannesburg walls.Motsasal Keyeewe. Mpo. Born 1921.Welfare worker on the mines and later clerk. Once arrested under suspicion ofbeing a "Communist' for havinga copy of "When Malan Goes" in his pocket. Active in West Rand campaigns.Mrs. Lilian Ngoyl. Born 1911. Garment worker. W o me n ' s leader and amoving spirit in the national anti - pass campaigns sweeping the country.P. P. Duma Nokwe.Born 1927. First African barrister in the Transvaal. refused permission byMinister Verwoerd, in terms of the Group Areas and Urban Areas Acts. to occupychambers in Johannesburg.Pfeter Papela Nthie. Born 1929. Clerk. Became active in Congress and theCongress Youth League during the Defiance Campaign.Ahmed Ebrahla Patel. Born 1924. Agent. Key organiser since 1939 of theTransvaal Indian Congress on the East Rand, and appeared for the Congressbefore numerous hearings of Group Areas Board.Jacob Po0. Born 1914. Clerk. Joined Congress in 1949. Active in Moliacampaigns and

James Jobe Hadebe.Born 1923. Children's Cultural Club organiser. Popular singer. Descendedfrom Langalibalele. Hlubi chief. charged with rebellion and treason after aclash with the British forces in 1879.Nimrod Selake. Born 1920. Teacher, now a trade unionist. Led a strike of ironand steel workers who won increases of Id. an hour after a Court appeal hadset aside their 'onviction for striking illegally.Peter Kays Selepe. Born 1919. Insurance agent. Active in the SpringbokLegion and Dube A.N.C. Branch.Mrs. Mary Goitsemaing Ranta. Born 1922. Machinist. As a girl. herded herfather's cattle. Eccame a union arganiser after shootIng down of Africanminers in the 1946 strike.

Robert M. Resha. Born 192a Journalist and .poris writer. Active against theremoval of Western Areas, in the African Education Movement and Congresscampaigns.Sydney Shall. Born1932. Medical student. Volunteered during Delance Campaign. Active in studentaffairs at University of the WitWaterarandBennett Setshlr. Born 1916. Factory worker. Active in the A.N.C. since 1937;helted the 1946 African miners' strike.; and a key Congress figure inNewclare.M. J. M. WiltiamsShope. Born 1919.Salesman. Took part in a 1935 strike of miners at Gravelotte in the N. Transvaal.A leader of African Laundry Workers' Union.Cleopas Sibande. Born 1928. Clerk. Has taken part in numerous strikes In theUnion's largest textile mill. Amato, at Benoof.Walter M. Slsuin. Born1912. Started work in a dairy at age of 15. after being refused work on themines because of his youth. Foundation member and first treasurer of A.N.C.Youth League. and rose to position of Secretary Generalof A.N.C. until banned by Government.Gert Sibande. Born1904. Farm labourers' organiser. Grew up in Be'hal. organised farm workersthere, and deported from there for his activities.Mrs. Ruth Slov (Ruth First). Born 192S.fournalist. Staff member 'The Guardian' unUil its banning by the Government.Now therransvaal editor 'New Age.' Editor 'Fighting Talk.,Oliver Tamsbo. Born 1917 in Pondoland of poor peasant family. Educated atmission schools and on bursaties. Taught science. mathematics and music at St.Peter's School until admitted as an attorney.Simon Tyik. Born 1904. Driver. Worked as farm labourer in Bethal. andlater became a lay preacher. Active in Congress since 1951.Robert Tunsl Born1914. Businessman.joined the A.N.C. in 1937 and was chairman of the committee which built thefirst independent primary school in Newelare.Mshlywa Henry Tabsbalala. Born 1930. Clerk. Was a popular amateur boxerand lost the use of his right eye in the ring. Active in Congress since the DefianceCampaign.The Rev. Douglas Chadwick Thompson. Born 1905. Methodist Minister.Qualified as a steel moulder, then trained for the ministry in 1928. Chairman ofthe Witwatersrand Mental Health Society for the last ten years and active inother welfare bodiesFred Carneson. Born 1920. Business managero'News Age'. Served iS..Crp of Signasi teSmaliland,Abyssinin Egyptian and Italia campaigns. Represented the Africans of CapeWestern in the Cape Provincial Council until expelled by the Minister.

Page 21Mrs. Sonla Berl1 Bunting. Born 1923. Housewife. Prominent public speaker inCape Town campaigns of Congress movement. Wife of Brian Bunting, editorof 'New Age' newspaper and former Member of Pariiament for the CapeWestern African seat.Lionel Forman. Born 1928. Barrister and journalist. Author of the first bookon the trial. 'You Can Hang For Treason.' Headed South African Studentdelegations to international conferinoe.Isaac Osler Horvitch. Born 1920. Architect.Director of the Real Printing and Publishing Company, which publishes 'NewAge' newspaper and in which capacity he is also charged in these procedunlg

Aleg La Game. Born1925. Journalist. Author of short stories and sketches of the contemporarySouth African scene. On the staff of 'New Age' newspaper.Charles Makhohliso. Born 1918. Trade unionist. Organiser of brick workersfor better wages and working conditions and a leader of people's campaigns inStellenbosch.David H. Mgugunayeka. Born 1906. Commercial traveller. Prominent in theDefiance Campaign in Cape Western. and in Langs Congress activities.Joseph Morolong. Born 1927. Trade Union organiser and active In WesternProvince campaigns.Lionel B. Morrison. Born 1935. Clerk. Hadjust been released from prison where he served a four month term ofimprisonment for painting Freedom Charter slogans on Cape Town walls whenhe was arrested on the treason charge.Joseph Mpoza. Born 1926. Shop assistant. Played a leading role in Worcesterstrikes and trade union campaigns.John Muti. Born 1887. The 'Grand Old Man' of the trial who took part in 1929anti-pass campaigns, the struggles of the unemployed of 1931-2, and theformation of a Railway Workers' Union in 1936 and many subsequentcampaigns.Greenwood DamisaNgotyana. Born 1922. Clerk. Secretary of S.A.R. & H. Workers' Union.Arrested in 1955 under the pass laws for illegal entry to Cape Town and is atpresent under threat of deportation to the Transkei.George Edward Peake. Born 1922. Bricklayer. Served in the South African Navyfrom 1941 to 1946. Active in trade union campaigns and in campaigns of %heColoured people against the deprivation of their franchise.Ben Tirok, M.P.C. Born 1927. Land surveyor. Elected to the Cape ProvincialCouncil during the trial to represent African voters of Cape Western. Secretary ofCape Town Metal Workers Union.Archibald Sibeko. Born 1928. Trade unionist. Took pact in the 1946 studentsstrike in Lovedale and joined Congress when he left school. Charged in1956 with inciting African timber workers to strike.L. B. Lee-Warden, M.P. Born 1913. Master

printer. The representative of Cape Western Africans in the House of Assembly,to which he was elected despite a Government ban on his attending or addressingmeetings.Mrs. Stella Madge Damoas. Born 1930.Trade unionist. During Government's race classification of Coloured peopleorganised a protest meeting, was charged with assaulting the Police and fined£2.Ms Christan Jaeson. Born 1928. Clerk. Active in the Port Elizabeth trade unionmovemeat. organising food and canning workers, and textile workers. leadingseveral strikes. Her infant daughter was born during the treason trial Proceedings.Mrs. Frances Banrd.Teacher and trade unionist. Worked in food and canning industry andbecame Port Elizabeth secretary of union. While organising in East London wasgiven one hour to quit that town. Eastern Province women's leader.D. Fayani. Born 1924 Factory worker. Rural organiser of the Congress. andprominent in New Brighton. Port Elizabeth.Lanele Kepe. Born 1927. Labourer. Took part in 1950 National strike on June26th. Served term of imprisonment during the Defiance Campaign for defyingrailway apartheid regulations. Twice arrested for addressing Congress meetingswith. out permits,Reginald September. Born 1923. Organised distributive workers and textileworkers in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. Secretary of the Franchise ActionCouncil which organised the May 7. 1951, strike against the abolition of theCape Coloured franchise.Meg. Annie Silinap.Housewife and mother of three children. Deported from Cape Town under thepass laws, in her own words: 'leaving my husband a widower and making mychildren orphans,' but her apPeal against this deportation was successful.The Rev. James Calnia. Born 1895. Anglican priest at Cradock loined theBantu Union in 1924 and the African National Congress in 1930. First presidentof the Inter-Denominational African Ministers' Federation. Holds office inAfrican Scout Movement and the Joint Council of Europeans, Africans andColoureds.The Rev. Walker Staniles Gawe. Born 1900. Minister of Religion inQueenstown. Joined the Industrial & Commercial Workers' Union (I.C.U.)and the African Nat. ional Congress in 1923. Served from 1942-47 as Chaplain inthe Native Military Corps. Took part in the Defiance Campaign.Philemon Mashibiln.Born 1912. Businessman. Joined Congress 1951. Active in the DefianceCarnair.PromnntQensdvJoseph Jack. Born 1927.Photographer. Served two months' imprisonment during the Defiance Campaignfor defying railway apartheid regulations. Frequestly arrested and prosecuted forusing loudspeakers at meetings without permits.

Joseph G. Matthews. Born 1929. Attorney. Pioneer member of the A.N.C. YouthLeague, and active in student activities at Fort Hare. Took active part inDefiance Campaign in Port Elizabeth and was twice convicted in terms of theSuppression of Communism Act. Son of Professor Matthews.Page 22

Professor Z. K. Matthews. Born 1901. Acting Principal of Fort Hare UniversityCollege. In 1923 became the first African graduate of Fort Hare College and wasalso first African Law graduate. Took his Master of Arts degree at Yale andPost graduate study*in Anthropology in London. Served as a member of the Royal Commission onHigher Education for Africans in British East Africa and the Sudan. Mesber of theNative Representative Council till his resignation in 1950 in protest againstGovernment policy. In 1952 was appointed Henry Luce Visiting Professorof World Christianity in New York. Author of *The Educational Needs of theAfrican', 'The Black Man's Outlook' and other publications.Wilton Z. Mkwayl. Born 1923. Trade unionist. Left school in Standard 4 towork in a dynamite factory and as a stevedore to keep younger brothers andsisters. Victimised and sentenced in 1952 for leading a strike. Key fund-raiserfor many campaigns and court actions involving Congress.P. Ntsanganl. Born 1923. Labourer. Joined the African National Congress in1945. Served a prison term for defying unjust laws during the DefianceCampaign. Among Eastern Cape leaders arrested under Sutoression ofCommunism Act in 1953.W. Mal. Born 1923. Clerk. Joined African" National Congress in 1946. Active in1949 bus boycott in Port Elizabeth. Served three months imprisonment duringDefiance Campaign for defying unjust laws. Arrested for organising illegal MayDay meeting in Port Elizabeth in 1955.Vuyisils Mini. Born 1920. Labourer. Since 1937 has taken part in campaignsagainst rent and bus fare increases. against mass removals in Korsten. Served athree month term of imprisonment as a volunteer in the Defiance Campaign.Leader of the Drill Hall Choir and composer of several Congress songs.Mrs. Florence Matomel. Born 1910. Served six weeks imprisonment duringthe Defiance Campaign. Amongst Cape leaders who rceived suspendedsentences under Suppression of Communism Act in 1953. Had nine children,only five of whom have survived.Elliot Nzfai Mfna.Interpreter-clerk. During Defiance Campasgn was awaiting trial it prison for sixweeks. An attempt in 1953 by the Stutterleim municipality to expel him underSection 10 of the Urban Areas Act failed but has been victimised from hisemployment for his political activities.Thenmbile B e n s o n Ndimsba. Born 1921. Messenger-clerk. Came intoactive politics in 1937 during the mass removal of the people from the Africantownship of Korsten and one of Korsten's leader since then.

A. B. NogYa. Born 1925. Factory worker. loined African National Congress In1949 and during the Defiance Campaign led a batch of 40 volunteers to defyapartheid regulations, for which he served two months imprisonment,Mbuyfselo Stanley Vanqa. Born 1923.Labourer. Inspired to join the African National Congress by the DefianceCampaign. Took active part in subsequent Congress Campaigns such as theBantu Education BOycott. Arrested in 1955 after leading a procession in Korsten.Tamsanqn T a s a a c Tshume. Born 1925.Clerk. Since his school days has done voluntary work in the trade unions andcongress offices. Served a term of imprsonment during the Defiance Campaignand has many times been prosecuted for holding and addressing illegal meetingssins illegal meetings.Mrs. Jaequeline Areastein. Born 1922. Journalist. Was the Durban correspondentof 'The Guardian.'Dr. Wilson Z. Coned. Born 1919 of a farmtenant family. Trained as a teacher asan opening to higher education and is today a medical practitioner at Umzimkulu,a m o n g Poor Reserve peasants.Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr Hoogendyk. Born 1911of a strict 'Dopper' h o m e. Accountant. Enlisted with the S.A. Forces in 1942and was cttve in Springbok Legion.Gopallal lu rhans. Born 1915. Businessman and sugar farmer. Took the lead inestablishing four Indian schools in Tongaat and district and is chairman of theNatal Vigilance Committee against the Group Areas Act.

Ismail C. Meet. Born 1918. Attorney. Secretary of the Natal Teachers' Unionin the early '40'; secretary of the Transvaal Indian Congress during 1946 P a s s iv e Resistance Campaign.Dr. Mabomed M.'Chota' Moiala. Born 1921. Qualified as a medical practitioner at the GrantMedical College, India. Active in student activities there when India was winningher independence. Practises in Pietermaritzburg.Pious Goodman Mel. Born 1912. Trade unionist. Worked as a clerk on the goldmines and joined Congress in 1936. Left the service of the Native AffairsDepartment to become a factory labourer and then a trade union official.Dr. G. M. 'Monty' Naicker. Born 1910. Presfdent of the South AfricanIndian Congress. Served two terms of imprisonment of six months each duringthe 1946 Passive Resistance campaign, and went to prison again after leading thefirst Natal batch of Defiance Campaign resisters. Toured India's riot areas withGandhi.Mrs. Bertha Mklze. Teacher and tailoress. Veteran campaigneragainst passes for women in the 1931, the 1936 and subsequent campaigns.M. P. Naleker. Born 1920 Durban branch manager of 'New Age' newspaper.Formerly secretary of the Agricultural Workers' Federation which organised sugarfield workers; secretary of the Natal P a s s i v e Resistance Council during the1946 Campaign.

K e a v a I Moonsay. Born 1926. Indian Congress organiser. Served four monthsimprisonment in the 1946 Passive Resistance Campaign. Helped organise theJune 26 Protest Day strike against Suppression of Communism Act in 1950.Naralasamy ThemblNaleker. Born 1924. Attorney. President of the Non-European Students'Representative Council at the University of Natal in 1952. Active in the NatalIndian Congress since 1945.Billy Nair. Born 1930.Trade unionist. Secretary of 5 Natal unions in the tin, chemical. dairy and boxindestries.Dawood A. geadat.Born 1916. Bookkeeper. Banned from all polftical activity from 1941 to 1945 under a War Measure. Active in the Non-European United Front, and in the Natal Indian Congress since 1939Abdnezo Bhekabnia Ngeobo. Born 1931.Former textile worker. now law student. AS president of the Students'Representative Council played a leading role in the fight against academicsegregaion at the University of Natal.Errol T. Shanlgy. Born 1911. Bookmaker's.lerk. Formerly secretary of the Natal Sugar Workers' Union, secretary of DurbanTrades and Labour Council for eight years. Served with S.A. Coastal Defenceduring the warMrs. Dorothy Shanley. Born 1920. Nursery school teacher. Mother of threechildren aged 11, 9 and 7, cared for by friends and neighbours during the arrestand trial of Dorothy and her husband, Errol.Miss Dorothy Nyemb. Born 1930. Women's organtser. Served two prisonsentences during the Defiance Campaign; led the contingent of Natal women whoprotested to the Prime Minister in August, 1956, in Pretoria, against passesfor women,V. S. M. 'Manale' Pillay. Born 1918. Trade unionist. Has played a leading rolein Durban's trade union movement and is today Durban'a secretary of the NationalUnion of Operative Biscuit Makers and Packers.Debi Singh. Born 1913. Smallholder. In 1944 was the secretary of Anti-Segregation Coun:il which campaigned against the then conservative leadershipof the Natal Indian Congress and for the election of the DadooNaickerleadership.Secretary of Natal Passive Resistance Council in 1946.Pifness H. Stalwart' Simelane. Born 1910.Teacher and chemist's issistant. In 1933 helped organise 22 night schools foradult Africans. A leading spirit in many Natal Congress campaigns.Jacob B. Mafora. Born 1906. Entered domestic service and then becamea gardener. Confined to Bloemfontein in 1953 for one year, under the RiotousAssembliesAct. Leading ANC figure in the Free State.Massabalala B. 'Boale' Yengwa. Born 1923. Bookkeeper. later an articledlaw clerk. Prominent in the Defiance Campaign. In 1953 was banned from

entering seven main magisterial districts in the Union and was banished for twoyears to Mapemula, a place he had left 17 years before.Mrs. Martha MoblakoRe. Born 1906 of a family of farm squatters. Has worked indomestic service for 22 years. Joined Congress in 1939. One of the leaders ofFree State women in the anti-pass campaign. Mother of4 children.Gabriel Diehaba. Born 1920. A herdboy till he was 15, and then left school tobecome a labourer in the railway workshops. Led the first Free State volunteersin the Defiance Campaignn.Leslie Sonny Thasbo Moaaanyane. Born1928. Labourer. Came into the ANC during the 'Defiance Campaign and has beena prominent Free State leader ever snce.Dr. Arthur Z. Letele. Born 1916. Medical practitioner. Before Africans wereadmitted to University medical courses, trained as a medical-aide in a leperhospital. Led the first Kimberley volunteers in the Defiance Campaign and wasone of those found guilty of leading the campaignAbraham Barnett Koatllao Seeeloareng.Born 1924. Ex-teacher now clerk. Resigned as a teacher when the BantuEducation Act was introduced. Active in the Kimberley ANC.Page 24

Copies of this booklet "Afrika!" Publication burg, at Single copimore: 2/- eachHundreds of thousands of people in this country and abroad see in Apartheid ashocking disregard for Christian and democratic principles in human relations, butfeel impotent to influence them."What can we do?" they ask.Here is an opportunity for doing something practical, immediate and vital.SUPPORT THE TREASON TRIALDEFENCE FUNDHELP TO PAY THE COSTS OF LEGAL DEFENCE.BRING RELIEF TO THE DEPENDANTS OF THE ACCUSED WHO ARE INNEED.The Trustees of the Fund are:The Rt. Rev. Ambrose Reeves (the Bishop of Johannesburg);Mr. Justice F. A. W. Lucas;Dr. Ellen Hellmann;Mr. Alan Paton.SEND DONATIONS TO: The Treason Trial Defence Fund, Box 2864,Johannesburg.(W.O. 2092)are obtainable from the Publishers, Published by "Afrika!" Publications,is, care of P.O. Box 491, Johannes- Johannesburg, South Africa, and pes: 2/6d. each, post free. 1 doz or Press (Pty.) Ltd., 302 Fox Street,post free. Cash with order. South Africa.