lower-level brain structures:
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Lower-Level Brain Structures: . Module 8: The Brain. Brainstem. The oldest part of the brain Is responsible for automatic survival functions Located where the spinal cord swells and the brain just begins. Medulla. The base of the brainstem - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Lower-Level Brain Structures:
Module 8: The Brain
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Brainstem
The oldest part of the brain Is responsible for automatic survival
functions Located where the spinal cord swells
and the brain just begins
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Medulla
The base of the brainstem Controls life-supporting functions like
heartbeat and breathing Damage to this area can lead to death.
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Reticular Formation
A nerve network extending up and down the spinal cord into the brain
Controls an organism’s level of alertness
Damage to this area can cause a coma.
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Thalamus
Sits atop the brainstem The brain’s sensory switchboard --
directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
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Cerebellum
Latin for the “little brain” Located in the rear of the brain Helps coordinate voluntary movements and
balance If damaged, the person could perform basic
movements but would lose fine coordination skills.
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Limbic System
A ring of structures around the thalamus; at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex
Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst
Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala
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Hypothalamus
Located directly under the front of the thalamus
Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature, and the fight or flight reactions to stress
Plays a role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual function
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Hippocampus
Wraps around the back of the thalamus Plays a role in processing new memories
for permanent storage Looks something like a seahorse
Hippo is Greek for “horse.”
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Amygdala
Two almond shaped structures Controls emotional responses such as
fear and anger
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The Cerebral CortexModule 8: The Brain
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Cerebral Cortex
The body’s ultimate control and information processing center
Covers the brain’s lower level structures Contains an estimated 30 billion nerve
cells Divided into four lobes
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Corpus Callosum The large band of neural fibers that
connects the two brain hemispheres and carries messages between them
Is sometimes cut to prevent seizures
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Longitudinal Fissure
The crevice that divides the brain into two halves or hemispheres
This and other fissures in the brain create major divisions in the brain called lobes
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Frontal Lobes
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead
Is involved in making plans and judgments
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Parietal Lobes
Regions available for general processing, including mathematical reasoning
Designated as the association lobes Behind the frontal lobes
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Occipital Lobe
The primary visual processing area Located in the back of the head
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Temporal Lobes
Includes the auditory cortex where sound information is processed
Located roughly above the ears
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Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebral Cortex
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Motor Cortex
Area at the rear of the frontal lobes Controls voluntary movement Different parts of the cortex control
different parts of the body. The motor cortex in the left hemisphere
controls the right side of the body and visa versa.
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Somatosensory Cortex
Located in the front of the parietal lobes Registers and processes body senses Soma is Greek for “body.”
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Hemispheric Differences
Module 8: The Brain
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Hemispheric Differences
“Left-brained” and “right-brained” pop psychology
Brain is divided into two hemispheres but works as a single entity.
Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum, except in those with split brains.
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Hemispheric Differences:
Language and Spatial Abilities
Module 8: The Brain
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The Brain’s Left Hemisphere
For most people, language functions are in the left hemisphere.
For a small percentage of people, language functions are in the right hemisphere.
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Broca’s Area Located in the frontal lobe
and usually in the left hemisphere
Responsible for the muscle movements of speech
If damaged the person can form the ideas but cannot express them as speech
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PET Scan of Broca’s Area
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Broca’s Area
This is the brain of “Tal” from whom Broca discovered the area for speech. Note the damage to Broca’s Area.
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Wernicke’s Area
Located in the temporal lobe Involved in language comprehension
and expression; our ability to understand what is said to us
Usually in the left temporal lobe
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PET Scan of Wernicke’s Area
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The Brain’s Right Hemisphere
Houses the brain’s spatial abilities Our spatial ability allows us to perceive
or organize things in a given space, judge distance, etc.
Helps in making connections between words
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Brain Specialization
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Brain Plasticity
Module 8: The Brain
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Plasticity
The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions
Greatest in childhood Important if parts of the brain are
damaged or destroyed