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i Lake Superior Lakewide Management Plan: 1990-2005Critical Chemical Reduction Milestones ii Citation: Lake Superior Binational Program.2006. Lake Superior Lakewide Management Plan: 1990-2005 Critical Chemical Reduction Milestones.Prepared by the Superior Work Group Chemical Committee.209 pages.Toronto and Chicago. iii Acknowledgments This Lake Superior LaMP Critical chemicals milestones document was developed by the Superior Work Groups Chemical Committee of the Lake Superior Binational Program.The following members provided primary writing and editing of this report:
Jim Bailey, EcoSuperior 807-624-2140; [email protected] Flood, Environment Canada 416-739-5989; [email protected] George, Ontario Ministry of Environment 416-235-5807; [email protected] Hall, Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa 715-682-7123; [email protected] Matt Hudson, Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission 715-682-6619 x109; [email protected] Jereczek, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 715-392-0805, [email protected] LaPlante, USEPA Great Lakes National Program Office 312-353-2694; [email protected] Lohse-Hanson, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 651-296-9134; [email protected] Marsden, Environment Canada 416-739-4759; [email protected] Morash, Ontario Ministry of Environment 807-475-1271; [email protected] Sims, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality 517-373-2732, [email protected] Taillon, Environment Canada 416-739-5989; [email protected] The Chemical Committee also appreciates contributions from the following individuals: Sharon Baker with Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Alexis Cain, Tony Martig, Melissa Simon and Ted Smith with EPAs Great Lakes National Program Office Ralph Dashner with the Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians Nancy Larson, formerly with the Wisconsin Department of Natural ResourcesMelonee Montano and Dick Reese with the Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. Darrell Piekarz, Ken De, Bruce Gillies and Anita Wong with Environment Canada Nancy Schuldt and Christine Berini at the Fond du Lac Chippewa Tribe Todd Warner with the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Margaret Watkins and Brad Frazier with the Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa iv "When it was calm, and the sun shone bright, I could sit in my canoe, where the depth was upwards of six fathoms, and plainly see huge piles of stone at the bottom, of different shapes, some of which appeared as if they were hewn.The water at this time was as pure and transparent as air; and my canoe seemed as if it hung suspended in that element.It was impossible to look attentively thorough this limpid medium at the rocks below without finding, before many minutes were elapsed, your head swim, and your eye no longer able to behold the dazzling scene." Jonathon Carver, 18th century explorer, from B. Littlejohn and W. Drew,Superior: The Haunted Shore v Table of Contents Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1.Scope and Background..................................................................................................2 1.1LaMP Critical Chemicals and the Zero Discharge Demonstration .................... 2 1.2LaMP 2000 Progress and Accountability ........................................................... 4 1.2.1LaMP Chemical Reduction Activities ......................................................... 4 1.2.2Other Projects Aligned with LaMP Goals .................................................. 5 1.2.3New Regulations and Policies Aligned with LaMP Goals.......................... 6 Chapter 2.Introduction...................................................................................................................7 2.1Purpose................................................................................................................ 7 2.2Methods............................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1Three Actions from the Lake Superior Binational Agreement.................... 7 2.2.2Guiding Principles...................................................................................... 8 Chapter 3.Load Reduction Inventory...........................................................................................11 3.1Out-of-Basin Sources........................................................................................ 11 3.2In-Basin Inventory Methodology...................................................................... 11 3.3Mercury............................................................................................................. 12 3.3.1Mercury Reduction Goals......................................................................... 12 3.3.2Sources of Mercury................................................................................... 12 3.3.32010 Milestone.......................................................................................... 16 3.4Dioxin ............................................................................................................... 17 3.4.1Dioxin Reduction Goals............................................................................ 17 3.4.2Sources of Dioxin...................................................................................... 17 3.3.32010 Milestone.......................................................................................... 20 3.5PCBs ................................................................................................................. 20 3.6Pesticides........................................................................................................... 26 3.6.1Pesticide Reduction Goals ........................................................................ 26 3.6.2Pesticide Collections................................................................................. 26 3.6.3Conclusions............................................................................................... 31 3.7Hexachlorobenzene........................................................................................... 31 Chapter 4. Re-evaluation of Critical and Prevention Pollutants ....................................................33 4.1Contaminant Levels and Trends Summary........................................................................35 4.1.1 Atmosphere .............................................................................................. 35 4.1.2Water......................................................................................................... 37 4.1.3Herring Gull Eggs..................................................................................... 38 4.1.5Emerging Contaminants ........................................................................... 40 4.1.6Human Health........................................................................................... 41 4.1.7Summary and Potential Management Implications.................................. 42 4.2Emerging Contaminants.................................................................................... 43 4.2.1What Are Emerging Contaminants?......................................................... 43 4.2.2Sources of Emerging Contaminants.......................................................... 44 vi 4.2.3Research.................................................................................................... 46 4.2.4Emerging Contaminants in Lake Superior ............................................... 47 4.3 Proposed Management Approaches for Emerging Contaminants .......................... 48 Chapter 5.Reduction Strategies....................................................................................................53 5.1Previous Reduction Strategies .......................................................................... 53 5.2Revised Reduction Strategies ........................................................................... 53 5.2.1Multiple Chemicals ................................................................................... 53 5.2.2Mercury..................................................................................................... 54 5.2.3PCBs ......................................................................................................... 55 5.2.4Dioxin, Hexachlorobenzene and Octachlorostyrene ................................ 56 5.2.5Pesticides .................................................................................................. 56 5.2.6Emerging Contaminants ........................................................................... 57 5.3Reduction Activities.......................................................................................... 57 Chapter 6.Conclusions .................................................................................................................58 References Cited............................................................................................................................61 List of Acronyms ...........................................................................................................................68 Appendix A....................................................................................................................................73 A Bi-National Program to Restore and Protect the Lake Superior Basin..................... 75 Appendix B....................................................................................................................................87 Reduction Activities in the Lake Superior Basin: 2000-2005 ...................................... 87 Appendix B.1Canada Progress Report ................................................................... 89 Appendix B.2United States Environmental Protection Agency Progress Report 102 Appendix B.3Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Progress Report 107 Appendix B.4Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Progress Report .................. 112 Appendix B.4Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Progress Report .................. 112 Appendix B.5Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Progress Report ...... 116 Appendix B.6.U.S. Tribal Progress Report........................................................... 127 Appendix C..................................................................................................................................139 In-Basin Chemical Source Inventories ....................................................................... 141 Appendix D..................................................................................................................................163 PCB Management in Lake Superior Jurisdictions...................................................... 163 Appendix E ..................................................................................................................................171 Combined COA/GLI list of P,B,T Chemicals of Concern Appendix E.Combined COA/GLI list of P,B,T Chemicals of Concern........................................................... 171 Appendix E.Combined COA/GLI list of P,B,T Chemicals of Concern................... 173 Appendix F...................................................................................................................................175 Contaminants Levels and Trends................................................................................ 175 vii Appendix G..................................................................................................................................207 Previous Reduction Strategies from LaMP 2000........................................................ 209 List of Tables Table 1-1a. Existing Critical Chemicals for Lake Superior. 3 Table 1-1b. Existing Prevention Chemicals for Lake Superior3 Table 1-2.Summary of Reduction Targets for Lake Superior ZDDP.4 Table 3-1.Mercury Releases to Air and Water from Sources in the Lake Superior Basin (kg/yr). 13 Table 3-2.Percent Reduction of Mercury Releases between from 1990-2000 and 1990-2005.14 Table 3-3.Dioxin Releases to Air and Water from Sources in the Lake Superior Basin,g I-TEQ/yr.19 Table 3-4Percent Reduction of Dioxin Releases between 1990-2000 and 1990-2005.19 Table 3-5.PCB Liquid and Solid Waste in Storage at Provincially Monitored Sites, 1990 to 2006. 22 Table 3-6.Disposal of PCB Materials Reported to Minnesota Pollution ControlAgency.23 Table 3-7.Waste Pesticide Collections in Minnesota Lake Superior Counties, 1996- 2004 (kg).29 Table 3-8.Waste Pesticides Collected in Wisconsin Northwest Cleansweeps, 1996- 2004 (kg). 30 Table 4-1.Management Approaches for Lake Superior Critical and PreventionPollutants34 Table 4-2.Concentrations of Some LaMP Critical Pollutants (ng/L) in Lake SuperiorOpen Lake Water Compared to Water Quality Yardsticks. 37 Table 4-3.Examples of Common Classes of Emerging Contaminants, Specific Chemicals of Interest in Those Groups, and Their Common Uses.44 Table 4-4a. Critical Pollutants and Management Approaches for Lake Superior51Table 4-4b. Proposed Revisions to Prevention Pollutants and Management Approachesfor Lake Superior 51 Table 4-5.A Proposed Watch List of New and Emerging Chemicals for the LakeSuperior LaMP52 viii List of Figures Figure 3-1.Reductions of Mercury Discharges and Emissions from Lake SuperiorSectors Between 1990 and 2005 (kg/yr).15 Figure 3-2.Actual Reductions of Mercury Discharges and Emissions from LakeSuperior Sources Between 1990 and 2005 Compared to the Stage 2 LoadReduction Goals (kg/yr). 15 Figure 3-3.Amount of Mercury from Different Sectors in the Lake SuperiorBasin, 2005. 16 Figure 3-4.Amount of Dioxin from Different Sectors in the Lake Superior Basin,2005.20 Figure 3-5.Cumulative Total of PCB Wastes Disposed from Minnesota Lake SuperiorFacilities*, 1998-2005 (kg/yr).24 Figure 3-6.Cumulative Total of PCB Ballasts, Capacitors and Transformers Disposedfrom Minnesota Lake Superior Facilities, 1998-2005 (kg/yr).25 Figure 3-7.Cumulative Total of High and Low Level PCB (