lsat india 2014 sample question paper 2

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THE OFFICIAL LSATINDIA

Form U -9LSI59

Actua l 2009 LSATIndia

LSAT India : All You Need Is Reason

LSAC.org

Sam ple Question Paper No 1
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Introduction to the Law School Admission TestIndia.................................................... ..................................... ...................1

Scoring ..................................... ..................................... ...................................... ..................................... ................................1

The Question Types ................................... ..................................... ..................................... ...................................... .............1 Reading Comprehension Questions .................................... ..................................... ...................................... ...................1 Analytical Reasoning Questions ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..........................2 Logical Reasoning Questions .................................. ...................................... ..................................... ................................3

Taking the PrepTest Under Simulated Conditions............ ..................................... ..................................... ..........................4

Answer Sheet ...................................................................................................................................................... .........................5

The PrepTest . ...................................................................................................................................................... .........................7

Answer Key.... ...................................................................................................................................................... .......................42

TABLE OF CONTENTS

The Law School Ad mission Council (LSAC) is a nonprofit corporation whose members are more than 200 law schools in the UnitedStates, Canada, an d Australia. Headquartered in Newtown, PA, USA, the Council was founded in 1947 to facilitate the law schooladmission process. The Council has grown to provide numerous products and services to law schools and to more th an 85,000 lawschool applicants e ach year.

All law schools app roved by the American Bar Association (ABA) are LSAC members. Canadian law schools recognize d by aprovincial or territo rial law society or government agency are also members. Accredited law schools outside of the Un ited Statesand Canada are eli gible for membership at the discretion of the LSAC Board of Trustees; Melbourne Law School, the University of Melbourne is the fi rst LSAC-member law school outside of North America.

LSAC does not eng age in assessing an applicants chances for admission to any law school; all admission decisions ar e made byindividual law schools.

Law School Admission TestIndia, LSATIndia : All You Need Is Reason, and Law School Admission Council are trademarks of the LawSchool Admission Council, Inc.

2012 by Law School Admission Council, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this work, including information, data, or other portions of the work published in electronic form, maybe reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by anyinformation storage and retrieval system, without permission of the publisher. For information, write: Communications, Law SchoolAdmission Council, 662 Penn Street, PO Box 40, Newtown PA 18940-0040, USA.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW SCHOOL ADMISSION TESTINDIA

The LSATIndia is a test of acquired, high-level reading,informal reason ing, and deductive reasoning skills,developed spec ically for use by law schools in India.Although mode led on the Law School Admission Test(LSAT), it is adapted to the specic needs of Indianlegal education .

Critical-thinking skills are key to success in the practiceof law througho ut the world. The education of successfullawyers begins with assessing critical thinking skills duringthe law school a dmission process.

This PrepTest is a valuable tool for preparing for theLSATIndia. It is the actual 2009 LSATIndia. It consists of four, 35-minute sections of multiple-choice questionsone Analytical R easoning section, one ReadingComprehension section, and two Logical Reasoningsections. You ca n use this practice test most effectively bytaking it under t imed conditions as outlined in Taking thePrepTest Under Simulated Conditions on page 4 and onthe reverse side of the sample answer sheet.

We wish you g reat success with the test and your pursuitof a law degree.

SCORINGCredit is given f or each question a test taker answerscorrectly, and al l questions count equally. There is nonegative markin g or penalty for guessing, so a candidateshould answer e ach and every question. Test scores arereported on a p ercentile basis, comparing eachcandidates per formance to that of the others within hisor her candidat e group (Five-Year Integrated LL.B.Programme or Two-Year LL.M./ Three-Year LL.B.Programme). Sc ores for one candidate group cannot becompared to th ose for the other candidate group sincethey are based on group performance. So, for example, an

undergraduate candidate earning an LSATIndia score of 82.5 has performed better on the test than 82.5 percent of the total undergraduate candidate pool. This score doesnot indicate what the candidates standing would be withinthe post-undergraduate candidate pool. Note also thatthis score does not mean that the candidate answered 82.5percent of the LSATIndia questions correctly. Thus,LSATIndia scores tell law schools the relative strength of

the critical-thinking skills measured by the test for eachcandidate in comparison to the others in h is or hercandidate pool.

THE QUESTION TYPES

The multiple-choice questions that make u p the LSATIndia reect a broad range of academic di sciplines and areintended to give no advantage to candida tes from aparticular academic background. The LSA TIndia doesnot include questions requiring the maste ry of any specicdiscipline or set of facts. For example, it d oes not test acandidates knowledge of history, political theory, or evengeneral knowledge. Rather, it is a test of i mportant critical-thinking skills that a student has acquired over his or hereducational lifetime. Thus, the LSATIndi a is differentfrom other legal-education admission test s used in India. Itmeasures a different set of skills and, even for thoseadmission tests that do partially address c ritical thinking,it measures those skills in different ways.

The four sections of the test contain thre e differentquestion types. The following material pres ents a general

discussion of the nature of each question ty pe and somestrategies that can be used in answering th em.

Reading Comprehension Questions

The purpose of LSATIndia Reading Com prehensionquestions is to measure the ability to read , withunderstanding and insight, examples of le ngthy andcomplex materials similar to those commo nly encounteredin law school. The Reading Comprehensio n section of theLSATIndia contains four sets of reading questions, eachset consisting of a selection of reading ma terial followedby ve to eight questions. The reading selection in three of

the four sets consists of a single reading passage; theother set generally contains two related shorter passages.Sets with two passages are a variant of ReadingComprehension called Comparative Reading.

Reading selections for reading comprehension questionsare drawn from subjects such as the humanities, the socialsciences, the biological and physical sciences, and issuesrelated to the law. Reading comprehension questions

LSATINDIA : ALL YOU NEED IS REASON

The LSATIndia is a test of reasoning and reading skills, not a test to see whether you happened to have memorizedthe right facts or equations. You can also be assured that each LSATIndia question will have a single answer that isclearly best. Before you ever see the questions, each is subjected to exacting reviews by at least 10 professionals withadvanced degrees in elds such as logic, English, and linguistics.
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require you to read carefully and accurately, to determinethe relationships among the various parts of the readingselection, and to draw reasonable inferences from thematerial in the selection. The questions may ask about thefollowing characteristics of a passage or pair of passages:

the main idea or primary purpose;

the meaning or purpose of words or phrases used;

information explicitly stated;

information or ideas that can be inferred;

the organizatio n or structure;

the application of information in a passage to a newcontext; and

the authors att itude as it is revealed in the tone of apassage or the language used.

Suggested Appr oachSince reading sel ections are drawn from many differentdisciplines and so urces, you should not be discouraged if you encounter m aterial with which you are not familiar. It isimportant to rem ember that questions are to be answeredexclusively on the basis of the information provided in theselection. There i s no particular knowledge that you areexpected to brin g to the test, and you should not makeinferences based on any prior knowledge of a subject thatyou may have. Yo u may, however, wish to defer working on aset of questions t hat seems particularly difcult or unfamiliaruntil after you hav e dealt with sets you nd easier.

Strategies. In preparing for the test, you shouldexperiment with different strategies and decide which workmost effectively f or you. These include:

reading the sel ection very closely and then answeringthe questions;

reading the qu estions first, reading the selection closely,and then return ing to the questions; or

skimming the s election and questions very quickly,then rereading the selection closely and answeringthe questions.

Remember that your strategy must be effective for youunder timed conditions.

Reading the selection. Whatever strategy you choose,you should give the passage or pair of passages at leastone careful reading before answering the questions. Try todistinguish main ideas from supporting ideas, andopinions or attitudes from factual, objective information.

Note transitions from one idea to the next and examinethe relationships among the different ideas or parts of apassage, or between the two passages in comparativereading sets. Consider how and why an author makespoints and draws conclusions. Be sensitive to implicationsof what the passages say.

You may nd it helpful to mark key parts of passages.For example, you might underline main ideas or importantarguments, and you might circle transitional words

although, nevertheless, correspondingly, and thelikethat will help you map the structure of a passage.Moreover, you might note descriptive words that will helpyou identify an authors attitude toward a particular ideaor person.

Answering the Questions Always read all the answer choices before selecting the

best answer. The best answer choice is th e one thatmost accurately and completely answers t he questionbeing posed.

Respond to the specific question being a sked. Do not

pick an answer choice simply because it is a truestatement. For example, picking a true st atement mightyield an incorrect answer to a question in which you areasked to identify an authors position on a n issue, sincehere you are not being asked to evaluate the truth of theauthors position but only to correctly ide ntify what thatposition is.

Answer the questions only on the basis of the informationprovided in the selection. Your own views, interpretations,or opinions, and those you have heard fro m others, maysometimes conflict with those expressed in a readingselection; however, you are expected to w ork within thecontext provided by the reading selection. You should notexpect to agree with everything you encou nter in readingcomprehension passages.

Analytical Reasoning Questions

Analytical reasoning items are designed to m easure yourability to understand a structure of relationsh ips and to drawlogical conclusions about the structure. You are asked tomake deductions from a set of statements, r ules, orconditions that describe relationships among entities suchas persons, places, things, or events. They simulate thekinds of detailed analyses of relationships that a law studentmust perform in solving legal problems. For example, apassage might describe four diplomats sitting around atable, following certain rules of protocol as to who can sitwhere. You must answer questions about the implications of the given information, for example, who is sittingbetween diplomats X and Y.
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The passage used for each group of questions describesa common relationship such as the following:

Assignment: Two parents, P and O, and their children, Rand S, must go to the dentist on four consecutive days,designated 1, 2, 3, and 4;

Ordering: X arrived before Y but after Z;

Grouping: A manager is trying to form a project teamfrom seven staff membersR, S, T, U, V, W, and X. Eachstaff member has a particular strengthwriting,planning, or facilitating;

Spatial: A cer tain country contains six cities and each cityis connected to at least one other city by a system of roads, some o f which are one-way.

Careful reading and analysis are necessary to determinethe exact natur e of the relationships involved. Somerelationships are xed (e.g., P and R always sit at the sametable). Other rel ationships are variable (e.g., Q must be

assigned to eith er table 1 or table 3). Some relationshipsthat are not stat ed in the conditions are implied by and canbe deduced fro m those that are stated (e.g., if onecondition about books on a shelf species that Book L is tothe left of Book Y, and another species that Book P is tothe left of Book L, then it can be deduced that Book P is tothe left of Book Y).

No formal tra ining in logic is required to answer thesequestions corre ctly. Analytical reasoning questions areintended to be answered using knowledge, skills, andreasoning abilit y generally expected of college studentsand graduates.

Suggested Ap proachSome people m ay prefer to answer rst those questionsabout a passage that seem less difcult and then those thatseem more dif cult. In general, it is best not to start anotherpassage before nishing one begun earlier, because muchtime can be lost in returning to a passage andreestablishing fa miliarity with its relationships. Do notassume that bec ause the conditions for a set of questionslook long or co mplicated, the questions based on thoseconditions will n ecessarily be especially difcult.

Reading the passage. In reading the conditions, do notintroduce unwarranted assumptions. For instance, in a setestablishing relationships of height and weight among themembers of a team, do not assume that a person who istaller than another person must weigh more than thatperson. All the information needed to answer eachquestion is provided in the passage andthe question itself.

The conditions are designed to be as clear as possible;do not interpret them as if they were intended to trick you.

For example, if a question asks how many people could beeligible to serve on a committee, consider only thosepeople named in the passage unless directed otherwise.When in doubt, read the conditions in their most obvioussense. Remember, however, that the language in theconditions is intended to be read for precise meaning. It isessential to pay particular attention to words that describeor limit relationships, such as only, exactly, never,always, must be, cannot be, and the like.

The result of this careful reading will be a clear picture of the structure of the relationships involved, including thekinds of relationships permitted, the participants in therelationships, and the range of actions or attributesallowed by the relationships for these participants.

Questions are independent. Each que stion should beconsidered separately from the other que stions in its set;no information, except what is given in the originalconditions, should be carried over from on e question toanother. In some cases, a question will sim ply ask forconclusions to be drawn from the conditio ns as originallygiven. Some questions may, however, add information tothe original conditions or temporarily susp end one of the

original conditions for the purpose of that question only.For example, if Question 1 adds the inform ation if P issitting at table 2 ..., this information shou ld NOT becarried over to any other question in the g roup.

Highlighting the text; using diagrams. Many peoplend it useful to underline key points in the passage and ineach question. In addition, it may prove ve ry helpful todraw a diagram to assist you in nding the solution tothe problem.

In preparing for the test, you may wish t o experimentwith different types of diagrams. For a sch edulingproblem, a calendar-like diagram may be helpful. For aspatial relationship problem, a simple map can be auseful device.

Even though some people nd diagram s to be veryhelpful, other people seldom use them. A nd among thosewho do regularly use diagrams in solving t hese problems,there is by no means universal agreement on which kind of diagram is best for which problem or in w hich cases adiagram is most useful. Do not be concern ed if a particularproblem in the test seems to be best appr oached withoutthe use of a diagram.

Logical Reasoning Questions

Logical reasoning questions evaluate your ability tounderstand, analyze, criticize, and complete a variety of arguments. The arguments are contained in shortpassages taken from a variety of sources, including lettersto the editor, speeches, advertisements, newspaperarticles and editorials, informal discussions andconversations, as well as articles in the humanities, thesocial sciences, and the natural sciences.
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Each logical reasoning question requires you to readand comprehend a short passage, then answer one ortwo questions about it. The questions test a variety of abilities involved in reasoning logically and thinkingcritically. These include:

recognizing the point or issue of an argument ordispute;

detecting the assumptions involved in an argumentationor chain of reasoning;

drawing reasonable conclusions from given evidence orpremises;

identifying and applying principles;

identifying the method or structure of an argument orchain of reason ing;

detecting reas oning errors and misinterpretations;

determining ho w additional evidence or argumentationaffects an argu ment or conclusion; and

identifying exp lanations and recognizing resolutions of conflicting fact s or arguments.

The questions do not presuppose knowledge of theterminology of fo rmal logic. For example, you will not beexpected to know the meaning of specialized terms such asad hominem o r syllogism. On the other hand, you willbe expected to u nderstand and critique the reasoningcontained in argu ments. This requires that you possess, at aminimum, a colle ge-level understanding of widely usedconcepts such as argument, premise, assumption, andconclusion.

Suggested Appr oachRead each questi on carefully. Make sure that youunderstand the m eaning of each part of the question. Makesure that you und erstand the meaning of each answerchoice and the w ays in which it may or may not relate to thequestion posed.

Do not pick a r esponse simply because it is a truestatement. Altho ugh true, it may not answer the questionposed.

Answer each question on the basis of the information thatis given, even if you do not agree with it. Work within thecontext provided by the passage. The questions do notinvolve any tricks or hidden meanings.

TAKING THE PREPTEST UNDER SIMULATEDCONDITIONS

One important way to prepare for the LSATIndia is tosimulate the day of the test by taking a practice test underactual time constraints. Taking a practice test under timedconditions helps you to estimate the amount of time youcan afford to spend on each question in a section and todetermine the question types on which you may need

additional practice.Since the LSATIndia is a timed test, it is important touse your allotted time wisely. During the test, you may workonly on the section designated by the test supervisor. Youcannot devote extra time to a difcult section and make upthat time on a section you nd easier. In paci ng yourself,and checking your answers, you should think of each sectionof the test as a separate minitest.

Be sure that you answer every question on the test. Whenyou do not know the correct answer to a que stion, rsteliminate the responses that you know are in correct, thenmake your best guess among the remaining choices. Do notbe afraid to guess, as there is no penalty for incorrect

answers.Please note that in the LSATIndia, some sections may

consist of questions with four answer choices , while theother sections consist of questions with veanswer choices.

When you take the practice test that follow s, abide by allthe requirements specied in the directions and keepstrictly within the specied time limits. Work without a restperiod. When taken under conditions as mu ch like actualtesting conditions as possible, the practice t estprovides very useful preparation for taking th e LSATIndia.

Ofcial directions are included in this pra ctice test sothat you can approximate actual testing con ditions as youpractice. To take the test:

Set a timer for 35 minutes. Answer all the q uestions inSECTION I. Stop working on that section w hen the 35minutes have elapsed.

Repeat, allowing yourself 35 minutes each for sections II,III, and IV.

An answer key is provided so that you can evaluate yourperformance on the PrepTest.
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Please Note: The answer sheet in thi s PrepTest is not an exact r eplica of the answer sh eet used w ith t he actual test.
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Logical Reasoning ..................................... ......SECTION I

Reading Comprehension................................SECTION II

Logical Reasoning ..................................... ......SECTION III

Analytical Reasoning.......................................SECTION IV

THE PREPTEST

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SECTION I

Time35 minutes

26 Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that

is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. Why should the disappearance of beetles, plants, or birdsconcern us ? First, a species, the irreplaceable product of millions of years of development, is of intrinsic value.Another, pe rhaps more compelling, reason to conserve biological diversity is pure self-interest. Like everyspecies, ou rs is intimately dependent on others for itswell-being. Time after time, creatures, even those oncethought use less or harmful, are found to play crucialroles in nat ural systems. Predators driven to extinctionno longer k eep populations of potential pests in check;earthworms or termites killed by pesticides no longer aerate soils ; mangroves cut for firewood no longer protect coa stlines from the erosive force of the sea.

The above argument as a whole seeks to establish that

(A) it i s only selfish people who wish to conserve biological diversity

(B) wh ether species to which people pay littleattention become extinct is not of greatim portance except to scientists

(C) the re are no species in nature that are, properlyconsidered, harmful to people

(D) spe cies of plant and animal life should be

pr eserved because they are valuable both inthemselves and for the well-being of people(E) to protect coastlines from erosion by the sea, it

is necessary to plant mangroves or other suchspecies along the coasts

2. Davisvilles mayor: The Davisville Airport is actuallylocated in the city of Millersburg. Millersburgofficials have argued that it is ille gal for restaurants in the Davisville Airpo rt to servealcoholic beverages because Mille rsburg hasoutlawed alcoholic beverages. Bu t they aremistaken. Since the City of Davis ville owns theDavisville Airport, and it is legal for restaurantsto serve alcoholic beverages in Da visville, it islegal for them to do so in the Davi sville Airport.

Which one of the following principles, i f valid, mosthelps to justify the reasoning in the Davi sville mayorsargument?

(A) Ownership takes precedence ove r any other factor in determining which cit ys laws applyin a facility owned by one city but located inanother.

(B) If one city owns a facility locate d in another city and a dispute about legal j urisdictionarises, then the city that owns t he facilityshould offer to sell it to the oth er city.

(C) If one city owns a facility locate d in another

city, government officials of bo th cities shouldsettle through negotiation whic h citys lawsapply in that facility.

(D) A facility located outside of a ci ty is not subjectto the laws of that city even if the facility isowned by the city.

(E) If one city owns a facility located in another city,the residents of both cities shou ld determinewhich citys laws apply in that facility.

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3. The pigment that gives fresh blueberries their deep purplish-blue color is found in the berrys skinnot inits flesh, which is pale green. Therefore, since the smaller the berry, the more skin there is in relation to the rest of the berry, it follows that a pie filling made from a poundor two of fresh, whole blueberries _______.

Which one of the following most logically completesthe argument?

(A) should be made of the freshest berries available(B) will taste the same whether the berries used are

lar ge or small(C) wil l taste good only if made of high-quality

berries(D) wil l be darker if small berries rather than large

ones are used(E) wil l be more flavorful if large berries rather than

small ones are used

4. Ecologist: Smallpox, one of the worst diseases ever to

affli ct humans, has in some outbreaks killed asmuc h as 50 percent of local populations. The lastknown surviving cultures of variolathe smallpoxviru sare confined to two high-securitylabo ratories. Some scientists are anxious to destroythe r emaining variola cultures, to which humansare susceptible. Research on the cultures, however,may someday lead to important benefits for humans,and so the cultures should not be destroyed.

Which one of the following, if true, would do most tostrengthen the ecologists argument?

(A) Sm allpox has killed millions of humans over the centuries, and when it reaches the stage of an epidemic it is extremely difficult to eradicate.

(B) It i s more likely that the virus, if left availableto researchers, will lead to an importantmedical breakthrough than that the virus will be accidentally released from the laboratory.

(C) Var iola is a rare type of virus in that it can only be transmitted from one human to another, yetdoes not affect rats, monkeys, or insects.

(D) It i s becoming increasingly important to preventany nation from acquiring the means to wage biological warfare.

(E) It i s likely that the virus, if released, willdevelop a resistance to vaccines previously

used to control it.

5. Miguel has four family members who plan to come tohis graduation on Sunday afternoon, but it is likely thatonly three of them will be allowed to attend. Normallygraduation is held in the football stadium, where there isno limit on the number of family members who canattend. However, the ceremony is relocated to thegymnasium if it rains, and each graduate receives justthree admission tickets for use by family members.

The conclusion of the argument is most stronglysupported if which one of the following is assumed?

(A) Miguels graduating class is muc h larger thanusual.

(B) Miguel has lost one of the admi ssion tickets to be used if the ceremony is held in thegymnasium.

(C) The weather service has indicate d that there is avery high likelihood of rain on S unday afternoon.

(D) Miguel has several friends who have fewer thanthree family members coming t o graduation.

(E) Miguel has a fifth family memb er who isunable to come to his graduatio n.

6. Elephants are often observed licking cla y from mudholes. There is ample evidence that othe r animals ingestclay because it neutralizes toxins in their diets. Sinceelephants eat many plants that contain to xic compounds,their licking of clay is probably triggered by toxins too.

Which one of the following, if true, mos t strengthensthe argument?

(A) Some of the clay that elephants lick containsminerals that are nutritionally e ssential for any animal.

(B) Elephants typically drink water i mmediately before or after they lick clay.

(C) Older elephants typically ingest more clay thanyoung elephants do.

(D) Elephants do not lick clay at tim es when their diet consists almost entirely of t oxin-free foods.

(E) The clay that elephants ingest do es not containany compounds that are toxic t o them.


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7. Economist: In our country, the price of cola is regulated by the Cola Commission. Decades ago, when thecommission was formed, such regulation wasreasonable because there was a monopoly on cola production. Now, however, f ierce competition inthis market keeps cola prices low. So the ColaCommission should be abolished.

The economists reasoning is most vulnerable tocriticism on the grounds that it fails to consider the possibility that

(A) the Cola Commission regulates aspects of thecola industry other than colas price

(B) no new competitors have entered theeconomists countrys cola market in the lastseveral years

(C) ma ny dedicated and talented people serve onthe Cola Commission

(D) end ing regulation of cola prices in the economistscountry will have no effect on these prices,

which are already below the ceilings set by theCola Commission

(E) the Cola Commission was originally set up byeconomists

8. The aesthet ic reaction to a work of art depends on theimmediate environment, and true appreciation of artrequires tha t it be presented in an environment thatallows for lengthy, solitary deliberation. Hence it isunfortunate that art museums have recently invented thenotion of t he art-show event, for which historicallyimportant, rarely seen works are collected into a showthat is then heavily advertised and brings in huge crowds.

The statem ents above, if true, most strongly supportwhich one of the following?

(A) Peo ple who really love and understand art tendto avoid museum art-show events.

(B) The more time one spends and the fewer peoplethat are around, the more one will like a work of art.

(C) Mo st of the people who go to museum art-showevents do not know how to appreciate art andfail to realize what they are missing.

(D) Art museum directors are forced to put onar t-show events in order to raise money.

(E) Museum art-show events do not facilitate proper

appreciation of art.

9. The average life expectancy of people who drink alcohol heavily is lower than that of people who do notdrink heavily, and people who smoke tobacco havelower life expectancies on average than those whorefrain from smoking. Yet the average life expectancyof people who both drink heavily and smoke tends todecrease when such people give up drinking.

Which one of the following most helps to reconcile thediscrepancy described above?

(A) Most heavy drinkers who are also smokers tendto smoke more heavily if they stop drinking.

(B) The life expectancy of smokers who stopsmoking increases, even if they have smokedfor many years.

(C) The average life expectancy of r elatively lightsmokers is lower than that of p eople who havenever smoked at all.

(D) The life expectancy of smokers who are heavydrinkers usually increases if the y give up both

smoking and drinking.(E) Most heavy smokers who are not heavy drinkers

tend to gain weight if they stop smoking.

10. Publishers, like all private businesses, ha ve always beenconcerned about profitability. But, while it used to be atleast possible to get a book published th at was unlikelyto be popular, and hence unlikely to be a moneymaker, profitability is now the sole criterion. Th us, no matter how much literary merit a book possesse s, it will not be published in todays market if it looks li ke it will not be popular.

Which one of the following sentences m ost accurately

expresses the main conclusion of the arg ument?(A) Books of literary merit cannot b e published in

todays market.(B) Publishers used to select books f or publication

based on literary merit.(C) Good books are published now only if they are

also likely to be popular.(D) It is harder to get a book publish ed today than

it once was.(E) Unpopular books are not likely t o make money

for the publisher.


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11. Scientists hypothesized that the end of a certain geological period came about when a cataclysmic meteor impactnear the equator caused debris to fly up into theatmosphere, where it was scattered by winds, blockingout the sunlight and abruptly killing off many species.In European rock layers, the fossil record of the boundarylayer that marks the end of the period supports this picture of rapid, mass extinction of life. But the boundarylayer in the Antarctic is much thicker, so that it appearsthat the extinction process there lasted a much longer time, contrary to what the hypothesis would have predicted.

Which one of the following, if true, resolves theapparent di screpancy noted above?

(A) Alt hough scientists have traditionally used thelast appearance of creatures called ammonitesto define the boundary layer, they recentlyfound ammonites 20 meters above the pr eviously identified boundary layer in theAntarctic.

(B) It w as recently discovered that Europeaccumulated sediment at a slower rate than didthe Antarctic region, so that a layer of sedimentof a given thickness represents a longer periodof time in Europe than it does in the Antarctic.

(C) The controversy over whether the massextinctions at the end of the geological periodresulted from the impact of a meteor beganonly in 1979.

(D) The findings in Europe agree with data aboutthe boundary layer from all other mid-latitudesites.

(E) The rock layers in the Antarctic were examinedmany years after the rock layers in Europe.

12. Heern: I object to the mayors proposal that taxicabs pick up and drop off passengers only at designatedstops. This proposal aims to reduce traffic jamsand accidents, but if the mayor herself wereaffected by such a law, she would oppose it. Thusthe proposal is without merit.

The reasoning in Heerns argument is most vulnerable tocriticism on the grounds that this argument

(A) infers, from the claim that a proposal will notachieve one of its aims, that the proposal isentirely without merit

(B) presumes, without providing just ification, thatthe proposed law would not be the mosteffective way to reduce traffic j ams andaccidents

(C) takes for granted that the freque ncy and locationof designated stops would inco nvenience mosttaxicab users

(D) takes for granted that other peop le would share

the mayors dissatisfaction with the proposedlaw

(E) focuses on the mayors preferen ces instead of addressing the merits of the pro posal

13. Recent studies indicate that people who s pend significanttime browsing the World Wide Web do s o at theexpense of time spent in face-to-face int eraction withother people. This has led some to fear t hat socialisolation will greatly increase because of the popularityof browsing the Web. But, since browsin g the Web is just one of many popular solitary activiti es, and anytime spent on a solitary activity is time s pent notinteracting face-to-face with other people , such fearsare unwarranted.

Which one of the following most accura tely describesthe role played in the argument by the v iew that socialisolation will greatly increase because of the popularityof browsing the Web?

(A) It is the overall conclusion of th e argument.(B) It is the claim that the argument attempts to

undermine.(C) It is a concession that is made to those who

might otherwise disagree with t he conclusionof the argument.

(D) It is presented as evidence that independently

supports the conclusion of the argument.(E) It is a premise that, together with another premise, is meant to support the conclusion of the argument.


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14. Animals generally avoid foods that are harmful to themand favor those that benefit them. Thus it is surprisingthat gypsy moth caterpillars prefer to eat leaves thatcontain high concentrations of certain naturally occurringtoxins called alkaloids, even though caterpillars growfaster on alkaloid-free diets.

Which one of the following, if true, most helps toresolve the apparent discrepancy?

(A) In the alkaloid-containing plants on whichgypsy moth caterpillars feed, the toxins arefound only in the leaves.

(B) Cat erpillars whose growth is inhibited by theconsumption of alkaloids are more vulnerableto attack by predators.

(C) The alkaloid-containing plants on which gypsymoth caterpillars feed increase their productionof toxins when their leaves are injured.

(D) Alk aloids that have been eaten by caterpillarsar e poisonous to parasitic wasp larvae that feed

on caterpillars internal tissues.(E) On ly gypsy moth caterpillars, not adult gypsy

moths, feed on the leaves of alkaloid-containing plants.

15. Commenta tor: The quality of health care is declining.Med ical schools have been graduating fewer peop le than are needed to replace retiring phys icians. Furthermore, on average, a physiciannow spends only 15 minutes with a patient on the patie nts first visit.

Which one of the following, if true, most weakens thecommentat ors argument?

(A) The average length of all patient-physicianvisits is 20 minutes.

(B) Mo re and more people are seeking physicians,thus increasing the number of patients that physicians treat.

(C) Mo st patients do not like to spend an inordinateamount of time in physicians offices.

(D) Fiv e years ago, the average first patient-physician visit lasted 10 minutes.

(E) Mo st patients visiting a physician are sufferingfr om ailments that are not life threatening.

Questions 1617

16. Nadia: Directors of films that depict historical figuresand events have a responsibility to represent thosefigures and events in a manner that is as faithfulas possible to the facts. Otherwise, directors arelikely to produce biased or misleading presentationsof such events that will be accepted by audiencesas historical fact.

Ariel: But even a historical film is and should be theexpression of its directors artistic sensibility.Rather than constrain directors, wh at must be doneis to educate film audiences to see film as artrather than as history, thereby ens uring thathistorical films are not accepted u ncritically ashistorical fact.

Which one of the following is the point a t issue between Nadia and Ariel?

(A) whether the people who make u p film audiences

are likely to believe that what t hey see infilms is an accurate depiction o f historicalfigures and events

(B) whether film directors have an o bligation torepresent historical figures and events in amanner that is as faithful as pos sible to the facts

(C) whether it is possible for films t hat depicthistorical figures and events to be vehicles for a directors artistic sensibility

(D) whether directors of films that d epict historicalfigures or events tend to misrep resent thosefigures and events

(E) whether it is possible to make a f ilm that depictshistorical figures and events in a way that isfaithful to the known facts

17. Which one of the following is an assum ption made byAriels argument?

(A) Some films that depict historical figures andevents do so in a manner that i s faithful tothe facts.

(B) A directors artistic sensibility n ecessarilyresults in distortion of historica l figures andevents in film.

(C) It is less objectionable to alter h ow a filmaudience might interpret a historical film thanit is to interfere with the expression of a filmdirectors artistic sensibility.

(D) Directors make historical films with theintention of influencing audiencesunderstanding of the particular figures andevents depicted in the films.

(E) Films that offer biased or misleading presentations of history are more appealing toaudiences than are films that offer strictlyfactual presentations of history.


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18. Politician: There should be a mandatory prison sentencefor everyone convicted of a violent crime. Some people object to such a policy on the grounds thatit overlooks differences among individual casesthat, if taken into consideration by judges and juries, could result in less prison overcrowding.But we can dismiss this objection since thesecritics would take a different view if they hadthemselves been victims of violent crime.

The politicians argument is most vulnerable to criticismon the grounds that this argument

(A) fail s to clearly distinguish violent crime fromnonviolent crime

(B) tak es for granted that ones view is unjustifiedif one would, under different circumstances,take a different view

(C) tak es for granted that prison overcrowding iscaused mainly by a policy of mandatory prisonsentences

(D) atte mpts to establish a factual generalizationusing anecdotal evidence

(E) tak es for granted that, without mandatory prisonsentences, judges and juries would always givesentences that are too lenient

19. The folk m edicine of many different cultures hasextolled the use of garlic both to prevent and to curemany disea ses. Modern medical research is absorbingsome of th ese beliefs. Recent studies indicate that manyof the more than 50 sulphur compounds that can be produced fr om garlic (depending upon whether it is boiled, frie d in oil, or dried) have medicinal utility. Someof these co mpounds lower blood cholesterol, othersreduce plat elet clumping, while still others shrink somekinds of tu mors. Other plants and herbs recommended by tradition al medicine may also prove valuable for medicine g enerally.

Each of the following statements is supported by theinformation above EXCEPT:

(A) The belief that garlic is an effective way to pr event or cure some diseases is not limited toa small number of closely related cultures.

(B) The cures of modern medicine are not alwaysdifferent from those of folk medicine.

(C) It can be medically beneficial to reduce platelet

clumping or to lower blood cholesterol.(D) Garlic that is neither boiled, fried in oil, nor dried has no medicinal value.

(E) Research on some traditional medications hasyet to be conducted by modern medicalresearchers.

20. Journalism professor: Since the number of reportablefacts confronting any journalist is extraordinarilylarge, every journalist must employ a principle of selection. However, any such principle of selectionis bound to be subjective, for it involves value judgments. Therefore, the view that there is anydegree of objectivity in journalistic reporting is amyth. This means that, for example, no newspaper article is more objective than any other.

The journalism professors argument is flawed because it

(A) draws a conclusion regarding wh at is right or wrong entirely on the basis of e videnceregarding matters of fact

(B) concludes that a practice comple tely lacks aquality on the basis of evidence for its lackingthe pure form of that quality

(C) fails to justify its presumption th at judgmentsabout fact and judgments about value areindistinguishable

(D) fails to distinguish between the methodsemployed by individual member s of a particular profession and the methods end orsed by the profession as a whole

(E) attempts to justify a claim about a particular trait on the basis of irrelevant a ttributes of a profession

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21. Albumin, one element of blood plasma, is an effectivesubstitute for plasma in treating or preventing shock, thecollapse of blood vessels due to a drop in the liquidvolume of the bloodstream. Injected into the bloodstream,albumin absorbs enough liquid from surrounding tissuesto keep the blood vessels open. It has an advantage over plasma because it can be made available for emergencieswhile taking up a fraction of the shipping and storagespace of plasma.

Of the following, which one best illustrates the principleillustrated by the stated advantage of using albumin as asubstitute f or plasma?

(A) The use of nonmetallic composites rather thansolid metals can increase the cost of aircraft but enables them to be built stronger.

(B) A n ewspaper can increase advertising revenuewithout increasing its bulk or weight if it is pr inted in a smaller format.

(C) Har dbound books can be a better choice than

pa perbacks despite their extra bulk if the booksneed to be more durable than paperbacks.

(D) De hydrated foods have much the same foodvalue as ordinary foods and are more convenientfor hikers because they are lighter and take upless space in backpacks.

(E) An advantage that compact discs have over vinyl records is that they are also used for storing information for computers, so advancesin computer disc technology will probablyap ply to compact discs used for music.

22. A customer returning defective merchandise should begiven an immediate refund if the merchandise wasdefective when purchased and was not on sale; if thecustomer is returning merchandise that is not defectiveor was damaged by customer negligence or customer abuse, the customer should be referred to the manager.

Which one of the following judgments conforms mostclosely to the principle stated above?

(A) A customer purchased a lawn mower, which became inoperative after the customer used itonly five times. Even though th e lawn mower was not on sale when purchase d, the customer should be referred to the manag er.

(B) A customer purchased twelve ba gs of cement atthe regular price, to build a wa lkway. Thewalkway was completed with o nly ten bagsand the customer wishes to retu rn the tworemaining bags. The customer s hould be givenan immediate refund.

(C) A customer purchased a VCR th at was on sale.Even though the VCR failed to rewindvideocassettes upon the custom ers arrivalhome, the customer should be d irected to themanager.

(D) A customer purchased a set of w rought-iron patio furniture at the regular pri ce. The weldingon two of the chairs was faulty , causing bothto collapse during their first use . The customer should be given an immediate r efund.

(E) A customer purchased a microw ave oven thatstopped working after the custo mer accidentally dropped it. The ov en was not onsale and was not damaged by a buse, so thecustomer should be given an im mediate refund.

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23. Jamal: Its incorrect to maintain that current data suggesta weakness in the economy. Stocks are payinghigher dividends than ever and corporations profits are very high. Yet you criticize corporationson the basis of wage data, which are the only datashowing a decline.

Jennifer: Youre right that only wage data show adecline, but those data are important because theyshow a shift of income from companies workersto their shareholders. The statistics you cite meanlittle to the expanding numbers of workers findingit increasingly difficult to make a living.

Jamals and Jennifers statements provide the mostsupport for holding that they agree about the truth of which one of the following?

(A) Sta tistical information tends to reflect the biasesof its compilers.

(B) Inc ome should not be redistributed from workersto shareholders.

(C) The decline in wages is a worrisome economictrend.

(D) The current priorities of many corporations aremisplaced.

(E) Cor porations are currently making considerable pr ofits.

24. Because th e recycling of glass is not typically cost-effective, t here is a shortage of glass recycling facilitiesand glass r ecycling is not an obligation we all bear. Sosome peopl e ought not to recycle glass.

Which one of the following arguments contains a flawin reasonin g most similar to that in the argument above?

(A) It i s false that you should break your promise,so you do not have an obligation to break your pr omise.

(B) Bec ause operating museums is so expensive, thegovernment can no longer afford to supportthem. So private foundations that can afford todo so have an obligation to provide the financialsu pport that the government previously provided.

(C) An yone who rides a bicycle at night ought notto ride on a highway. So we ought not to bikeon the highway during our trip today.

(D) So me convention participants do not have toregister on the first day of the convention since

their flights were delayed past midnight. Sosome participants should not register on thefirst day of the convention.

(E) Only if everyone ought to contribute should Icontribute. But some people ought not tocontribute, so I do not have to contribute either.

25. Peterson, the current world record holder in thewomens 100-meter backstroke, has ranked first in theworld for seven years. Her performance in recentcompetitions was disappointing, but during training sheunofficially beat her official world record time. So shecan be expected to set a new world record in the100-meter backstroke during the upcoming worldcompetition.

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthensthe argument?

(A) Peterson is widely expected to w in the100-meter backstroke in the ne xt worldcompetition.

(B) Peterson had the flu during a rec ent competition.(C) Peterson has also set world reco rds in several

other swimming events.(D) Peterson is the only active world -class swimmer

in the world to have set a worl d record in the100-meter backstroke.

(E) Peterson has in each of the past seven yearsswum faster during world comp etitions thanduring training for those compe titions.

26. There were several early attempts to forg e areconciliation between Shintoism and Bu ddhism basedon mutual respect among their adherents . The evidencefor this includes extant sculptures depicti ng Shinto godswearing Buddhist vestments.

Which one of the following is an assum ption on whichthe argument depends?

(A) Most sculptures contemporaneou s with thesculptures mentioned were inte nded to havereligious significance.

(B) No sculptures that have not surv ived depictedShinto gods wearing Buddhist vestments.

(C) Early attempts at reconciling Shi ntoism withBuddhism were successful.

(D) Shintoism did not originate as a s ect of Buddhism.(E) The depiction of Shinto gods we aring Buddhist

vestments was not intended to r epresent thetriumph of Shintoism over Bud dhism.

S T O PIF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY.

DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.

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SECTION II

Time35 minutes

26 Questions

Directions: Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage or a pair of passages. The questions are to beanswered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage or pair of passages. For some of the questions, more than one

of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response thatmost accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, theelite intellectual community to which the poet MarinaTsvetaev a (18921941) belonged disintegrated. TheBolshevi ksthe leaders of the revolution that

(5) instituted the Soviet system of government inRussia conducted violent reprisals against perceived political enemies, including intellectuals. Tsvetaevasaw the B olsheviks seizure of power as acatastrop he, and she left Moscow for the Russian

(10) countrysi de. Village life enriched her poetry andenhanced her awareness of what it meant to beRussian; she discovered an affinity with artisans,laborers, and farmers. Her poetic ear was opened tothe colloq uial Russian spoken by the villagers, as

(15) opposed t o the literary Russian she was accustomedto. This l inguistic encounter awakened her interest inRussian f olklore and transformed her diction andmeter, ch anges that remained with her even after sheemigrate d, first to Prague and later to Paris.

(20) Tsve taeva eventually returned to Russia and it iscertainly possible to quote passages from her journalsout of co ntext that show her speaking positivelyabout the revolutionary spirit of poetry, or complain ing bitterly of the migr life. She also

(25) admired Vladimir Mayakovsky, the officiallysanctione d poet of the Revolution, and wroteapprovin gly of Soviet childrens books. But whilethese fact s have been manipulated by Soviet scholarsin an atte mpt to annex Tsvetaeva to Soviet literature,

(30) the fact r emains that she never embraced or evenreconcile d herself to the Soviet system.

Som e Soviet scholars tried to get around this fact by claimi ng that Tsvetaeva rejected the revolution because s he lacked political sophistication, when

(35) actually s he understood its atrocities and injusticesand there fore could never accept it. Other scholars,while ack nowledging her opposition to the revolution,saw it as a mere result of her husbands volunteeringto fight the Bolsheviks. However, it was her

(40) opposition that had influenced him to take thatcourse; her first poems containing anti-Bolshevik sentiments were written months before the revolution.

Why was Tsvetaeva more critical of therevolution than were her contemporaries? Many

(45) Russian intellectuals who endorsed the revolutionexperienced a psychological conflict: they had longedabstractly for revolution, but once it arrived theyfound themselves confronted with a reality deservingof condemnationnot to mention the political

(50) necessity of endorsing that reality. Tsvetaeva was

spared this psychological conflict. While she hadharbored revolutionary sentiments as an adolescent,these had long since been superseded b y artisticaspirations. She could thus write about the ironies and

(55) injustices of life after the revolution fr om a detachedviewpoint, a perspective that, in conjun ction with her physical distance from Russia, allowed her to assesscircumstances more honestly than her contemporariesand to produce poems that expressed w hat only later

(60) generations were able to see as clearly.

1. The authors statement that Soviet schol ars attempted toannex Tsvetaeva to Soviet literature (li ne 29) meansthat they tried to

(A) force Tsvetaeva to alter her poet ry so that itexplicitly supported the revolut ion

(B) relate Tsvetaevas poems to Russ ian folklore(C) stigmatize Tsvetaeva as a writer who refused to

support the revolution(D) encourage Tsvetaeva to write fav orably about

Soviet literature(E) find a way to present Tsvetaeva as a poet who

supported the revolution

2. Which one of the following statements i s LEASTsupported by the passage?

(A) Tsvetaevas opposition to the rev olutioninfluenced her husbands decisi on to fight theBolsheviks.

(B) Some Soviet scholars recognized that Tsvetaevaopposed the revolution.

(C) Tsvetaeva expressed admiration for Mayakovskyin order to win favor with Sovi et scholars.

(D) Tsvetaevas exile from Russia ha d a beneficialeffect on her poetry.

(E) Some intellectuals who remained in Russia after the revolution endorsed the Bolsheviks as a

result of political pressure.


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3. Which one of the following statements about the effectof the Russian Revolution of 1917 on Russian writersis most supported by the information in the passage?

(A) Most Russian writers felt compelled to protestthe social changes caused by the revolution.

(B) Russian writers who had longed for revolution

felt more pressure to endorse the revolutionthan Tsvetaeva did.

(C) Russian writers whose works were politicallyneutral received the most critical acclaim after the revolution.

(D) The revolution led many Russian writers todistance themselves from injustices and writein a more ironic style.

(E) The quality of works by Russian writersgenerally improved in the years after therevolution.

4. Which one of the following aspects of Tsvetaevascareer does the author appear to value most highly?

(A) her retention of a colloquial poetic style after her emigration

(B) her approval of some Soviet literature and her eventual return to Russia

(C) her ability to write poetry in a variety of socialcir cumstances

(D) the influence she exerted on her husbandsdecision to oppose the Bolsheviks

(E) her ability to write honestly and withdetachment about life after the revolution

5. The author introduces Mayakovsky in lines 2426 inorder to pr ovide an example of

(A) an aspect of Tsvetaevas intellectual life thatwas misused by Soviet scholars

(B) an intellectual whose political fate contrastedwith that of Tsvetaeva

(C) the type of work considered acceptable bySoviet scholars

(D) a poet whose work served as a model for Tsvetaevas change in poetic style

(E) one of the figures of Soviet literature whosework influenced Tsvetaeva to return to Russia

6. Which one of the following is most closely analogousto Tsvetaevas experience in the Russian countryside asthat experience is described in the passage?

(A) A city veterinarian who treats house pets spendsa year in the country assisting a farmveterinarian in order to learn new skills in

anticipation of changing his specialization.(B) A composer who lives in the city spends a

summer in a cabin in the woods in order tocomplete a musical piece that draws heavily onthe sounds of nature.

(C) A Canadian architect visits Moro cco in order tostudy particular buildings to ge t inspiration for her work, then returns and crea tes a designsignificantly different from her previous work.

(D) A painter who can no longer aff ord to live inthe city relocates to a rural tow n and discoversgreat inspiration for his works i n the landscapethere.

(E) A Mexican college student majo ring in Germanenrolls for a semester at a Germ an university,then decides her language skills will benefit if she remains there another seme ster.

7. Which one of the following statements i s most stronglysupported by the information in the pass age?

(A) Few migr Russian intellectuals other thanTsvetaeva returned to Russia af ter therevolution.

(B) Soviet critics looked unfavorably on the use of Russian folklore in works of lit erature.

(C) The violent reprisals accompany ing the RussianRevolution of 1917 were less t o be feared inthe countryside than in Moscow .

(D) Tsvetaevas work was ultimately judged moreharshly by Soviet scholars beca use sheeventually returned to Russia.

(E) Tsvetaeva was one of the first Ru ssian writers toincorporate the language of arti sans, laborers,and farmers into literature.


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The liberal use of spices in cooking is commonlythought to be correlated with hot climate. Analyzingnearly 5,000 recipes published in traditionalcookbooks from 36 countries, researchers confirmed

(5) that, as a rule, the hotter the countrys climate, themore spices are called for in its recipes, and thatmany of the spices commonly used in tropical andsubtropical areas are used little, if at all, in colder climates. Spice use varies in this way not only

(10) between countries, but also between regions of thesame country with significant temperature differences,such as n ortheastern and southwestern China. Severalexplanati ons for the phenomenon have beensuggested : hot spices cool people by promoting

(15) perspirati on; food spoils faster in hot climates, and potent se asonings can make spoiled foods palatable;spices gr ow plentifully in the tropics, and people tendto eat wh at is locally available; and spices provideimportan t nutrients that foods otherwise lack.

(20) But each of these explanations is flawed. The purpose o f spices cannot be primarily to providenutrients, because most are used in such tinyquantities that they contribute little of nutritive value.The coo ling explanation fails to account for the use

(25) of spices in general since, among the multitude of prominen tly used spices, only hot peppers inducesweating,

lsat india 2014 sample question paper 2

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