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Technology – Client Services 600 Avenue de la Montagne, Shawinigan, Quebec Canada G9N 7N5
Technical Report
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda
LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
André Laperrière
February 2011
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda
LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public Copy No. _______
Author: André Laperrière
Collaborators: Chrisnel Blot, Spectralux Noel Lanouette, Rouyn-Noranda Pierrette Leblanc, Natural Resources Canada Patrick Martineau, Hydro-Québec Project Manager: André Laperrière Under Project: Advanced Lighting Technologies J-4024
Requestor: Client Platform Business Unit Project Manager: Patrick Martineau
Approved by:
My Dung Handfield
Chief of Technology, Client Services
Hydro-Québec Research Institute
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda iii LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
DISTRIBUTION LIST
COMPLETE REPORT COPY NO. My Dung Handfield – Chief – Technology – Client Services 1
Michel Dostie – Chief Consultant – Energy Use 2
Noël Lanouette – Municipality of Rouyn-Noranda 3 + PDF
Maurice Gendron – Genex Vision Inc. 4
Pierrette Leblanc – NRCan 5 + PDF
André Laperrière – Researcher, LTE 6
Roger Bellemare – S.C.U.E. 7
Patrick Martineau – S.C.U.E. 8
Omer Lemay – S.C.U.E. 9
Chrisnel Blot – Spectralux 10
Nathalie Blanchard, Optical Design, INO 11
Jeremy Snyder – Lighting Research Center 12
Hydro-Québec Lighting Committee (Livelink site) (PDF)
LTE Library (original)
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda v LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Executive Summary
In the field of lighting technologies, LED technology is beginning to offer energy saving
opportunities in some applications. But as with any new technology, we need to know how it works,
its physical underpinnings and its limitations, among other things. The US Department of Energy
and other bodies have started to promote use of the technology for street lighting. Some studies,
however, have shown that caution should be used and that the energy savings are not as
impressive as claimed in all cases.
Concurrent with a pilot project in the city of Rouyn-Noranda, a laboratory test campaign was
conducted by Spectralux Industries Inc. The lab tests considered photometric, colorimetric and
electrical factors, including mesopic correction and nighttime vision, for both LED and conventional
high pressure sodium (HPS) technologies. This is a new concept, specifically, that our eyes see
differently at night in low light levels (scotopic vision or S-vision) as compared with daylight
conditions (photopic vision or P-vision) and that it is possible to adapt spectral distribution
accordingly to optimize energy use. In the conventional method, all calculations are based on
daylight corrections, i.e., photopic corrections, whereas in reality, mesopic correction (between
photopic and scotopic) should be used.
Photopic (daytime
vision)(lumens)
Scotopic (nighttime
vision)(lumens)Ratio S/P
LED luminaire 3143 5686 1.81
HPS luminaire (ballast factor 1)
6603 4043 0.61
The City of Rouyn-Noranda conducted a survey regarding the pilot project. The analysis showed
that it is possible to reduce electricity consumption from 130 watts (100 watt HPS lamp) to 55 watts
with LED technology. However, illuminance levels diminish in comparison with previous levels.
Nonetheless, luminosity levels in local streets were satisfactory. As for collector roads, i.e., roads
that "collect" traffic flowing from local streets, illuminance levels were low. The laboratory tests,
including numerical simulations, confirmed the performance observed in the field.
vi Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure S-1 shows how the two technologies compare on a local residential street with 140 feet
between lamp standards, mounting height of 30 feet and street width of 24 feet (2 lanes). IES
standard RP-8 recommends a luminance level of 0.3 cd/m2 for local streets with low traffic volume.
Simulations show that LED technology provides adequate performance in some applications. It is
noted that, with this rapidly evolving technology, new applications will become feasible. Caution is
in order, requiring that findings be formulated with great care. Even since this pilot project was
launched, new products have emerged that offer improvements over the products installed for this
study.
Figures S-2 and S-3 illustrate the distribution of lumens from LED and HPS luminaires. It can be
seen that with the HPS luminaire, 3754 lumens fall on the street side with 130 W of power, whereas
with the LED luminaire, that area receives 2066 lumens with 55 W of power. It is noted that 1 lux
represents 1 lumen per square metre of surface. One should further note that the LED luminaire
outputs the same photometric performance even if the voltage driving it varies up or down by 10%,
but the result is quite different with the HPS luminaire with magnetic ballast.
A European standard issued by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) prescribes
levels of illuminance that are even lower than the North American standard RP-8. That factor is
analyzed in this report.
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0.82 cd/m2 left side
0.67 cd/m2 right side 0.35 cd/m2 left side 0.21 cd/m2 right side
0.44 cd/m2 left side 0.33 cd/m2 right side
Figure S-1: Initial calculated luminance levels for 2-lane local street (24 ft wide), standards 140 ft apart and mounting height 30 ft.
Mesopic correction
y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748
x the photopic luminance
MULTIPLICATION FACTOR = 1.58
Mesopic correction
y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748
x the photopic luminance
MULTIPLICATION FACTOR = 1.27
HPS LED
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New lamp with reference ballast: 9516 lumens
Luminaire output (BF = 0.9): 5567 lumens (luminaire efficacy 58.5%)
Downward lumens: 5346 Upward lumens: 221
Downward house side lumens Downward street side lumens
1592 lumens 3754 lumens
Figure S-2: Lumens distribution from luminaire with 100 W HPS lamp
(130 W total)
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Total lumens: 3084
Downward house side lumens Downward street side lumens
1018 lumens 2066 lumens
Figure S-3: Lumens distribution from LED luminaire (55 W total)
In conclusion, it is hoped that this report will enable readers to make an informed decision regarding
the new advanced technologies for street lighting.
_________________________________
André Laperrière, Researcher, Technology, Client Services, Energy Technology Laboratory (LTE)
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda xi LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Acknowledgements
The principal author wishes to thank all those who were involved in the preparation of this report.
He wishes also to acknowledge the excellent collaboration of the municipality of Rouyn-Noranda
for, in a sense, "lending" the city to serve as a science laboratory. This pilot project (Rouyn-
Noranda: LED Urban Lighting Project) was also made possible through the financial support of
Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). On March 2, 2011, the Union des municipalités du Québec
was pleased to announce that 17 innovative projects were recognized in the seventh edition of the
Ovation municipale awards. The Rouyn-Noranda project was a winner in the Environment and
Sustainable Development category. To be nominated, projects must represent an outstanding
benefit to the community and must make an original and innovative contribution to the life and
development of the community or its regional municipality. Nominations are evaluated on four
criteria: originality (counting for 35% of the total score), potential for application in other
municipalities (25%), local benefits (25%) and resource optimization (15%).
Finalists made a presentation on their projects at the 2011 UMQ congress, held in the Municipal
Innovation Pavillion, allowing judges to complete their evaluation to determine the winning
municipalities. Since the UMQ Ovation municipale awards program was launched in 2005, over 300
projects from across Quebec have been nominated.
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Table of Contents
Pages
1. STREET LIGHTING AND PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................3 1.1 Illuminance and luminance.....................................................................................................4
1.1.1 Illuminance ...................................................................................................................4 1.1.2 Luminance....................................................................................................................6
1.2 Recommended luminance values ..........................................................................................8 2. CIE STANDARD 115:2010 – LIGHTING OF ROADS FOR MOTOR AND PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC ..........11
EVALUATION OF LED TECHNOLOGY
3. LABORATORY TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRE IN INTEGRATING SPHERE.........................................13
4. GONIOPHOTOMETER TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRES ..................................................................15
5. MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR LED.............................................................................................21
6. ASSIST AND MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR LED ........................................................................27
7. SIMULATIONS FOR LED LUMINAIRE ON LEMIRE STREET (35 FT WIDE) .......................................28
EVALUATION OF HPS TECHNOLOGY
8. SPHERE TESTS OF USED HPS LAMPS AND BALLASTS ...............................................................31
9. SPHERE TESTS OF NEW HPS LAMPS WITH NEW BALLASTS........................................................33
10. GONIOPHOTOMETRY TESTING OF USED HPS LAMPS AND LUMINAIRES .......................................35
11. GONIOPHOTOMETER TESTS OF USED LUMINAIRES AND NEW HPS LAMPS WITH REFERENCE BALLAST ................................................................................................................................39
12. SIMULATIONS FOR HPS LUMINAIRE ON LEMIRE STREET (35 FT WIDE) .......................................43
13. MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR HPS ............................................................................................47
14. ASSIST AND MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR HPS ........................................................................51
COMPARISON OF LED AND HPS
15. ASSIST AND LED VERSUS HPS.............................................................................................53
16. FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF LED LIGHTING ................................................................................55
17. SURVEY RESULTS ...................................................................................................................57
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FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................................63
APPENDIX A: SPHERE TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRES ............................................................................71
APPENDIX B: MIRROR PHOTOMETER TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRES .......................................................87
APPENDIX C: KEY DATES IN PILOT PROJECT .........................................................................................99
APPENDIX D: PHOTOS FROM LED LIGHTING PROJECT IN ROUYN-NORANDA........................................ 103
APPENDIX E: LEVELS REQUIRED FOR URBAN AREAS OF OTTAWA ....................................................... 107
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List of Figures
Pages Figure 1: How illuminance (in lux) is measured .................................................................................. 5 Figure 2: Observer angles for calculating illuminance and luminance................................................ 6
Figure 3: Observer angles for calculating veiling luminance vL ......................................................... 7
Figure 4: Calculation grid for area between 2 luminaires.................................................................... 8 Figure 5: LED luminaire mounted in integrating sphere.................................................................... 13 Figure 6: Spectral distribution of LED luminaire................................................................................ 14 Figure 7: Chromaticity diagram for LED luminaire ............................................................................ 14 Figure 8: Luminaire angles for full cutoff classification ..................................................................... 16 Figure 9: BUG rating zones............................................................................................................... 18 Figure 10: Coefficients of utilization, test S1010131-R1 ................................................................... 20 Figure 11: Spectral power distribution of LED lighting ...................................................................... 22 Figure 12: LED luminous flux distribution by vision type................................................................... 24 Figure 13: Configuration of Lemire Street ......................................................................................... 28 Figure 14: Results of LED simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height,
6 ft setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1010131-R1.ies......................................................................... 30 Figure 15: Overall efficacy of existing HPS system, used and dirty.................................................. 37 Figure 16: Overall efficacy of clean existing HPS luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast (BF
of 1) ................................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 17: Overall efficacy of clean existing HPS luminaire with new lamp and BF of 0.9............... 41 Figure 18: Overall efficacy of new LED luminaire ............................................................................. 42 Figure 19: Results of simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height, 6 ft
setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1011052-R1.ies ............................................................................... 45 Figure 20: HPS luminaire mounted in sphere ................................................................................... 47 Figure 21: Spectral power distribution of HPS luminaire .................................................................. 48 Figure 22: Spectral power distribution of HPS luminaire in test L1011045-C1................................. 49 Figure 23: HPS luminous flux distribution by vision type .................................................................. 50 Figure 24: Effect of mesopic correction by luminance level.............................................................. 54 Figure 25: Illuminance levels measured on Lemire Street................................................................ 56 Figure 26: Comparison of HPS and LED (mounting height 30 ft, street width 24 ft, with and without
mesopic correction) ........................................................................................................................... 67 Figure 27: Effect of source spectral distribution on (mesopic) visual effect ...................................... 67 Figure 28: Luminance: mounting height 30 ft, standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft ............ 68
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda xvii LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
List of Tables
Pages Table 1: Illuminance levels prescribed in IES standard RP-8 ............................................................. 3 Table 2: Recommended luminance and luminance ratio values ........................................................ 9 Table 3: CIE 115-2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic, and category P........... 11 Table 4: Flux with LED luminaire in integrating sphere..................................................................... 15 Table 5: Positions of maximum intensity by luminaire type .............................................................. 15 Table 6: Quantity of light measured with mirror photometer ............................................................. 16 Table 7: Lumens distribution by zone ............................................................................................... 17 Table 8: Maximum lumens for criterion B.......................................................................................... 18 Table 9: Maximum lumens for criterion U ......................................................................................... 19 Table 10: Maximum lumens for criterion G ....................................................................................... 19 Table 11: Lumens measured with LED in integrating sphere ........................................................... 23 Table 12: Photopic and scotopic lumens from LED luminaire, by wavelength ................................. 24 Table 13: Measurements in the integrating sphere........................................................................... 25 Table 14: S/P ratio for 0.3 cd/m2, according to ASSIST.................................................................... 27 Table 15: S/P ratio for 0.24 and 0.26 cd/m2, according to ASSIST .................................................. 27 Table 16: Results of LED luminaire simulations based on Lemire Street, ........................................ 29 with standards 140 ft apart ................................................................................................................ 29 Table 17: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street..... 30 Table 18: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts.................................................................. 31 Table 19: Colorimetry of used HPS lamps and ballasts.................................................................... 31 Table 20: Power of used HPS lamps with reference ballast ............................................................. 32 Table 21: Sphere tests of new HPS lamps with new ballasts ........................................................... 33 Table 22: Tests with new ballasts and new HPS lamps ................................................................... 34 Table 23: Effect of voltage on lamp luminous flux............................................................................. 34 Table 24: Luminous flux of HPS luminaire (dirty and clean) with used lamps .................................. 35 Table 25: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts.................................................................. 35 Table 26: Luminaire performance ..................................................................................................... 36 Table 27: Clean used luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast.............................................. 39 Table 28: New lamp with reference ballast ....................................................................................... 39 Table 29: Data used for simulations on Lemire Street...................................................................... 43 Table 30: Results of HPS luminaire simulations based on Lemire Street,........................................ 44 with standards 140 ft apart and street width 35 ft ............................................................................. 44
xviii Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Table 31: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street..... 45 Table 32: Lumens measured in sphere with HPS luminaire and reference ballast .......................... 49 Table 33: Photopic lumens and scotopic lumens from HPS luminaire, by wavelength .................... 49 Table 34: S/P ratio according to ASSIST for HPS at 0.3 cd/m2 ........................................................ 51 Table 35: LED/HPS ratio by luminance level .................................................................................... 53 Table 36: Summary of experimental measurements from Lemire Street ......................................... 55 Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue .................................................................................... 57 Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area............................................................................................... 60 Table 39: Comparison of illuminance measurements and illuminance simulations.......................... 63 Table 40: Comparison of HPS and LED in Lemire Street simulation................................................ 64 Table 41: Scotopic lumens and photopic lumens by technology ...................................................... 65 Table 42: Results of simulations based on modified Lemire Street, ................................................. 66 with standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft ............................................................................. 66
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 1 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Introduction
In street lighting, new LED technology is slowly gaining ground and creating increasing interest.
Consumers are increasingly looking for technologies that will reduce energy costs while providing
acceptable visual performance. It was in this context that a trial was conducted in the municipality
of Rouyn-Noranda using LED luminaires supplied by Genex Vision Inc.
An experiment procedure was developed in order to evaluate this new technology in the field. The
luminaires were first evaluated in the lab by Spectralux Industries Inc. of Montreal. In the lab test
phase, both the integrating sphere and goniophotometer methods were used to test LED
technology and the current high pressure sodium (HPS) technology. Next, simulation tests were
conducted using Visual Roadway Lighting Tool software.
The methodical investigation continued over time, and field trials were conducted to validate the
illuminance levels determined in the simulations. In this report, the objective is to examine this new
technology in a specific application: street lighting. The practical aim is to determine the potential
for energy savings without sacrificing lighting quality.
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 3 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
1. Street lighting and principles
IES standard RP-8 applies to roadway lighting, and it is important to understand how the relevant
calculations are done. The "local" roadway category consists of residential streets.
Table 1: Illuminance levels prescribed in IES standard RP-8
Road and Pedestrian Conflict Area
Route Pedestrian Conflict Area
R2 & R3 lux
Uniformity ratio
Eavg / Emin
(Max allowed)
Veiling luminance
ratio LVmax / Lavg
(Max allowed)
Freeway Class A
9.0 3.0 0.3
Freeway Class B
6.0 3.0 0.3
High 14.0 3.0 0.3
Medium 12.0 3.0 0.3
Expressway
Low 9.0 3.0 0.3
High 17.0 3.0 0.3
Medium 13.0 3.0 0.3
Major
Low 9.0 3.0 0.3
High 12.0 4.0 0.4
Medium 9.0 4.0 0.4
Collector
Low 6.0 4.0 0.4
High 9.0 6.0 0.4
Medium 7.0 6.0 0.4
Local
Low 4.0 6.0 0.4
IES RP-8 prescribes illuminance levels in lux1 for different types of paved surfaces, routes and
pedestrian conflict areas. The term "pedestrian conflict area" refers to pedestrian activity and the
number of pedestrians per hour:
1 Source: Internet
4 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
High: 100 or more pedestrians per hour
Medium: 11 to 99 per hour
Low: 10 or less per hour
Asphalt pavement is generally classified as type R3 due to its reflectance properties. Under IES
RP-8 criteria, the method based on recommended values according to the luminance method is
described later. To clarify the difference between these two methods – illuminance and luminance –
we start with the following definition:
The density of luminous flux at a given point on a surface is defined as the luminous flux per unit of
area.
1.1 Illuminance and luminance
1.1.1 Illuminance
The density of luminous flux is also referred to as the illuminance level. The SI unit used to
quantify illuminance is the lux (lx); 1 lx = 1 lumen per square metre. A photometer is used to
measure illuminance (as shown in Figure 1). Note: the illuminance level on a surface is
independent of the reflectance of that surface.
dAdEhϕ
=
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 5 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
2
Figure 1: How illuminance (in lux) is measured
Where hE represents horizontal illuminance and I represents luminous intensity in cd/m2, the
inverse square law can be used to calculate illuminance using the angles φ and γ shown in
Figure 2.
2
)(),(D
LLFCosIEh××
=γγφ
Or, )(γCos
HD = and last:
2
3 )(),(H
LLFCosIEh××
=γγφ
Light loss factor (LLF) is defined as the factor used to determine luminosity degradation over time
due to aging of the source, soiling and other elements.
2 http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/equipement/eclairage/section3.cfm?attr=4
6 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure 2: Observer angles for calculating illuminance and luminance
1.1.2 Luminance
Luminance is defined as the quantity of light that is reflected by a surface and reaches the eye of an
observer. In other words, it is the quantity of light that reaches the observer's eye. IES standards
traditionally have been based on the illuminance method, but now the luminance method has been
adopted because it provides a more accurate depiction of reality and takes into consideration the
type of surface involved. The observer is located 83.07 m from the point and the observer's eyes
are 1.45 m above the surface of the street, and the observer looks at the surface at an angle of 1°
from the horizontal.3
3 ROADWAY LIGHTING DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND EVALUATION; Olkan Cuvalci
(Western Kentucky University Engineering Technology Department Kentucky); Bugra Ertas (A&M University Mechanical Engineering Department Turbomachinery Laboratory College Station, Texas), 2000 Society for Design and Process Science
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 7 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure 3: Observer angles for calculating veiling luminance vL
Luminance is calculated as follows, r being roadway reflectance:
∑=
=n
i
iiiip H
IrL
12
,
10000),()( γφγβ
And last, 22 )()( obeHD −+−=
The luminaire projects light directly at the observer's eye, causing discomfort and a reduction in
visual performance. The discomfort is such that the luminance can exceed that produced by light
reflected from the roadway surface. This "veiling luminance" is calculated empirically as shown
below.
θθ 5,1102 +
= vv
EL
8 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
vE being the vertical level on the plane of the observer's pupil
θ being the angle contained by the observer's line of sight and the line from eye to luminaire in
degrees.
In the IES method, the veiling luminance ratio is calculated by dividing the maximum veiling
luminance by the average luminance on the road surface, yielding an indicator of the discomfort
caused by glare or disability glare.
1.2 Recommended luminance values
Between two luminaires A and B, the 20 values shown below can be calculated for each. The
concept is that one can determine an average value and a uniformity indicator for a grid. One can
imagine a situation in which the average value would be high but distribution would be very poor.
As a result, some spots would be unlit or too brightly lit, meaning the lighting system is not
sufficiently optimized.
Figure 4: Calculation grid for area between 2 luminaires
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 9 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
avgL average luminance between 2 luminaires
minL minimum luminance between 2 luminaires
maxL maximum luminance between 2 luminaires
vL veiling luminance, maxvL being the maximum veiling luminance
Luminance is hard to measure on the ground, while measuring illuminance is quite a simple matter.
For that reason, field surveys are often done by measuring illuminance with a luxmeter. Table 2
shows the required average luminance and the uniformity ratios for different types of route and
traffic levels. One of the points of interest in this project is lighting for local roadways, i.e., residential
streets with low pedestrian conflict, for which an average luminance of 0.3 cd/m2 is required.
Table 2: Recommended luminance and luminance ratio values4
Road and Pedestrian Conflict Area
Route Pedestrian Conflict Area
Average luminance Lavg (cd/m2)
Uniformity ratio Lavg /
Lmin (Maximum allowed)
Uniformity ratio Lmax /
Lmin (Maximum allowed)
Veiling luminance ratio Lvmax /
Lavg (Maximum allowed)
Freeway Class A 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3
Freeway Class B 0.4 3.5 6.0 0.3
High 1.0 3.0 5.0 0.3 Medium 0.8 3.0 5.0 0.3 Expressway
Low 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3 High 1.2 3.0 5.0 0.3
Medium 0.9 3.0 5.0 0.3 Major Low 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3 High 0.8 3.0 5.0 0.4
Medium 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.4 Collector Low 0.4 4.0 8.0 0.4 High 0.6 6.0 10.0 0.4
Medium 0.5 6.0 10.0 0.4 Local Low 0.3 6.0 10.0 0.4
4 Source: Internet.
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As shown in the table above, the luminance characteristics set out below are required on local
routes with low pedestrian conflict. In North America, illuminance values (lux) were traditionally
used, but luminance values (cd/m2) will be used in future, based on the following criteria.
1. CRITERION 1: avgL greater than 0.3 cd/m2
This ensures that luminance on the pavement is sufficient. If spacing is too great, the required
luminance will not achieved. Note that the luminance level increases as traffic carrying capacity
and pedestrian conflict rise.
2. CRITERION 2: ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
minLLavg < 6.0
This criterion is intended to maximize luminance uniformity. If minimum luminance is very low, the
ratio will tend to infinity. In such a case, the result will be
∞=⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡0min
avgavg LLL
3. CRITERION 3: ⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
min
max
LL
< 10.0
This criterion is intended to ensure uniformity of luminance and maximize the ratio of maximum
luminance to minimum luminance.
4. CRITERION 4: ⎥⎥⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎣
⎡
avg
v
LL max < 0.4
vL being veiling luminance, maxvL being maximum veiling luminance. If maximum veiling
luminance exceeds 40% of the average luminance, glare is created, causing discomfort and
impairing vision. Veiling luminance adds to the effect of luminance from light reflected off the
surface.
These are the four criteria to consider when evaluating street lighting. Any evaluation must
therefore consider not only luminance but also uniformity and glare.
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2. CIE standard 115:2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic
Technical report CIE 115:2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic, issued by the
International Commission on Illumination (CIE), is a 2010 update of the report released in 1995, and
is intended to consider such additional factors as energy efficiency and control systems with a view
to decreasing lighting levels during periods of reduced activity. Systems are categorized as M, C or
P. Calculations are based on the following:5
• Motorized traffic, M, (for drivers of motorized vehicles – luminance)
• Conflict areas, C, (where traffic streams intersect, or run into areas with pedestrians and
cyclists, or there is a change in geometry or parking areas – luminance or illuminance)
• Pedestrian and low speed areas, P, ( for needs of pedestrians – illuminance, H and V)
In this pilot project, the residential area under study is categorized as type P, a pedestrian and low
speed area.
Table 3: CIE 115-2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic, and category P
Additional criteria if face recognition is necessary
Cat.
Average horizontal
illuminance
avhE , (lux)
Minimum horizontal illuminance
min,hE (lux)
Minimum vertical illuminance
min,vE (lux)
Minimum semi-
cylindrical vertical illuminance
min,scE (lux)
P1 15 3.0 5.0 3.0
P2 10 2.0 3.0 2.0
P3 7.5 1.5 2.5 1.5
P4 5.0 1.0 1.5 1.0
P5 3.0 0.6 1.0 0.6
P6 2.0 0.4 0.6 0.4
5 CIE and Roadlighting, Steve Jenkins, Division 4 Representative
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3. Laboratory testing of LED luminaire in integrating sphere
The results of the lab tests with a 2 m integrating sphere are provided in Appendix A. In this test the
luminous flux of the source was evaluated by means of spectroradiometry measurements.
Figure 5: LED luminaire mounted in integrating sphere
For test L1010112-C1, total flux was measured at 3118 lumens and luminaire input power was
54.19 W, revealing an overall efficacy of 57.5 lumens/W.
Colour temperature was 5204°K, with a colour rendering index (CRI) of 69. Samples of the
measured values are presented in the figures below. It is interesting to note that, at 69, the CRI is
high compared to conventional HPS technology, at 20.
14 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure 6: Spectral distribution of LED luminaire
Figure 7: Chromaticity diagram for LED luminaire
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 15 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
4. Goniophotometer testing of LED luminaires
LED luminaires were tested for absolute photometry with a mirror photometer by Spectralux
Industries Inc. It is interesting to compare the luminous flux values integrated on the mirror
photometer with those obtained with the integrating sphere. The average electrical values observed
are provided in Table 4. Note the high power factor and average lumens value of 3142 for an
average power of 54.6 W. In the sphere, luminous efficacy in lumens per watt was 57.6 lm/W.
Table 4: Flux with LED luminaire in integrating sphere
TEST Voltage (Vac)
Current (A)
Power (watts)
Power factor Lumens
S1010131-R1 120.3 0.458 54.5 0.990 3151 S1010132-R1 120.3 0.463 54.5 0.978 3158 S1010141-R1 120.3 0.461 54.8 0.988 3118
Positions of maximum intensity by IES class are provided in Table 5. Max cd represents maximum
readings in candelas and the position of maximum intensity. Also, at vertical angle 90°, maximum
intensity is 0 cd, while at 80° it is 63 cd.
Table 5: Positions of maximum intensity by luminaire type
TEST MAX CD. MAX LOC. MAX 90V MAX 80V IES CLASS. S1010131-R1 1799 70.0 H, 45.0 V 0 63 Type III, Short, Full Cutoff S1010132-R1 1865 75.0 H, 50.0 V 0 63 Type II, Short, Full Cutoff S1010141-R1 1838 75.0 H, 50.0 V 0 64 Type II, Short, Full Cutoff
Full cutoff means that at an angle greater than 90°, luminous intensity is nil; at an angle of 80° or
more above nadir, luminous intensity in cd does not exceed 10% of the luminous flux of the
luminaire. Average luminous flux of the luminaire was 3142 lumens. Ten per cent of that value is
314.2. At 80°, maximum intensity was 63 cd, which, being less than 314.2, is consistent with the
full cutoff classification. Figure 8 shows the luminaire angles for full cutoff classification. Clearly, a
good luminaire should be designed to minimize the light projected at angles of 80° and 90° above
nadir.
16 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure 8: Luminaire angles for full cutoff classification6
Table 6 shows the quantity of light emitted by the luminaire on the house side, street side and at
90° above nadir, an area of interest with regard to night sky pollution.
Table 6: Quantity of light measured with mirror photometer
TEST DSSL DHSL DTL USSL UHSL UTL TLL S1010131-R1 2057 995 3052 0 0 0 3052 S1010132-R1 2067 1027 3094 0 0 0 3094 S1010141-R1 2074 1031 3105 0 0 0 3105
DSSL: Downward street side lumens
DHSL: Downward house side lumens
DTL: Downward total lumens
USSL: Upward street side lumens
UHSL: Upward house side lumens
UTL: Upward total lumens
TLL: Total luminaire lumens
It is noted that the luminaire lumen readings taken with the mirror photometer are roughly the same
as those with the integrating sphere. Table 7 provides the lumens distribution by zone for the three
tests. It is interesting to note the low lumens emission readings (1%) at angles of 80° to 90°. Most
lumens are emitted in the 30° to 60° zone.
6 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Center website.
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 17 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Table 7: Lumens distribution by zone
S1010131-R1 S1010132-R1 S1010141-R1 Angle Street side % Total lumens 2057 2067 2074 100 0°–30° FL 420 436 431 21% 30°–60° FM 1202 1204 1212 58% 60°–80° FH 423 416 420 20% 80°–90° FVH 12 11 11 1% Angle House side % Total lumens 995 1207 1031 100 0°–30° BL 242 249 249 23% 30°–60° BM 545 562 563 52% 60°–80° BH 197 204 207 19% 80°–90° BVH 11 12 12 1% Angle Uplight 90°–100° UL 0 0 0 100°–180° UH 0 0 0
IES standard TM-15-07, issued in 2007, classifies luminaires according to backlight, uplight and
glare (BUG) at different angles. The backlight (B) factor aims to minimize light trespass, i.e., light
falling where it is not wanted, such as property adjacent to the area that needs to be illuminated.
The uplight (U) factor aims to minimize sky glow. The glare (G) factor aims to reduce light projected
at the observer's eyes. The angles used to establish the BUG rating are shown in Figure 9.
18 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure 9: BUG rating zones
The object is to limit the quantity of lumens emitted in these zones.
Table 8: Maximum lumens for criterion B
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 19 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Table 9: Maximum lumens for criterion U
Table 10: Maximum lumens for criterion G
In the three tests, the LED luminaire was rated B1 U1 G1. Note, however, that these ratings are
based only on the quantity of lumens emitted in each zone, and not on the percentage of the total
lumens emitted by the luminaire.
Test S1010141-R1: Rating B1 U1 G1 Test S1010132-R1: Rating B1 U1 G1 Test S1010131-R1: Rating B1 U1 G1
20 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Figure 10: Coefficients of utilization, test S1010131-R1
The maximum coefficient of utilization that a luminaire could achieve is approximately 68% on the
street side and 32% on the house side.
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 21 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
5. Mesopic correction for LED
Photometry is the measurement of emitted radiant energy corrected for the sensitivity of the human
eye. At photopic levels, luminous efficacy values are corrected using the function V(λ). But for
nighttime vision, a photopic correction V'(λ) is used. The mesopic region is a region for which
illuminance levels range from 0.001 to 10 cd/m2, i.e., between nighttime vision and daytime vision.
According to Helsinki University, the correction factor V(λ) currently used to determine the quantity
of lumens is not applicable to conditions for which function V(λ) was obtained:
It is acknowledged in CIE publication N° 41 (Light as a true visual quantity: principles of measurement, 1978) that: “Since the luminous efficiency function of the human eye is known to vary with a wide variety of viewing conditions, the assessment of radiant power can give accurate values only when the measured light corresponds to conditions under which V(λ) was obtained.”
Where do we need mesopic photometry?
The most relevant mesopic lighting applications are street and road lighting and other outdoor lighting.
CIE set up technical committee 1-58 – Visual Performance in the Mesopic Range, involved in
MOVE – Mesopic Optimization of Visual Efficiency. Based on this committee's work, CIE in
September 2010 published a photometry system based on mesopic photometry.7
In North America, the ASSIST model is based on mesopic correction. LED luminaires were
evaluated based on both scotopic correction and photopic correction for three samples.
7 Recommended System for Mesopic Photometry Based on Visual Performance, Commission Internationale
de L'Eclairage (CIE) / 01-Sep-2010 / 81 pages ISBN: 9783901906886
22 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Spectral Power Distribution
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800
Wavelength (nm)
w/n
m
Photopic (Vλ)Scotopic (V'λ)SPD Sample 1SPD Sample 2SPD Sample 3
Figure 11: Spectral power distribution of LED lighting
Luminous flux in lumens for daytime vision is given by the equation:
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 23 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
∫=nm
nmdPV
780
380)()(686 λλλφ
where
P(λ) is spectral power density in W/nm
V(λ) is the photopic correction for daytime vision
Φ is luminous flux in lumens for daytime vision
Luminous flux in lumens for nighttime vision is given by the equation:
∫=nm
nmdPV
780
380)()('1699 λλλφ
where
P(λ) is spectral power density in W/nm
V’(λ) is the scotopic correction for nighttime vision
Φ is luminous flux in lumens for nighttime vision
It should be noted, however, that lumen values provided by manufacturers are always lumens for
daytime vision with photopic correction. Table 11 contains the experiment measurements.
Table 11: Lumens measured with LED in integrating sphere
TEST
Voltage (Vac)
Current
(A)
Power (watts)
Photopic lumens (P)
Scotopic
lumens (S)
RATIO
S/P L1010132-C1 119.8 0.4634 54.6 3151 5686 1.80 L1010122-C1 119.8 0.4641 54.3 3158 5734 1.82 L1010112-C1 119.7 0.4588 54.2 3118 5639 1.81
24 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Table 12: Photopic and scotopic lumens from LED luminaire, by wavelength
Daytime vision Nighttime vision Photopic Scotopic Violet Lumens (380–430 nm) 1 44 Blue Lumens (430–480 nm) 61 1584 Green Lumens (480–560 nm) 1528 3538 Yellow Lumens (560–590 nm) 943 457 Orange Lumens (590–620 nm) 471 59 Red Lumens (620–700 nm) 139 4 Dark Red Lumens (700–780 nm) 0 0 TOTAL lumens 3143 5686
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
4 000
Violet Lumens(380-430 nm)
Blue Lumens(430 - 480 nm)
Green Lumens(480-560 nm)
Yellow Lumens(560 - 590 nm)
Orange Lumens(590 - 620 nm)
Red Lumens(620 - 700 nm)
Dark RedLumens (700 -
780 nm)
Longueur d'onde en nm
Lum
inou
s flu
x (lu
men
s)
PhotopicScotopic
Figure 12: LED luminous flux distribution by vision type
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 25 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
The data show that the benefits of LED lighting for low illuminance levels (typically roadway and
other outdoor lighting) are based on the spectral distribution of the source. A 2008 study entitled
LED Street Lighting8 indicates:
However, a lumen for lumen replacement scenario for LED outdoor retrofits does not account for improvements in colour rendering, lighting distribution, and enhanced night time lighting conditions (scotopic or mesopic vision advantages) that might allow for a reduction in total output from LED light sources relative to HPS. Recognizing the increasing interest in nighttime performance of LEDs, the DOE study notes that more energy savings would be possible if these factors were taken into account. Because this is increasingly a part of the lighting design and energy planning discussion, evaluation of photopic and scotopic illuminance to characterize nighttime lighting performance of LED street light is included in this assessment.
Traditional methods using the quantity of light emitted for daytime vision do not take into account
the spectral distribution of LEDs for nighttime vision. For that reason, conventional HPS technology
must not be compared on a lumen-for-lumen basis. With this scientific premise established, the
detailed results of colorimetry measurements in the sphere are reported in Appendix A.
Table 13: Measurements in the integrating sphere
Test No. L1010132-C1 L1010122-C1 L1010112-C1 Light source type 50W LED 50W LED 50W LED Correlated colour temperature (CCT) in °K 5194 5229 5204 Colour rendering index (CRI) 68 69 69 Chromaticity (x) 0.3409 0.3398 0.3406 Chromaticity (y) 0.3658 0.3626 0.3655 Lamp power (watts) 54.6 54.3 54.19 Photopic lumens 3152 3158 3118 Scotopic lumens 5686 5734 5639 Photopic lumens per watt 58 58 58 Scotopic lumens per watt 104 106 104 Ratio of scotopic lm to photopic lm 1.80 1.82 1.81
8 LED Street Lighting; Host Site: City of San Francisco, California; Final Report prepared in support of the US
DOE Solid-State Lighting Technology Demonstration Gateway Program and PG&E Emerging Technologies Program, December 2008; page 3
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 27 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
6. ASSIST and mesopic correction for LED
Table 2 shows that, based on the standard method and photopic correction, the luminance level
required for local routes with low traffic volume is 0.3 cd/m2. For calculation purposes, the S/P ratio
from the previous section and Table 13 is 1.8. The values below are taken from ASSIST Table 3.
Table 14: S/P ratio for 0.3 cd/m2, according to ASSIST
S/P Photopic luminance of 0.3 cd/m2
1.75 0.3514 1.85 0.3566
For an S/P ratio of 1.8, the luminance value is 0.354 cd/m2. Consequently, changing to a white light
source increases luminance. Conventional streetlights use yellowish HPS lamps.
Table 15: S/P ratio for 0.24 and 0.26 cd/m2, according to ASSIST
S/P Photopic luminance of 0.24 cd/m2
Photopic luminance of 0.26 cd/m2
1.75 0.2944 0.3138 1.80 0.2972 0.3166 1.85 0.3000 0.3193
For an S/P ratio of 1.8, the value extrapolates to 0.243 cd/m2. In conclusion, when LED lighting is
installed with an S/P ratio of 1.8, a luminance value of 0.243 cd/m2 can be used to achieve the
same effect as 0.3 cd/m2. The illuminance level is improved by a factor of 0.3/0.243, i.e., a 23%
increase solely due to the S/P ratio.
28 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
7. Simulations for LED luminaire on Lemire Street (35 ft wide)
Simulations were done using the characteristics of Lemire Street in Rouyn-Noranda. The
simulations used LED luminaires with a mounting height of 30 ft, setback of 6 ft and arm length of 8
ft.
8 feet arm length
30 fe
et m
ount
ing
heig
ht
Street width 35 feet
Usefullzone
6 feet setback
Left side Right side
Figure 13: Configuration of Lemire Street
The distance between luminaires was measured at 140 ft. In this case, for simulation purposes, the
route was classified as local (residential) with asphalt surface, consistent with the designation
R2/R3. Simulations were based on the three trial luminaires. The street was divided into two
sections: right side and left side. The results of the simulations are reported in Table 16.
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 29 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Table 16: Results of LED luminaire simulations based on Lemire Street,
with standards 140 ft apart
S1010141-R1.ies S1010131-R1.ies S1010132-R1.ies IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet 140 feet Average
Luminance on right side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12
Maximum (cd/m2) 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 6 Average / minimum 3.00 3.00 2.75 2.92
10 Maximum / minimum 8.25 8.25 8.25 8.25 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.28
Luminance on left side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.33
Maximum (cd/m2) 0.72 0.71 0.74 0.72 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 6 Average / minimum 3.30 3.20 3.30 3.27
10 Maximum / minimum 7.20 7.10 7.40 7.23 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
Total average street luminance Average (cd/m2) 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 S1010141-R1.ies S1010131-R1.ies S1010132-R1.ies
IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet 140 feet Illuminance on right side
4 Average (lux) 2.46 2.47 2.4 2.44 Maximum (lux) 6.34 6.35 5.91 6.20 Minimum (lux) 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 6 Average / minimum 4.24 4.33 4.21 4.26
10 Maximum / minimum 10.93 11.14 10.37 10.81 Illuminance on left side
4 Average (lux) 5.41 5.31 5.48 5.40 Maximum (lux) 11.61 11.21 11.83 11.55 Minimum (lux) 0.95 0.93 0.95 0.94 6 Average / minimum 5.69 5.71 5.77 5.72
10 Maximum / minimum 12.22 12.05 12.45 12.24 Total average street illuminance Average (lux) 3.94 3.89 3.94 3.92
As the right side of the street is farther from the luminaire, it is normal for that side to be less
illuminated than the left side.
30 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Table 17 shows the average luminance values on the right and left sides. It is interesting to note
that the right-side value of 2.44 lux is lower than the 4 lux prescribed by IES RP-8 but higher than
the 2 lux prescribed by CIE 115:2010 – Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic and
Class P, specified for class P6.
Table 17: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street
Average luminance
(cd/m2) Average illuminance
(lux) Right side 0.12 2.44 Left side 0.33 5.4 Street average 0.22 3.92
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Espacement des luminaires (pieds)
Rat
io
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
Lum
inan
ce (c
d/m
2 )
Moyenne / minimumMaximum / minimumIES Moyenne/minimumIES Maximum / minimumMoyenne (cd/m2)
IES Moyenne / Minimum
IES Maximum / Minimum
165 pieds
Figure 14: Results of LED simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height, 6 ft setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1010131-R1.ies
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 31 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
8. Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts
To characterize the existing HPS system, three used luminaires were obtained from the municipality
of Rouyn-Noranda. The tests were done also with the reference ballast.
Table 18: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts
Test Lamp Ballast Voltage Current Power Lumens Ballast (Vac) (A) (watts) factor
L1005073-C1 CS13 310008-06 120.28 0.980 115.43 5387 0.797 L1005074-C1 CS13 REF 120.20 2.225 113.77 6762 N/A
L1005103-C1 CS14 310008-06 120.04 1.158 138.51 7314 0.974 L1005104-C1 CS14 REF 119.88 1.966 119.71 7510 N/A
L1005112-C1 CS15 310008-06 119.73 1.120 131.97 9974 0.935 L1005113-C1 CS15 REF 120.11 2.107 119.07 10665 N/A
Table 19: Colorimetry of used HPS lamps and ballasts
Test CHRO-x CHRO-y CRI CCT Temp. Humidity Input
Voltage Input
Current (°K) (°C) (%) THD THD
L1005073-C1 0.5320 0.4133 3 1957 26 29.8 2.4 6.2 L1005074-C1 0.5334 0.4105 8 1930 26.2 28.2 3.4 N/A
L1005103-C1 0.5351 0.3945 19 1821 26.5 24.1 2.3 4.0 L1005104-C1 0.5371 0.3945 20 1806 26.6 23.6 2.3 N/A
L1005112-C1 0.5319 0.4087 16 1930 26.2 25.6 2.5 5.2 L1005113-C1 0.5305 0.4073 17 1933 27.2 26.7 2.7 N/A
In these tests we note that the colour rendering index (CRI) is 20 and the colour temperature about
2000°K, which are typical values for this technology. However, there was one anomaly involving
the first ballast, i.e., test L1005073-C1, lamp CS13.
As for lamp lumens, the values varied widely, as the number of hours that each lamp had been
used was not known. In any event, the observed lumen values are 5387, 7314 and 9974.
32 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Manufacturer data for the GE Lucalox® High Pressure Sodium ED23.5 – Street Lighting, type ANSI
S54, indicate an initial flux of 9500 lumens, maintained flux 8550 lumens, colour temperature
2000°K and CRI 22. As for electrical wave quality, the current harmonic distortion was low: under
10%. The power factor was over 0.98 and harmonic distortion was low, and the overall results
showed that current HPS ballast technology is consistent with the power quality on the electric
power grid. This is a reference, comparing conventional HPS with new LED technology.
Table 20: Power of used HPS lamps with reference ballast
Test Lamp Ballast Voltage Current Power (Vac) (A) (watts)
L1005074-C1 CS13 REF 120.2 2.225 113.77 L1005104-C1 CS14 REF 119.88 1.966 119.71 L1005113-C1 CS15 REF 120.11 2.107 119.07
The used lamps obtained from the luminaire were installed on the reference ballast in order to
characterize the power of the lamp, which explains why the notation "REF" appears. Power at the
lamp on the reference ballast exceeded 100 watts: two lamps read 119 W and the other read
115 W.
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 33 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
9. Sphere tests of new HPS lamps with new ballasts
Ten ballasts were tested in this series of tests. New ballasts made by Venture and Advance were
purchased, as well as new lamps. This was done to determine new performance and to validate
original-condition performance. During testing, voltage was varied upward and downward by 10%
in order to quantify the effect on luminous performance.
Table 21: Sphere tests of new HPS lamps with new ballasts
Test number Ballast Supply voltage Test name
1 Venture ballast 1 –10% of nominal voltage L1011036-C1
2 Venture ballast 1 Nominal voltage L1011035-C1
3 Venture ballast 1 +10% of nominal voltage L1011037-C1
4 Venture ballast 2 Nominal voltage L1011038-C1
5 Venture ballast 3 Nominal voltage L1011042-C1
6 Advance ballast 1 –10% of nominal voltage L1011023-C1
7 Advance ballast 1 Nominal voltage L1011022-C1
8 Advance ballast 1 +10% of nominal voltage L1011024-C1
9 Advance ballast 2 Nominal voltage L1011025-C1
10 Advance ballast 3 Nominal voltage L1011034-C1
34 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Table 22: Tests with new ballasts and new HPS lamps
Test Voltage % Voltage (Vac) Current (A) Ballast power(watts)
Lamp power (watts) Lumens BF
L1008032-C1 REF 124.05 2.343 120.96 101.68 9516 1.00
Advance
L1011023-C1 93% 111.39 0.997 107.26 78.53 7333 0.771
L1011024-C1 110% 131.84 1.230 156.08 112.71 12056 1.267
L1011022-C1 Nominal 119.63 1.078 124.66 91.22 8983 0.944
L1011025-C1 Nominal 119.58 1.148 133.92 98.15 10,079 1.059
L1011034-C1 Nominal 118.19 1.072 121.50 87.11 8519 0.895
Venture
L1011036-C1 91% 108.10 1.026 108.74 78.39 7335 0.771
L1011037-C1 112% 132.20 0.996 126.55 91.63 9109 0.957
L1011035-C1 Nominal 118.15 1.010 116.46 84.82 8164 0.858
L1011038-C1 Nominal 120.12 1.024 119.72 87.48 8527 0.896
L1011042-C1 Nominal 119.98 1.019 118.96 86.81 8389 0.882
In the above table, test L1008032-C1 showed the power of a new lamp with the reference ballast
was 101.68 W and luminous flux 9516 lm. It is also noted that voltage variations in the power grid
affect luminous flux. It is recognized that the voltage in the power grid can vary upward or
downward by 10% of nominal voltage. In other words, if the nominal voltage is 120 Vac, actual
voltage can be anywhere from 108 to 132 Vac. This means one customer could see 132 Vac while
another sees 108 Vac. It also means one luminaire could produce 9109 lm while at a different
location another luminaire would produce 7335 lm. It is noted that 9109 is 124% of 7335.
Table 23: Effect of voltage on lamp luminous flux
Lumens Lumens % Voltage % 7335 90% 91% 8164 100% 100% 9109 112% 112%
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 35 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
10. Goniophotometry testing of used HPS lamps and luminaires
In this phase the HPS luminaire obtained from the municipality was installed directly in the sphere
and on the mirror goniometer to determine luminaire loss and distribution. It is the commercial
ballast in the luminaire that supplies power to the lamps. Three HPS luminaires were tested,
including:
i) the dirty HPS luminaire received directly from the municipality, and
ii) the clean luminaire, after the lens, reflector and luminaire were cleaned.
Table 24: Luminous flux of HPS luminaire (dirty and clean) with used lamps
Test LUMCAT DSSL DHSL DTL USSL UHSL UTL TLL Cond. S1005032-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#1-D 2318 906 3224 42 33 75 3299 Dirty S1005041-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#1-C 2470 963 3433 43 34 77 3510 Clean S1005042-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#2-D 3233 1051 4284 73 36 109 4393 Dirty S1005051-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#2-C 3306 1098 4404 72 38 110 4514 Clean S1005062-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#3-D 4610 1766 6376 93 63 156 6532 Dirty S1005063-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#3-C 4760 1825 6585 94 63 157 6742 Clean
The abbreviations in the top row of the above table are defined on page 16.
Each luminaire has a different output, and their output is also influenced by the lamp's age and
condition. For comparison purposes, the readings from the integrating sphere tests are reproduced
below.
Table 25: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts
Test Lamp Ballast Voltage Current Power Lumens Ballast
(Vac) (A) (watts) factor
L1005073-C1 CS13 310008-06 120.28 0.980 115.43 5387 0.797
L1005074-C1 CS13 REF 120.20 2.225 113.77 6762 N/A
L1005103-C1 CS14 310008-06 120.04 1.158 138.51 7314 0.974
L1005104-C1 CS14 REF 119.88 1.966 119.71 7510 N/A
36 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
L1005112-C1 CS15 310008-06 119.73 1.120 131.97 9974 0.935
L1005113-C1 CS15 REF 120.11 2.107 119.07 10665 N/A
Based on the data in these two tables, luminaire performance was determined as follows:
Table 26: Luminaire performance
Luminaire No. Lamp alone A
Dirty luminaire B
Efficacy
(B/A)
Luminaire No. 1 5387 3299 61.2%
Luminaire No. 2 7314 4393 60.1%
Luminaire No. 3 9974 6532 65.5%
Average 7558 4741 62.7%
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 37 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
Used lamp alone: 7558 lumens
Luminaire output: 4741 lumens (luminaire efficacy: 62.7%)
Downward lumens: 4628 Upward lumens: 113
Downward house side lumens Downward street side lumens
1241 lumens 3387 lumens
Figure 15: Overall efficacy of existing HPS system, used and dirty
Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 39 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public
11. Goniophotometer tests of used luminaires and new HPS lamps with reference ballast
Since the lamps were used, the luminaires were evaluated with a new lamp powered by the
reference ballast. The luminaires were cleaned before being tested on the mirror photometer.
Table 27: Clean used luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast
Test LUMCAT Lamp power
(watts) DSSL DHSL DTL USSL UHSL UTL TLL
S1011053-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#2-C 100.7 4217 1683 5900 139 110 249 6149S1011052-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#3-C 99.3 4207 1707 5914 129 106 235 6149S1011082-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#1-C 100.0 4089 1917 6006 136 114 250 6256
When the new lamp was tested on the reference ballast, it produced 9516 lumens. The average
lumens output of the three luminaires was 6185 (the average of 6149, 6149 and 6256).
Table 28: New lamp with reference ballast
Test Voltage % Voltage
(Vac)
Current
(A)
Ballast power (watts)
Lamp power (watts)
Lumens BF
L1008032-C1 REF 124.05 2.343 120.96 101.68 9516 1.00
The above data can be used to illustrate the lumens distribution achieved with a clean used
luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast. This test was used to create a new HPS luminaire
with a new lamp and ballast factor 1.
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New lamp with reference ballast: 9516 lumens
Luminaire output (BF = 1.0): 6185 lumens (luminaire efficacy: 65.0%)
Downward lumens: 5940 Upward lumens: 245
Downward house side lumens Downward street side lumens
1769 lumens 4171 lumens
Figure 16: Overall efficacy of clean existing HPS luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast (BF of 1)
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New lamp with reference ballast: 9516 lumens
Luminaire output (BF = 0.9): 5567 lumens (luminaire efficacy: 58.5%)
Downward lumens: 5346 Upward lumens: 221
Downward house side lumens Downward street side lumens
1592 lumens 3754 lumens
Figure 17: Overall efficacy of clean existing HPS luminaire with new lamp and BF of 0.9
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The above case can be compared with LED luminaires, resulting in an output of 2066 lumens
on the street side, as shown in the figure below.
Total lumens: 3084
Downward house side lumens Downward street side lumens
1018 lumens 2066 lumens
Figure 18: Overall efficacy of new LED luminaire
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12. Simulations for HPS luminaire on Lemire Street (35 ft wide)
Simulations were done using the characteristics of Lemire Street in Rouyn-Noranda. The
simulations used HPS luminaires with a mounting height of 30 ft, setback of 6 ft and arm length of
8 ft, and the street was 35 ft wide.
The distance between luminaires was measured at 140 ft. In this case, for simulation purposes, the
route was classified as local (residential) with asphalt surface, consistent with the designation
R2/R3. Simulations were based on the three trial luminaires with the reference ballast. For tests
S1011053-R1, S1011052-R1 and S1011082-R1 the ballast factor was 1, while a commercial ballast
has a ballast factor of 0.9.
Table 29: Data used for simulations on Lemire Street
Test LUMCAT
Lamp power (watts)
DSSL DHSL DTL USSL UHSL UTL TLL
S1011053-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#2-C 100.7 4217 1683 5900 139 110 249 6149S1011052-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#3-C 99.3 4207 1707 5914 129 106 235 6149S1011082-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#1-C 100.0 4089 1917 6006 136 114 250 6256
The street was divided into two sections: right side and left side. The simulation results are
reported in Table 30, based on the .ies files, but using a ballast factor of 0.9.
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Table 30: Results of HPS luminaire simulations based on Lemire Street,
with standards 140 ft apart and street width 35 ft
S1011053-R1.ies Ballast factor 0.9
S1011052-R1.ies Ballast factor 0.9
S1011082-R1.ies Ballast factor 0.9
IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet 140 feet Average Luminance on right side
> 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.38 Maximum (cd/m2) 0.73 0.78 0.89 0.80 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14
< 6 Average / minimum 2.53 2.71 2.64 2.63 < 10 Maximum / minimum 4.87 5.57 6.36 5.60 < 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.44 0.46 0.50 0.47
Luminance on left side > 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.69 0.73 0.86 0.76
Maximum (cd/m2) 1.01 1.04 1.21 1.09 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.48 0.51 0.52 0.50
< 6 Average / minimum 1.44 1.43 1.65 1.51 < 10 Maximum / minimum 2.10 2.04 2.33 2.16 < 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.25
Total average street luminance Average (cd/m2) 0.54 0.56 0.62 0.57
S1011053-R1.ies Ballast factor 0.9
S1011052-R1.ies Ballast factor 0.9
S1011082-R1.ies Ballast
factor 0.9 IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet 140 feet
Illuminance on right side > 4 Average (lux) 5.59 5.48 4.97 5.35
Maximum (lux) 10.75 10.31 9.96 10.34 Minimum (lux) 2.9 2.76 2.42 2.69
< 6 Average / minimum 1.93 1.99 2.05 1.99 < 10 Maximum / minimum 3.71 3.74 4.12 3.86
Illuminance on left side > 4 Average (lux) 8.38 8.73 9.25 8.79
Maximum (lux) 18.84 21.34 19.14 19.77 Minimum (lux) 1.98 1.98 2.80 2.25
< 6 Average / minimum 4.23 4.41 3.30 3.98 < 10 Maximum / minimum 9.52 10.78 6.84 9.05
Total average street illuminance Average (lux) 6.99 7.11 7.11 7.07
As the right side of the street is farther from the luminaire, it is normal for that side to be less
illuminated than the left side.
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Table 31 shows the average luminance values on the right and left sides. It is interesting to note
that the right-side value of 5.35 lux exceeds the 4 lux prescribed by IES RP-8.
Table 31: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street
Average luminance
(cd/m2) Average illuminance
(lux) Right side 0.38 5.35 Left side 0.76 8.79 Street average 0.57 7.07
0,2
0,3
0,3
0,4
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,6
0,6
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Espacement des luminaires (pieds)
Lum
inan
ce (c
d/m
2 )
Moyenne
Veiling luminance
IES moyenne
IES Veiling luminance
IES Moyenne
IES veiling luminance
180 pieds
100 pieds
Figure 19: Results of simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height, 6 ft setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1011052-R1.ies
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13. Mesopic correction for HPS
One section of this study was devoted to mesopic correction for LED lighting. The same method
was used, but for the HPS luminaire. The HPS luminaire was mounted in the integrating sphere in
order to determine the spectral power distribution of the luminaire according to wavelength.
The process involved mounting the luminaire in the sphere and taking photometer readings.
Figure 20: HPS luminaire mounted in sphere
Three luminaires were used, with all lamps powered by the reference ballast, which accounts for the
lamp power being measured at close to 100 W, i.e., approximately 99 W.
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Spectral Power Distribution
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800
Wavelength (nm)
w/n
m
Photopic (Vλ)Scotopic (V'λ)SPD Luminaire #1SPD Luminaire #2SPD Luminaire #3
Figure 21: Spectral power distribution of HPS luminaire
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Figure 22: Spectral power distribution of HPS luminaire in test L1011045-C1
Photopic and scotopic lumen values are reported in Table 32. This nomenclature is incorrect,
however, since lumens are normally calculated with photopic correction.
Table 32: Lumens measured in sphere with HPS luminaire and reference ballast
Test Lamp power (watts)
Photopic lumens (P)
Scotopic lumens
(S)
RATIO S/P
L1011045-C1 99.21 6605 4049 0.61 L1011044-C1 99.22 6558 4014 0.61 L1011043-C1 99.13 6646 4065 0.61
Table 33: Photopic and scotopic lumens from HPS luminaire, by wavelength
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Daytime vision Nighttime vision Photopic Scotopic Violet Lumens (380–430 nm) 1 29 Blue Lumens (430–480 nm) 26 573 Green Lumens (480–560 nm) 497 1624 Yellow Lumens (560–590 nm) 3308 1464 Orange Lumens (590–620 nm) 2518 345 Red Lumens (620–700 nm) 254 8 Dark Red Lumens (700–780 nm) 0 0 TOTAL lumens 6603 4043
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
3 500
Violet Lumens(380-430 nm)
Blue Lumens(430 - 480 nm)
Green Lumens(480-560 nm)
Yellow Lumens(560 - 590 nm)
Orange Lumens(590 - 620 nm)
Red Lumens(620 - 700 nm)
Dark RedLumens (700 -
780 nm)
Longueur d'onde en nm
Lum
inou
s flu
x (lu
men
s)
PhotopicScotopic
Figure 23: HPS luminous flux distribution by vision type
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14. ASSIST and mesopic correction for HPS
Table 2 shows that, based on the standard method and photopic correction, the luminance level
required for local routes with low traffic volume is 0.3 cd/m2. For calculation purposes, the S/P
ratio from the previous section and Table 3 is 0.61. The values below are taken from ASSIST
Table 3.
Table 34: S/P ratio according to ASSIST for HPS at 0.3 cd/m2
S/P Photopic luminance of 0.3 cd/m2
0.55 0.2532 0.65 0.2659
For an S/P ratio of 0.61, the luminance value is 0.2608 cd/m2. It seems as though the HPS
lamp was not optimized for spectral power distribution in nighttime lighting.
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15. ASSIST and LED versus HPS
The table below compares HPS and LED technologies according to ASSIST.
Table 35: LED/HPS ratio by luminance level
P luminance Unified luminance value (ASSIST)
(cd/m2) HPS
S/P = 0.61 LED
S/P = 1.81 LED/HPS 0.2 0.1598 0.2577 1.61 0.22 0.1792 0.2780 1.55 0.24 0.1990 0.2978 1.50 0.26 0.2192 0.3171 1.45 0.28 0.2399 0.3360 1.40 0.3 0.2608 0.3545 1.36 0.32 0.2821 0.3727 1.32 0.34 0.3037 0.3905 1.29
It is noted that for a photopic luminance of 0.3 cd/m2, the ratio is 0.36, i.e., a 36% increase in the
luminance visible to the eye, due to the spectral distribution of the two sources.
Mesopic correction factor = y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748
where x is the level of photopic luminance
R2 = 0.9995
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y = 3,0622x2 - 3,9611x + 2,2748R2 = 0,9995
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
Luminance (cd/m2)
Rat
io D
EL /
HPS
de
la lu
min
ance
uni
fiée
selo
n A
SSIS
T
Figure 24: Effect of mesopic correction by luminance level
The lower the luminance level. the greater the benefit of LED technology in terms of nighttime
vision. It is noted that, at a luminance value of 0.6, the ratio is 1 (unity) and there is no benefit in
terms of lamp spectral distribution. This is important, since mesopic correction is often wrongly
used for high luminance levels.
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16. Field measurements of LED lighting
On October 2010, field measurements were made on Lemire Street in Rouyn-Noranda, between
two LED luminaires standing 140 ft apart, with a street width of 35 ft.
The table below contains the values measured between the two luminaires, and individual values
are provided in the figure following the table.
Table 36: Summary of experimental measurements from Lemire Street
Left side
Right side
Average
Average illuminance in lux 4.8 2.1 3.5
Maximum illuminance in lux 11.3 5.4 11.3
Minimum illuminance in lux 0.8 0.6 0.6
Ratio: average illuminance divided by minimum illuminance
6.0 3.6 5.8
Ratio: maximum illuminance divided by minimum illuminance
14.1 9.0 18.8
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Luminaire side
7.6 5.7 3.8 1.9 0.9 0.9 2.1 5.1 7.7 8.6
9.0 6.9 4.3 2.0 0.9 0.9 2.0 5.2 9.8 11.3
9.1 7.6 4.2 1.8 0.9 0.8 1.8 4.4 7.6 9.8
5.2 4.5 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.7 1.5 3.4 3.7 5.4
2.6 2.2 2.1 1.4 0.7 0.6 1.5 2.2 2.5 3.3
1.9 1.5 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.5
Figure 25: Illuminance levels measured on Lemire Street
Right side
Left side
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17. Survey results
Residents were surveyed by the municipality of Rouyn-Noranda. The residents were satisfied
overall, but the luminosity on Taschereau Boulevard was considered inadequate. Taschereau is a
collector route, and it had to be expected that the luminaire selected would be unsuitable for this
type of street.
Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue9
.
9 TRANSLATOR’S NOTE: The French text incorrectly cites Guertin Street, which does not exist in this
municipality.
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Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue (cont'd)
The survey showed that 86% of residents are in favour of concentrating lighting on the street and
sidewalk. It indicated that 68% of residents are satisfied, whereas 14% feel the lighting is roughly
the same as with conventional HPS luminaires. Only 18% are not satisfied with the new system.
As regards illuminance, 5% find the street is too brightly lit, and 29% feel it is too dark. As for colour
discrimination, 47% feel it has improved and 29% feel it is about the same.
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Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue (cont'd)
Comments provided by 129 respondents include remarks to the effect that the lighting causes less
glare and that it is better for homes with bedrooms at the front.
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Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area
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Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area (cont'd)
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Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area (cont'd)
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Findings
This study provided an opportunity to validate the performance of LED technology in comparison
with conventional technology. The analysis led to the following findings.
1) The illuminance levels calculated for and measured on Lemire Street are relatively
consistent, and it must be borne in mind that the simulated values were based on new
luminaires and the measured values were based on slightly degraded luminaires.
Table 39: Comparison of illuminance measurements and illuminance simulations
Right side Left side Average
Average illuminance measured in the
field (lux) 2.1 4.8 3.5
Average illuminance simulated from lab
measurements (lux) 2.44 5.4 3.9
2) The measured illuminance levels for the LED luminaire were 2.1 lux on the right side
and 4.8 on the left side. The right-side value (2.1 lux) is below the 4 lux prescribed by
IES RP-8.
3) Laboratory testing indicates that the street side value output from the LED luminaire
was 2066 lumens versus 3754 lumens for the HPS luminaire with a ballast factor of 0.9.
The tests showed that the HPS luminaire produced more lumens, i.e., 3754 / 2066, for
a ratio of 1.82. It is therefore normal that the illuminance level be higher with the HPS
luminaire compared to the LED luminaire. It should be borne in mind that the
illuminance level in lux represents the quantity of lumens per unit of area.
4) As to the comparison of the illuminance performance of the two technologies, the data
in the table below were derived from the Lemire Street simulation.
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Table 40: Comparison of HPS and LED in Lemire Street simulation
LED technology HPS technology
Right
side
Left
side
Right
side Left side
Average illuminance in simulation based on lab measurements (lux )
2.44 5.4 5.35 8.79
Maximum illuminance in simulation based on lab measurements (lux )
6.20 11.55 10.34 19.77
Average luminance in simulation based on lab measurements
(cd/m2) 0.12 0.33
0.38
0.76
Veiling luminance ratio in simulation based on lab measurements 0.28 0.17 0.47 0.25
NOTES: 1) Objective of 4 lux according to IES RP-8 (low speed, low traffic) 2) Objective of 0.3 cd/m2 average luminance according to IES RP-8 (low speed, low traffic) 3) Objective of 0.4 or less veiling luminance ratio .
5) The HPS luminaire produces a great deal of veiling luminance (glare). Although IES
RP-8 indicates that veiling luminance ratio should not exceed 0.4, the observed value
with HPS was almost double the value observed with LED (0.47 with HPS, 0.28 with
LED).
6) It is interesting to note that CIE standard 115:2010 – Lighting of Roads for Motor and
Pedestrian Traffic and P Class specified for class P6 an average horizontal illuminance
of 2 lux, and 3 lux for class P5. As can be seen, there are lower classes in terms of
illuminance levels than the minimum required under RP-8.
7) The tests indicate that the HPS luminaire outputs 6603 photopic lumens and 4043
scotopic lumens. Tests with the LED luminaire showed 3143 photopic lumens and
5686 scotopic lumens. In tabular form:
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Table 41: Scotopic lumens and photopic lumens by technology
Photopic
(daytime vision)
(lumens)
Scotopic
(nighttime vision)
(lumens)
Ratio S/P
LED luminaire 3143 5686 1.81
HPS luminaire (ballast factor 1)
6603 4043 0.61
8) For a luminance value of 0.3 cd/m2, the observed values indicate a 33% increase due
to the spectral distribution of the source.
9) A street width of 35 ft was used for the simulations. For a street width of 24 ft, i.e., two
lanes, which is more common for local routes, the results are shown in the table below.
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Table 42: Results of simulations based on modified Lemire Street,
with standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft
LED
S1010131-R1.ies
HPS S101052-R1.ies
Ballast factor 0.9 IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet
Luminance on right side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.21 0.67
Maximum (cd/m2) 0.53 1.04 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.06 0.35 6 Average / minimum 3.50 1.91 10 Maximum / minimum 8.83 2.97 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.23 0.30
Luminance on left side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.35 0.82
Maximum (cd/m2) 0.71 1.16 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.14 0.57 6 Average / minimum 2.50 1.44 10 Maximum / minimum 5.07 2.04 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.16 0.22
Total average street luminance Average (cd/m2) 0.28 0.75
LED
S1010131-R1.ies
HPS S101052-R1.ies
Ballast factor 0.9 IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet
Illuminance on right side 4 Average (lux) 4.10 9.20 Maximum (lux) 10.56 20.61 Minimum (lux) 0.77 4.63 6 Average / minimum 5.32 1.99 10 Maximum / minimum 13.71 4.45
Illuminance on left side 4 Average (lux) 5.39 9.33 Maximum (lux) 11.20 23.76 Minimum (lux) 1.02 2.16 6 Average / minimum 5.28 4.32 10 Maximum / minimum 10.98 11.00
Total average street illuminance Average (lux) 4.75 9.27
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0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
DEL HPS DEL corrected mesopic
Type de source
Lum
inan
ce (c
d/m
2 )
Côté droitCôté gauche
Note : Minimum de 0,3 cd/m2
selon l'IES RP-8
Figure 26: Comparison of HPS and LED (mounting height 30 ft, street width 24 ft, with and without mesopic correction)
y = 3,0622x2 - 3,9611x + 2,2748R2 = 0,9995
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4
Luminance (cd/m2)
Rat
io D
EL /
HPS
de
la lu
min
ance
uni
fiée
selo
n AS
SIST
Figure 27: Effect of source spectral distribution on (mesopic) visual effect
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0.82 cd/m2 left side
0.67 cd/m2 right side 0.35 cd/m2 left side 0.21 cd/m2 right side
0.44 cd/m2 left side 0.33 cd/m2 right side
Figure 28: Luminance: mounting height 30 ft, standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft
Mesopic correction
y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748
x the photopic luminance
MULTIPLICATION FACTOR = 1.58
Mesopic correction
y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748
x the photopic luminance
MULTIPLICATION FACTOR = 1.27
HPS LED
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10) The pilot project shows that for local residential routes, LED lighting can reduce energy
consumption from 130 watts to 55 watts. Although the levels of illuminance are lower than
before, they are still satisfactory.
11) The tests showed that the performance of LED technology can be satisfactory for local route
lighting. However, some products performed poorly. One case in point is the product supplied
by LeDel International, which was purchased by the municipality concurrent with this pilot
project. The pilot project with Hydro-Québec and Natural Resources Canada used only the 90
luminaires supplied by Genex Vision Inc.
12) IES is currently drafting standards for product performance. The aim is to avoid the problems
that arose when compact fluorescents were introduced in the early 1990s.
13) It is interesting to note that municipalities such as Ottawa (Appendix E) have defined average
levels and performance criteria which are lower than those prescribed in IES RP-8. Their
required average luminance value is 0.15 cd/m2, compared with the 0.3 cd/m2 required under
IES RP-8. Therefore, it seems that LED streetlight technology can now be adopted for local
residential routes, and that the roadblocks have thus been lifted.
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Appendix A: Sphere testing of LED luminaires
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Appendix B: Mirror photometer testing of LED luminaires
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Appendix C: Key dates in pilot project
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Appendix D: Photos from LED lighting project in Rouyn-Noranda
Figure D-1: LED lighting with products from Genex Vision Inc.
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Figure D-2: LED lighting with products from Genex Vision Inc.
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Figure D-3: LED lighting with products from Genex Vision Inc.
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Figure D-4: Yellowish cast of conventional HPS lighting
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Appendix E: Levels required for urban areas of Ottawa10
URBAN AREA
LUMINANCE GLARE ILLUMINANCE ROADWAY CLASSIFICATION
AREA CLASSIFICATION
Average luminance Lv (cd/m2)
Uniformity ratio
Lv / Lmin
Veiling luminance ratio LVmax / Lv
Minimum maintained average Ev
(lux)
Uniformity ratio
Ev / Emin
Mixed use centre / Central area
1.20 3.0 0.3 17.0 3.0
Employment / Enterprise area
0.90 3.0 0.3 13.0 3.0
ARTERIAL
General urban area / Other
0.60 3.5 0.4 9.0 4.0
Mixed use centre 0.80 3.0 0.3 12.0 3.0
Employment / Enterprise area
0.60 4.0 0.4 9.0 4.0
MAJOR COLLECTOR
AND COLLECTOR
General urban area / Other
0.40 4.0 0.4 6.0 4.0
10 http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/planning/design_plan_guidelines/completed/lighting/chapter2/2_2_en.html
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LUMINANCE
GLARE
ILLUMINANCE
ROADWAY CLASSIFICATION
AREA CLASSIFICATION
Average luminance Lv (cd/m2)
Uniformity ratio
Lv / Lmin
Veiling luminance ratio LVmax / Lv
Minimum maintained average Ev
(lux)
Uniformity ratio
Ev / Emin
Mixed use centre / Central area
0.60 3.5 0.4 9.0 4.0
Employment / Enterprise area
0.40 4.0 0.4 6.0 4.0
COLLECTOR
General urban area / Other
0.30 4.0 0.4 4.5 4.0
Mixed use centre / Central area
0.30 6.0 0.4 4.5 6.0
Employment / Enterprise area
0.25 6.0 0.4 3.5 6.0
LOCAL
General urban area / Other
0.15 6.0 0.4 2.0 6.0
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