lymph transport & immunity chapter 35. lymph transport & immunity 2outline the lymphatic...
TRANSCRIPT
2Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
OutlineOutline
The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System Lymph VesselsLymph Vessels Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs
Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses BarriersBarriers Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response
Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses AntibodiesAntibodies T CellsT Cells
Induced ImmunityInduced Immunity Active versus Passive ImmunityActive versus Passive Immunity
Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects AllergiesAllergies Blood TypingBlood Typing
3Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System
Consists of lymphatic vessels and the Consists of lymphatic vessels and the lymphoid organslymphoid organs
Three main homeostatic functions:Three main homeostatic functions:
Lymphatic capillaries take up and return Lymphatic capillaries take up and return excess fluid to the bloodstreamexcess fluid to the bloodstream
Lacteals receive lipoproteins and Lacteals receive lipoproteins and transport them to the bloodstreamtransport them to the bloodstream
Helps defend body against diseaseHelps defend body against disease
6Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Lymphatic SystemLymphatic SystemOne-way system that begins with One-way system that begins with lymphatic capillarieslymphatic capillaries
Take up fluid that has been diffused Take up fluid that has been diffused from, and not reabsorbed by, blood from, and not reabsorbed by, blood capillariescapillaries
Edema - Localized swelling due to Edema - Localized swelling due to accumulation of tissue fluidaccumulation of tissue fluid
Lymph flows one wayLymph flows one way
From a capillary to ever-larger lymphatic From a capillary to ever-larger lymphatic vesselsvessels
Finally to a lymphatic duct, which enters a Finally to a lymphatic duct, which enters a subclavian veinsubclavian vein
7Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs
Lymph Nodes - Capsule surrounding Lymph Nodes - Capsule surrounding two distinct regions, cortex and two distinct regions, cortex and medullamedulla
Lymphocytes congregate in cortex Lymphocytes congregate in cortex when fighting off a pathogenwhen fighting off a pathogen
Macrophages concentrated in medulla Macrophages concentrated in medulla - cleanse lymph- cleanse lymph
Lymph nodes named for their locationLymph nodes named for their location
8Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid OrgansTonsilsTonsils
Patches of lymphatic tissue located Patches of lymphatic tissue located around the pharynxaround the pharynx
First to encounter pathogens that enter First to encounter pathogens that enter via the nose and mouthvia the nose and mouth
SpleenSpleen
Located in upper left region of Located in upper left region of abdominal cavity just beneath abdominal cavity just beneath diaphragmdiaphragm
Cleanses bloodCleanses blood
9Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs
Thymus GlandThymus Gland
Located along trachea behind the Located along trachea behind the sternum in upper thoracic cavitysternum in upper thoracic cavity
Produces thymic hormonesProduces thymic hormones
Red Bone MarrowRed Bone Marrow
Origin for all types of blood cellsOrigin for all types of blood cells
Area of maturation for most white Area of maturation for most white blood cellsblood cells
10Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Immune SystemImmune System
Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses
Barriers to entry serve as mechanical Barriers to entry serve as mechanical barriersbarriers
SkinSkin
Mucous membranes lining respiratory, Mucous membranes lining respiratory, digestive, and urinary tractsdigestive, and urinary tracts
11Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses
Inflammatory ReactionInflammatory Reaction
Damaged cells and mast cells release Damaged cells and mast cells release histamine and kininshistamine and kinins
Capillaries dilate and become more Capillaries dilate and become more permeablepermeable
Enlarged capillaries cause skin to Enlarged capillaries cause skin to reddenredden
Swollen area and kinins stimulate free Swollen area and kinins stimulate free nerve endings causing painnerve endings causing pain
12Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Inflammatory ReactionInflammatory Reaction
Neutrophils and monocytes migrate to Neutrophils and monocytes migrate to the site of injurythe site of injury
Neutrophils and mast cells Neutrophils and mast cells phagocytize pathogensphagocytize pathogens
Monocytes differentiate into Monocytes differentiate into macrophagesmacrophages
14Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Complement SystemComplement SystemA collection of plasma proteinsA collection of plasma proteins
Activated when pathogens enter the Activated when pathogens enter the bodybody
Complements certain immune responsesComplements certain immune responses
Interferon binds to receptors of non-Interferon binds to receptors of non-infected cellsinfected cells
Causes them to prepare for possible Causes them to prepare for possible attackattack
Produce substances that interfere with Produce substances that interfere with viral replicationviral replication
16Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses
An antigen is any foreign substance An antigen is any foreign substance that stimulates the immune system that stimulates the immune system to reactto react
Lymphocytes capable of recognizing Lymphocytes capable of recognizing antigensantigens
Have antigen receptors on plasma Have antigen receptors on plasma membranemembrane
Protein’s shape allow it to combine Protein’s shape allow it to combine with a specific antigenwith a specific antigen
17Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses
Immunity primarily the result ofImmunity primarily the result of
B lymphocytesB lymphocytes
B cells give rise to plasma cellsB cells give rise to plasma cells
Produce antibodiesProduce antibodies
T lymphocytesT lymphocytes
T cells directly attack cells that bear T cells directly attack cells that bear non-self proteinsnon-self proteins
18Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Antibody-Mediated ImmunityAntibody-Mediated ImmunityClonal selection theory:Clonal selection theory:
The antigen selects which lymphocyte The antigen selects which lymphocyte willwill
Undergo clonal expansion, andUndergo clonal expansion, and
Produce more lymphocytesProduce more lymphocytes
If the same antigen enters the system If the same antigen enters the system againagain
Memory B cells quickly divideMemory B cells quickly divide
Give rise to more lymphocytes capable of Give rise to more lymphocytes capable of quickly producing antibodiesquickly producing antibodies
20Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
ImmunoglobinsImmunoglobins
IgG - Main antibody type in circulationIgG - Main antibody type in circulation
IgM - Found in circulation Largest IgM - Found in circulation Largest antibodyantibody
IgA - Found in secretionsIgA - Found in secretions
IgD - Found on surface of immature B IgD - Found on surface of immature B cellscells
IgE - Found as antigen receptors on IgE - Found as antigen receptors on basophils in blood and on mast basophils in blood and on mast cells in tissuecells in tissue
22Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
T CellsT Cells
Requirements for T cell antigen Requirements for T cell antigen recognition:recognition:
Antigen must be presented by an Antigen must be presented by an antigen-presenting cellantigen-presenting cell
Antigen is first linked to a major Antigen is first linked to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein in the plasma membraneprotein in the plasma membrane
Cytokines - signaling chemicals that Cytokines - signaling chemicals that stimulate various immune cellsstimulate various immune cells
24Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Types of T CellsTypes of T Cells
Cytotoxic T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells
Destroy antigen-bearing cellsDestroy antigen-bearing cells
Contain PerforinsContain Perforins
Helper T CellsHelper T Cells
Regulate immunity by secreting Regulate immunity by secreting cytokinescytokines
27Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Induced ImmunityInduced Immunity
Active ImmunityActive Immunity
ImmunizationImmunization
Pathogens or pathogen products Pathogens or pathogen products treated to remove virulencetreated to remove virulence
Dependent upon memory B cells & Dependent upon memory B cells & memory T cells capable of responding to memory T cells capable of responding to lower doses of antigenlower doses of antigen
29Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Passive ImmunityPassive Immunity
Passive immunityPassive immunity
Occurs when an individual is given Occurs when an individual is given prepared antibodies (immunoglobins) prepared antibodies (immunoglobins) to combat a diseaseto combat a disease
Short-livedShort-lived
Newborns are often passively immune Newborns are often passively immune due to mother’s blooddue to mother’s blood
31Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Cytokines and ImmunityCytokines and Immunity
CytokinesCytokines
Signaling molecules produced by Signaling molecules produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, or other lymphocytes, monocytes, or other cellscells
Both interferon and interleukins have Both interferon and interleukins have been used as immunotherapeutic been used as immunotherapeutic drugsdrugs
Enhance the ability of the individual’s Enhance the ability of the individual’s T cells (and B cells) to fight cancerT cells (and B cells) to fight cancer
33Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects
AllergiesAllergies
Hypersensitivities to substances that Hypersensitivities to substances that ordinarily would not harm the bodyordinarily would not harm the body
Immediate ResponseImmediate Response
IgE antibodiesIgE antibodies
Delayed ResponseDelayed Response
Memory T cellsMemory T cells
34Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects
Blood Type ReactionsBlood Type ReactionsABO blood typingABO blood typing Two self antigens - A and B Two self antigens - A and B
If same antigen and its antibody are If same antigen and its antibody are present in the blood, agglutination present in the blood, agglutination occursoccurs
Rh blood typingRh blood typingPeople that are RhPeople that are Rh++ have Rh factor have Rh factor
People that are RhPeople that are Rh-- do not have Rh factor do not have Rh factor
RhRh-- individuals may produce antibodies individuals may produce antibodies to Rh factor if exposedto Rh factor if exposed
37Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects
Tissue RejectionTissue Rejection
Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells bring Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells bring about destruction of foreign tissues in about destruction of foreign tissues in the bodythe body
Immune system is correctly Immune system is correctly distinguishing between self and distinguishing between self and nonselfnonself
Autoimmune DiseasesAutoimmune Diseases
Cytotoxic T cells or antibodies Cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body’s own cellsmistakenly attack the body’s own cells
38Lymph TranspoLymph Transport & Immunityrt & Immunity
ReviewReview
The Lymphatic SystemThe Lymphatic System Lymph VesselsLymph Vessels Lymphoid OrgansLymphoid Organs
Nonspecific DefensesNonspecific Defenses BarriersBarriers Inflammatory ResponseInflammatory Response
Specific DefensesSpecific Defenses AntibodiesAntibodies T CellsT Cells
Induced ImmunityInduced Immunity Active versus Passive ImmunityActive versus Passive Immunity
Immunity Side EffectsImmunity Side Effects AllergiesAllergies Blood TypingBlood Typing