LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM

Presentation 6: By Yvette Gham

The lymphatic and immune system

Consist of a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland and tonsil.

It collects excess fluid throughout and the body and returns it to the circulatory system.

It assist the circulatory system in transporting substances throughout the body.

It serves as the body primary defense system against invasion of pathogens.

Hodgkin’s Disease

It is a type of lymphoma(cancer) originating from lymphocytes.

It is named after Thomas Hodgkin who first described abnormality in the lymph system.

It is characterized by orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and the development of system symptoms.

Treated with radiation and chemotherapy depending on age and sex.

The lymphatic system

Hodgkin’s disease Survival rate is high especially if detected earlier. TYPES It can be subdivided into 4 pathological subtypes

based on Reed- Sternberg cell morphology1. Nodular sclerosing: it is the most common and

composed of tumor nodules showing scattered lacunars.

2. Mixed- cellularity subtype: it is composed of numerous RS cell admixed with numerous inflammatory cells like lymphocytes, histiocytes, eosinophils and plasma cells without sclerosis. It

Hodgkin’s disease

TYPES

It is associated with EBV infection.3. Lymphocyte rich: It is rare subtype which

shows many features which may cause diagnostic confusion with nodular lymphocyte.

4. Lymphocyte depleted: it is composed of a large number of RS cells with only few reactive lymphocytes.

Causes

Specific cause is unknown or multifunctional.

Risk factor include:1. Sex2. Age ,15-40 and over 55.3. Family history4. Weakened immune system5. Infection with HIV6. Prolong use of human growth hormones

Hodgkin’s disease

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, liver involved

Sign and symptoms

Night sweat Weight loss Enlargement of one or more lymph node. Splenomegaly: enlargement of spleen. Hepatomegaly: enlargement of liver. pain,. Fever Red -colored patches

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Diagnosis

Lymph node biopsy Blood test Positron emission tomography(PET) used

to detect deposits that do not show on CT scanning

Gallium scan may be used

Management

Radiation therapy and chemotherapy depending on age and sex.

Sarcoidosis

Disease in which swelling or inflammation occur in the lymph node, lungs, liver, skin or other tissues.

Symptoms Almost all patients have lungs and chest

symptoms. Dry cough

Symptoms

Shortness of breath Discomfort behind breast bone Abnormal breath sound Fatigue Fever Weight loss Join pain Skin rash

Symptoms

Skin rash Skin lesion Hair loss Headache Seizure Enlargement of lymph glands, liver,

spleen Dry mouth

Treatment

Symptoms get better without treatment. Corticosteroids Immunosuppressive medication such as

azathioprine.

Cause It is unknown. In sac, clumps of abnormal tissue

(granulomas) form certain organs of the body

Sarcoidosis

sarcoidosis

Causes

Possible causes include:1. Excess sensitivity to environmental factor2. Genetics3. Extreme immune response to infection.

test and diagnosis. Chest x-ray to see if lungs and lymph

node s are involved CT scan

Test and diagnosis

Lungs gallium(GA) scan

Biopsies of different tissues to be done Lymph node biopsy Skin lesion biopsy Bronchoscopy to perform a biopsy Open lungs biopsy Kidney, liver and heart biopsy

Disease may also alter the result of the following lab test

CPC. Chem-7 or chem-20. Quantitative immunoglobulin PTH Serum phosphorus Calcium- urine. Liver function test Calcium ionized

Complication.

Osteoporosis Diffusion interstitial pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary hypertension Fungal lungs infection Anterior uveltis Glaucoma Cranial or peripheral nerve palsies High calcium level Organ failure Kidney stones

When to contact a doctor.

Difficulty breathing. Vision change Palpitation Other symptoms.

Kaposi’s sarcoma It is a tumor caused by human herpes

virus 8(HHV8). Originally described by Moritz Kaposi

practicing in the University of Vienna in 1872.

Caused by viral infection.

Classification HHV8is responsible for all variety of

Kaposi's sarcoma

Classification

1. Indolent disease: this is seen on men from the Mediterranean region and East European descent.

2. Endemic Kaposi's sarcoma was later described from young African people from sub- Sahara Africa.

3. Transplant related Kaposi's sarcoma has been described. It arises when an HHV8 infected organ is transplanted into someone who has not been exposed to the virus.

Classification

4. Epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma is an aggressive disease in AIDS patients.

Types Classical Kaposi's sarcoma African cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma African lymphadenopathic Kaposi's sarcoma AIDS associated with Kaposi's sarcoma Immunosuppression – associated with

Kaposi's sarcoma

Signs and symptoms

Lesions are nodules or blotches May be red, purple, brown, black and

papular. May appear on skin, mouth,

gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract

Treatment and prevention Blood test to detect antibodies against

KSHV have been developed.

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Treatment and prevention

Kissing is a risk factor. Lab test done on organs before transplant.

Causes Interaction of HIV and weak immune

system HHV8 POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS Cough and shortness of breath Leg swelling that may be painful

Prevention

Safe sexual practices can prevent HIV infection

References

www.google.com Human anatomy and physiology by

Marieb. 8th edition. Taber’s cyclopedic Medical Dictionary by

F. A Davis company.