lymphatic system. functions of the lymphatic system 1.return interstitial fluid to bloodstream...
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Lymphatic System
Functions of the Lymphatic System
1. Return interstitial fluid to bloodstream
2. Transport lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins in the bloodstream
3. Production and maturation of lymphocytes
4. Generates an immune response against antigens in interstitial fluid
Lymphatic System
Lymph
Lymph is fluid in lymphatic vessels
Comprised of:
• Interstitial fluid
• Solutes
• Foreign materials
Lymphatic Capillaries
• Closed-ended tubes; among blood capillary beds
• GI tract contains specialized lymph capillaries called lacteals – collect lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins
Lymphatic Vessels• Lymphatic capillaries merge
to form lymphatic vessels– Resemble venules
• Possess valves similar to veins
• Afferent lymphatic vessels into lymph node
• Efferent lymphatic vessels away from lymph node
• Lymphatic vessels merge lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic Trunks
Lymphatic Ducts• Lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic ducts• Right lymphatic duct -
– Returns lymph from right side of head/neck, upper limb and thorax
• Thoracic duct - largest lymphatic vessel– collects lymph from rest of
body
Lymphatic Cells
• Macrophages– Monocytes that have migrated– Phagocytize foreign substances
• Nurse cells– Secrete hormones in thymus
• Dendritic cells– In lymph nodules– Antigen-presenting cells
• Lymphocytes
Types of Lymphocytes
• Three types of lymphocytes:1. T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
2. B-lymphocytes (B-cells)
3. NK cells
T-Lymphocytes
• 70-85% of lymphocytes• Can recognize a particular antigen• Main types:
Helper T-lymphocytes Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes Memory T-lymphocytes
Helper T-Lymphocytes
• Also called CD4 or T4 cells• Many types, each responds to a different
antigen• T4 cells initiate and oversee the immune
response1. Present antigen to other lymphocytes2. Secrete cytokines - hormones that activate other
lymphatic cells
• HIV infects these cells– Shuts down immune response
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes
• Also called CD8 or T8 cells
• Come in direct contact w/infected or foreign cells and kill them
• Must be activated by helper T-cell that presents an antigen to it
Immune Response of T-Lymphocytes
Memory T-Lymphocytes
• Arise from T cells that have encountered antigen
• Mount faster response than initial exposure
B-Lymphocytes
• 15-30% of body lymphocytes
• Produce immunoglobins (Ig), or antibodies, to a single antigen
• Become activated when presented with antigen from helper T- cell– Undergo division to two cell types:
• Most become plasma cells – produce antibodies– Live less than a week
• Some become memory B cells– Live weeks to years– Confer lifetime immunity
B-Lymphocytes and Their Role in the Immune Response
NK (Natural Killer) Cells
• Small percentage of all lymphocytes
• Can kill a wide variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells
Lymphatic Organs
• Tonsils – trap antigens
• Thymus – T cell maturation
• Lymph nodes – filter antigens from lymph
• Spleen
Spleen1. Initiates immune response
when antigens found in blood
2. Reservoir for erythrocytes and platelets
3. Phagocytizes old, defective erythrocytes and platelets
4. Phagocytizes bacteria and other foreign materials