ECOSOCEconomic and Social Council

United Nations

Lyon Model United Nations 2017Study Guide

ECOSOC - LyonMUN

Chair introduction

My name is Anke Freuwört and I am a Social Science student from Germany. I am

currently writing my master thesis in the field of migration, where I also specialized on in my

studies. MUN became part of my life when I joined our university group MUN Siegen in 2014.

Since that I got the opportunity to attend different conferences on a national and international

level as a delegate, head delegate, chair and secretary general. Annually I attend NMUN in

New York, this year third time in a row and I am looking forward to my first Lyon MUN.

Moreover I became part of the management board of JUNON in 2016, the national youth

network for MUN groups in Germany. It is my responsibility to connect and support our MUN

members and to advise them on organizational matters. Model UN can become a life time

experience and you want to repeat it every time you met nice people. If you need advice from

someone who has been doing MUN for a longer time now: People are not recognized for their

speeches, they are recognized for their ideas, engagement and commitment - in MUN and

reality!

My name is Cora Masche and I am in my third year of studying law in Hamburg,

Germany. I just started specializing in International and European law and am excited to

thereby pursue my interest in international affairs that I found doing MUN. I started

participating in MUN conferences in my last year of High School and have loved it ever since.

I believe it is a great way not only to meet inspiring people from all over the world but to

improve your English, lose your fear of public speaking and learn about international politics.

As I spent my Erasmus semester in Lyon, I am very excited to come back in May and am

convinced that LyonMUN will be a memorable experience for everyone!

Hey! My name is Vincent Labrevois, I am in my third year of studying economics and

political science at Sciences Po Grenoble and at the local Uni. I am truly excited to be your

chair and looking forward to meeting all of you in Lyon my home city! I have been in the MUN

circuit for the past 3 years and am today an active member and the treasurer of AlpesMUN, the

MUN club from my school. I am truly excited to meet all of you, spend a great weekend in

Lyon and hear all your inspiring debates and negotiations on the fate of the world!

Committee overview

Being one of the six primary organs of the United Nations the United Nations Economic

and Security Council (ECOSOC) is mandated to address all economic, social, educational,

cultural and health-related matters while submitting an annual report to the General Assembly1.

ECOSOC is able to provide information and to assist the Security Council if their expertise is

needed. The council is founded by Chapter X of the Charta of the United Nations (1945).

ECOSOC presides over 14 specialized agencies and 13 different functional and regional

commissions.

The council comprises 54 Member States divided by geographical representation of

countries and an economical diverse membership. Seats are allocated in the following way:

14 Africa

11 Asia

6 Eastern Europe

10 Latin America and the Caribbean

13 Western Europe and Others2

Each Member States has one representative and one vote, while decisions are made by a simple

majority. The committee is governed by a Bureau consisting of one President, four Vice-

Presidents and a Rapporteur. Together they are responsible for setting the agenda, collaborate

on administrative issues with the Secretariat and to devise action plans. Among the regional

blocs the presidency rotates equally.

1 UN ECOSOC, About ECOSOC 2 UN ECOSOC, ECOSOC Members; Charter of the United Nations, 1945, Ch. X, Art. 61.1-2

ECOSOC members meet in two annual meetings, one organizational session and one

substantive session. The 14 subsidiary bodies hold separate sessions and receives

recommendations, draft resolutions and annual reports by ECOSOC.

Fulfilling its mandate under the authority of the General Assembly ECOSOC consults different

civil society actors. More than 3900 NGOs have a consultative status which allows them to

attend and participate in UN meetings, conferences and special sessions where they are able to

speak about concerns to the UN. These civil society actors are overseen by the committee on

NGOs which is reporting to ECOSOC directly. The consultative relationship between the UN

and NGOs was established by the ECOSOC resolution 1996/31 regulating and defining the

principles, rules, procedures, obligations and responsibilities3.

ECOSOCs mandate is very broad. Resolution 50/227 by the General Assembly clarifies the

mandate of ECOSOC to focus on a coordination of work while the General Assembly provides

policy guidance to avoid a duplication of work. Resolution 57/270 reinforced the separation of

work between both bodies in 2002. Reforms in 2013 expanded the functions and powers of the

council to give it a leading role on identifying and discussing emerging challenges as well as

to become a policy forum for global leader to work on the integration of efforts concerning a

sustainable development. ECOSOCs mandated was also expanded to provide a platform for

accountability of monitoring and reporting on universal agreements4.

The transition from the Millennium Development Goals towards the post-2015 development

agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is one of the key priorities of the

Council5.

3 UN DESA NGO Branch, Introduction to ECOSOC Consultative Status 4 UN ECOSOC, The New ECOSOC – Overview of Functions and Working Methods, 2014 5 UN ECOSOC, Millennium Development Goals and post-2015 Development Agenda

Sources

Charter of the United Nations. (1945). (10.03.2017) from:

http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml

United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, NGO Branch. (n.d.). Introduction

to ECOSOC Consultative Status. (10.03.2017) from: http://csonet.org/index.php?menu=30

United Nations, Economic and Social Council. (n.d.). About ECOSOC. (10.03.2017) from:

http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/

United Nations, Economic and Social Council. (n.d.). Millennium Development Goals and

post-2015 Development Agenda. (10.03.2017) from:

http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/mdg.shtml

United Nations, Economic and Social Council. (2014). The New ECOSOC – Overview of

Functions and Working Methods. (10.03.2017) from:

http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/newfunct/pdf14/the_new_ecosoc_31_march_2014.pdf

Topic A: Ensuring Equal Access to Scarce Resources

“Saving our planet, lifting people out of poverty, advancing economic growth... these

are one and the same fight. We must connect the dots between climate change, water scarcity,

energy shortages, global health, food security and women's empowerment. Solutions to one

problem must be solutions for all” – Ban Ki-Moon, Secretary General of the United Nations

(2007-2016).

Population growth, economic growth and climate change, intertwined as they are, place

considerable stress on the world’s resources, they be renewable or finite. Renewable resources

must understood as the resources which, after exploitation can return to their previous stock

levels by natural processes of growth or replenishment. Many renewable resources – such as

arable land and freshwater - are conditionally renewable, which means that their exploitation

can reach a level beyond which their regeneration can become impossible. Inversely,

nonrenewable resources – such as minerals and fossil fuels – are exhaustible and cannot be

regenerated after exploitation. The increased demand and potential exhaustion of natural

resources not only threatens our economies, but also has the potential of heightening unrest and

tensions between states and populations. Such a risk was first recognized by the United Nations

in the annual report published by its High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. As

Figure 1 - Population Growth Projections

Source - UN World Population Prospects 2015

such, resource scarcity is both an environmental and economic issue but also poses a security

risk which the international community must not take lightly.

As such the United Nations Economic & Social Council (ECOSOC) will need to

discuss the issue of ensuring equal access to scarce resources. It will need to discuss how the

international committee can reduce the risk of resource exhaustion as well as the risk of conflict

that scarcity raises. This session of the UN ECOSOC will deal with the issues raised by both

renewable and non-renewable resources.

Renewable Resources

Among the natural resources under considerable stress today and risking depletion are

arable land and freshwater - both of which are vital to ensuring global food security - defined

in 1983 by the Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) as the “state of having at all times

physical and economic access to the basic food we need”. Arable land and freshwater, as

prerequisites for agricultural production and thus food security, are vital to human

development. The access and sharing of these resources is however a major source of conflict

between populations and states.

According to FAO statistics, the world today produces enough food to feed 7 billion people

living today and even the estimated 9-10 billion population in 2050. However as much as 1/3

of this food is squandered and lost. This means that between planting seeds and providing

nourishment to the world’s 7 billion people, approximately 1.3 billion tons of food are lost or

wasted.

This waste of food is however unequal between regions, which explains why food insecurity

is still a reality. Thus paradoxically, despite world food production exceeding demand, 795

Figure 2 - Food waste by region per capita Source - FAO

million people (or 13% of world population) are still undernourished globally, 95% of which

in the developing world. Much progress has been since the early 1990s – mainly in the

developing world – when more than one billion people were undernourished (23% of the world

population at the time), despite significant population growth Still, among developing nations,

progress has varied unequally as Asia, Latin American and the Caribbean have made important

progress while Africa and Oceania have made little. Within the developing world lack of access

to affordable food – which translates into undernourishment – varies greatly as suggests the

following figure suggests.

This number is 167 million less than in the 2000s and 216 million less than in the 1990s

when the percentage was of 23.3%. Developing nations, where undernourishment is most

prevalent are also the nations where the decline in undernourishment has been the most

pronounced despite significant population growth. Still, among developing nations, progress

has varied unequally as Asia, Latin American and the Caribbean have made important progress

while Africa and Oceania have made little.

Figure 3 – The changing distribution of hunger in the world

Source - FAO

These improvements coincide with more stable political situations and economic

growth. Food security is indeed a prerequisite and consequence of political stability. In

politically unstable countries, farmers tend to produce at subsistence levels and in the case of

conflict abandon their fields. This makes unstable countries rely more on food imports and as

such more vulnerable to food price volatility – which itself contributes to conflict.

Economic growth has also improved food security in a set of ways. Economic growth

has indeed enabled the improvement of infrastructure networks which reduce the costs of

transportation cheaper and as such, not only make food more accessible but also expand market

opportunities for farmers, inciting them to produce more. Political stability and economic

growth have also, together contributed to an expansion of social safety nets which protect

populations from undernourishment and price volatility.

Water scarcity and soil degradation

The widespread degradation and deepening scarcity of land and water resources have

placed global food production systems around the world at risk as world population is expected

to reach 9 billion by 2050 according to the FAO. The past 50 years have witnessed a vast

increase in food production which has enabled fewer land to feed more people. Indeed between

1961 and 2009 world cropland grew by 12% while agricultural production expanded by 150%.

However these achievements enabled by more intense farming practices have degraded land

and water systems. This is increasingly problematic as the World Bank estimates that world

food production will need to increase by 50% in the next 30 years (and the FAO 70%) while

climate change threatens to cut crop yields by more than 25% while arable land and fresh water

become scarcer.

Figure 4 – Relationship between food prices and unrest Source – United Nations University

Indeed today, 25% of the world’s 1.6 billion hectares of cropland are highly degraded,

8% moderately degraded, 36% slightly degraded or stable and 10% are ranked as improving.

The remaining shares of earth’s land surface are either bare (18%) or covered by inland water

bodies (2%). About half of the cultivated land base in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia,

Southern America and Northern Europe is already affected by diminishing soil quality – which

could only increase as population growth and climate change put increased pressure on arable

land.

In the case of fresh water resources, water scarcity is increasing while its quality linked

to higher salinization and pollution are reducing its quality. Agriculture, which represents 70%

of the water withdrawn from aquifers, streams and lakes is under the threat of such a

degradation of water resources as irrigation typically doubles farm yields. The risk being that

today 40% of the world population lives in water scarce regions while already 11 countries use

40% of their water resources each year and another 8 countries 20% thus increasing the risk of

depletion.

Recommendations

Improving the efficiency of water use by agriculture and reducing soil degradation rates

or even reversing them are thus imperatives. This could be achieved in a set of ways by:

Investing in knowledge and training of all farmers, including smallholder

farmers in order to improve irrigation scheme management.

Expanding the use of innovative farming practices such as conservation

agriculture, agroforestry, integrated crop-livestock systems and integrated

irrigation aquaculture systems which hold the promise of increase

production efficiency with limited a limited impact on ecosystems as

recommended by the FAO report Save and Grow: A New Paradigm for

Agriculture.

Increasing investment in agricultural development – the FAO estimates that

between 2007 and 2050 1 trillion USD will need to be invested in irrigation

and 160 billion in flood control, soil conservation and land protection and

development.

Finally, national policies should be modernized while national

governments should cooperate to preserve their water resources.

These recommendations face, however a set of obstacles:

Artificially low food prices because of agricultural subsidies in developed

countries curb investment in agriculture in developing countries.

Recommended reading:

- The guardian “EU agriculture hurts developing countries”

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-

matters/2011/oct/11/eu-agriculture-hurts-developing-countries

- The guardian “Are agricultural subsidies causing more harm than good?”

https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/agricultural-subsidies-

reform-government-support

- Debating Europe “Are European subsidies hurting the world’s poorest

farmers?” http://www.debatingeurope.eu/2016/01/07/are-european-subsidies-

hurting-the-worlds-poorest-farmers/#.WNVbR3o8ZQ8

Differed perceptions of the massive agricultural investments made in

some countries which some have qualified as land grabs. Are these

agricultural investments stealing scarce resources from local populations

or sharing unused land?

Recommended reading:

- BBC ”Land grab or development opportunity”

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17099348

- Foreign policy "The myth of the African Land grab"

http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/20/the-myth-of-the-african-land-grab/

Differed perceptions of who should be making the financial as well as

more largely material sacrifices to preserve these resources.

Differed perceptions of agricultural sector modernization and smallholder

farming.

Recommended reading:

- The Guardian “Restating the case for modernizing smallholder farming”

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-

network/2013/apr/15/agriculture-technology-smallholder-farmers

- Cambridge University Public Debate: “Smallholder farming and the future of

food” http://www.globalfood.cam.ac.uk/talksandevents/public-

debates/smallholder-farming-and-future-of-food

- Mail & Guardian Africa “is there really a future for Africa’s smallholder

farmers?” http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-01-23-is-there-really-a-future-for-

africas-smallholder-farmers

More generally, vested interests.

As such, countries will be divided on this issue, along the possible following lines:

- Developing and developed countries,

- Countries with and without agricultural subsidies,

- Massive land purchases,

- Government relationship with smallholder farming and intensive agriculture,

Sources

"Food Security in Developing Countries: Is There a Role for the WTO?" Center For Global

Development. May 05, 2015. Accessed March 24, 2017.

https://www.cgdev.org/publication/food-security-developing-countries-there-role-wto.

"1. Introduction." 1. Introduction. Accessed March 24, 2017.

http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4525e/y4525e04.htm.

"6 reasons why people go hungry." Global Citizen. Accessed March 24, 2017.

https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/6-reasons-why-people-go-hungry/.

Elver, Hilal. "Why are there still so many hungry people in the world? | Hilal Elver." The

Guardian. February 19, 2015. Accessed March 24, 2017.

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/feb/19/why-hungry-people-food-

poverty-hunger-economics-mdgs.

Gimenez, Eric Holt. "We Already Grow Enough Food For 10 Billion People -- and Still Can't

End Hunger." The Huffington Post. May 02, 2012. Accessed March 24, 2017.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-holt-gimenez/world-hunger_b_1463429.html.

"Hunger-facts ." Hunger-facts | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations. Accessed March 24, 2017. http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/icn2/toolkit/hunger-

facts/en/.

"Key facts on food loss and waste you should know!" Food and Agriculture Organization of

the United Nations. Accessed March 24, 2017. http://www.fao.org/save-

food/resources/keyfindings/en/.

"Save and Grow." FAO emblem. Accessed March 24, 2017. http://www.fao.org/ag/save-and-

grow/en/index.html.

"Seeking end to loss and waste of food along production chain." Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations. Accessed March 24, 2017. http://www.fao.org/in-

action/seeking-end-to-loss-and-waste-of-food-along-production-chain/en/.

"Stop Africa Land Grab - The Global Movement to Rollback Africa Land Grab." Stop Africa

Land Grab - The Global Movement to Rollback Africa Land Grab. Accessed March 24,

2017. http://www.stopafricalandgrab.com/.

Topic B: Eradicating poverty and promoting prosperity in a changing

world (High level political forum on sustainable development)

737 million people on earth have to live off less than US$ 1,90 per day and are struggling to

fulfil basic human needs like health, access to clean water and elemental education. One in nine

peope in the world are undernourished, 3.1 million children die every year as a result of

malnutrition.

And this percentage is expected to grow: The United Nations estimate that by 2050 around 2

billion 780 million people are ought to be undernourished. But not only are that – even in the

world’s richest countries 30 million children currently growing up poor. These statistics alone

show why the fight against poverty and hunger still is an issue of utmost importance.

In addition to that, new challenges like Climate Change have the potential of further

complicating the process of eradicating poverty as it is already poor people who are affected

the most by the effects of Climate Change. According to the World Bank, it will become harder

to eliminate extreme poverty once the impacts of Climate Change and especially Global

Warming deteriorate which means that there is only a small time frame left to achieve this goal.

But not only Climate Change is a new threat to the prosperity of the world – war and political

or economic crises increase the risk of falling under the poverty line for many people in the

affected areas. Syria is a vivid example of how war affects the economic status of the

population. According to the Syrian Center for Policy Research, 83 percent of Syrian citizen

were poor by national standards in 2014 compared to 12.4 percent in 2007.

The High Level Political Forum and the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable

Development

To find common ground on how to tackle these issues on an international level, the High-Level

Political Forum (HLPF) was established in 2013 as a result of the United Nations Conference

on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro.

In one of its first sessions the High Level Political Forum adopted the Agenda 2030 for

Sustainable Development , recognizing extreme poverty as „the greatest global challenge and

an indispensable requirement for sustainable development“ and pledging to „free the human

race from the tyranny of poverty“.

The HLPF was initiated as a replacement of the Commission on Sustainable Development that

was established in 1992 as an outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development where first steps regarding international cooperation to ensure sustainable

development were made.

Hence, the HLPF is the principle UN body to examine and the proper implementation of the

obligations of partaking states resulting from the Agenda 2030. Additionally, it is a forum

where member states have the opportunity to exchange their experiences regarding measures

to promote sustainable development and to reduce possible barriers for the realization of the

Agenda 2030.

Along with the declaration of shared principles, a call for action and the clarification of

responsibilities of member states on one hand and the HLPF on the other hand, the Agenda

includes 17 Global Goals for Sustainable Development to be reached by 2030.

Each of the annual sessions of the HLPF has a different focus. In resolution 70/299 in 2016 the

General Assembly decided that the 2017 session of the High Level Political Forum will take

place under the overall theme of „Eradicating poverty and promoting prosperity in a changing

world“ while discussing a certain set of goals representing the Three Dimensions of Sustainable

development:

1) “Leave no one behind and provide a life of dignity for all“

2) “Live within our means and achieve greater prosperity in an inclusive manner with

the capacity of the Earth’s life support system“

3) “Leave something behind by increasing natural, social and economic capital to

achieve greater resilience and secure future generations’ livelihoods

In order to recognize these three dimensions, the following goals have been chosen to be in the

spotlight during the HLPF‘s 2017 edition:

Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

This includes not only eradicating extreme poverty (people living off less than US$ 1.25 per

day) but also reducing the number of people living in poverty defined national standards. While

the number of humans living in extreme poverty has been reduced by 35 % percent, over 700

million are still living in inhumane circumstances. Seeing that this improvement rate is mostly

a result of the positive economic development in Asian countries and especially China, the

fight against extreme poverty is yet to be won.

Recommended Reading:

“Why it matters“ http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-

content/uploads/2016/08/1_Why-it-Matters_Poverty_2p.pdf

“Taking on Inequality“ – the Poverty and Shared Prosperity report of the

Word Bank

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/25078/978

1464809583.pdf

“Shifting Wealth – Perspectives on Global Development“ – a summary

published by the OECD http://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/45586701.pdf

Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote

sustainable agriculture

This target recognizes sustainable agriculture that ensures biodiversity and the support of local

small-scale food producers as solutions for ending hunger.

Recommended Reading:

The 2016 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics – published

by the World Hunger Education Service

http://www.worldhunger.org/2015-world-hunger-and-poverty-facts-

and-statistics/#hunger-number

Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

This objective is aimed at ensuring access to medical care and reproductive health-care services

for everyone and emphasizes the need to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality as well as

ending diseases like AIDS or malaria. It includes 13 different targets including some on the

Millennium Development Goal agenda, on noncommunicable diseases and mentioning

environmental issues.

Recommended Reading:

● “World Health Statistics 2016: Monitoring Health for the

Sustainable Development Goals, Chapter 1”

http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/EN

_WHS2016_Chapter1.pdf

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

Goal 5 focuses on ending the still existing discrimination of girls and women along with

violence against women and girls and ensuring access to reproductive health and promoting

women’s participation in leadership. While dealing with these issues the different issues need

to be regarded considering each country’s individual situation and the measures that might have

already been implemented. This is an opportunity for member states to cooperate and learn

from each other.

Recommended Reading:

● https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg5

● Website of UN Women http://www.unwomen.org/en

● Gender Inequality index published by the United Nations Development

Program http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/gender-inequality-index-gii

Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable

industrialization and foster innovation

This goal highlights the importance of the improvement of developing countries‘ economical

situation by emphasizing the need to increase the gross domestic product in those states and

recognising the support of technological advancement and new infrastructure as a way to

achieve it.

Recommended Reading:

● “Why it matters“ http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-

content/uploads/2016/08/9_Why-it-Matters_Goal-9_Industry_1p.pdf

Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for

sustainable development

Goal 14 provides a timeline to reach objectives in relation to the protection of the maritime

ecosystem and sustainable use of marine resources by setting targets concerning overfishing,

the conservation of coastal and marine areas and the increase of economic benefits to small

island developing states that are ought to be reached even before 2030.

Recommended Reading:

● “Oceans – why they matter“

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-

content/uploads/2016/08/14_Why-it-Matters_Goal-14_Life-Below-

Water_3p.pdf

Ideas for Debate and Resolution

Seeing these goals set by the HLPF which draw a broad outline for debating the topic of

„Eradicating Poverty and Ensuring Prosperity in a Changing World“, the discussion during the

conference should not only be limited to each member states making broad declarations

emphasizing the relevance of the issue. Instead, the the specification of the vast frame

provided by the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development is of utmost importance.

Considering how many member states have adopted the Agenda 2030, a consensus on the

importance of the issue is evident. Where opinions might differ is what kind of different

measures should be implemented to reach these goals and how to do that in an efficient and

effective way that respects state sovereignty. That is why the debate on a particular plan of

action during the conference is highly encouraged.

With regards to the goals that the member states are striving to achieve, this plan of action

might include:

● Analysis of the status quo concerning the implementation of the Agenda 2030

and its goals

● Findings regarding the effectiveness of certain measures that result from

research conducted by individual member states and might serve the Agenda if

also applied in other countries

● Specific measures to be taken by the member states in order to achieve the goals

set by the Agenda 2030 such as educational programs for girls and women,

implementation of new environmental protection laws, financial funding for

medical research, initiatives supporting local small-scale agriculture,

● Outlook on the development with and without the efforts of the member states

● Time frame for the different measures to be carried out

Sources

● The 2016 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics – published by the World

Hunger Education Service http://www.worldhunger.org/2015-world-hunger-and-

poverty-facts-and-statistics/#hunger-number

● http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ARES67290_en.pdf (The

organizational aspects of the HLPF)

● http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=E (Agenda

2030 for Sustainable Development)

● http://web.unep.org/ourplanet/march-2015/unep-work/three-dimensions-sustainable-

development (The Three Dimensions of Sustainable Development)

● · http://gfmd.info/en/site/news/958/Measuring-progress-on-peace-and-justice--New-

global-data-site-for-SDG16.htm (Graphic of the goals)

● http://web.unep.org/ourplanet/march-2015/unep-work/three-dimensions-sustainable-

development (Resolution 70/299 of the General Assembly: „Follow-up and review of

the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the global level“)