lZvdØv Alva-Zv (-A)

lZvdØv Alva-Zv (-A)

F®v. iwkp-±o≥

Ckvemw C‚¿\m-j-W¬ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, tIcf

Hadhrath Ahmad(a)(Malayalam)

Author :H. Shamsuddin

Printed at:BRB Offset, Thavakkara, Kannur- 17

Published by :Islam International Publications, Kerala

Copies: 3000

Ist Edition : December 2006

Price: 20/-

]kvXm -h\]kvXm -h\]kvXm -h\]kvXm -h\]kvXm -h\

Alva-Znøm apkvenw Pam-A-Øns‚ ÿm]-I-cmb

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v Ip´n-Iƒ°v

[mc-W-bp-≠m-°m≥ th≠n cNn-°-s∏-´-XmWv Cu ]pkvX-

Iw. hfsc efn-Xhpw kc-f-hp-amb ]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bmWv ChnsS

kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hmKvZØ ako-lns‚ kw -h-_-lp-e-

amb Pohn-XsØ Hcp sN∏n-sem-Xp°n CXn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-

°p-∂p. `mhn-bpsS hmKvZm-\-ß-fmb \ΩpsS Ip´n-Iƒ°v

Adnhpw k¬kz`m-hhpw Hcp-t]mse t\Sm≥ CXv klm-

b-I-am-hs´ F∂-XmWv ]m¿∞-\. Ip´n-Isf Dt±-in-®v c≠m-

asØ ]pkvX-I-amWv ChnsS ]pd-Øn-d-°p-∂-Xv. C\nbpw

\nc-h[n ]pkvX-I-߃ Ah¿°mbn Dt±-in-°p-∂p-≠v.

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) F∂ Cu ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xn-

bXv auehn F®v. iwkp-±o≥ kmln-_m-Wv. Cu ]pkvX-

I-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ ]h¿Øn® F√m-h¿°pw A√m-lp-hns‚

A\p-Klw e`n-°p-am-dm-I-s´. Bao≥.

IÆq¿ kZv¿

15.12.2006

tImgn-t°mSv Pam-A-Ønse Hcp ]ikvX hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂pa¿lqw ]¥-°-e-IØv ]pXn-b-]p-c-bn¬ Ie-¥≥tImbm lmPnkmln-_v. Alva-Znøm apkvenw Pam-A-Ønse XymKo-h-cy-cn¬ ]ap-J-\mWv At±-lw. Alva-Znøm hnizmkw kzoI-cn-°-bm¬ _ln-jvI-c-W-Øn\pw ]¥n-hn-tcm-[-Øn\pw hnt[-b-cm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw a¿±\wG‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvX bphm-°ƒ°v At±-l-samcp AØm-Wn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Alva-Zn-Iƒ°v CXc apkvenw-Iƒ ]f-fn-]-th-i\w \ntj-[n-®-t∏mƒ Xs‚ Krlm-¶-W-Øn¬ Hcp sNdnb sI´nSw \n¿Ωn®v ]m¿∞-\bv°v kuI-cy-sam-cp-°n-s°m-SpØ, tImgn-t°m v Pam-A-Øns‚ ]Y-am-[y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ lmPn kmln-_ns\ BZ-c-thm-sS-b-√msX kvacn-°m-\m-hn-√. tImgn-t°ms´ Zmdp¬ emw ]≈nbpw Pam-A-Øns‚ssZ\w-Zn\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°v th≠ hcp-am-\-ap≈ sI´n-S-ßfpw Pam-A-Øn\v Zm\w sNbvXXv tImgn-t°mSv Pam-A-Øns‚ Zo¿L-Ime ]kn-U‚m-bn-cp∂ Ct±-lhpw BZy-`m-cybpw tN¿∂mWv.

Cu KŸw ]kn≤w sNøm≥ th≠ [\-k-lmbw \¬In-bXvP: Ie-¥≥tImbm kmln-_ns‚ c≠mw`mcy hgn-°p≈ ]uX-\mbP: apl-ΩZv dnbmkv kmln_v ]g-b-ßm-Sn-bm-Wv. Cu k∑-\- n\vA√mlp Cu temIØpw ]c-tem-IØpw At±-lØn\v X°-Xmb]Xn-^ew \¬Is´ F∂ ]m¿∞-\-tbmsS Cu KŸw a¿lqwlmPn-km-ln-_ns‚ ]mh-\-kva-c-W-bv°mbn ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

ka¿∏Wwka¿∏Wwka¿∏Wwka¿∏Wwka¿∏Ww

Ie-¥≥tImbm lmPn kmln-_n\v

IrX -⁄XIrX -⁄XIrX -⁄XIrX -⁄XIrX -⁄X

d_vh-bnse P\m_v Jp¿inZv AlvaZv kmln_v cNn®

"AlvaZo _t®mw tIentb XmcosJ Alva-Zn-øØv' F∂

]pkv-X-I-Øn¬ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s\ Ipdn®v ]Xn-]m-

Zn-°p∂ A≤ym-bsØ Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv Cu sNdp-KŸw

Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)-s\-°p-dn-®v hnc-

Nn-X-amb a‰v NcnX KŸ-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS Bh-iy-

ap≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v.

lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(A)s‚ Cu eLp-N-cnXw

Ip´n-I-sf-°qSn IW-°n-se-SpØv hJvs^\u ]mTy-]-≤-Xn

A\pkcn®v Xøm-dm-°n-bn- p≈-XmWv. CXns‚ cN-\bn¬ ]nb-

kp-lrØv P\m_v auehn apl-ΩZv \Po-_vJm≥ kmln-

_ns‚ t]cW ]tXyIw kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv. CXns‚ kwtim-

[\ \n¿∆-ln-®Xv _lp-am-\y-cmb auehn apl-ΩZv Ckvam-

bo¬ kmln-_v (kZv¿, dnhyq IΩn‰n tIc-f) BWv. Isø-

gpØv ]Xn Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ Fkv. eqJvam≥ AlvaZv

Imh-t»-cn (s/o P\m_v F®v. kpsse-am≥ kmln-_v)bpsS

Bflm¿Yamb kl-I-c-Whpw IrX-⁄-Xm-¿lam-Wv.

Pkmlp-ap-√mlp XBe.

A√mlp Cu sNdp-K-ŸsØ X_veo-Kn\pw X¿_n-ø-

Øn\pw D]-Im-c-]-Z-am-°p-am-dm-I-s´. Bao≥.

Imh-t»cn, F®v. iwkp-±o≥,

10.11.1385 ap_-√nKv kn¬kne2006.

lZvdØv AlvaZv (A)

hmKvZØ alvZo akolv

10

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

Alva-Znøm apkvenw Pam-A-Øns‚ A`n-h-µy-ÿm-]-I¿

lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw Alva-Zv JmZn-bm\n(-A) 1835 s^_p-

hcn 13 sh-≈nbmgvN cmhnse C¥y-bnse ]-©m-_v kwÿm-

\Øv JmZn-bm≥ F∂ ÿe-ØmWv `qPm-X-cm-b-Xv. At±-l-

Øns‚ ]nXm-hns‚ t]cv an¿km Kpemw ap¿Øfm F∂pw, amXm-

hns‚ t]cv Nndm-Kv_o_n F∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]nXm-a-l≥ an¿km

AXzm-ap-l-ΩZpw, ]]n-Xm-a-l≥ an¿km Kp¬ap-l-ΩZpw BWv.

apKƒIp-Spw-_-Ønse _¿emkv F∂ hwi-Øn-emWv B

alm-fl≥ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu hn`m-KsØ Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ t]cmWv

"an¿km'.

Cu IpSpw-_-Ønse an¿km lmZn-t_Kv F∂p t]cp≈ Hcp

alm≥ InkvXzm–w 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ (lnPvd 10-˛mw \q‰m-≠v)

Ah-km-\w, _m_¿ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Ime-Øv, Xs‚ kztZ-i-

amb Jpdm-km-\n¬\n-∂v, GI-tZiw 200 t]tcm-sSm∏w C¥y-bnse

Øn. _nbmkv \Zn-°-Sp-ØmWv Ah¿ Xmh-f-am-°n-b-Xv. ChnsS

Ah¿ Hcp Kma-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn- p. AXns‚ t]cv Ckvemw]q¿

F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. CXv ]n∂oSv "Ckvemw]q¿ Jmkn amPn' F∂v

]kn-≤-am-bn. ]ns∂-∏ns∂ P\-߃ "Jmkn-amPn' (Qazi Majhi)F∂v

]d-bm≥ XpS-ßn. XpS¿∂v amPn C√m-Xm-bn. Jmkn (Qazi) amX-

am-bn. Jmkn (Qazi) ]n∂oSv JmZn-bpw, JmZn JmZn-bm\pw Bbn-am-dn.

hmKvZØ ako-lmb lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv(-A)s‚

IpSpw_w apKƒIm-e-L-´-Øn¬ Ht´sd hnin-„-]-Z-hn-I-fn¬ D]-

hn-jvTcm-bn-cp-∂p. apKƒ kmamPyw £bn-®-t∏mƒ Cu IpSpw_w

JmZn-bm-\pw, GItZiw 60 ssa¬ Np‰p-h-´-Øp≈ ]tZ-iØpw

kzX-¥-ambn `cWw \S-Øn. kn°p-Im-cpsS ImeØv AXpw

lZvdØv Alva-Zv (-A)

11

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

Zp¿∫e-am-bn. Hcp-]mSv ]tZ-i-߃ ssIhn-´p-t]m-hp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. F¥n-\-[n-Iw, GI-tZiw 16 h¿jw Cu IpSpw-_-Øn\v

JmZn-bm-\n¬\n∂v lnPvdØv sNbvXv I]q¿Ø-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-

t°-≠n-h-∂p. ]n∂oSv alm-cmPm cRvPn-Øvknw-Kns‚ Ime-ØmWv

Cu IpSpw_w ho≠pw JmZn-bm-\n¬ FØn-b-Xv. _n´o-jp-Im-

cpsS c-W-Im-eØv Cu IpSpw-_-Øns‚ a‰v kzØp-°fpw I≠p-

sI-´n. F¶nepw JmZn-bm\nepw, AXns‚ Np‰p-h-´-Øp-ap≈ ]tZ-

i-ß-fnepw Ch-cpsS DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

P\-\hpw Ip´n-°m-ehpw

lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv(A) 1835 s^_p-hcn 13-˛\v

kp_vln \a-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ka-b-ØmWv P\n-®-Xv. bp‹-P-\m-

bmWv At±lw P\n-®-Xv. AXm-bXv At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w Hcp

s]¨Ip- nbpw P\n-®n-cp-∂p. B Ip´n-bpsS t]cv P∂Øv _o_n

F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬Øs∂ h^m-Øm-bn.

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)\v 6, 7 hb- v ]m-bamb-t∏mƒ At±-

lsØ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Hcp A≤ym-]-Is\ \n›-bn-®p.

At±-l-Øn¬\n-∂mWv hnip-≤-Jp¿-B\pw A°m-esØ coXn-b-

\p-k-cn®v Nne ^m¿kn KŸ-ßfpw ]Tn-®-Xv. XpS¿∂v a‰p-c≠v

A≤ym-]-I-cn¬\n∂v ^m¿knbpw Ad-_nbpw ]Tn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-

∂p. sshZy-imkvX KŸ-߃ ]Tn-®-Xv, hen-sbmcp nj-Kz-c-\m-

bn-cp∂ kz¥w ]nXm-hn¬\n∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. GsX-¶nepw A≤ym-

]-I-cn¬\n∂v IrXy-ambn Zo\ohnZym-`ym-k-sam∂pw B¿÷n-®n-

cp-∂n-√. kz¥w \nebv°v aX-K-Ÿ-߃ ]mcm-bWw sNbvXn-cp-

∂p. hnip-≤-Jp¿-B≥ ]mcm-bWw sNøm\pw AXn¬ ]cn-Nn-

¥\w sNøm\pw XpS°w apXte At±-l-Øn\v AXoh Xm¬]-

cy-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kz`mhw

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ Ip´n-°mew AXo-h-e-fn-Xhpw ]c-

a-]-cn-ip-≤hpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Hcp D∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-\m-bn-cp-∂n- p-IqSn

At±lw A\m-h-iy- I-fn-I-fntem t\cw-t]m-°p-I-fntem G¿s∏-

´n-cp-∂n-√. ]t£, ]tbm-P-\-]-Zhpw KpW-]-Z-hp-amb Ifn-I-fn¬

12

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

Xo¿®-bmbpw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. sNdp-∏-Øn¬Øs∂ \o¥m≥

]Tn-®p. IpXn-c-k-hm-cn-bnepw \n]p-W-\m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚

k¬kz-`m-h-ßfpw emfn-Xyhpw ]cn-ip-≤nbpw A\ysc lTm-Zm-

I¿jn-®n-cp-∂p.- Hcp henb kq^n-h-cy\pw hen-bp-√-mbp-am-bn-cp∂

auehn Kpemw dkq¬ kmln_v Hcn-°¬ B Ip´n-bpsS inc-

n¬ Xtem-Sn-s°m≠v ]d-™p. ""C°m-e-L- -Øn¬ Bsc-¶nepw

\_n-bm-Ip-sa-¶n¬ Cu Ip´n \p_p-∆-Øn\v tbmKy-\m-Wv.'' (l-

bm-sØ-Xz-øn-_, t]Pv 14)

bphXzw

15- 16 hb v ]mb-am-b-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ hnhmlw amXp-

es‚ ]pXn lp¿aØv _ohn kmln-_-bp-ambn \S-∂p. Cu hnhm-

l-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\v c≠v Ip´n-Iƒ P\n-®p. (1) lZvdØv an¿km

kp¬Øm≥ AlvaZv kmln-_v˛ D∂X k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ß-

fn¬ D]-hn-jvT-\m-bn-cp-∂p. c≠mw Jnem- Øv ImeØv _bv-AØv

sNbvXp. 1931- ¬ h^m-Øm-bn. (2) an¿km kv¬ AlvaZv kmln-

_v lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)s‚ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ h^m-Øm-

bncp∂p.

hnhm-l-Øn-\p-ti-jhpw B alm-fls‚ Pohn-X-Øn-e-[nI

ka-bhpw ssZh-kvtXm-X-Ønepw ssZh-kva-c-W-bn-ep-amWv Ign-

™-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXm-hv, aI\v Hcp `uXn-I-tPmen t\Sn-

sIm-S-°-W-sa∂pw AXn¬ A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-S-W-sa∂pw AXn-bmbn

BK-ln-®n-cp-∂p. ]t£, At±lw AXv C„-s∏-´-tX-bn-√.

F¶nepw ]nXm-hns‚ BK-l-]-Im-chpw At±-lsØ A\p-k-

cn-®p-sIm≠pw qan-kw-_-‘-amb Nne tIkp-Iƒ°v t]mbn-s°m-

≠n-cp-∂p. 1864-˛¬ knbm¬t°m-´n¬ \mep-h¿jw k¿°m¿

tPmenbpw sNbvXp. ]-t£, At±-l-Øn\v B tPmen-tbmSv Hcp

]Xn-]-Ønbpw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. "ChnsS F\n°v Imcm-Kr-l-ambn

tXm∂p∂p' F∂mWv At±lw ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. Hgn-hp-k-a-b-ß-

f-[n-Ihpw hnip-≤-Jp¿-B≥ ]mcm-b-W-Ønepw C_m-Z-ØpIfnepw

InkvXym-\n-I-fp-ambn Ckvem-ans‚ kXy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-

I-fn-ep-amWv At±lw sNe-h-gn-®-Xv.

1867-˛¬ At±-l-w, ]nXm-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw k¿°m¿

13

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

DtZymKw cmPn-sh®v JmZn-bm-\n¬ Xncn-s®-Øn. Cu h¿jw Xs∂-

bmWv amXmhv ac-W-s∏-´-Xpw. amXr-hn-tbm-K-th-Z\ At±lw

At£m-`y-\mbn t\cn-´p.

C¬lmw

1868-˛69-˛¬ Hcmƒ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s\ auehn apl-ΩZv

lpssk≥ _´m-e-hn-bp-ambn N¿® \S-Øm≥ sIm≠p-t]m-bn.

aue-hn Alvse lZokv I£n-°m-c-\mbncp∂p. A°m-eØv Cu

hn`m-K-Øn\v i‡-amb FXn¿∏p-I-fmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. _´m-

ehnbpsS hmZ-ßsf sX‰m-sW∂v ÿm]n®pIm´m-\m-bn-cp-∂p

lZvdØv Alva-Zn(-A)s\ N¿®°v sIm≠p-t]m-bXv. B alm-

fl≥, _´m-ehntbmSv At±-l-Øns‚ hnizm-k-]-am-W-߃ F¥m-

sW∂v tNmZn-®p. Xs‚ hnizm-k-]-am-W-߃, Ckvem-anI hnizm-

k-]-am-W-߃ Xs∂-bm-sW∂v _´m-ehn ]d-™-t∏mƒ B alm-

fl≥ \nd-™ kZ- n-t\mSv ]d-™p: ""Cu ]am-W߃ icn-bm-

bhbmWv, CXn-t\mSv hmZ-]-Xn-hmZw \S-Øm-≥ km[y-a-√.'' At±-

lsØ Iq´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-b-h¿°v \oc-k-ap-≠m-bn. Ah¿ ]d-

™p Xm¶ƒ Rßsf A]-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXp-tI- -t∏mƒ

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) Ah-tcmSv ]d-™p, Rm≥ sNbvX-sX√mw

A√m-lp-hns\ ap≥\n¿Øn-s°m≠v amX-am-Wv. Rm≥ P\-ß-

fpsS ]iw-k-tbtbm ]tIm-]-\-tØtbm Ku\n-°p-∂n-√.

Cu kw`-h-Øn¬ A√mlp kt¥mjw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v

At±-l-Øn\v C]-Imcw C¬lmw Adn-bn-®p. ""A√mlp \ns‚

Cu ]hr-Øn-bn¬ k¥p-„-\m-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ah≥ \n\°v A\p-

K-l-Øn-\p-ta¬ A\p-Klw \¬Ipw. GXp-h-sc-sb-∂m¬ cmPm-

°-∑m¿ \ns‚ hkvX-Øn¬\n∂v A\p-Klw tXSpw.'' (_-dm-

los\ Alva-Zn-øm, `mKw 4, t]Pv-˛520)

1875-˛76-˛¬ ssZhnI \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw 8,9 amk-tØmfw

At±lw XpS¿®-bmbn t\mº-\p-jvTn-®p. £Ww ]c-am-h[n Ipd-

°p-Ibpw Bflo-b-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ i≤m-ep-hm-Ip-Ibpw

sNbvXp. At\Iw Bflo-bm-\p-K-l-߃°v At±lw ]mXo-`q-

X-\m-bn. kz]v\-Ønepw Iiv^n (Pm-K-Xm-Z¿i-\w)-ep-ambn ap≥I-

S∂ \nc-h[n ]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-ambpw hcn-jvTm-flm-°-fp-ambpw IqSn-

14

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

°m-gvNbv°pw Ah-kcw e`n-®p.

]nXm-hns‚ acWw

1876-˛¬ ]nXmhv ac-W-s∏-´p. Fs¥-s¥√mw ]iv\-ß-fmWv

C\n A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n-h-cn-I-sb∂v Nn¥n®v At±lw hymIp-

e-\m-bn. At∏mƒ A√mlp At±-l-Øn\v Cßs\ C¬lmw Adn-

bn-®p. Ae-bvk-√m-lp- _n-Im-^n≥ A_vZ-lq. A√mlp Xs‚

Zmk\v aXn-bm-b-h-\t√? (In-Xm-_p¬ _cnø, ASn-°p-dn-∏v, t]˛159)

Cu C¬lmw At±-l-Øn\v kam-[m-\hpw Biz-mkhpw ]Zm\w

sNbvXp.

]nXm-hns‚ ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw IpSpw-_-kz-Øp-°-fpsS

ssIIm-cy-I¿Ømhv At±-l-Øns‚ tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-c≥ an¿km

Kpemw JmZn¿ kmln-_m-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ kzØvhnlnXw th¿s]-

SpØn lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)\v kzÿ-ambn PohnXw X≈n-\o-

°m-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw At±-l-aXv C„-s∏- n-√. tPyjvT≥ \¬Ip-

∂-Xn¬ Xr]v-X-\mbn Pohn-®p-t]m-∂p. Cu Ime-L´w hfsc _p≤n-

ap-´n-bmWv At±-l-Øn\v Ign-®p-Iq-t´-≠n-h-∂-Xv. sNdnb sNdnb

Pohn-Xm-h-iy-߃ km[-n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-t]mepw hfsc hnj-an-®p.

F¶nepw £a-tbmSpIqSnbpw A√m-lp-hn-t\mSv \µn ImWn-®p-

sIm≠pw Cu L´hpw At±lw XcWw sNbvXp. Xs‚ `£-

W-a-[n-Ihpw km[p-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ hnX-cWw sNøp-Ibpw kzbw

hfsc Ipd-®p-amXw `£n-°p-I-bp-am-bn-cp∂p ]Xn-hv.

_dm-los\ Alva-Znøm

C°m-eØv lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) Ckvem-ans‚ kXyX

ÿm]n®psIm≠v ]X-ß-fn¬ teJ-\-߃ Fgp-Xm≥ XpS-ßn.

Cu teJ-\-߃ Hcp-]mSv N¿®-Iƒ°v tlXp-hm-bn. ImcWw

Ckvem-ans‚ kXy-km-£y-Øn-te°v At±lw ka¿∏n® \nch[n

sXfn-hp-Iƒ°p-ap-ºn¬ iXp-°ƒ ]I-®p-\n¬°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ipd-®p-Im-e-Øn-\p-ti-jw, hnip-≤-Jp¿-B-t‚bpw lZvdØv

\_n(-k) Xncp-ta-\n-bp-tSbpw kXy-km-£y-Øn-\p≈ A\n-tj[y

sXfn-hp-Iƒ \nc-Øn-s°m≠v Hcp KŸ-]-c-ºc Fgp-Xm-\m-cw-`n-

®p. "_dm-los\ Alva-Znøm' F∂ t]cn¬ ]kn-≤-amb Cu

15

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

KŸ-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ agp-h≥ t]cv "A√m-lp-hns‚ KŸ-amb

Jp¿-B-t‚bpw apl-ΩZo \p_p-∆-Øn-t‚bpw kXy-Øn-te-°p≈

Alva-Znøm ]am-W-߃' F∂m-Wv.

Cu KŸ-Øns‚ BZy- mKw 1880- epw c≠mw- mKw 1881- epw

aq∂mw- mKw 1882- epw \memw `mKw 1884- epw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn.

Cu KŸ-c-N\ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s\ cmPy-sam- p°pw ]kn-

≤-\m-°n. iXp-°fpw anX-ßfpw Hcp-t]mse A±l-Øns‚ Ign-

hp-Isf AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. apkvenw-Iƒ AXy-

[nIw kt¥m-jn-®p. ]kn≤ apkvenw]fin-X≥ auehn apl-ΩZv

lpssk≥ _´m-e-hn˛ Ct±lw ]n∂oSv lZvdØv Alva-Zv (A)s‚

_≤-ssh-cn-bmbn amdn˛ Cu KŸ-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-™Xv Cß-

s\-bm-Wv. ""\ΩpsS A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ C°m-e-L-´-Øn¬ \ne-hn-

ep≈ ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Cu KŸØn\v

XØp-ey-amb H∂v Ckvem-an¬ Ct∂-hsc cNn-°-s∏-´n-´n-√. (C-

im-AØp- p-∂x)

Ckvem-ans‚ iXp-°-fnepw Cu KŸ-c-N\ ]`mhw sNep-

Øn. Cu KŸ-Øn\v adp-]Sn Fgp-Xp-∂-h¿°v kΩm-\-ØpI

hmKvZm\w sNøp-Ibpw Ckvem-ans‚ \nd-∂-km-£y-ßsf Jfin-

°m≥ Aap-kvenw-Isf sh√p-hn-fn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]t£, Hscm‰

iXp-hn\pw cwK-Øp-h-cm≥ ss[cy-ap-≠m-bn-√. F¶nepw lZvdØv

Alva-Zv(-A)\v FXn-cn¬ Ah-cpsS iXpX \mƒ°p-\mƒ h¿≤n-

®p. hnhn-[-X-c-Øn¬ At±-lsØ D]-Z-hn-°m≥ Ah¿ D]m-b-

߃ sa\-™p. ]t£, Ah-cpsS F√m ]≤-Xn-Ifpw Atº

]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

X]m¬tIkv

1877-˛¬ den-bdmw F∂p-t]-cp≈ Hcp InkvXy≥ h°o¬

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)\v FXn-cn¬ Hcp tIkv ^b¬ sNbvXp.

Cu tIkv Pam-A-Øns‚ Ncn-X-Øn¬ "apJ-±na Um°v Lm\m'

(X-]m¬ tIkv) F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) lnµp-°-fnse Bcy-k-amP hn`m-K-Øn-

s∂-Xn-cn¬ Ckvem-ans‚ kXy-km-£y-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v

16

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

Hcp teJ-\-sa-gp-Xn Aar-Xvk-dnse Hcp ] n-te°v Ih-dn-em°n

Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. AtXm-sSm∏w Hcp IØpw h®n-cp-∂p. A°m-

esØ X]m¬ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®v CØcw Ih-dp-I-fn¬ IØ-b-

°p-∂Xv Ip‰-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp∂ in£ 500

cq] ]ngtbm 6 amkw XSthm Bbn-cp-∂p. ] ns‚ DS-a-ÿ-\m-

bn-cp∂ den-bdmw Ckvem-ans‚ iXpX ImcWw X]m¬ A[n-

Ir-Xsc hnh-c-a-dn-bn-®p. AXns‚ e-ambn lZvdØvAlvaZv(-A)-

s\-Xn-cn¬ tIkv cPn-ÿ sNø-s∏´p. Cu Znh-k-ß-fn¬ At±lw,

den-bdmw Hcp ]mºns\ Xs∂ sImØm≥ hnSp-∂-Xmbpw ]t£

Xm≥ c£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbpw Hcp- kz-]v\-Øn¬ I≠n-cp-∂p.

tIkv tImS-Xn-bn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ tIkn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sm≥

A`n-`m-j-I¿ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(A)s\ D]-tZ-in-®Xv Xm\-ß-s\-sbmcp IØv ]kvXpX Ih-dn¬ sh®n-´n-s√∂pw den-bmdmw

Xt∂m-Sp≈ iXpX \nanØw Xm\-ßs\ sNbvXp-sh∂v ]d-bp-

I-bm-sW∂pw tImS-Xn-bn¬ samgn \¬Inbm¬ aXn-sb-∂m-Wv.

]t£ B kXym-flmhv AXn\p sImSpØ adp-]Sn Xm≥

]kvXpX Ih-dn¬ IØp-sh-®n-cns° in£-bn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n AXv \ntj-[n-°m≥ km[y-as√∂pw I≈w

]dbm≥ Ign-bn-s√-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p. lZvdØv Alva-Zv(A)s‚ adp-

]Sn tI -t∏mƒ F¶n¬ ]ns∂ c£-s∏-Sm≥ hgn-I-sfm∂pw ImWp-

∂n-s√-∂m-bn-cp∂p A`n- m-j-I¿ ]d-™-Xv. At±lw ]d™p,

\ap°v ImØn-cp∂v ImWmw. GXm-bmepw Rm≥ I≈w ]d-bm≥Xøm-d-√.

Ih-dn¬ Xm¶-fmtWm IØv h®-sX∂v tImSXn tNmZn-®-

t∏mƒ At±lw ]d-™p. AsX, Rm≥ Xs∂-bmWv sh®-Xv.]t£, AXv X]m¬ \nb-a-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-sW∂v F\n-°-dn-bn-√m-bn-

cp-∂p. lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) sX‰v kΩ-Xn-®-t∏mƒ iXp-°ƒ

BÀm-Z-`-cn-X-cm-Ip-Ibpw in£m hn[n tIƒ°m≥ Ah¿ ImXp-

Iq¿∏n-°p-I-bpambn-cp-∂p. BIm-iØv hn[n-°-s∏-´-X-√msX

as‰m∂pw `qan-bn¬ \S-°n-s√∂v Ah¿ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂n-√.ssZhn-I-]n-¥pW B kXym-flm-hn-t\m-sSm-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

\ymbm-[n-]≥ lZvdØvAlva-Zv(A)s‚ kXy-k-‘-X-bnepw \∑-

bnepw hf-sc-b-[nIw ]`m-hn-X\mbn At±lsØ -\n-cp-]m-[nIw

17

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

BZ-c-]q¿∆w shdp-sX-hn-´p.

tPyjvTs‚ acWw

1881-˛¬ At±-l-Øns‚ tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-c≥ an¿km Kpemw

JmZn¿ kmln_v h^m-Øm-bn. At±-l-Øn\v a°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-

√. AXpsIm-≠p-Xs∂ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) Bbn-cp∂p

kzØns‚ Ah-Im-in. ]t£, B alm-flmhv tPyjvTs‚ hn[-h-bpsS kt¥m-jsØ ap≥\n¿Øn kzØp-°ƒ ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-√. Cu kzØp-°ƒ Hcp \o≠-Imew a‰p IpSpw-_-°m-

cpsS A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

c≠mw hnhmlw

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(A)s‚ c≠mw hnhmlw 1884-˛¬ ssZhn-I-

\n¿t±-i-]-Im-chpw C¬lm-ans‚ ASnÿm\-Ønepw U¬ln-

bnse kp]kn≤-amb Hcp kønZv IpSpw-_-Ønse ]cnip≤hXn-

bmb alnfmc-Xv\w, lZvdØvkønZ \pkvdØv Plmw-_oKw kmln-

_-bp-ambn \S-∂p. Hcp C¬lmans‚ \nd-]p-e¿®-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p

AXv. B C¬lmw C-]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. ""\ns‚ as‰mcp hnhmlw

\SØ-W-sa∂v Rm≥ BK-ln-°p-∂p. Cu F√m Imcy-ßfpw

Rm≥Xs∂ Hcp-°p-∂-Xm-W-v.'' (l-bmsØ Xzøn-_, t]Pv-˛73).

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ izip-cs‚ t]cv lZvdØv ao¿ \mkn¿

\hm_v kmln_v F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw hfsc ]cn-ip-≤-\mb

Hcp alm-flm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. 1884-˛¬ \hw-_¿ 17-˛\v U¬ln-bnse

kp]-kn≤ ]fin-X-\mb kønZv \Zo¿ lpssk≥ kmln_v apl-

±nkv Zlve-hn, lZvdØv Alva-Zv(A)s‚ \n°mlv JpXzv_ \n¿∆-

ln-®p. Cu hnhmlw ssZhnI hmKvZm-\-]-Imcw A\p-K-l-]q¿Æ-

am-bn-cp-∂p. CXn¬ Ht´sd kphm¿Ø-I-fm¬ A\p-Kr-lo-X-cmb

]cn-ip≤k¥m-\-߃ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)\v e`n-®p. ]kvXpX

kphm¿Ø-I-fpsS ]q¿Øo-I-cWw C∂pw temIw I≠p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

kphm¿Ø \¬I-s∏´ k¥m-\-߃

Cu hnhm-l-Øn¬ lZvdØvAlva-Zv(-A)\v 10 k¥m-\-߃

e`n-®p. Ah-cn¬ A©p-t]¿ sNdp-]m-b-Øn¬Øs∂ h^m-Øm-bn.

18

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

1. kmln_v kmZn CkvaØv (1886 sabv- 1891 Pqem-bv)

2. _io¿ A∆¬ (7.8.1887˛ 4.11.1888)

3. l. an¿km _io-dp-±o≥ alvaqZv AlvaZv(12.1.1889- 8.11.1965)

4. kmln_v kmZn iu°Øv (1891- 1892)

5. l. an¿km _io¿ Alva-Zv (20.4.1893- 2.9.1963)

6. l. an¿km ico^v AlvaZv (24.5.1895˛26.12.1961)

7. l. \hm_v ap_m-d-°-t_Kw (6.3.1897- 23.5.1977)

8. l. an¿km ap_m-dIv AlvaZv (14.6.1899- 16.9.1907)

9. kmln_v kmZn Aa-Øp-∂-ko¿ (28.1.1903- 3.12.1903)

10. l. Aa-Øp¬ l^okv t_Kw (25.6.1904- 1987)

apP-±nZv

1885˛s‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) Hcp hn⁄m-]\w Cd-°n. AXn¬ At±lw Ckvem-anI iXp-°sf, Ckvem-

ans‚ ]pXnb ]pXnb Zr„m-¥-߃ ImWm≥ BK-ln-°p-∂p-

sh-¶n¬ Xs‚ ASp-Øp-h∂v B BIm-iob Zr„m-¥-߃

ImWm≥ £Wn-®n-cp-∂p. IqSmsX A√m-lp- Xs∂ Ckvem-an-

s‚bpw dkq-ep-√mlv(k)s‚bpw kXyX shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-

\p-th≠n C°m-e-L-´-Øn¬ apP-±nZpw ssZh-\n-tbm-Kn-X-\p-ambn

\n›-bn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw hnfw-_-c-s∏-Sp-Ønbncp∂p. Cu

t\m´okv 20,000 tIm∏n-I-fmWv A®-Sn-®-Xv.

_bv-AØv hnfw-_cw

1888 Unkw-_¿ 1˛\v ssZhnI \n¿t±-i-]-Imcw At±lw Hcp

hnfw-_cw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. kXy-k-‘-amb hnizm-khpw icn-

bmb ]cn-ip-≤nbpw B¿÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Xm\p-ambn _bv-

AØv sNøm\pw Aßs\ ssZhnIm\p-K-l-߃°v ]mXo-`q-

X-cm-Im\pw At±lw P\-ßsf £Wn-®p. 1889 P\p-hcn 12-˛\v

as‰mcp hn⁄m-]-\-Øn-eqsS _bv-A-Øns‚ 10 \n_-‘-\-Ifpw

hnfw-_-c-s∏-Sp-Øn. AXns‚ kw£n]vXw CXmWv:

X\n°v _bv-AØv sNøm-\m-K-ln-°p-∂-h¿ A√m-lp-hn-

t‚bpw dkq¬(-k)-t‚bpw B⁄-I-f-\p-k-cn-°p∂XmWv.

in¿°v, If-hv, AI-aw, Ipg-∏w, Al-¶m-cw, anYym-`n-am-\w XpS-

ßnb kI-e-Xn-∑-I-fn¬\n∂pw hn´p-\n¬°p∂Xm-Wv. IrXy-ambn

\a-kvIm-c-߃ A\p-jvTn-°p∂XmWv. A√m-lp-hn-\p-th≠n

19

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

kIe ]bm-k-ßfpw kln-°p∂XmWv. F√m-h-tcmSpw \√-co-

Xn-bn¬ h¿Øn-°p∂XmWv. Zo\o-tk-h-\-ßsf G‰hpw ]nb-

s∏´Xmbn KWn-°p∂XmWv. kI-e-P-\-ß-tfmSpw A\p-I-ºm-

]q¿∆w h¿Øn-°p∂XmWv. a‰m-tcmSpw ImWn-°mØ kvt\l-

_‘w lZvdØv Alva-Zp(-A)-ambn ]pe¿Øp∂Xpw ac-Ww-h-

scbpw ]-kvXpX 10 \n_-‘-\-I-fnepw Dd-®p-\n¬°p∂XpamWv.

Alva-Znøm apkvenw Pam-AØv

1889 am¿®v 23- \v ep[n-bm-\-bnse a¿lqw kq^n Alva-ZvPm≥

kmln-_ns‚ h-\-Øn¬sh®v lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) 40 t]cn¬

\n∂v BZy-ambn _bv-AØv kzoI-cn-®p. Aßs\ Alva-Znøm

apkvenw Pam-A-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-bn-´p. G‰-hp-amZyw _bv-AØv

sNøm≥ `mKyw e`n-®Xv lZvdØv auem\m lIow \qdp-±o≥

kmln-_v(-d)\mbn-cp-∂p. kvXoI-fn¬\n∂v BZy-ambn _bv-AØv

sNbvXXv lZvdØv kpKvd-t_Kw kmln-_(-d) Bbn-cp-∂p. Ch¿

lZvdØv auem\m lIow \qdp±o≥ kmln-_ns‚ kl-[¿Ωn-Wn-

bpw, kq^n Alva-ZvPm≥ kmln-_n-t‚bpw aI-fp-am-Wv. A∂v

_bv-AØv sNbvX a‰p Nne-¿ Ch-cmWv.

lZvdØv auehn A–p-√mlv kmln_v sk∂u-cn(-d),

lZvdØv Nu±cn dpkvXw Aen kmln-_v(-d), lZvdØv ap≥in

Atcm-tU-Jm≥ kmln-_v(d), lZvdØv ap≥in k^¿ AlvaZv

kmln-_v(-d), lZvdØv ap≥in l_o-_p¿d-lvam≥ kmln-_v(-d),

lZvdØv JmZn knbm-D-±o≥ kmln-_v(-d), lZvdØv ao¿ C\m-bØv

Aen kmln-_v(-d).

1901 ¬ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) Xs‚ Pam-A-Øn-\v apkvenw

^n¿Jx AlvaZnøm (Alva-Znøm apkvenw Pam-AØv) F∂ t]cv

\¬In.

apkvenlv auDuZv

1886- s‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ ssZth—b-\p-k-cn®v lZvdØv Alva-

Zv(-A) tlmin-bm¿]q-cn-te°v t]mbn. AhnsS Hcp ho´n¬ 40

Znh-k-tØmfw ]m¿∞-\m-\n-c-X-\mbn Ign-®p-Iq-´n. CXv "Nn√m-

Iin' (X-t]m-b-⁄-w) F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ckvem-ans‚

]ptcm-K-Xn°pw ]N-mc-W-Øn\pw th≠n B alm-fl≥ ]tXyI

20

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

ZpB-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn. Cu ZpB-I-fp-tSbpw C_m-Z-Øp-I-

fp-tSbpw ^e-ambn A√mlp Hcp hmKvZØ ]pX-s\-°p-dn®v

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(A)\v kphm¿Ø \¬In. CXv "t]ivtKm-bn-ap-

kvenlv auDuZv' (ap-kvenlv auDu-Zn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]h-N\w)

F∂ t]cn¬ ]kn-≤-am-Wv. Cu kphm¿Ø-bn¬ lZvdØv Alva-

Zv(-A)\v 9 h¿j-߃°Iw Hcp ]pX≥ P\n-°p-sa∂pw B kp]p-

X≥ aptJ\ Ckvem-an\pw Alva-Zn-ø-Øn\pw A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-

W-amwhn[w ]ptcm-KXn e`y-am-Ip-sa∂pw hmKvZ-Ø-]p-X≥ temI-

Øns‚ tImWp-I-tfmfw ]kn-≤n-bm¿÷n-°p-sa∂pw A√mlp

Adn-bn®n-cp-∂p. ]h-N-\-Ønse Nne mK-߃ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

""\o tNmZn-®-Xn≥]-Imcw Rm≥ \n\°v Imcp-Wy-Øns‚

Hc-S-bmfw \¬Ip-∂p. A¤p-X-i-‡n-bp-tSbpw HuZm-cy-Øn-t‚bpw

kmao-]y-Øn-t‚bpw AS-bmfw \n\°v \¬Ip-∂p. hc-]-km-Z-

Øn-t‚bpw HuZm-cy-Øn-t‚bpw AS-bmfw \n\°v \¬I-s∏-Sp-

∂p. hnP-b-ß-fpsS Ip©nI \n\°v e`y-am-Ip-I-bm-Wv. Ah-t\m-

sSm∏w A\p-K-l-ap-≠v. AXv Ahs‚ hc-thm-Sp-IqSn hcp-∂-Xm-

Wv. Ah≥ ]Xm-]hpw ]`m-hhpw sFiz-cy-hp-ap-≈-h-\m-bn-cn-

°pw. Ah≥ temI-Øp-h∂v Xs‚ ako-lo-Kp-W-hpw dqlp¬

lJns‚ (k-Xy-Øns‚ Bflm-hv) A\p-K-lhpw aptJ\ At\-

I-cpsS tcmKsØ kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øpw. Ah≥ Ien-a-Xp-√mlv (A-

√m-lp-hns‚ hN-\w) BIp-∂p. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ A√m-lp-

hns‚ A\-pK-lhpw A`n-am-\hpw Ahs\ al-Xz-Øns‚ hN-\-

Øm¬ Ab-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah≥ henb _p≤n-im-enbpw Imcy-

⁄-\p-am-bn-cn-°pw; lrZ-bm-fl\m kln-jvWp-X-bp-≈-h\pw.

Ah≥ Bflo-bhpw `uXn-I-hp-amb hnZy-I-fm¬ \nd-°-s∏-Spw.

]Imiw hcp-∂p. ssZhw Ahs\ Xs‚ A`o-„-Øns‚ ]cn-a-

fw-sIm≠v ]cn-en-]vX-\m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \mw Ah-\n¬ \ΩpsS

Bflmhv CSp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ahs‚ Xe-bv°p-aosX ssZh-Øns‚

\ng-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Ah≥ thKw thKw hf-cp-Ibpw _‘-\-

ÿ-cpsS tamN-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøpw. `qan-bpsS

tImWp-I-tfmfw Io¿Øn-]m-]n-°pw. PmXn-Iƒ Ah-\n¬\n∂v

A\p-Klw tXSpw....'' (hn-fw-_cw 1886, s^_p-hcn 20)

Cu ssZhnI kphm¿Ø-b-\p-k-cn®v 9 h¿j-߃°Iw

21

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

Xs∂ B hmKvZ-Ø-kp]p-X≥ lZvdØv an¿km _io-dp-±o≥

alvaqZv AlvaZv kmln_v qPm-X-\m-bn. lZvdØv akolv auDu-

Zv(-A), "kndmsP ap\o¿' F∂ Xs‚ KŸ-Øn¬ hmKvZØ kp]p-

X≥ P\n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn hnfw-_cw sNbvXn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

apkvenlv auDuZv F∂ t]cn¬ hniz-hn-Jym-X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ Cu

kp]p-X-\mWv Alva-Znøm apkvenw Pam-A-Øns‚ c≠mw Jeo-

^-bmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv. 52 h¿j-°mew \o≠ ]kvXpX

Jnem-^Øv lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)\v hmKvZØ]pXs\ Ipdn®v

e`n® 52 kpe-£-W-ß-fp-sSbpw 7 Dt±-iy-ß-fp-sSbpw \nd-]p-

e¿®-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

akolv auDuZv (hm-KvZØ ako-lv)

1890- s‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ A√m-lp, lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)\v

Cukm-\-_n(-A) a‰v ]hm-N-I-∑m-sc-t∏mse ac-W-a-S-™-Xmbn

Adn-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cukm-\-_n(-A) C∂pw ÿqe-

i-co-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂ hnizmkw hnip-≤-Jp¿-

B\pw Xncp-\-_n-h-N-\-߃°pw _p≤n°pw \nc-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv.

1891-˛s‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ Cukm-\-_n(-A) acn-®p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p-

sh∂pw At±lw C\n Xncn-®p-h-cn-I-bn-s√∂pw \_n(-k) Xncp-

ta-\n ]h-N\w sNbvX hmKvZØ akolpw alvZnbpambn A√m-

lp, -Xs∂ \n-tbm-Kn®ncn°p-∂p-sh∂pw Cu temIØn-s‚ ]cn-

jvI-c-W-Øn\pw Ckvem-ans‚ icn-bmb A≤-ym-]-\-ßsf \ne-

\m-´p-∂-Xn\pw ]N-cn∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n ako-ln-Kp-W-tØm-

Sp-IqSn A√mlp Xs∂ Ab-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw B alm-fl≥

]Jym-]n-®p.

Cu hnfw-_-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn Hcp `mKØv k¬]-Ir-Xcpw

kXvhrØ-cp-amb Bfp-Iƒ At±-l-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°m≥ Xøm-

dm-bt∏mƒ adp-`m-KØv FXn¿∏ns‚ XoIm‰v B™p-ho-im\pw

XpS-ßn. anX-߃ iXp-°-fmbn amdn. apkvenw-]-finX ]cn-j-

Iƒ Ip v¿ Xvh-Iƒ Cd-°n. InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS mK-Øp-\n∂v

D≠mb FXn¿∏pw XojvW-am-bn-cp-∂p. Imc-Ww, Cukm-\_n

acn-®p-sh∂ ]Jym-]\w Xntb-I-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-sb-Xs∂

]nSn-®p-e-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-∂p.

22

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

kwhm-Z-߃

iXp-]-£sØ aue-hn-am-cp-ambpw InkvXy≥ ]mXn-cn-am-cp-ambpw \nc-h[n kwhm-Z-߃ Ac-tß-dn. 1891-˛¬ auehn apl-ΩZv lpssk≥ _´m-ehn, auehn kønZv \Zo¿ lpssk≥ Zlve-

hn, auehn apl-ΩZv _io¿ t`m]m-ehn F∂n-h-cp-ambpw 1892- ¬auehn A–p¬ l°ow Iem-\q-cn-bp-ambpw kwhm-Z-߃ \S-

∂p. 1893-˛¬ ]kn≤ InkvXy≥ ]mXncn A–p-√mlv BYn-ap-

ambn \S∂ kwhm-Zhpw lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ kXy-km-£y-

Øn-\p≈ hen-sbmcp Zr„m-¥-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwhm-Z-ß-fpsS

^e-ambn hf-sc-tbsd kXym-t\z-jn-Iƒ°v lZvdØv Alva-

Zv(A)\v _bv-AØv sNøm≥ Ah-kcw e`n-®p.

P¬km kmem\

1891˛¬ lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A) P¬km kmem\

(hm¿jn-I-k-tΩ-f-\w)°v ASn-Ø-d-bn-´p. 1891 Unkw-_¿ amkw

tN¿∂ BZysØ P¬km kmem-\-bn¬ 75 t]cmWv ]s¶-Sp-Ø-

Xv. Cu P¬k JmZn-bm-\nse akvPnZv AJvk-bn-emWv kwL-Sn-

∏n-®-Xv. 1892- se P¬k-bn¬ 327 t]¿ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. GXm\pw Nne

h¿j-ß-sfm-gnsI F√m h¿jhpw P¬k kmem\ kwL-Sn-∏n-

®p-h-cp-∂p. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-߃ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ P¬k-Iƒ JmZn-bm-

s\-t]m-se-Xs∂ hnhn[ cm„-ß-fnepw F√m h¿jhpw DΩsØ

hmln-Z-bpsS A\p-]-a-Zriyw ]I-S-am-°n-s°m≠v Ac-tß-dp-∂p.

]mXncn A–p-√mlv BYn-an-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]h-N\w

1893-˛¬ Aar-Xvk-dn¬sh®v sabv 22 apX¬ Pq¨ 5hsc

]kn≤ InkvXy≥ ]mXncn A–p-√mlv BYn-ap-ambn enJn-X-cq-

t]W t\¿°p-t\¿ kwhmZw \S-∂p. Cu kwhmZw ]n∂oSv

"PwsK apJ-±kv' F∂ t]cn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. hnP-bIc-

amb Cu kwhm-Z-Øn-\n-S-bn¬Xs∂ ]e-¿°pw _bv-AØv

sNbvXv Alva-Zn-bm-Im-\p≈ ku`mKyw e`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

kwhm-Z-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ck-I-c-am-sbmcp kw`-h-ap-≠m-bn.

InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Hcp A‘-t\bpw apS-¥-t\bpw Dua-tbbpw

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)\v ap∂n¬ \ndp-Øn-s°m≠v, Rß-fpsS

Cukma-ko-lv A‘-t\bpw Dua-tbbpw apS-¥-t\bpw kpJ-

23

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂psh∂pw hmKvZØw sNø-s∏´ ako-lm-sW∂

Xm¶-fpsS hmZw kXy-am-sW-¶n¬ Chsc kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øn°mWn-

°p-I F∂v ]d-™p.

InkvXym-\n-Iƒ aXn-a-d∂v BÀm-Zn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. an¿kmkmln_v e÷n-X-\m-Im≥ t]mIp-∂p-sh∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn.F∂m¬, InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS \n¿t±iw kpkvta-c-h-Z-\-\mbn

ihn® lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) ]d-™p. "Cukm-a-kolv A‘-t\bpw Dua-tbbpw kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbn \nß-fpsS C©oen-emWv D≈-Xv. Rß-fpsS Jp¿-B≥ Hcn-°epw AXp ]d-™n-´n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Rß-fn-°m-cy-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fp-a-√.

C©o-en¬ as‰m-∂p-IqSn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. AXm-b-Xv, tbip injy-

∑m-tcmSv ]d-™-Xv, \n߃°v ISp-Ip-a-Wn-tbmfw hnizm-k-aps≠-

¶n¬ AXy-¤p-XIr-Xy-߃ sNøm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pw ae-sb-t∏mepw

\o°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂p-am-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Cu tcmKn-Isf

\n߃°p-ap-ºn¬Xs∂ ka¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v F\n°v ]d-bm-\p-≈Xv

ISp-Ip-a-Wn-tbmfw hnizm-k-sa-¶nepw \nßfn-ep-s≠-¶n¬ Chsc

kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v \nß-fpsS hnizmkw sXfn-bn-°p-I.'

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ Cu A]-Xo-£n-X-amb adp-]Sn iXp-

]-£-sØ-bm-I-am\w \ncp-≤-I-WvT-cm-°n. lZvdØv Alva-Zn(-A)s\

P\-߃°p ap∂n¬ \mWwsISpØm≥- sa\™ D]mbw

Ah¿°p-Xs∂ hn\-bm-bn-am-dn.

Cu kwhm-Z-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ lZvdØv akolv auDu-

Zv(-A) Hcp ]h-N\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXm-b-Xv, kwhm-Z-

Øn¬ a\x-]q¿∆w Ak-XysØ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw kXy-ssZ-hsØ ssIsbm-gn™v Hcp Zp¿_-e-a-\p-jys\ ssZh-am-°n-h-

bv°p-Ibpw \_n(k)s\ A[n-t£-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ BYnw15 amk-Øn-\Iw "lmhnbm'bn¬ (A-·n-Ip-WvTw) AI-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xm-Wv. kXy-Øn-te°v Xncn-bm-Ø-]£w ssZhw Abmsf AXn-

\n-µy-X-bn-em-gvØp-Ibpw sNøpw.

\_n(-k) Xncp-ta-\n (\Du-Zp-_n-√mlv) Z÷m-emsW∂v BYnw

Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. lZvdØ vakolv auDu-Zv(-A)s‚ ]h-

N\w tI´-t∏mƒ A–p-√mlv BYnw `b∂p. Cu \n›nX 15

amkhpw BYnw ISpØ \n»-–X ]men-®p. Ckvem-an-s\-Xn-cn-

24

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

ep≈ Btcm-]-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Bt£-]-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]n∑m-

dn. A√, ]h-N\w tI´v Abm-fpsS ssIIƒ hnd-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

apJw Icp-hm-fn-®p. as‰m-cp-hn-[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ BYn-an¬ am\-

km-¥-c-ap-≠m-bn. X¬^-e-ambn ]h-N-\-Øn¬ ]dbs∏´ 15

amkhpw BYnw Pohn-®n-cp-∂p. adp-`m-KØv ]h-N\w s]mfn-

s™∂v ]d™v iXp-°ƒ -tIm-em-le߃ \S-Øn. Ign™ 15

amk-Øn\p≈n¬ X\n°v am\-km-¥cw D≠m-bn- n-s√∂pw Ckvem-

ans‚ aln-am-]-`mhw Xs∂ `b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-s√∂pw kXyw

sNøm≥ BYn-an-t\mSv lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) Bh-iy-s∏-´p.

Aßs\ kXyw sNbvX-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw BYnw Pohn-®n-cn-°p-

∂]£w 1000 cq] C\m-ambn \¬Im-sa∂pw At±lw ]d™p.

kΩm-\-ØpI \mem-bncw hsc-bm-bn Db¿Øn-sb-¶nepw BYnw

apt∂m-´p-h-cm≥ ss[cy-s∏-´n-√. adn-®v, kXysØ ad-®p-]n-Sn-®p-

sIm≠v P\-ßsf h©n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1894-˛¬ HtŒm-_¿ 27-

˛\v Cd-°nb hn⁄m-]-\-Øn¬ P\-ßsf h©n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p∂ BYnw ssZhn-I-in-£-bpsS Icm-f-l-kvX-Øn¬ AI-s∏-

Sp-I-Xs∂ sNøp-sa∂v At±lw ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu

hnfw-_-c-Øn-\p-tijw BYnw XnI®pw \n»-–-\m-bn. ]h-N-\-]-

Imcw 1896 Pqsse 27-˛\v BYnw Cu temI-Øp-\n∂v \njvIm-

k\w sNø-s∏-´p. Aßs\ Ckvem-an\v D÷z-e-amb Hcp hnP-

bw-IqSn e`y-am-bn.

Ad-_n-bn¬ s]mcp-Xm≥ £Ww

1893-˛¬ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) Ad-_n-`m-j-bn¬ ]_-‘-c-N-

\bv°v A\-lvaZn ]finX∑msc sh√p-hn-fn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. B

alm-fl≥ ]d-™p. A√mlp F\n°v Ad-_n-`m-j-bn¬ AXo-h-

]m-K¤yw X∂-\p-K-ln-®ncn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ C°m-

cy-Øn¬ Hcmƒ°pw-Xs∂ Fs∂ F-Xn-cn-Sm≥ km[y-a-√.

At±lw IqsS-°qsS ]fin-X-∑msc sh√p-hn-fn-s®-¶nepw apt∂m-

´p-h-cm≥ Bcpw ss[cy-s∏-´n-√.

kqcy-Nµ KlWw

\_n-Xn-cp-ta-\n(-k) Camw alvZnsb°p-dn®v sNbvX Hcp ]h-

N\w Zmdp-Jp-Xv\n-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-´p-In-S-°p-∂p. lZvdØv Camw

_mJn¿(-d-lv) BWv \nth-Z-I≥. lZokv C]-Im-c-amWv. \ΩpsS

25

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

alvZn°v c≠-S-bm-f-ß-fp-≠v. BIm-i-`q-an-Iƒ kr„n-°-s∏-´-Xp

apX¬ CØcw AS-bm-f-߃ shfn-s∏- n- n√. da-Zm≥ amk-Øn¬

Nµ\v AXns‚ \n›n-X-Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬ BZy Znh-khpw kqcy\v

AXns‚ Kl-W-Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬ a[y-Zn-h-khpw KlWw kw -hn-°pw.

Cu AS-bmfw 1894- ¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. lpkq¿(-A) alvZn-bm-

sW-∂p≈ hmZw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Ime-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]h-N-\-

]-Imcw lnPvd h¿jw 1311 da-Zm≥ 13 (1894 am¿®v 21)\v Nµ-K-l-

Whpw AtX da-Zm-\n¬ 28-˛mw XnøXn (G-]n¬ 6) kqcy-K-l-Whpw D≠m-bn. hnip-≤-Jp¿-B-\nse kqdx Jnbm-a-bnse kqN-

I-ßfpw C©o-ense ]h-N-\-ßfpw Cu Kl-W-ß-tfmsS

]pe¿∂p. CXv lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)s‚ kXy-km-£y-

Øn-\p≈ D÷z-e-amb Zr„m-¥ambn-cp∂p.

Ad-_n-˛`mjIfpsS P\\n

1895-˛¬ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(A) A√m-lp-hn¬\n∂v e`y-amb

Adn-hp-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Ad-_n- mj temIØv \ne-hn-ep≈

kIe `mj-I-fp-tSbpw P\-\n-bm-sW∂pw Ah-sb√mw Ad-_n-

bn¬\n∂v D¤q-X-am-sW∂pw ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu hmZ-

Øn\v Dt]m¬_-e-I-ambn At±lw ka¿∏n® i‡-amb sXfn-

hp-Isf Jfin-°m≥ B¿°pw Ign-™n-√. mjm-tem-I-sØ-bm-

I-am\w ]I-º\w sIm≈n® Cu hmZ-apJw 1895- ¬ Ad-_n-bn¬

cNn® "an\-\p¿ dlvam≥' F∂ KŸ-Øn-emWv B alm-flmhv

D∂-bn-®-Xv. lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ Cu hmZ-KXn AwKo-I-cn-

°m≥ `mjm-]-Sp-°ƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-Ip∂Imew A\-Xn-hn-Zq-c-a-√.

lZvdØv_m_m-\m-\-Iv(-d-lv)

1895 \hw-_¿ 10-˛\v ]kn-≤o-I-cn® "kXv_-N≥' F∂ Xs‚

KŸ-Øn¬ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A), kn°v aX-ÿm-]-I≥ lZvdØv

_m_m-Kp-cp-\m-\Iv kmln-_v(-d-lv) Hcp lnµp-Kr-l-Øn-emWv ]nd-

∂-sX-¶nepw ]n∂oSv apkven-ambn GI-ssZh hnizm-k-Øn¬ ASn-

bp-d®v \n∂n-cp-∂-Xm-bp-≈ Xs‚ Kth-jWw ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-

I-bp-≠m-bn. Kpcp-\m-\Iv ssZhm-`o„w kn≤n® Bfm-bn-cp-∂p-

sh∂pw dkq¬(-k) Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]Im-i-Øm¬ ]`m-]q-cn-X-

\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ÿm]n-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp. \m\Iv kq£n-

26

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

®n-cp∂ "tOme' (ta¬Ip-∏m-bw) lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ hmZ-

K-Xn-Isf ÿnco-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v "tUdm-_m_m \m\Iv'¬ C∂pw

kpc-£n-X-am-Wv.

k¿∆-aX ktΩ-f\w

1896-˛s‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ emtlm-dn¬ Hcp k¿∆-a-X-a-lm-

k-tΩ-f\w \S-∂p-. AXn¬ F√m aX-ß-fp-tSbpw ]Xn-\n-[n-Isf

]s¶-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Hmtcm aX-°mcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS aX-Øn-

t‚bpw A≤ym-]-\-ß-fp-tSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hnh-cn-°Wsa∂v

Bh-iy-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. CXn-∂mbn 5 tNmZy-ß-ƒ°p≈ adp-]-Sn-Iƒ

kza-X-K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬\n∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-\mWv \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

]kvXpX tNmZy-ß-fpsS Npcp°w C]-Im-c-amWv. (1) a\p-jys‚

imco-cn-Iw, [m¿Ωn-Iw, B≤ym-flnIw F∂o Ah-ÿ-Iƒ (2) ac-

Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Øn¬ a\p-jys‚ Ahÿ (3) sFln-I-Po-hn-

tXm-t±-iyhpw AXp ]m-]n-°m\p≈ am¿§hpw (4) [¿Ωm-\p-km-

cWwaqew Cl-]-c-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep≈ ew (5) ssZh-⁄m-\-w Ic-

ÿam-°m\p≈ am¿§-߃.

hnhn[ aX-ß-fpsS D∂-X-cmb ]fin-X-∑m¿ ]s¶-SpØ Cu

ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Ckvem-ans\ ]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv ]s¶-Sp-Ø-

Xn-sem-cmƒ lZvdØv AlvaZv(-A) Bbn-cp-∂p. Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn-

\p-th≠n lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) "Ckveman Dkq¬ In nem-k^n'

(Ckvemw aX-X-Xz-⁄m-\w) F∂ D]-\ymkw FgpXn Xøm-dm-

°n. hnip-≤-Jp¿-Bs‚ Ccp-∂q-tdmfw Bb-Øp-Iƒ°p≈ kap-

÷ze hymJym\w IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. KŸ-c-N-\-bpsS ]mcw-

-Øn¬Xs∂ "akvaq≥ _mem-clm' (D-]-\ymkw ap¥n-\n-∂p) F∂

C¬lmw D≠m-Ip-Ibpw AXv At±lw t\c-tØ-Xs∂ hnfw-_cw

sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXncp∂p.

1896 Unkw-_¿ 26,27,28 Xnø-Xn-I-fn¬ emtlm-dn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n®

Cu aX-a-lm-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(A)s‚ ]oX-in-

jy≥ lZvdØv auem\m A–p¬ Icow kmln_v knbm¬tIm´n-

bmWv ]uV-Kw-`o-c-kz-c-Øn¬ D]-\ymkw hmbn-®p-tIƒ∏n-®-Xv.

t\c-sØ-bp≈ ssZhn-I-kp-hm¿Ø t]mse-Xs∂ Cu D]-

\ym-kw as‰-√m-Øn-t\-°mfpw ap¥n-\n-∂p.

27

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

ht[m-Zy-a-tIkv

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]pXnb ]pXnb taJ-

e-I-fn-te°v IpXn-°p∂Xv I≠v A¤p-X-kvX-œ-cmb ]mXn-cn-am¿

sXfn-hp-I-fpsS cWm-¶-W-Øn¬ lZvdØv Alva-Zn(A)s\ ]cm-

P-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[y-a-s√∂v a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw ]pXnb Bbp-

[-ß-fp-ambn cwK-Øp-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1897- ¬ ]kn≤ InkvXy≥

]mXncn tUm. sl≥Sn am¿´n≥ ¢m¿°v lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)-

s\-Xn-cn¬ Hcp ht[m-Zy-a-tIkv b¬ sNbvXp. _n´ojv sU]yq´n

IΩo-j-W¿ Iym]v‰≥ U•kv Bbn-cp∂p \ymbm-[n-]≥. tUm.

¢m¿°ns\ h[n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn, lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A), A–p¬

laoZv Fs∂m-cmsf ]d-™p-hn´p F∂Xm-bn-cp-∂p lZvdØv Alva-

Zv(-A)-s\-Xn-cn¬ D∂-bn® Btcm-]Ww. ]t£ A√mlp Cu

tI n¬ A¤p-X-I-c-am-b-co-Xn-bn¬ B alm-fls\ klm-bn-®p-.

iXp-°-fpsS \nc-¥-c-amb ]cn-i-a-ß-fpap-≠m-bn-´p-w tImSXn

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s\ XS-¶-en¬sh-°m≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. amX-

a-√, hni-Z-amb At\z-j-W-Øn-s\mSp-hn¬ A–p¬ laoZv kXyw

Xpd-∂p-]-d-™p, Xm≥ lZvdØv AlvaZn-s\-Xn-cn¬ FXn-cm-fn-I-

fpsS t]c-Wbv°v hiw-h-Z-\mbmWv cwKØv h∂-sX∂v! Aßs\

Iym]v‰≥ U•-kv, B alm-fls\ A¥-t m-Sp-IqSn \nc-]-cm-[n-

bmsW∂v hn[n-®p. InkvXy≥]m-Xn-cn-am¿°v F√m-hn[ klm-b-

ß-fp-ambn lnµp-apkvenw t\Xm-°-∑mcpw k∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

]t£, A√mlp k¿∆-tcbpw ]cm-Pn-Xcpw ]cn£oWcp-am°n

am‰n.

teJvdm-ans‚ ]X\w

lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)s\Xn-cn¬ cwK-Øp-h∂ Bcy-

k-amP t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p ]fin‰v teJvdmw ]nim-h-cn. "_dm-los\

Alva-Zn-øm-'bn¬ lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A) ka¿∏n® sh√p-

hnfn AtX-cq-]-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-hmsX Ckvem-an-

t\bpw dkq¬Xncp-ta-\n(-k)tbbpw A[n-t£-]n-®p-sIm≠v

Abmƒ apkvenw-hn-Im-c-ßsf hW-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

thZß-fpsS kXyk‘X ÿm]n-®p-Im-´-m\p≈ teJvdm-ans‚

\nXm-¥-]-cn-i-a-߃ e-]-Z-ambtXbn-√. lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

Ckvem-an-t\mSpw dkq¬Xn-cp-ta-\n-tbm-Sp-ap≈ kvt\l-Øn¬ hne-

28

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

bw-]m-]n® alm-flm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. teJvdm-ans‚ hnj-P¬]-\-߃

B t]am-\p-cm-Kn-bpsS lrZ-bsØ AXy-[nIw thZ-\n-∏n-®p.

dkq¬Xn-cp-ta-\nsb sXdn-]-d-bp-∂-Xn¬\n∂v ]n∑m-dp-∂n-s√-

¶n¬ ssZhn-I-in-£-bpsS AXn- -bm-\-I-amb \mfn-s\-°p-dn®v Icp-

Xn-bn-cn-°m≥ B alm-flmhv D]-tZ-in-®p. ]t£, Abmƒ ]n∑m-

dm≥ Xøm-dm-bn-s√∂p amX-a√ IqSp-X-em-th-i-tØmsS \_n

(k)s\ ]cn-l-kn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p.

hcp∂ 6 h¿j-߃°Iw teJvdmw \nµn-X\pw \ncm-i-\p-

ambn ssZhn-I-l-kvX-ß-fm¬ \njvIm-k\w sNø-s∏-Sp-sa∂v

ssZhn-I-\n¿t±-i-]-Imcw B alm-fl≥ ]Jym-]n-®p. adp- m-KØv

teJvdmw ]d-™Xv hcp∂ 3 h¿j-߃°Iw an¿km kmln_v

ac-W-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw a°-fm-cpw- _m°nbmhp-∂-X-s√-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

]h-N-\-Øns‚ 3 h¿j-w IS-∂p-t]m-bn. ]t£, lZvdØv

Alva-Zv(-A)\v H∂pw kw`-hn-®n-√. Aßs\ teJvdm-an-s\-°p-dn-

®v lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) sNbvX ]h-N-\-Øns‚ 5˛mw h¿jw

kam-K-X-am-bn. Ip≤-cmb Nne ae-°p-Iƒ teJvdm-ans\ At\z-

jn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xmbn Xm≥ Z¿i-\-Øn¬ I≠p-sh∂pw `bm-\-I-

amb B kXz-߃ teJvdm-ans‚ ac-W-hm-d-≠p-ambn h∂-h-cm-

sW∂pw At±lw hnfw-_-c-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]h-N-\-Øns‚ 5 h¿j-w

Ign-™-t∏mƒ apd-hn-fn-Iq-´nb iXp-°-tfmSv B alm-fl≥

At£m- y-\mbn ]d-™-Xv, \n›nX Imem-h-[n-°IwXs∂ teJvdm-

ans‚ ]X\w Xo¿®-bmbpw kw`-hn-°p-sa-∂p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)s‚ ]h-N-\-Øn¬ CuZn-t\m-S-

SpØv ho≠p-samcp CusZ∂pw ]d-™n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX

aqkm-\-_n-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ kmancn D≠m-°nb ]ip-°p-´n-

bpsS KXn-bm-bn-cn°pw teJvdm-an-\p-≠m-Ip-I-sb∂pw ssZhn-I-

sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ kphy-‡-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Aßs\ ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS B Znh-khpw hs∂Øn. teJvdm-

ans‚ ho´n¬ hcn-Ibpw AhnsS Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hc-

⁄m-X≥ 1897 am¿®v 6˛mw XnøXn teJvdm-ans\ IpØns°m-√p-I-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. sIme-bm-fnsb C∂p-h-scbpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-

™n- n-s√-∂Xv, AsXmcp ssZhn-I-Zr-„m-¥-am-sW-∂-Xn-te°v A\n-

29

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

tj-[y-amb sXfn-hm-Wv.

kman-cn-bpsS ]ip-°p-´n- Ic™-Xp-t]mse ac-W-k-a-bØv

Ic-bp-Ibpw tijw, AXns\ Nps´-cn-®-Xp-t]mse lnµp-B-Nmc

hn[n-]-Imcw IØn®v Nmº-em°n \Zn-bn-sem-gp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp!

teJvdm-ans‚ ac-W-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) Dss®-

ÿcw ]Jym-]n-®Xv teJvdm-ans‚ acWw Xs‚ ]m¿∞-\m-^-e-

am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. AtX-Xp-S¿∂v lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s\Xn-

cn¬ Bcy-k-am-Pn-Iƒ Cf-In-a-dn-bp-Ibpw At±lw Bsf-hn´v

sIme-]m-XIw \S-Øn-b-Xm-sW∂v Btcm-]-Ww D-∂-bn°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) C°m-cy-Øn¬ Xs‚ \nc-]-cm-

[nXzw ]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v ]d-™Xv, Btcm-]-W-ap-∂-bn-°p-∂-

h¿ A°mcyw ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Abmfpw ssZhn-I-in-

£-bpsS Icm-f-l-kvX-ß-fm¬ \njvIm-kn-X-\m-Ip-sa∂pw A√m-

Ø-]£w Hcp sIme-bm-fn°p \¬Im-hp∂ GXp in£bpw

kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xm≥ k∂-≤-\m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-am-Wv. Cu knwl-

K¿÷-\-Øn\p ap∂n¬ Fgp-t∂‰p-\n¬°m≥ Hscm‰ iXp-hn\pw

ss[cy-ap-≠m-bn√!

XAv-eo-ap¬ Ckvemw kvIqƒ

1898-˛s‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A) XAv-

eo-ap¬ Ckvemw kvIqƒ Bcw- n-®p. CXns‚ BZysØ slUvam-

ÿ lZvdØv tiJv bAv-Jq_v Aen kmln_v C¿^m-\o(-d)

Bbn-cp-∂p. AlvaZo hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ `uXn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-tØm-

sSm∏w Zo\o-hn-⁄-m\w B¿÷n-°-W-sa∂pw hep-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ

kXy-k-‘-cmb bYm¿∞ apkvenw-I-fmbnØocW-sa-∂-Xp-amWv

kvIqfns‚ ÿm]t\mt±-iy-w.

A¬l-°w, _Z¿

1897-˛¬ Bcw-`n® "A¬l°w' Bbn-cp-∂p Pam-A-Øns‚

BZysØ]Xw. CXns‚ amt\-Pcpw FUn-‰dpambn lZvdØv tiJvbAv-Jq_v Aen-km-ln_v C¿^m-\o(-d) \nb-an-X-\m-bn. BZyw CXv

Aar-Xvk-dn¬\n-∂mWv Cd-ßn-b-Xv. 1898 apX¬ JmZn-bm-\n¬\n∂v

]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-pXp-Sßn.

1902-˛¬ _Zv¿ F∂ t]cn¬ as‰mcp ]Xw-IqSn Bcw-`n-®p.

30

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

lZvdØv ap^vXn apl-ΩZv kmZnJv kmln_mbncp∂p FUn-‰¿.

lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)s‚ C¬lm-ap-Iƒ, ]`m-j-

W߃, kw`m-j-W-߃, Pam-A-Øns‚ BZy-Ime Ncn-X-

kw`h-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw Cu ]Xß-fn¬ kpc-£n-X-am-Wv.

20,000 cq]-bpsS C\mw

Cukm-\-_n (A) ÿqe-i-co-c-tØm-Sp-IqSn BIm-i-tØ°v

I-tcdn-sb-∂pw- At±lw Hcp-Im-eØv `qan-bn-te-°n-dßp-sa∂pw

dkq¬(k) ]d-™n-´p≈Xmbn GsX-¶n-ep-samcp lZokv D≤-cn-

°m≥ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) 1898 P\p-h-cn-bn¬ ]kn≤w sNbvX

Xs‚ "InXm-_p¬ _cnø' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ iXp-°sf sh√p-

hn-fn-®p. A]-Imcw sXfn-bn-°p-∂-h¿°v 20,000 cq] C\mw \¬Ip-

∂-Xm-sW∂pw At±lw ]Jym-]n-®p.

Cu sh√p-hnfn \qdp-h¿j-ambn C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

]t£, sXfnhp lmP-cm-°n kΩm\w ssI]-‰m≥ iXp-]-£Øv

B¿°pw Ign-bp-∂n-√. Camw alvZn [\w hnX-cWw sNøp-sa∂pw

hmßm≥ Bfp-≠m-Ip-I-bn-s√∂pw ]d™ lZo-kns‚ ]p-e¿®

IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv.

tπKns‚ `oIc Xmfihw

1898 s^_p-hcn amkw lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)\v Hcp Z¿i\w

D≠m-bn. AXn-]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. ""A√m-lp-hns‚ ae-°p-Iƒ

]©m-_ns‚ hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Idp-Ø-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ sNSn-

Iƒ \SpIbmWv. B acw hf-sc-tbsd hncq-]hpw ISpw IdpØ\n-

dap-≈Xpw bm-\-Ihpw Ipdn-b-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. CsX¥p ac-amsW∂v

AXv \Sp-∂-h-tcmSv Rm≥ tNmZn-®p. CXv tπKns‚ ac-ß-fm-

sW∂pw AXv kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ cmPyØv ]c-°p-sa∂pw Ah¿

]d™p.'' (A-øm-ap- p¬lv, t]Pv 121)

JmZn-bm≥ Cu tπKn¬\n∂v kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw

Alva-Zn-Iƒ ]Xn-tcm[ IpØn-sh-s∏-Sp-t°-s≠∂pw At±lw

\n¿t±-in®p. ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ JmZn-bm≥ kpc-£n-X-am-bn-

\ne\n-∂p. Xß-fpsS \mSp-I-sf-°p-dn®pw CØ-c-Øn¬ ]h-N\w

\S-Øm≥ lZvdØv AlvaZv (A) iXp-t\-Xm-°sf sh√p-hn-fn-

31

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

s®-¶nepw B¿°pw apt∂m´p hcm≥ ss[cy-ap-≠m-bn-√.

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ ]h-N-\-]-Im-cw- sXm -Sp-Ø-h¿jw

hk-¥Ime-Øv ]©m-_ns‚ hnhn[ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ tπKv ]S¿∂p

]nSn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. ]n∂oSv GXm\pw h¿j-ß-tfmfw AXv hnX®

\miw AXn-`-bm-\-Iam-bn-cp-∂p. Cuø-ep-I-sf-t]mse P\-߃

NØp-ho-Wp. Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v Kma-ß-fpw, \m´n≥]pd-ß-fpw,

]´-W-ßfpw P\-iq-\y-ambn. ]h-N-\-]p-e¿®-bn¬ Hcp-]m-Sm-fp-I-

ƒ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)\v _bv-AØv sNbvXp.

an\m-c-Øp¬ akolv

1900 sabv 28-˛\v lZvdØv AlvaZv(A), \_n(-k) Xncp-ta-\n-

bpsS Hcp lZo-kns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ JmZn-bm-\nse akvPnZv

AJvk-bn¬ Hcp an\mcw \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v Pam-A-Øn-t\mSv

Blzm\w sNbvXp. AXn-\p-th≠n ss]kbpw kzcp-°q-´m≥

XpS-ßn. 1903-˛s‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ B alm-flmhv AXn\v ASn-

Ø-d-bn-´p. ]n∂oSv kmº-Øn-I-_p-≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ ImcWw At±-l-

Øns‚ ImeØv \n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. c≠mw

Jnem-^Øv ImeØv 1914-˛¬ ho≠pw ]Wn-bm-cw-`n-°p-Ibpw 1916

Unkw-_-dn¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv "an\m-c-Øp¬

akolv' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

JpXzv_ C¬lm-anb

1900 G]n¬ 11-˛\v lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) ]tXyI ssZhn-I-

\n¿t±-i-]-Imcw henb s]cp-∂mƒ JpXzv_ Ad-_n-bn¬ \n¿∆-

ln-®p. JpXzv_ BZy¥w C¬lm-am-bn-cp-∂p. At∂hsc Ad_n

`mj-bn¬ ]`m-jWw \S-Øn-bn-´n-√mØ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

s‚ Cu C¬lmao JpXzv_ Hcp A¤p-X-Zr-„m¥w Xs∂-bm-Wv.

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ KŸkam-lmc-amb "dqlm\o Jkm-

bn'\n¬ JpXzv_ C¬lm-anb F∂ KŸhpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

lZvdØv ilvkmZm kønZv A–p¬eØo^v kmln_v iloZv(d)

lZvdØv ilvkmZm kønZv A–p¬e-Øo^v kmln_v

A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\nse tJmkvXv F∂ ]tZ-i-ØmWv Pohn-®n-cp-

∂-Xv. At±-l-Øn\v Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v injy-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

32

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

A^vKm-\n¬ F√mh-cmepw At±lw BZ-c-n°s∏´n-cp-∂p.

A vKm≥ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Inco-Sm-[m-cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv

kønZv kmln_v Bbn-cp-∂p.

lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)s‚ Nne KŸ-߃ hmbn-°m-

\n-S-bmb kønZv kmln_v AXn¬ BIr-„-\m-bn. 1902- ¬ lZvdØv

akolv auDu-Zv(-A)s\ kµ¿in-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn At±lw JmZn-

bm-\n-se-Øn. lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s\ I≠-am-X-bn¬ Øs∂

B ]cn-ip≤ apJ Iaew At±-l-Øn¬ ]`mhw sNep-Øn.

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(A)s‚ B `‡-Zm-k≥ amk-ß-tfmfw JmZn-

bm-\n¬Øs∂ Xßn. JmZn-bm≥ hmk-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ At±-l-Øn\v

\nc-¥-c-ap-≠mb Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-Iƒ At±-l-tØm-Sm-h-iy-∏-´Xv

Alva-Zn-ø-Øns‚ am¿§-Øn¬ _en-bm-Im≥ Xøm-dm-Ip-I- F∂m-

bn-cp-∂p.

HSp-hn¬ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)¬\n∂v A\p-hmZw hmßn

At±lw kztZ-i-amb A vKm-\n¬ Xncn-s®-Øn. kønZv kmln_v

Alva-Zn-øm-sb∂ hm¿Ø-b-dn™ Im_qƒ Aao¿ l_o-_p-√mlv

Jm≥ At±-lsØ I¬Xp-dp-¶n-e-S-®p. \mep-am-k-tØmfw Cu

Imcm-Kr-l-hmkw \o≠p-\n -∂p. At±-lsØ Alva-Zn -ø-

Øn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥ Im_qƒ Aaodpw Iq´cpw InW™p

]cn-i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ]t£, B alm-fl≥ Ah¿s°√mw

sImSpØ adp-]Sn Xm≥ a\- n-em-°nb kXysØ X\n-°v \ncm-

I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-Ibn√ F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ia-߃ ]cm-P-b-s∏- -tXm-sS, A vKm≥

aX-]-fin-X-∑m¿ At±-lsØ Im^n-sd∂v apZ-IpØn Is√-dn-

™p-sIm-√m≥ ^Xvh \¬In. Aßs\ aq°-v tOZn®v Ib-dn´v

sXcp-ho-Yn-I-fn-eqsS At±-lsØ hen-®n-g-®p-sIm≠v h[-ÿen-

bn-se-Øn-®p. AhnsS Ac-tbmfw Bg-ap≈ Hcp Ipgn-bn-te°v

At±-lsØ Cd-°n. Ahkm-\-\n-anjw Im_qƒ Aao¿ At±-l-

tØmSv ]d-™p. ""Ct∏mgpw c£-s∏-Sm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠v. Alva-

Zn-ø-Øn¬\n∂v ]n∑m-dp∂p F∂v Ft∂mSvamXw ]d-™m¬ aXn.

kI-e-hn[ _lp-am\mZ-c-ß-tfm-Sp-wIqSn Xm¶ƒ°v Pohn-°mw.

`mcym-a-°sf Hm¿sØ-¶nepw Xm¶ƒ Cu Ah-kcw ]tbm-P-\-

33

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.'' ]t£ hnizm-k-ssÿ-cy-Øns‚ B Poh¬]-

XoIw Im_qƒ Aao-dns‚ Ah-km\ ]tem -\-tØbpw \nckn-

°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. XpS¿∂v Im_qƒ Aaodpw ap^vXnbpw

h≥I¬Iq-ºm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v I√pIsf-SpØv B alm-flm-hns‚

s\‰n-Ø-S-Øn-te-s°-dn-™p. XpS¿∂v \mep- m-K-Øp-\n∂pw I√p-

Iƒ ]h-ln-°m≥ XpS-ßn. B I¬Iq-ºm-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬ B ‡-

Zm-k≥ AN-©-e-amb ssZh-hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚bpw Zo\n-kvt\-l-

Øn-t‚bpw kam-\-X-bn-√mØ A≤ym-b-߃ cNn-®p-sIm≠v ilo-

Zm-bn. C∂m-en-√mln h C∂m Cebvln dmPn-Du≥. Aßs\

Ct±lw kønZp»plZmAv (i-lo-Zp-am-cpsS t\Xm-hv) F∂ t]cn-

\¿l-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p.

t\csØ kønZv kmln-_ns‚ injy≥ lZvdØv A–p-

¿dlvam≥ kmln-_nt\bpw iXp-°ƒ h[n-®n-cp-∂p. Aßs\

lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)s‚ "imXm\o Xpkv_-lm\o' (c≠v

BSp-Iƒ Adp-°-s∏-Spw) F∂ C¬lm-w kpXcmw ]pe¿∂p.

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A), lZvdØv A–p¬ eØo^v (d) s‚

c‡-km-£n-XzsØ FSp-Øp≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v ]d-bp-∂p:

""A√tbm A–p¬e-Øo- v, Xm¶ƒ°p-ta¬ Bbn-c-am-bncw

A\p-K-l-߃ h¿jn-°p-am-dm-I-s´. Xm¶ƒ, Fs‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-

Øp-Xs∂ kXy-k-‘-X-bp-sSbpw A¿∏-W-t_m-[Øns‚bpw al-Ømb amXr-I-bmWv ImWn-®-Xv. bmsXmcp Imc-W-hp-an-√m-sX-

bmWv Cu h[w \S-∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. BIm-i-Øn≥Io-gn¬ CØcwc‡-km£nXzØn\v kam-\-X-bn -√. Atlm, I„w! Cu

hnhctZmjn-bmb Aao¿ F¥mWv sNbvX-Xv. Cu \njvI-f-¶-\mb hy‡nsb \n¿±mjn-Wyw h[n-®p-sIm≠v kzbw \mi-Øn¬

B]-Xn-®p. Hm Im_qƒ, \o km£nbmbncn°p-I. \ns‚ hncn-am-dn¬ h®m-Wv Cu Acpw-sIme \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hm `mKyw-

sI´ `q]-tZ-ita, ssZhZr-„n-bn¬ \o Xcw-Xm-Wp-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu sImSpw-]m-X-I-Øns‚ I¿Ω-cwKw \ns‚ \ne-am-W-t√m.

(X-ZvIn-d-Øp-i-lm-Z-Ø-bv≥)

Cu ]h-N-\-Øn-\p-tijw temIw I≠Xv A¤p-X-ß-fm-bn-

cp-∂p. Aao-dn-t‚bpw ap^vXn-bp-tSbpw IpSpw-_-ßsf ssZhn-I-

in£ sImSpw-]-l-c-ta¬∏n-®p. l_o-_p√mlvJm\pw, \k-dp-

34

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

√mlvJm\pw sIme sNø-s∏-´p. ]n∂oSv tijn-°p-∂-h¿ \mSp

IS-Ø-s∏-´p.

lZvdØv A–p¬ eØo v kmln-_v(-d) ilo-Zm-°-s∏- -Xns‚

]nt‰-∂p-Xs∂ Im_q-fn¬ i‡-amb tImfd_m[bp≠m-bn.

CXn¬ cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Ønse ]ap-J-c-S°w \nc-h[n iXp-°ƒ

ac-W-s∏´p.

Ign™ \qdp-h¿j-ambn Im_qfn\pw A^vKm\pw ]d-bm-\p-

≈Xv c‡-s®m-cn-®n-ens‚ `oI-c-I-Y-I-ƒ amX-amWv.

aZvdk Alva-Znø

1905-˛¬ Pam-A-Ønse ]apJ ]fin-X-∑m-cmb lZvdØv

auem\m A–p¬Icow kmln_v knbm¬tIm-´n(d), lZvdØvauem\m _p¿lm-\p-±o≥ kmln_v Plvean(d) F∂n-h-cpsS

hntbmKw ]pXnb ]pXnb ]fin-X-∑msc hm¿sØ-Sp-t°-≠p-∂-

Xn-te°v lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-d)s‚ i≤ £Wn-®p. Aßs\ Pam-

A-Øp-ambn IqSn-bm-tem-Nn-®-tijw At±lw XA-veo-ap¬

Ckvemw sslkvIq-fn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v Zo\o-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-

th≠n aZvdk AlvaZnø ÿm]n-®p.

Im¶S-bnse `qIºw

lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)\v D≠mb A -Øn-±n-bmdp aln-

√plm ha-Jm-aplm F∂ C¬lm-ans‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ 1905 G]n¬

4˛\v lnamNense Im¶S F∂ ÿeØv i‡-amb qan-Ip-ep-°-

ap-≠m-bn. CXn¬ Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v hoSp-Iƒ \new-]-cn-im-Ip-Ibpw

At\-Im-bn-c-߃°v Poh-lm\n kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A¬h-kn-øØv

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)\v Xs‚ ac-W-sØ-°p-dn®v 1905-˛s‚

Ah-km-\-Øn¬ C¬lm-ap-I-fneqsS Adn-bn-∏p-I-fp-≠m-bn-

s°m≠ncp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ c≠p-aq∂p Ihnƒ sh≈w Z¿i-\-Øn¬

I≠p. AtXm-sSm∏w Bt_-kn≥ZKn (Po-h-P-ew) F∂ C¬lmapw

D≠m-bn. AXm-bXv c≠p-aq∂v h¿jwIqSn amXta Pohn-X-ap≈q-

sh∂v Xm¬]cyw. as‰m-cn-°¬ Jdp_ AP-ep-I¬apJ-±¿ (\ns‚

acWw kao-]-ÿ-am-bn) F∂pw C¬lm-ap-≠m-bn. \nc-¥-c-ap-≠mb

35

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

CØcw C¬lm-ap-Isf XpS¿∂v B [\ym-flmhv Pam-A-Øns\

D]-tZ-in-®p-sIm≠v A¬h-kn-øØv F∂ KŸw cNn-®p. AXn¬

A√mlp Xs‚ ]hm-N-I-∑m¿ aptJ\ c≠mw JpZvdØv shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-s≠∂pw ]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS hntbm-K-tijw Jnem-

^-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu c≠mw JpZvdØv ]I-S-am-Ip-I-sb∂pw

At±lw hy‡-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. \_n(-k)s‚ Ime-Øv kw`-hn-

®Xpw AXm-bn-cp-∂p. AXv Xs∂-bmWv C°m-eØpw D≠m-Ip-

I. lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) ]dbp-∂p. ""Rm≥ \nßtfmSv ]d™

C°m-cy-ßfn¬ \n߃ hyk-\n-°-cp-Xv. \nß-fpsS lrZ-b-߃

]cn-`m-¥-am-h-cp-Xv. ImcWw c≠mw JpZvdØv (Jn-em- -Øv) ImtW-

≠Xpw \n߃°-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.'' B ]pWym-flmhv Xs‚ ac-W-

Øn\ptijw Jnem-^-Øv D≠m-Ipsa∂p≈ kphm¿Ø-I-fmWv

\¬In-b-Xv.

_nlnivXn aJv_d

A¬h-kn-øØv F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

X\n°v e`y-amb kphm¿Ø-I-fp-sSbpw Znhy-s-hfn-]mSpIfp-sSbpw

shfn-®-Øn¬ _nln-ivXn-a-Jv_d (kz¿§ob ivaim-\w)sb kw_-

‘n®pw hnfw-_-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Znhy-sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ B alm-fl≥ C]-Im-c-sa-gp-Xn. ""kXy-k-‘\pw

]cn-ip-≤\pw `b-`-‡n-bp-≈-h\pw F√m-Xcw in¿°n¬\n∂pw

as‰√m A\m-im-ky-Im-cy-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hn´p-\n¬°p-∂-h\pw

amXta ChnsS ad-b-S-°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q.''

IqSmsX Xs‚ kzØns‚bpw hcp-am-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]Øn-

sem∂v Pam-A-Øn\v sImSp-°m\pw hkn-øØv sNbvX-bmƒ

\n¿_-‘n-X-\m-Wv. hkn-øØv sNbvX- ]p-cp-j≥ "aqkn' F∂pw

kvXo "aqknb' F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

lXm-i-\mb tUm. Uqbn

Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tUm. Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Uqbn Fs∂m-cmƒ

]hm-N-I-\m-sW-∂p-hm-Zn-®p-sIm≠v InkvXp-aXw ]N-cn-∏n-°m-

\p≈ ZuXy]Jym-]-\-hp-ambn cwK-Øp-h-∂p. Ckvem-ans\ \in-

∏n-°p-sa∂v hoc-hmZw apg°n. Abmƒ ]hm-N-I-]-`p lZvdØv

apl-ΩZv apkvX-^m (-k)s\ Ahtlfn®pw ]cn-l-kn-®pw-sIm≠v

36

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

Nph-Sp-d-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CX-dn™ lZvdØv akolv

auDu-Zv (-A) Abmsf sh√p-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠p ]d™p ""Uqbn-

bpsS ssZhw Poh¬ssZ-h-amtWm F∂v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

Hsc-fp-∏-am¿§-ap-≠v. Uqbn Hmtcm apkven-ans\]‰nbpw IqsS-°qsS

ac-W-sØ-°p-dn®v ]h-N\w \S-ØmsX F∂n-te°v amXw i≤-

tIµo-Icn-®p-sIm≠v Rß-fn-cp-h-cn¬ BcmtWm I≈-hmZn

Abmƒ BZyw ac-W-s∏-Ss´ F∂v ]m¿∞n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.'' (dnhyq

Hm^v dneo-Pn-b≥kv, sk]vXw-_¿ 2)

""Uqbn CXn¬\n∂v ]n¥ncn™mepw Abm-fpsS kntbm¨

(Uqbn D≠m-°nb ]´-Ww) \K-c-Øn¬ DS≥Xs∂ B]-Øp-

Iƒ h¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv'' F∂pw lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

]d™p. (l-Jo-J-Øp¬ hlvbv, t]Pv 71)

lZvdØv Alva-Zv (-A)s‚ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ°p ap∂n¬ F¥p-

sIm≠v \n¬°p-∂n√ F∂ P\-ß-fpsS tNmZy-Øn\v adp-]Sn

\¬In-s°m≠v Abmƒ [m¿„y-tØmsS ]d-™Xv "Rm\o

sImXp-Ip-Iƒ°pw Cu®-Iƒ°pw-ta¬ Imep-sh-®m¬ Ah NX-

™-c-™p-t]m-Ipw' F∂m-Wv.

A[nIw Ign-tb-≠n-h-∂n-√ Uqbn ssZh-in-£-°v hnt[-b-\m-bn. Abmƒ°v ]£m-LmXw ]nSn-s]-Sp-Ibpw kwkm-c-tijn

\„-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Abmƒ aZy-]m-\nbpw hnizm-k-h-©-I-

\p-am-sW∂p Xncn-®-dn™ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Abmsf ssIsøm-gn-™p.

Abm-fpsS kntbm¨\-Kcw \new-s]m-Øn. 1907 am¿®pamkwlXm-i\pw \ncm-ew-_\pw ZpxJn-X\pamb Uqbn A¥y-izm-kw-

h-en-®p. lZvdØv akolv auDu-Zv(-A)s‚ ]h-N\w t]m÷z-e-

ambn ]pe¿∂p.

emtlm¿ bmXbpw h^mØpw

1908 G]n¬ 27- \v lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) IpSpw-_-tØm-sSm∏wemtlm-dn-te°p t]mbn. AhnsS At±lw \nc-h[n ]`m-j-W-

߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw A\y-a-X-ÿ-cp-ambn kw`m-j-W-߃ \S-Øp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. C°m-e-Øp-X-s∂-bmWv At±lw Xs‚ hniz-hn-Jym-X-amb "ss]Kmsa kp¬lv' (ssaXn ktµiw) F∂ IrXn

cNn-®-Xv.

37

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

Cu emtlm¿ hmk-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ B alm-flm-hn\v Xs‚ ac-

W-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ssZhnI Adn-bn-∏p-Ifpw e`n-®-psIm-≠n-cp-∂p.Hcp kµ¿`-Øn¬ At±lw Xs‚ [¿Ω-]-Xv\n-tbmSp ]d-™-Xv,

C\n A√mlp sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-tºmtg \Ωƒ JmZn-bm-\n¬ t]mIq

F∂m-Wv.

1908 sabv 20-˛\v At±-l-Øn\v C]-Imcw C¬lm-ap-≠m-bn.

""A¿d-loep kpΩ¿d-loep h¬auXp Jco-_p≥'' (t]m-Im-\p≈

kabw ASp-sØØn-bn-cn-°p∂p, acWw kao-]-ÿ-am-Wv)

25-˛mw XnøXn A¿≤-cmXn lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) tcmK-K-

kvX\mbn. 26- \v cmXn 10 aWn°v B alm-flmhv Xs‚ bYm¿∞\mY\pw t]a- m-P-\-hp-amb A√m-lp-hn-¶-te°v bmX-bm-bn. C∂m-

en-√mln hC∂m Cebvln dmPn-Du≥

Ah-km\ ka-bØv lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ \mhp-I-fn¬

D≠m-bn-cp∂ hmN-Iw, ""A√m-lv, tasc ]ymsc A√mlv!'' (A-

√m-lp-th, Fs‚ ]nb-s∏´ A√m-lpth!) F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

ac-W-k-a-bØv B alm-flmhns‚ ]mbw InkvXzm–

]Imcw 73 hb pw lnPvdm-–-]-Imcw 76 hb- p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ P\mk emtlm-dn¬\n∂v sdbn¬

am¿§w _´m-e-h-tcbpw _´m-e-bn¬\n∂v klm-_m-°ƒ Npaente-

‰n.- JmZn-bm-\nepw FØn-®p.

sabv 27- \v lZvdØv auem\m l°ow \qdp-±o≥ kmln-_v(d)

Jeo-^-Øp¬ ako-lp¬ A∆¬ Bbn sFIy-I-WvtTy\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- p. At±-l-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ _nln-ivXn-a-Jv_-

d-bn¬ sabv 27-˛\v sshIn´v 6 aWn°v lZvdØv Alva-Zv (A)s‚

P\mk \a-kvIm-chpw J_-d-S-°hpw \S-∂p.

lZvdØv AlvaZv(-A)s‚ cq]-hn-tijw

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ icocw h√msX saen-™tXm

A[nIw XSn-®tXm A√m-bn-cp-∂p. Dbcw CS-Ø-cw. tXmfpw

s\©pw hnim-ew. \ndw sh≈-I-e¿∂ tImX-ºv. apJw ]Im-i-am-\hpw Xq-a-µ-lm-k-ap-≈-Xpw. Xe-apSn I´n-Ip-d-™Xpw \o≠-

Xpw Bbn-cp-∂p. XmSn I\-ap-≈Xpw kpµ-c-hpw. IÆp-Iƒ Idp∏v

38

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

\ndw Ie¿∂ a™. Zr„n-Iƒ GXp-k-a-bØpw Iogvt]m-´m-bn-cp-

∂p. s\‰n-ØSw hnim-ehpw t\sc-bpw.

hkvXw efn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ip¿Ø, Jao-kv, ss]Pm-a, tIm´v,

Xe-∏mhv F∂nh [cn-®n-cp-∂p. _\n-b≥ [cn-®n-cp-∂n√. \mS≥sNcp-∏p-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]pd-tØ-°n-d-ßp-tºmƒ

Iøn¬ hSn Icp-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. £-Whpw efn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. hf-

sc-°p-d®v kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ FSpØmWv Ign-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

KŸ-߃

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) cNn-®n-´p≈ F¨]-Xn-e-[nIw KŸ-߃ dqlm\n Jkm-bn≥ F∂ t]cn¬ 23 `mKambn ]kn-≤o-I-

cn-®n-´p-≠v. At±lw hnhn[ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ \S-Ønb sNdp-]-

`mjW-߃, D]-tZ-i-߃, IqSn-°m-gvN-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh At±-l-Øns‚ kzlm-_m-°ƒ A°m-eØp Xs∂ kzcq-]n-®n-´p-≠v.

a¬^q-kmØv F∂ t]cn¬ CXv 5 `mK-ambn Ct∏mƒ ]kn-≤o-

I-cn-®n-´p≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ aIvXq-_msØAlva-Znø F∂pw, hnfw_-c-߃ CivXn-lm-dmØv (3 `mKw)

F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) hnhn[ KŸ-ß-

fn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ hnip≤-Jp¿-B≥ Bb-Øp-I-fpsS hni-Zo-

I-c-W-߃ X v-ko¿ lZvdØv akolv auDuZv (-A) F∂ t]cnepw(3 mK-w) hlvbvIfpw C¬lm-ap-Ifpw Z¿i-\-ßfpw XZvInd F∂

t]cnepw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. lZvdØv AlvaZv(-A)s‚ hnhn[

KŸ-ß-fn-ep≈ D¿Zp, ^m¿kn ]Zy-߃ Zp¿sd-k-ao≥ F∂t]cnepw Ad_n]Zy-߃ A¬J-km-bn-Z-Øp¬ Alva-Znø F∂

t]cnepw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n- p-≠v.

1. GIv Cukm-bosI Xo≥khm-emØvIm Phm_v

2. ]pcm\n Xlvco-td≥3. _dm-los\ Alva-Znøm4. kp¿a Niva Bcy5. ilv\sb lJv6. k_vkv CivXn-lm¿7. ^Xvsl Ckvemw

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) s‚ KŸ-߃

8. Xukosl admw

9. Ckmse Hulmw

10. A¬lJv ep[n-bm\m

11. A¬lJv Znlnen

12. Bkvam\n ^bvkem

13. \nims\ Bkvam\n

14. Bbn-\sb Iam-emsØ Ckvemw

39

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

15. _d-°m-Øp-±pB

16. k®m-boIm Ckvlm¿17. lp÷-Øp¬ Ckvemw18. PwsK apJ-±kv19. ilm-ZØp¬ Jp¿-B≥20. Xplv^sb _KvZmZv21. Idm-amØp zmZn-Jo≥22. lam-a-Øp¬ _pivdm23. \qdp¬ lJv24. CXvamsa lp÷Øv25. kn¿dp¬ Jnem^x26. A≥hm-dp¬ Ckvemw27. an\-\p¿ dlvam≥28. knbm-D¬ lJv29. \qdp¬ Jp¿-B≥30. anA-vbm-dp¬ aZm-ln_v31. Bcy [dw32. kXv _P≥33. Ckvemao Dkq¬Io nem-k n34. A©msa BYnw35. kndmsP ap\o¿36. CkvXn-^vXm37. lp÷-Øp-√mlv38. Xplv^sb Jbvkn-cnøx39. P¬ksb Alv_m_v40. alvaqZv Io Bao≥41. kndm-Pp-±o≥ CkmbosI

Nm¿ khm-temwIm Phm_v42. InXm-_p¬ _cnøx43. A¬_-emKv44. kdq-dØp¬ Camw45. \Pvap¬ lpZm46. dmsk lJo-JØv47. Iiv^p¬KØzm48. Aøm-ap- p¬lv49. lJo-J-Øp¬ alZn50. akolv lnµp-ÿm≥taw

51. knØmcsb Jbvkn-cnøx52. Xn¿bm-Jp¬ Jpeq_v53. Xplv^sb Kkv\-hnøx54. dqbn-ZmZv P¬k ZpB55. JpXzv_ C¬lm-anb56. ep÷-Øp∂q¿57. Kh:AwtKkvHu¿ PnlmZv58. Xplv-^sb tKmƒU-hnbm59. A¿ _Cu≥60. CAv-Pm-kp¬ akolv61. CIv KeØn Im Ckmem62. Zm^n-D¬ _em63. A¬lpZm64. \pkq-ep¬ akolv65. InivXn-\qlv66. Xplv -Øp∂Zvh67. CAvPm-sk AlvaZn68. dnhyq _¿ ap_m-lnkm

_´m-ehn h NIvSm-ehn69. ahm-ln-_p¿ dlvam≥70. \kosa ZAv-hØv71. k\mX≥ [dw72. XZvIn-d-Øp ilm-ZssØ≥73. kod-Øp¬ A_vZm¬74. eIv®¿ emtlm¿75. eIv®¿ knbm¬tIm´v76. AlvaZn h Kbv¿ AlvaZn

taw ^¿Jv77. eIv®¿ ep[n-bm\78. A¬h-kn-øØv79. Nivasb akolo80. XP-√n-bmsØ Cem-lnbm81. JmZn-bm≥sI Bcy Hu¿lw

82. lJo-J-Øp¬ hlvbv83. Nivasb aA-vcn-^Øv84. ss]Kmsa kp¬lv

40

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

lZvdØv AlvaZv(A)Dw Jeo- -amcpw

l:A¬lmPv lIow

auem\m \qdp-±o≥ (-d)

Jeo- -Øp¬ akolv A∆¬

1908- 1914*

l:an¿km _io-dp-±o≥

alvaqZv AlvaZv (d)

Jeo- -Øp¬ akolv km\n

1914- 1965*

l: an¿km \mkn¿ AlvaZv (d-lv)

Jeo- -Øp¬ akolv kmenkv

1965- 1982*

l: an¿km Xzmln¿ AlvaZv (d-lv)

Jeo- -Øp¬ akolv dm_n-Av

1982 2003 *

l: an¿km akvdq¿ AlvaZv

(Aø-Z-lp-√mlv)

Jeo- -Øp¬ akolv Jmankv

2003 *

lZvdØv AlvaZv (A)

hmKvZØ alvZo akolv

1835˛1908

* Jnem^Øv Imew

41

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

l: auem\m AÐpÂIcowknbmÂtIm-«n (-d)

l: ap³in k^ÀAlvaZv (-d)

l: ap³in AtcmtUJm³(-d)

l: C vXn-LmÀAlvaZv(-d)

l: lIow kvep-±o³ (-d)

lZvdØv AlvaZv(A)s‚ Nne kzlm-_m-°ƒ

l: k¿nZv alvZnlpssk³(d)

l: tUm. Jeo^mdio-Zp-±o³ (d)

( l. Jeo-^-¯p akolvkmen-kv (-dlv) bpsS amXm-a-l-³)

l: auehn Kpemw dkqÂcmPvIn (d)

(tIcfw kµÀin-¨n-«p- - v)

l: mbn AÐpÀd-lvam³JmZn-bm\n (d)

l: anbmw AlvaZv \qÀJm_nen (d)

l: ilvkmZmAÐp-Ã- o v iloZv (d)

(Im_q-fn ilo-Zm-¡s¸«p)

l: AÂlmPv auehnJpZvd- p-Ãm-lv (d)

l: auem\m aenIv Kpemw^coZv (d)

( hnip-²-JpÀ-B\v Cw¥o-jnÂ

hnhÀ -\w Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-v)

l: tiJv bA-vJq-_v AenCÀ m\n (d)

(Ct±l nsâ ]pX³ l. tiJv alvaqZvAlvaZv CÀ m\n BWv tIc-f- nÂ

BZy-w \ntbm-Kn-¡-s¸« ap_-Ãn-Kv)

l: auehn tiÀ Aen (d)(hnip-²-JpÀ-B\v Cw¥o-jnÂ

hnhÀ¯-\w Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v)

l: JmZn apl-½ZvAÐpà (d)

42

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

l:tUm. liva- p-Ãmlv-Jm³(d)

l:Nu[cn kÀ apl-½Zvk -dp-Ãmlv Jm³(d)

(H¶m-as¯ ]mIv hntZ-i-Imcya´nbpw ap³ temI tImSXn

A²y-£-\p-am-Wv)

l:Nu[cn \k-dp-ÃmlvJm³(d)

(l. kÀ apl-½Zvk^-dp-Ãm-lv Jm³ (-d) sâ

]nXm-h)v

l:tUm. k¿nZvAÐp-Ê- mÀ imlv(d)

(l. Jeo-^-¯pÂako-lv dm-_n-Av (dlv ) bpsS

amXm-a-l³)

l:auem\mAÐpÀdlow \¿À(d)

(tIcfw kµÀin-¨n-«p- v)

l:auehnAÐpÀdlow ZÀZv(d)

l:auehn apl-½ZvAÐpÀ dlow_Jm]qcn(d)

l:auehn AÐpÀdlvam³P«v (d)

(l. anbm³ kmln-_n\v ap¼v \mknÀAAvem (JmZn-bm³) Bbn-cp¶pv)

l:anÀkm ico^vAlvaZv (d)

l:anÀkm kp¯m³AlvaZv (d)

(l. Alva-Zv (-A) sâBZy-`m-cy-bn-epÅ aq¯-]p-X³)

l: anÀkm _ioÀAlvaZv (d)

(l. Alva-Zv ( -A) sâ ]p-X-·mÀ)

l:aoÀ apl-½ZvCkvlmJv (d)

l:tUm. apl-½ZvCkvamCuÂ(d)

(l. akolv auDu-Zv(-A)sâ mcym-k-tlm-Z-c-·mcmWv)

l:\hm_v apl-½ZvAÐpÃm Jm³ (d)

(Ct±lw l. Alva-Zv(-A)sâ]p-Xn l. Aa- p l^okv

kmln-_(d)A bpsS À¯m-hmWv)

l:aoÀ \mknÀ\hm_v (d)

(l. Alva-Zv (-A) sâizipc³)

l:\hm_v apl-½-Z-en-Jm³(d)

(C-t±lw l. akolv auDu-Zv(-A)sâaq -a-IÄ l. \hm_v ap_m-d¡m t_Kw

kmln-_(-d.-A)-bpsS À¯m-hmWv

43

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

l:Nu[cn Xlvapl-½Zv knbm (d)

l:lmPn aodp³_JvivJpssdin iloZv (d)

l:kq^n Kpemwapl-½Zv (d)

l:auehn Da-dp-±o³ (d) l:apl-½-ZvZo³ (d) l:auehn apl-½ZvCkvlmJv (d)

l:tUm. bvkv Aenkzm_nÀ (d)

l:apl-½Zv lk³aqkm (d)

l:Nu[cn^XlvZo³ (d)

l:apl-½Zv^kvÂZo³(d)

l:BKm apl-½ZvAÐpÃm(d)

l:kq^n apl-½Zvd^o-Av (d)

l: tUm.apl-½Zv_Jviv (d)

l:ap³inkndm-Pp-±o³(d)

l:k¿nZvkÀhÀimlv (d)

l:k¿nZv kbv-\pÂB_n-Zo³

hen-bp-Ãm-lv imlv (d)

44

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

l:Jm³ _lm-ZqÀ Kpemwapl-½Zv Jm³ (d)

l:_m_p Xlvapl-½Zv iÀa(d)

l:apl½Zv lpkbv³(d)(Gähpw HSp-hn h m mb kzlm-_n)

l:auehn AXzmapl-½Zv (d)

l:apl-½Zv AÐp-Ê-aZvZlvehn(d)

l:ap vXn apl-½ZvkzmZnJv (d)

(tIcfw kµÀin-¨n-«p-v )

l:AÐpÃm k¶ucn (-d)(l. Alva-Zv(-A)-\p--mb

Nph¶ ajn- p-Ån-IÄ hoWZrãm- - n\v km£n-bmb kzlm-_n)

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)s‚ aJv_-d-bn¬ lZvdØv

Jeo-^-Øp¬ akolv km\n(-d) ZpB sNøp∂p

l:auem\mkpÂ^n-¡À

Aen KulÀ (d)

45

lZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A)

an\m-c-Øp¬ akolv akvPnZv AJvkbpw akvPnZv ap_m-dIpw AS-ßp∂ Hcp Zriyw

Cu ]pkvXIw Xøm-dm-°m≥ Ah-ew-_n® KŸ-߃

1. lbmsX Xzøn-_˛ KŸ-I¿Ømhv:l. tiJv A–p¬Jm-Zn¿ tkmZm-K¿a¬ (d)

2.-l-ZvdØv Alva-Zv(-A) (a-e-bm-fw) F≥. A–p¿ dlow kmln_v a¿lqw, hmfyw 1, 2

3. Alva-Znøm kzZ-vkme tkmh-\o¿ Idm®n 1989

4. ZnIvsd l_o-_v- lZvdØv ap vXn apl-ΩZv kzmZnJv kmln-_v(-d)

5. XZvInd (D¿Zp)

6. lbmsØ Alva-Zv lZvdØv tiJv bA-vJq_v Aen kmln_v C¿^m\n