Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants Eucalyptus Study Group Newsletter 36 ISSN 1035-4603

September 2002

Paul Id.nludv On The Road [This letter was written in parts as Paul travellea to m c e apnngs ana across ro me remote Atherton tablelands in northern (tropical) Queensland.]

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-.At lasC\whmrs an& ;the W,- offpoint ofouc trip. The first 750 km's after Port Augusta SA -only B, yw m amwid bwt@ iuxl m v h &~I$OIIS which have been planted. Where else in Australia i a ~ ~ l ' ~ ~ e o n t e ~ d ~ ~ r r n d ~ e m t y o f ~ b o l a h ( A ~ ~ ~ . T h e f h a t ~ r r ~ ~ U # ) k m ' s s h b ~ t o f ~ ~ T e S r i a o r y b o r d a t ~ f 3 . ~ m I s v v r r o b f s r ~ ind dry^^. A s w c ~ t h s ~ a n d m d y ~ ~ * ~ g 4 n q p f g r l l a g t 9 ~ ~ ~ f 0 t f e a ~ w i t h b t S y ~ l ~ v ~ s . ~ t h a O h g r n ~ I Z . ~ ~ ~ ~ a t P d ~ B ~ E . m ~ s ( o e b a o calledli:~-IdtaadB~)1U#1E~mWon~0r~dday* 1 Q t ~ S ~ ~ ~ t h e S A A P S m e m b e r r r a n d ~ ~ W ~ ' e a u r m a l o n g w l e a k e n d . o f ~ & ~ t s , h w w a g w t w a y t o b e i n t r o d w l R d f 9 t h e ~ ~ f t o r a . A v 3 s a E o h O h P M B ~ ~ i e a ~ m h b 1 t h e d y p t s o f C e r n t r a l ~ ~ g r o w j m s ~ Mmy w e r t e i n ~ w h i c h ~ i t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I s a ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ . o b f u s a : ~ ~ i ~

wb~~amat~ldandeve~tlwnr~~stbaothsWA~),~&~prrprrartcrw. qme@& & - l & a ~ & * ~ ~ m - - ~ * - - w - * l s , ~ ~ 1 ~ l o a , ~ ~ ~ a m d # 1 w l v k T ~ m a ~ t u m b e r o f w a f k i n g ~ y o u m t s k e t o ~ ~ f l o r a , ~ ~ t T a a t E ~ f r o m ~ s ~ ~ w ~ a r t d ~ ~ o n t o t h a c ~ r ~ t Q W B n l l B ~ B h r f P brnrraytamtlmmtipeedegandmvim, The otfier piace to vi& in ALice Sphgs b t h e m P&, ft will eventually have all flora names of the Centre and hence ailtbwdyptblpecies. A t ~ 4 o f t h e 7 ~ a r e ~ a r P d i t d o c s l o o k ~ ~ Wellgaou~onAlice~thseleaveaUdMonuptbe~. k i 8 ~ ~ ~ * a p s n w ~ a f ewbw ~ f = m Q f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t o - , ~ - ~ ~ ~ Aftea B a r r o w ~ ~ ~ s a f i B ~ ~ ~ ~ e a u i n t ~ W f i i O h i s t o b e k w a d ~ ~ I I ~ w a y s to Mount ha QJB. la pdacas whwe the dl t mdypar:mUg also occurs.

~ t t t e P J T I O W ) ~ ~ ~ d Z a n d ~ w a y t o ~ g r e y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ a a d B . o o o 4 b d ~ ~ , Boring~tomerradIa~to~theMe&MautltbandCionauywM ~ ~ i s i n ~ I ~ I I m I s ~ m & ~ a l a d ~ e e r i s t . ~ ~ w o m i s t v c c n l l e a ~ w e ~ 5 0 O W a acro~ksycadtyfltrtgresalands~CI~~~~witbollly.~lined~~bretlk&emonotoluy. W ~ w e ~ t h e M U s o f t h e P M U ~ n a n d ~ l a a t I m W i n ~ t l o n t c o u n t r y . We s t o p t o l o & % t ~ p , h m ~ ~ s ~ ~ . *thttbtWfiitethere%re~specie$wrurltsp~kr Bee E. hqmkjrlfa - shinp188ved Bloodwood From now ~ f i we se marry q&a crf- as we ~onthue up the Lynd and across to Fa~igth Newcsssle Range. Were dm eudypta ofthe tropics me@ the spits &om the wid zone and those of the tsanpatMe mne, I listed 27 speoies to lookatandareabtsto~20oftheaa. W e s t a p i a ~ n r s t r c ~ ~ a n d e a o 8 8 y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l i ~ I n t h e &11 The Eudypb we fbund were B c@r@bl#a - WrhkbfeaM W G,m feswlkds &p &I- p&am e @ w h w M i 4 -ptw -pwwk d-~., d- Md-, -4 w f i i , &@& Ll t fdMYd@&. The country L wry mggd with few WWM &. The sand- e%aqm& to the west near the GilbePt River has many r a t e a n d ~ p h r h . Itwbat.dtoidantifj.~clucal~aanaostmtan.~eswithfewlow~. Most of them &re not iD ftOfRler at fhiB titne ofthe- d 4 capsules are not retained.

Don Petts Eucalyptus Grafting trials:

Scion

E crucis E dolichorhyncha E ficifolia E kruseana E lansdownemalalbopurpurea E macrocarpa E orbifolia E pyriforrnis E rhodantha E synandra E torquata

Rootstock

E bridgesiana E calophylla E carnaldulensis E citriodora E ficifolii E intermedia E kitsonima E maculata E nicholii E scoparia E viminalis

Most scions were grafted at least three times to each rootstock provided they were deemed compatible, that is, Corymbia, Symphyomyrtus, etc.

Some grew well initially then lost vigour & died. Most grafts were top wedge, using material from 1 mm to 5mm thick, a few were mummy, Neswfilm & Parafilm was used as tape. Those other than mummy were covered with a plastic bag or bottle & kept in a small greenhouse. Exocarpos cupress[formis was tried on most of these rootstocks also but none survived. There are still a lot of answers out there waiting to be found.

Successes to date living beyond two years atle:

E dolichorhyncha E ficifolia E ficifolia E ficifolia E orbifolia - stock above the scion -""w-"--.-mm"-M ---.-*.--- --------.-- -*-*-*----- -------*-*- ---.""-"-*

E camaldulensis E ficifolia E citriodora E maculata E camaldulensis - scion

Abstract of Thesis by Michelle Wirthensohn, B.Ag.Sc. (Hons) Waite Arboretum, Adelaide University.

Surface wax is a major contributor to the important characteristics of ieaf cofour and bloom in Eucalyptus cut foltage crops. There is very little donnation, however, on the physiology of wax development, the characteristics of the wax layer, or the effects of post harvest handhg on the surface wax.

Optimum pruning height for cut foliage production was initially investigated for 3-year-old trees of Eucalyptus gfobulus Lab& Trees cut at a height of 1.0 m above ground level had most stems resprouting fiom the trunk, but a pruning height of 0.5 m produced the longest stems. Seventeen species of Eucalyptus L'Hh, were subsequently subjected to trials to investigate their suitability for floriculture and the effect of pruning for cut foliage production. There was variation in leaf solour within and between species, and in the t h e to phase c h a r and flowering. There were ~ i ~ c a n t d&erences at I6 months between species for tree height, trunk diameter and lignotuber diameter with E gfobulus having the largest dimensions. Following pruning at I9 months, there was an initlal significant interaction between species and pruning height in relation to tree height, height increment, and trunk and lignotuber diameter, After one year there were si+cant dfierences between species, in the length of stems, number of stems and total weight of stems, with E globufus producing the highest number and weight of stm.

a Continued. Continued.. . There was a positive cowelation of trunk diameter and lignotuber diameter at 3 and 6 months since ming, wirh the ntrmber of cut foliage s t a r produced at I2 months, For E gmm? J.D.Hook, pruning to I .O m at 25 months produced most stems at 6 months after pruning. Postharvest t d were conducted to assess the vase life of cut stems, and the effect of pulsing and simulated transportation on vase Me. Holding solutions containing 1% or 2% sucrose and 8- hydroxyquinohe citrate (8- HQC) at 200 mg.L-I sigdcantly increased vase life of E globd11~ and E cinerea F.Muell. ex Benth. over the control, but pulsing E cinerea in I%, 5%, or 10% sucrose plus 8-HQC for 2 hours at 24 oC or 24 hours at 3 oC had no efTect, In srmulated transport mals, pulsing overnight in 1% or 5% sucrose plus 8-HQC at 3 oC followed by I week dry storage at 3 oC had no effect on the vase life of cut sterns of E sidemy2on Cunn. ex Wools., E p lawus Hook,, E spathulata Hook., E cIadocalyxF,MuelL x E platpus, or E spathulata x E sargenni'Maiden, but a 5% sucrose pulse plus 8-HQC significantly incressed the vase life of E spathulac;? x E plawus. A long puke at low tapmature (24 hours/3 oC) followed by I week dry srorage was more eRective d m a short puke at high temperature (2 hours/24 oC) for E albida Maiden & Blakely stems and no sucrose was more effective than I % or 5%. Thus, a 2% sucrose holding solution emended vase Life of E giohu/us and E c~hma, There was no advantage of sucrose puIsing to mend vase Iife, or to improve vase life following dry storage, except for the hybrid E spathuhta x E phrypm Eighteen species of Eucalyptus were studied for changes in wax morphology of juvenile fohge with leaf age using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy. Three species were studied for wax regeneration following removal from the adaxial surface of day I6 and day 30 leaves (I6 and 30 days following lamina separation, respectively) while stil l atmchecl to the tree For each leaf age, four leaves pet species were sampled at 0, I , 3 , 9 and I5 days after wax removal. AII species had rube wax on juvenile leaves but there were d i f f m c m between the species, in the length ancl conformation of rubes and percentage surface area covered by wax. Tube length was greatest in day 30 leaves, but tube diameter was narrower than day 0 leaves (unfolding leaves). There were significant dfferences in wax structure between the proxlrnal and distal ends of day 0 leaves of ten species, and tubes were observed crystallising from amorphous wax deposits in the proximal area only. Significant wax regeneration occurred more rapidly on day I 6 leaves than day 30 leaves. Wax morphology was consistent across six species of the series Vhnkales Thirteen species of Eucalyptus are recommended for the cut foliage industry. Variation in amount and composition of leaf epicuticular wax among I 7 species of Edptus was characterised by gas chromatography (GC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Across species, wax yield ranged from 0.7 to 4.5 mg/cm2. The major wax constituent in all species except E d&ptensisR, Baker, was b-diketones (24,7-83.0%), followed by wax esters (6.4-26.5%), n-alkanes (3.5-26.5%), fatty acids (3-I5.9%), n-alcohols (0.6-11.1%) and aldehydes (0-9.2%). Volade organic compounds emitted from developing Eucalptus leaves have been studied. Headspace samples were collected from six species in a plantation from leaves in situ, using solid phase microextraction (SPME), and were analysed by GC and GC-MS. Leaf o h were extracted and the relative amounts of volatile compounds in the extract and headspace were assessed. The major volatile constituents were a-pinene (11.4 - 57.8%, headspace; 15.3 - 32.2%, oil extract) and I,8-cineole (3.2 - 88.6%, headspace; 20.8 - 54.7%, oil extract). Other terpenoids present in the headspace in ~ i ~ c a n t quantides were alloaromadendrene, viridiflorene, thujene, a-phellandrene, g-terpinene and h o n e n e In the oil extract an unidentified compound at Rt 21.2 rnin. (GC), alloaromadendrene, a-phellandrene, phenol derivative, viriddlorene and lrmonene were present in sificant quantities. Eucalyptus gunnileaves can appear as green or glaucous phenotypes with the latter more desirable for floriculture. The epicuticular wax from these two types were compared morphologically using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), chemically using gas chromatography, and molecular markers were found to d i s t i n p h the two types using RAPDs and bulked segregant analysis. Both phenoypes had tube wax which in the glaucous type were signrficantly longer and thicker and the surface area was covered more densely &an on the green type, When compared chemically, the glaucous wax contained a hrgher percentage of alkanes, alcohols and free fatty acids, but lower percentages of b-diketones and esters than the wax from the green type The glaucous type had a greater yield of wax per unit area of leaf than the green type. Seven molecular markers were found whch would distinguish the green and glaucous bulks. No individual marker could totally distingursh all green individuals from all glaucous individuals but this could be achieved using combinations of markers. These markers may facilitate the management of E gunnii'breeding and selection for the cut fohage industry, by providing an initial screen for glaucousness.

THE EUCALYPT-RICH EASTERN GOLDFIELDS OF WA. Margaret

In late June, we enjoyed a too-brief trip to the Eastern Goldfields of WA, where I found myself falling in love with the woodlands of the region, all over again. I was born there, and spent my 1950's and sixties childhood there, my last visit was 10 years ago.

I I I

I don't think there can be many areas of the country of which we baby-boomers could say that they are in even better environmental heart than when were young, but this area is one of them. Regrowth, and extensive replanting, combined with the astonishing resilience of these arid area plants, has worked wonders. As mostly lignotuberous species, the Eucalypts have come back from the huge amount of logging that took place up until the forties, and because this is a semi-desert area, weed invasion is, for the most part, a less threatening issue than in many other parts of Australia.

The Goldfields of Western Australia is heaven for Eucalyptus-lovers, as when combined with the adjacent wheatbelt regions, into which the species overlap, the area is home to a staggering3 of Australian Euc. species. This is in less than 5% of the land mass. There is an extraordinary degree of speciation due to very idiosyncratic geology and landforms, and the very ancient, heavily weathered, frequently alkaline and leached soils. Plant associations occur according to prevailing topography and soil types. Some of our best-known ornamental gums occur in small and isolated pockets, eg. E . t o r q u a t a , w o o d w a r d i i , and these have always been quite rare.

Kalgoorlie itself has marvellous streetscapes, over 230,000 seedlings have been planted around the actual "golden mile" and this combined with a visionary street-tree planting scheme started in 1954, makes the whole town an extraordinary arboretum. Mining money has been put to good use, and the success of " G r e e n i n g the G o l d f i e l d s N has been inspirational.

",L - -- - ~ l r e r t : is also an officiai arboretum, started in 1954 by the Forestry Dep't, prompted by a group of very ahead-of-their-time men, namely George Brockway, Bill Brennan, & Robert Donovan, who were in the local dept at the time. I would go so far as to say that without these quite visionary men of the 1950s, most country towns in Australia, not to mention gardeners, would be the poorer, as they really pioneered the use of endemic species as street trees. These street trees are now mature specimens, and worth the trip to the Goldfields for them alone!

Here is a brief introduction to a handful of species:

As a small ornamental, the absolute standout in my opinion, is E woodwardii, the - - Lemon Flowered Gum. This was in mass flower everywhere, and the huge yellow flowers

L C i - combined with the frosty silver foliage, is ?;

stunning. It is rare in its natural distribution, which is a tiny patch 145-225h east of Kalgoorlie. It is found in sand or deep sandy loam, 200-230cm rainfall, temp. extremes -2 to 46degC, ave 8 frosts. Flowers from when about lm tall, and may bloom all year. Will tolerate heavy soils. * It grows up to 12-15m tall, broad crowned, with & pendulous growth. The bark is smooth, grey or pinkish, flowers July-Nov.

Another wonderfully glaucous-crowned tree is the gorgeous Silver Gimlet, E. campaspe. Widely used as a street tree in the Goldfields, as well as being very visible in the bush. It is distributed over a wide area, and is very striking, having a silver crown with fine weeping foliage, and stunning, smooth salmon to copper coloured bark, sometimes fluted.

It grows to llm, sometimes branching low, flowers from Oct-Jan, profuse, small creamy white flowers. The wood has been used extensively, as poles, firewood etc, and many of the trees to be seen are regrowth. It grows over a wide area, in association with Gimlet and Salmon Gum, particularly to the south of Kalgoorlie, on red loamy flats .L---,--- .- . -.. and low hills.

I I11 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 1 . . 1- I l I l . I l I r n m

E .8ALuBRIS I I I I I 11 I T - - r I ~ I * -1d i

E. salubris, the Gimlet Gum, has a sensuous, glowing copper coloured trunk, usually fluted, and a rich green shining canopy. The whole tree is a picture of shades of copper, bronze, plum, and green. Aesthetically, I think you would have to go a long way to find anything more stunning than the bark of this tree. This is a widespread tree, growing throughout the

, wheatbelt and Goldfields, also used as a street I tree.

I 24m-tall - :: [rarely],

flowers NOV- March, in flat or slightly undulating country, in sandy loam to clay. Rainfall may be up to 380 mm, temp. F

extremes -5 to 48 deg.C, up to 32 frosts.

It grows in association with the Salmon Gums... E. salmonophloia, Mirret [E. celastroides] , Redwood [E. transcontinentalis] and the Ribbon Gums, E. sheathiana.

E . SHEATHIANA Ribbon barked gum. A small tree, occasionally a mallee, up to 8m tall, shedding its bark in very long strips, which hang from the spindly branches like Xmas decorations [or plastic flystrips, maybe? I

Smooth, pale bark, prickly to touch. Flowers Jan-June, pale yellow, profuse. An adaptable little tree, growing naturally in sandy soil, occasionally lateritic or alluvial.

THE EUCALYPT-RICH EASTERN GOLDFIELDS OF WA. By Margaret Moir Continued..

Salmon Gum. An iconic tree of the SW hinterlands of WA, growing once over a very extensive range. Has been one of the indicator species for agricultural land, so much of it's former area is now cleared. An umbrella-crowned tree, up to 30m, widely used for all manner of purposes, from fence posts to pit-props. Bark deciduates in late summer, revealing the shining salmon trunks. Canopy dark green and shining.

Coolgardie or Coral Gum. Another one with a small natural distribution, and usually restricted to specific soil types...shallow rocky soil on hillsides. It is an indicator of ultrabasic rocks.

Grows up to llm tall, has dark grey, rough and fissured bark. Flowers intermittently any time of year, and from a very young age, and are profuse and decorative, colour may be cream to dark pink to red. In addition the anthers may be white or yellow, this affecting the "colour" of the flowers. Quite adaptable as to soils, but the foliage is prone to fungal spot in higher rainfall areas.

WA Goldfields Woodland

Hvbridsati . . on and Internradin~ in Eucdmts - bv LT Daniels

The germs Eucalyptus consists of groups of a number of related species and a few individual species that have no or only a few related species. Examples of groups of large closely related species would include the Red Gum group, the Box-ironbark groups and the Bloodwood group whde examples of species with none or few related species woutd be E dk&w, ra& teat+ and mimmp (I prefer to use the classification of Brooker that class Corpmbia as a &gems of the E u d p ratber than a separate genus),

Even within the related species groups, there appears to be some that are more closely related than others and it is w i t h these species that hybridisation and intergrading are most likely to occur. In this area of central Queensland, the group in which the hybridisation and intergrading is more common is the Box-ironbark groups; although hybrids can be found in the Bloodwood and Red Gum groups.

Hybrids are generally to be found where populations of a species border populations of a closely related species. In this area the best example of t h i s where E. mebra - Narrow Leaved ironbark, growing on the hrlls joins E. populnea - Poplar or Bumble box, growing on the flats and valleys come in close contam This hybrid is so common that it has the common names of Messmate or Bastard box. Another hybrid that is also quite common is that between E crebra and E mehophloia - Silver Leaved ironbark. There are many other, less common hybrids in the Box-ironbark and other groups. The seed of at least some hybrids is fertile so plants can be propagated by seed fiom both the hybrid and &om the cross beeween the two parents.

Intergrading oken occurs when two populations of a closely related species meet. Instead of getting hybrids, some characteristics of a species generally change until the fdl characteristics of the other species is reached.

! The best example I know of in Queensland is the intergrading of E, popi~hea to that of E. hrownii- Red River . - or Brown's Box, along the Gregory Highway between Claremont and Charters Towers, The area near Clarernont is the typical E, populnea with its typical glossy green, ovate to orbicular leaves. As you travel north the leaves gradually become narrower until towards Charters Towers the typical glossy green but nmow-lanceolate leaves of E, browniiare reached. The other characteristics of these two species are sunilar and do not appear to change as does the leaf shape. Other examples of intergrading in Queensland are those between E. wfirei- W e ironbark, and E. mehopMoia and that between E. mt'croth'eca - Coolibah and E. temXca - Darwin box. I find that the road through Dubbo, Moree, St George, Rorna, Emerald and Charters Towers to Mareeba is a very interesting road to study various eucalypts that can be found along the lughway. T ~ I S road is now sealed throughout. If you want to go on to Cooktown you will frnd more interesting eucalypts, including E. s teeram - Lemon Scented ironbark, but the road still has some gravel sections so caution should be used when driving.

Elspeth Jacobs, Victoria A must for any ESG member traveling through NSW is a visit to Burrendong Arboretum. There are few places where you can see such a wonderful display of so many eucalypts. There are generally at least 5 or 6 of the same species together, which are labeled - which means that you get a better idea of the general form etc. of the tree, than with only one specimen. Hazel Althofer, the sister-in-law of the founder of the arboretum, George Althofer, is still very involved with the venture and has great knowledge of e v e w n g to do with the arboretum. It has over 2,500 species including Prostanthera, Hakea, Grevillea, Acacias, and a beautiful enclosed fern gully. Many leaflets are available for different walks, but much can be seen on the drive-around which could suit anyone not so fit. Burrendong is a 20 min, drive fiom Wellington or an hours drive fiom Orange. Ph 02 6846 7454 email ; 4-1- Website: www.arboretum-burrendong.aunz.org

Another MUST is Mt.Annan Botanic Garden (Australia's largest), This is the Australian plant garden of the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. The number of eucalypts is wonderful, and again with most labeled, it is a very exciting place. The gardens are situated between Campbell town and Camden. An interesting website is www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-Jbgsearch which lists all the eucalypts that are in Australian Bot. Gardens and where they are.

Volunteer Second String required to transcribe handwritten letters, (familiarity with esoteric scribbling akin to doctors prescriptions would be usehl), typed articles and other ephemera from time to time. Basic knowledge of Access and Excel programs would come in handy. Internet access desirable. Ability to throw together articles from various information would be admirable.

Elspeth Jacobs is now the Seedbank Operative so requests for seed should be addressed to her: 377 Cambridge Road Monlrase, Victoria, 3765. Please send an SAE along with your requests.

Seedbank Requests: Eucalyptus kingsmillii, vernicosa and lacrimans (syn paucflora ssp lacrimans).

Thanks to Lorraine Haig (Tas) for donation of Eucalyptus gardneri and Kevin Sparrow (Vic) for Eucalyptus macroceris. : *; ?: ::;.-.s,: 5y,J-, ;:F: &:! !;:-*,.?:..,-.:,:A, -. . .. . J - - # ." I :+ &'<3 ,.*LC? $.;.:: 4 ,!..:.-.*. Z-J. ,-' >y,3:., <.';,+',<f. ..,.. :y,?!.>;;~~pj -:-<.: 3T:;:3:<#3i&;52fy.2L+ ,<

Any day now the ASGAP Eualyptus Study Group Slide Library will be available on CD Rom. The photographs have been submitted from ASGAP ESG members over a period of years. The (very informative) commentary was written by Tony Bean (QLD). The quality of the pictures vary from very good to mediocre at best, and over time I hope that members will submit replacements and additions. The CD Roms are not ready to go out yet as I need to experiment with the format but they should be ready before the next newsletter is due. I am thinking $10.00 ought to cover the cost of the Rom and postage and packaging to anywhere in Australia, if it turns out to be more I'!! let you know in the next newsletter. In the meantime, anyone interested in purchasing a copy should put in an order now so I can work up the enthusiasm to actually finbh the project! The Library is split into three categories - 1) SA, WA 2) NT, QLD. 3) NSW, VIC, TAS. There are about 150 photographs with accompanying text. Currently the idea is that you will be able to browse the CD Rom through an internet browser ...

Please send lots of interesting articles and information and observations for the next newsletter.

Tam Kendall, ASGAP Eucalyptus Study Group leader. P 0 Box 2002, Rangeview, Victoria, 3132.