m. a. ii ps p. e40 res. poli and politics title 2019/m... · 2020. 3. 20. · {edmor {dÚmnrr>,...

$: M. A. II PS P. E40 Res. Poli and Politics title 2019/M... · 2020. 3. 20. · {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya Xya{ejU H|$Ð E_. E. ^mJ-2 : amÁ`emñÌ AmajU YmoaU Am{U amOH$maU (Reservation$
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya{ejU H|$Ð

E_. E. ^mJ-2 : amÁ`emñÌ

AmajU YmoaU Am{U amOH$maU(Reservation Policy and Politics)

gÌ 4 : nona E-40

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2019-20 nmgyZ)

H I

K J

1<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

KQ>H$-1

gH$mamË_H$ oX^mdmMo VËdkmZ(Philosphy of Positive Discrimination)

A) _.\w$co Am{U amO{f© emhÿ _hmamO `m§Mo AmajU{df`H$ {dMma(Mahatma Phule and Rajshrshi Shahu Maharaj on Reservation)

~) amOH$s` AmajU Am{U godm§VJ©V AmajU Am{U {ejU(Political Reservation and Reservations in Services and Education)

H$) _m±Q>o½`y Moåg\$S>© gwYmaUm Am{U AmajU(Montagu Chemsford Reforms and Reservation)

S>) H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZm§VJ©V AmajUmMo YmoaU(Reservation Policy in Kolhapur State)

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 A) _.\w$co Am{U amO{f© emhÿ _hmamO `m§Mo AmajU{df`H$ {dMma (Mahatma

Phule and Rajshrshi Shahu Maharaj on Reservation)

1.2.2 ~) amOH$s` AmajU Am{U godm§VJ©V AmajU Am{U {ejU (Political Reservation

and Reservations in Services and Education)

1.2.3 H$) _m±Q>o½ y Moåg\$S>© gwYmaUm Am{U AmajU (Montagu Chemsford Reforms

and Reservation)

1.2.4 S>) H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZm§VJ©V AmajUmMo YmoaU (Reservation Policy in Kolhapur

State)

1.3 gmam§e

1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

S>m°.Ho$ed haoc/_mo.9423842312

E_.E.^mJ-2 : amÁ`emñÌ : gÌ-4 : nona-E40 : Ama{jV YmoaUo Am{U ^maVr` amOH$maUMA.Part-2 : Politics : Sem-IV : P-E40 : Reservation Policy and Politics in India

17

2<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmcm-

1. _. \w$co `m§Mo g_mOH«$m§VrMo VÎdkmZ g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

2. _. \w$co `m§Mr ~«m÷Ur Y_m©Mr {M{H$Ëgm g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

3. _. \w$co `m§Mm {d{dY aUjoÌmVrc g§Kfm©Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVm oB©c.

4. _. \w$co `m§Mo {ejU{df`H$ H$m © g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

1.1 àñVmdZm

ZmJnyaÀ`m gaH$mar H$m°coOMo àm. lr{Zdmg ZmaU ~ZhÅ>r `m§Zr Amnë`m Zd^maV J«§W_mcoV\}$

_mPo "^maVr` Añn¥í`VoMm àíZ' ho nwñVH$ B.g. 1933 gmcr à{gÜX Ho$co Amho. Ë`mV _r `m àíZmMm

àmMrZ H$mcmnmgyZ g{dñVa d gm§Jmonm§J {dMma Ho$cm Amho.

Am`mªMm qhXþñWmZmV H$m`_Mm O_ ~gë`mda Ë`m§Zr oWrc Xñ w C\©$ eyÐ ZmdmÀ`m {OV

cmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m dñVrOdiM, nU ~mhoa amhmd`mg cmdco. Ë`m§À`m d Amnë`m g§ñH¥$VrV ogi

hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm Añn¥í` R>a{dco. Á`mAWu OnmZmV h¡Q>m d hrZm ZmdmÀ`m Añn¥í`

OmVr AÚmn AmhoV Ë`mAWu Añn¥í` OmV hr g§ñWm Am`mªZrM {Z_m©U Ho$cr ZgyZ {VMm àmXþ m©d

nydu _moJc cmoH$m§Vhr hmoVm ho {gÜX hmoVo. h¡Q>m qH$dm EoQ>m hr OmV {\${cnmBZ ~oQ>mVyZ OnmZmV Jocr

Agmdr. AW«dU (~«m÷U), aWoîQ´> (amOÝ`), dñQ´>` (d¡í`) Am{U hþB{Q> (ewÐ) Ago PaVwîQ´>mÀ`m doir

BamUmV Mma oX hmoVo. doXm§V eyÐ hm oX \$magm AmT>iV Zmhr, nU _hm^maVmV A^ra Am{U eyÐ

`m§Mm CëcoI AgyZ qgYy ZXrÀ`m _wImOdirc ^mJmV Ë`m§Mr dñVr Agmdr Ago {XgVo. F$½doXmV

nwéfgwŠVmV eyÐ eãX Amcm Amho d ewëH$ `Owd}XmV AmR> doim hm eãX Amcm Amho. 'Castes of

India' `m nwñVH$mV {dëgZZo åhQ>co Amho H$s, H§$Xmhma àm§VmV eyÐmoB© Am{U {\${cnmBZ ~oQ>mVrc

A) _.\w$co Am{U amO{f© emhÿ _hmamO `m§Mo AmajU{df`H$ {dMma(Mahatma Phule and Rajshrshi Shahu Maharaj on Reservation)

1.5 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$/g§X © J«§W

3<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

h¡Q>m `m OmVrMm g§~§Y Agë`mMo {gÜX H$aVm Amë`mg Añn¥í`VoÀ`m àmMrZ CËnÎmrda Am{U

àgmamda ~amM àH$me nS>Ê`mgmaIm Amho. B§J«Or {ejUm_wio qhXþñWmZmV Or AmYw{ZH$ gwYmaUoMr

àd¥Îmr Pmcr {VÀ`m_wio Añn¥í`VoÀ`m {ZdmaUmW© Oo {R>H${R>H$mUr à`ËZ Pmco Ë`m§Mm AmVm {dMma

H$ê$.

❏ _hmË_m Omo{V~m \w$co :-

~§Jmë`mV 1828 gmcr amOm am__mohZ am° `m§Zr ~«måhmo g_mO ñWmnZ H$ê$Z AmÚ àJVrMr

ÜdOm C^macr. nU Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaÊ`mMm AJ« Am{U A§{V_ _mZ _hmamîQ´>mgM {_imcm. {deofV:

Vmo _mZ _hmË_m Omo{V~m \w$co `m§À`m_wioM àmßV Pmcm. _hmË_m Omo{V~m \w$co `m§Mm OÝ_ nwUo oWo

\w$c_mir g_mOmV Pmcm. 1848 n ªV `mMo _amR>r d B§J«Or {ejU {_eZar emioV Pmco. 1852

gmcr _w§~B© gaH$maZo Omo{V~m§Zm 200 én`m§Mr emc _moR>r Omhra g^m âdyZ ZOa Ho$cr, Ë`mMo H$maU

1848 gmcr Omo{V~m§Zr _wctMr n{hcr emim ñWmnZ Ho$cr Am{U 1852 gmcÀ`m Ama§ r _hma-

_m§Jm§À`m _wcm§gmR>r n{hcr emim ñWmnZ Ho$cr. hr emim _w~B© Bcm»`mVM Zìho Va A{Ic ^maVmÀ`m

B{VhmgmV Añn¥í`m§§gmR>r EH$m qhXÿZo CKS>cocr n{hcr emim hmo . gaH$mar BÝñnoŠQ>a _oOa H°$S>rgmho~

`m§Zr `m emioMr n{hcr narjm 21 _mM©, 1852 amoOr ewH«$dma noR>oVrc emioV KoVcr, Ago Ë`m

{Xder à{gÜX Pmcoë`m kmZàH$memÀ`m A§H$mV Z_yX Pmcoco Amho. ""øm doiog ewÜX {c{hUo d dmMUo

dJ¡ao JmoîQ>rV øm emioVrc _wcm§Zr {dlm_~mJoVrc (d[aîR> dJm©À`m) {H$Ë oH$ _wcm§nojmhr CÎm_ narjm

{Xcr, Ago _oOagmho~m§Zr ~mocyZ XmI{dco.'' VmarI 5 {S>g|~a, 1852 À`m "kmZàH$memV' n{hë`m

dm{f©H$ [anmoQ>m©g§~§YmZo g§nmXH$mZo ñnîQ> _V {Xco Amho. ""Ë`m§Zr EH$ _wctMr emim Amßc`m KamOdi

H$mT>cr. Ë`m H$mcmdYrV d nwT>ohr Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m OmVrH$Sy>Z \$ma Ìmg gmogmdm cmJcm. Ë`mg eodQ>r

Ë`m§À`m VrW©ê$nm§Zr Ë`mM H$maUmdê$Z KamVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>co. Amnë`m ZrM _mZcoë`m ~§YwOZmg

AkmZgmJamVyZ H$mTy>Z kmZm_¥VmMo godZ XoÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`m§Zr g§H$Q>o ^moJcr, hm Ë`m§Mm Ë`m OmVrda _moR>m

CnH$ma Amho. Amåhrhr Ë`m§Mo Am^ma _mZVmo.'' øm emioV Mm§ mamÀ`m _wctZm Omo{V~m ñdV: d Ë`m§Mr

nËZr {H$Vr H$iH$irZo {eH$drV AgV `m{df`r EH$ nÌ kmZàH$memV à{gÜX Pmco Amho. ""Ë`m§Mo

VrZ {_Ì _moamo {dÇ>c dmidoH$a, gXm{ed ~ëcmi Jmod§S>o Am{U gImam_ èd§V nam§Ono `m§Mr

Omo{V~m§Zm ~arM _XV AgVo. _hmam_m§Jm§À`m emimV ~arM JXu hmoV Ago. øm cmoH$m§g Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m

amhË`m KamÀ`m {d{harda nmUr âÊ`mg nadmZJr {Xcr hmoVr.'' (A.E.Jd§S>rH¥$V "\w$co M[aÌ',

nmZ-8)

^maVr` {Zam{lV gmøH$mar _§S>irZo ZmZmÀ`m noR>oV nwUo å w{Z{gnm{cQ>rH$Sy>Z VmarI 18 OyZ

1914 amoOr ^moH$admS>rOdirc 7 EH$a OmJm Amnë`m àeñV B_maVrH$[aVm Zì`mÊUd dfmªÀ`m

4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

H$amamZo KoVcr Amho. hrM Vr Omo{V~m§Mr {_iH$V hmo . gaH$maH$Sy>Z å w{Z{gnm{cQ>rcm Or emim

{_imcr Vr XoIrc hëcr `m _§S>irÀ`m emimVM gm_rc Pmcr Amho.

❏ ~m~y e{enmX ~§XmonmÜ`mÒr (~mZOu) :-

~§Jmë`mV Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmMm àW_ _mZ darc ~«måhU J¥hñWmH$S>oM Amho. ho H$cH$Î`mH$S>rc

~mamZJa Jmdr gZ 1840 _Ü o Hw$crZ ~«måhU OmVrV OÝ_co. gZ 1866 gmcr Ë`m§Zr ~«måhmo

g_mOmMr Xrjm KoVcr, VoìhmnmgyZ Vo ImcÀ`m OmVrer {_iyZ{_giyZ OodyImD$ cmJco. 1865

gmcÀ`m Zmoìh|~aÀ`m n{hë`m VmaIog ~mamZJaÀ`m {JaUrVë`m _Owam§Mr Ë`m§Zr EH$ g^m â{dcr.

`m g oV R>amd hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zr _Owam§H$[aVm amÌrÀ`m d {XdgmÀ`m emim H$mT>ë`m. hm AZmMma Q>dmi

cmoH$m§g Z InyZ Ë`m§Zr Ë`m emim CR>{dë`m. nU ~m~yOtZr ñdV:À`m IMm©Zo B_maVr ~m§YyZ Ë`m

H$m`_ R>odë`m. _hmamîQ´>mVrc MmoIm_où`mà_mUo ~§Jmë`m§Vrc H$Vm©Ômn§Wr Mm§S>midJ© ÔZmMm

emoH$s Amho. Ë`m§Mm {~hmcnmam Jmdr gma§Jr V`ma H$aÊ`mMm EH$ CÎm_ H$maImZm Amho. VoWo OmD$Z

~m~yOr Mm§S>mim§Mo H$sV©Z EoH$V. 1870 gmcÀ`m Am°JñQ> _{hÝ`mV Ë`mZr Aem _OyadJm©Mm EH$ Šc~

H$mT>cm. Ë`mÀ`mX²dmam Ë`m§Zm dmMZmMr JmoS>r cmJcr Am{U Ë`m§À`m _ÚnmZm{X XþîQ> Mmcr gwQ>ë`m.

doS>rdmH$S>r A^Ð JmUr gmoSy>Z hr _§S>ir gmpËdH$ {H$V©Zo H$ê$ cmJcr. 1871 _Ü o Ooìhm ~m~yOr

{dcm`Vog {ZKmco, Voìhm øm Jar~ _Owam§Zr Ë`m§Zm AË §V H¥$VkVmnyd©H$ _mZnÌ {Xco. `m XrZm§À`m

godo~ÔcMm ~m~yOtMm gËH$ma Vo {dcm`Vog Joë`mda {~«ñQ>c ehar EH$ {_eZar g§ñWoZo _moR>o _mZnÌ

XoD$Z Ho$cm. naV Amë`mda e{enmX ~m~y§Zr J[a~m§gmR>r EH$ n¡gm qH$_VrMo EH$ _m{gH$ H$mT>co. Xa

_{hÝ`mg Ë`mÀ`m 1400 àVr Iny cmJë`m. Ë`mV n. {edZmWgma»`m§Zr coI {c{hco. lr_§V

dJm©Mrhr Ë`mg Mm§JcrM _XV Ago. "~mamZJag_mMma' ZmdmMo gmßVm{hH$hr Ë`m§Zr H$mT>co. Vo

Mm§S>mim~amo~a OodrV. _ohoÎmam§À`m _wcm§Mr ewlyfm H$arV. gaH$maZo ZwH$Ë`mM CKS>coë`m gopìh¨½O ~±Ho$V

Ë`mMo n¡go R>odm`cm cmdyZ Ë`m§Zr H$mQ>H$ga {eH${dcr. ~mamZJamg nwT>o ~«måhg_mO ñWmnZ Pmë`mda

VoWo ~aoM H$m_ hmoD$ cmJco. H$cH$Îmm oWo ~«måhg_mOmMm _mKmoËgd hmoVmo. Ë`mdoir _moR>çm WmQ>mMo

ZJag§H$sV©Z {ZKVo. Ë`mV ~mamZJaÀ`m _Owam§Mr EH$ qXS>r oD$Z ÔZmV ^mJ KoVo. hëcr ~§Jë`m§V

Oo Backward Classes Mission Amho Ë`mMo _yi _hmamîQ´>mVrc Depressed Classes Mission

ho Amho.

❀ _w§~B©Vrc EH$ à`ËZ :-

_w§~B© ehamV 1855 gmcr EH$ _§S>ir Zo_yZ {VÀ`m {dÚ_mZo H$mhr emim Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r

ñWmnZ Pmë`m hmoË`m, nU Ë`mdoir H$mc AZwHy$c Zgë`m_wio d {MH$mQ>r Yê$Z H$m_ Z Pmë`mZo Ë`m

5<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

emim ~§X nS>ë`m. 1870 gmcr ~«åhmZ§X Ho$edM§Ð goZ {dcm`VohÿZ naV Amco d Ë`m§Zr Ymo~r

Vcmdmda \«$m_Or H$mdgOr BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>_Ü o Oo ì`m»`mZ {Xco Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr ImcÀ`m OmVtÀ`m

CÝZVrgmR>r _w. àm. gm_mOmZo H$mhr H$m © H$amdo Aer gyMZm Ho$cr. øm gyMZog AZwgê$Z _w§. àm. g.

À`m _§S>itZr amÌrÀ`m H$mhr emim ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m. Ë`mn¡H$s XmoZ emim \$ŠV Añn¥í` _mZcoë`m

OmVrgmR>r hmoË`m. 1851 gmcr àm.g.Mo EH$ g^mgX eoR> Xm_moXaXmg gwIS>dmcm øm CXma J¥hñWmZr

^mÌim oWo ñdIMm©Zo Añn¥í`m§gmR>r emim Mmc{dÊ`mgmR>r _XV Ho$cr. ga ZmamÙamd M§XmdaH$a

`m§Zr 1891 gmcr Ago åhQ>co Amho H$s, "Añn¥í`moÕmamÀ`m EH§$Xa MidirMm Ë`mdoin ªVÀ`m

B{Vhmg AdcmoH$Z Ho$cm d AmO Añn¥í`moÕmW© Mmcy Agcoco H$m © Ü`mZmV KoVco Va ~aoMgo lo

{¼ñVr {_eZar, ~«måhmg_mO, H$Z©c Ac²H$m°Q> d BVa {WAm°gm°{\$ñQ>, ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr d

Am ©g_mO `m§À`mH$S>o OmVo `mV H$mhr g§e` Zmhr.

❏ g`mOramd _hmamO :-

^maVr` Añn¥í`Vm hr EH$ ñdV§Ì ì`dñWm Amho. ~m¡ÜX, O¡Z, erI, qcJm`V, d¡îUd dJ¡ao

Y_©n§Wr`m§Zr d BVa gmYwg§Vm§Zr àmMrZ d _Ü` wJrZ H$mir Añn¥í`m§À`m AmpË_H$ CX²YmamgmR>r à`ËZ

Ho$co AmhoV, nU Vo gd© d¡ pŠVH$ ñdê$nmMo hmoVo. gm_wXm{`H$ Añn¥í`Vm _wimVM ZîQ> H$ê$Z AmYw{ZH$

AWm©Zo Vr {ZdmaÊ`mMo d Ë`mnwT>Mo ^m¡{VH$ CÜXmamMo H$m_ `m n§Wm§Zr qH$dm H$moUr g§Vm§Zr Ho$coco

B{VhmgmV Z_yX Zmhr. hçm ~m~VrVrc Mmcy à`ËZ åhUOo AmYw{ZH$ wJmMoM EH$ {d{eîQ> cjU Amho.

nmíMmË`m§Zr g§ñH¥$Vr `m nwamU{à` XoemV A§_c JmOdy cmJë`mda 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mnmgyZ Aem

à`ËZm§Zm gwê$dmV Pmcr. Ho$di H$cmZwH«$_mà_mUo nm{hë`mg lr_§V _hmamO gaH$ma Jm`H$dmS> `m§Mm

Z§~a {Vgam cmJVmo. nwT>rcà_mUo H$mcmZwH«$_mZo Q>ßno Imcrcà_mUo nmS>Vm oVmV. 1. _hmË_m Omo{V~m

\w$co-1827-1890, 2. ~m~y e{enmX ~§XmonmÜ`Òr ~mZOu (~§Jmc)- 1865 d 3) _h{f© {dÇ>c

am_Or qeXo-1873-1944, 4) lr_§V g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS>-1883-1939 åhUOo Ë`m§Zm amÁ`m{YH$ma

{_imë`m~amo~a {Vgè`mdfu gwê$ Pmco. `mÑîQ>rZo nmhVm lr_§V _hmamO åhUOo EH$m _moR>çm g§ñWmZMo

_moR>o A{YnVr åhUyZM Zìho Va A{Ic ^maVmVrc cmoH$_VmMo ZoVo, g_mOgwYmaH$, amOH$maUHw$ec

_wËgÔr d Amnë`m XmoñV B§J«O gaH$macmhr nXmonXr YS>o {eH${dUmao AZw dr gÎmmYmar åhUyZ OJmnwT>o

PiH$V AmhoV. 1882 mcr øm H$m_mg hmV KmcVmZm _hmamOm§Mo d` AdKo drg dfmªMohr ZìhVo.

BVa g§ñWmZm§H$Sy>Z Or WmoS>r~hþV Aer Anyd© H¥$Ë o hmoVmV, Ë`mMo lo EImÚm àmJ{VH$ {XdmUmH$S>oM

AgVo. 1918 gmcr Amnë`m ^maVr` {Zam{lV gmhmæ`H$mar _§irMr _w§~B©g EH$ Img A{Ic ^maVr`

Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaH$ n[afX âcr hmoVr. {VMo AÜ`jr` ^mfU H$aVmZm _hmamO åhUmco, ""_cm `m

H$m_r AZoH$ AS>MUrer PJS>mdo cmJco, {H$Vrhr _moR>çm nJmamMo Am{_f XmI{dco Var {H$Ë oH$ df}

6<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

qhXþ {ejH$M {_ioZmV. _wgc_mZm§H$Sy>Z d Z§Va Am ©g_m{OñQ>m§H$Sy>Z ho H$m_ H$adyZ ¿`mdo cmJco.''

øm H${R>U H$m`m©~Ôc 1921 gmcr "namonH$mar g^m' `m ZmdmÀ`m g oZo _hmam§Zm "n{VVnmdZ' Aer

nXdr {Xcr, Ë`mdoir _hmamO åhUmco, ""`m nXdrcm _r nmÌ Amho Ago _cm Var dmQ>V Zmhr.

amÁ`mÀ`m H$miOr_wio d n[apñWVr_wio øm H$m_r _cm {OVHo$ H$amd`mMo hmoVo, {VVHo$ KS>co Zmhr. _mPo

A{YH$mar _cm Oo gm§JVmV Ë`mdaM _cm {Z_yQ>nUo Adc§~yZ amhmdo cmJVo Am{U Vo Oo H$aVmV Ë`mdaM

V¥ßV amhmdo cmJVo. _mZdr à`ËZmcm _`m©Xm AgVmV. {deofV: qhXþñWmZmVrc amOocmoH$m§Zm Vo

gdm©{YH$mar AgyZhr øm _`m©Xm A{YH$M ^modVmV.''

1891-92 gmcr ~S>moXm, A_aocr, nmQ>Um Am{U Zdgmar oWo àË oH$ {R>H$mUr Añn¥í`

_wcm§gmR>r d _wctgmR>r ñdV§Ì dg{VJ¥ho H$mTy>Z Ë`m§À`m OodÊ`mMr d amhÊ`mMr gmo Ho$cr Jocr.

H$nS>ocÎmo, nmQ>çmnopÝgcr dJ¡aohr nwa{dcr. hçmZ§Va {H$Ë oH$ df} hçm à`moJmcm XþîH$mi d ßcoJ hr

{d¿Zo Amcr. _wcm§Zm emioV nmR>{dÊ`mcm `m H§$Jmc cmoH$m§Zm ÌmU CaoZm. qhXÿ A{YH$mè`m§À`m

ghmZw yVrÀ`m A^mdmMrhr Ë`mV ^a nS>cr. eodQ>r ømVrc H$mhr dg{VJ¥ho ~§X R>odmdr cmJcr.

VarXoIrc _hmamOm§Zr IMm©V ~MV Z H$aVm ~S>moXo ^mJmV é. 40 À`m d BVa ^mJmV é. 25 À`m

{eî`d¥Î`m R>odë`m d H$gohr H$ê$Z 1900 gmcmnmgyZ nwT>o H$mhr df} emim§VyZ {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 100

nmgyZ 1500 n ªV amhrc Ago Ho$co. EH§$XarV hçm Wmoa nwéfmÀ`m A§V:H$aUmV hçm hV^mJr cmoH$m§Mm

Ü`mg gVV cmJcm hmoVm, ho _mÂ`m Ü`mZmV oD$Z MwH$co. BVHo$M Zìho Va hçm _hÎdmÀ`m

{df`mg§~§Yr _mÂ`m ñdV:À`m {dMmam§Zm ZdrZ àmoËgmhZ {_iyZ ~«m÷g_mOmÀ`m A{Ic ^maVmVrc

_mÂ`m àMma H$m`m©~amo~a hçm cmoH$m§Zr {Za{Zamiçm àm§VmVrc pñWVr ñdV: S>moiçm§Zr ZrQ> {ZaIyZ

AO_m{dÊ`mMr _cm àoaUm Pmcr. 1904 gmcr _w§~B© oWo amîQ´>r` n[afXoÀ`m A{YdoeZm~amo~a

gm_m{OH$ n[afXoMo A{YdoeZ Pmco. Ë`mdoir EHo$ídar n[afX ^ê$Z am__mohZ Aml_mV lr_§V

_hmamOm§Zr àr{V^moOZmV ^mJ KoD$Z Am_À`mer ghH$m © Ho$co. `m n[afXoMm _hmamîQ´>mda d {deofV:

nwÊ`mVrc H$m ©H$mar nwT>mè`m§da Ogm ew « n[aUm_ Pmcm, VgmM _hmamOm§À`m CËgmheŠVrdahr Pmcocm

{XgVmo. cJoM XmoZ-VrZ dfm©V nwUo-_w§~B© oWo gìhªQ>g² Am°\$ B§{S>`m gmogm`Q>r, gmoec gpìh©g crJ,

godmgXZ, {S>. Šcm. {_eZgma»`m A{Ic qhXþñWmZÀ`m amîQ´>r` OrdZmda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m g§ñWm§Mm

CX² d Pmcm. CcQ>njr `mM gw_mamg lr_§V _hmamZm§Zrhr Amnë`m amÁ`mV gŠVrÀ`m {ejUmMm

H$m`Xm nmg H$ê$Z amîQ´>r` {ejUmMm YS>m BVa chmZ-_moR>çm g§ñWmZmM Zìho Va àË`j B§J«O

gaH$maghr KmcyZ {Xcm. ~S>moÚmÀ`m B{VhmgmV ho gmc gmoÝ`mÀ`m AjamV {c{hco OmB©c. ~S>moÚmV

gŠVrÀ`m {ejUmMo àñWmZ _m§S>ë`mda Cgirgaer AË §O emim§Mr g§»`m 18 Mr 247 Am{U

{dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 5000 Mr 9269 Pmcr. ~§X Ho$coë`m dg{VJ¥hm§Mr nwÝhm JaO ^mgy cmJcr.

cdH$aM A§Ë`Om§À`m gwX¡dmZo Am ©g_mOr n§. AmË_mam_ hçm Va~oO Am{U ñdV:g dmhÿZ KoVcoë`m

7<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

H$m ©dmhH$m§Mr OmoS> {_imcr. 1907-08 À`m gw_mamg _hmamOm§Zr _cm ~S>moÚmg nwÝhm ~moc{dco.

Ý`m`_§{XamÀ`m ^ì` {XdmUImÝ`mV EH$ O§Jr Xa~madOm Omhra g^m ~mocmdyZ _hmamOm§Zr ñdV:À`m

AÜ`jVoImcr _mPo "Añn¥í`moÕma' hçm {df`mda ì`m»`mZ H$a{dco. hoM ì`m»`mZ _cm nwT>o {chÿZ

Xa~maZo {dH$V KoVë`m. hçm gd© JmoîQ>tMm n[aUm_ ~S>moÚmÀ`m H$m`m©da hmoD$Z nr{S>V AmË_mam_mÀ`m

XoIaoIrImcr Ë`mcm _moR>m Omoa Amcm.

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a hçm Añn¥í`dJm©À`m à{gÜX nwT>mè`mcm _hmamOm§Mm _moR>m Aml` hmoVm. ~S>moXm

H$m°coOmVyZ Vo ~r. E. Pmë`mda _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§Zm A_o[aHo$V Xa~maÀ`m IMm©Zo {H$Ë oH$ df} R>odyZ

nrEM.S>r. H$adyZ AmUco. ~S>moXo ehamVrc Mma dg{VJ¥hm§Vrc {dÚmÏ`mªZm {ejU XoD$ZM Z Wm§~Vm

Ë`mÀ`m Ym{_©H$ {ejUmMrhr CÎm_ gmo H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. JwOamWoVrc A§Ë`OdJ© Amnmncr

Ym{_©H$ J¥hH¥$Ë o Amnë`mM OmVrÀ`m nwamo{hVm§H$Sy>Z H$adyZ KoV AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm JamoS>m åhUVmV. `m

JamoS>çm§H$Sy>Z Y_©H¥$Ë o `mo½` [aVrZo ìhmdrV åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mgmR>r EH$ g§ñH¥$V emim H$mT>Ê`mV Amcr

Am{U Ë`mV 25 JamoS>m {dÚmÏ`mªZm Xa_hm 8 é. ñH$m°ca{en XodyZ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amco. dg{VJ¥hmVrc

gd© {dÚmÏ`mªZm doX_§Ìmgh {ZË`mMr CnmgZm H$aÊ`mg {eH${dÊ`mV Amco. {edm` Ë`m§Mr XmoZ

~mcdranWHo$ AmhoV.

Imcrc H$moîQ>H$m§dê$Z ~S>moÚmVrc A§Ë`O emim§Mr H$er àJVr Pmcr ho {XgyZ oB©c.

df} _wcm§À`m emim _wctÀ`m emim EH§$Xa emim {dÚmWu

1883 --- --- 02 ---

1884 --- --- 09 ---

1891 --- --- 10 784

1900 --- --- 22 1726

df} _wcm§À`m emim _wctÀ`m emim EH§$Xa emim {dÚmWu

1990-91 224 04 228 15,549

1920-21 201 25 226 12,095

1925-26 220 05 225 15,403

1930-31 199 02 201 18,388

*1931-32 090 01 091 20,903

* ñdV§Ì emim ~§X.

8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

nwT>o Xþ_Xþ_V am{hcoë`m _§{XaàdoemÀ`m X§JcrVhr hçm n{VVnmdZ _hmamOm§Zr AmKmS>r _mê$Z

gaer {_i{dcr Amho. _§{Xa àdoemMr Midi gwê$ hmoÊ`mnyduM _hmamOm§Zr Amnco I§S>oamd-_§{Xa

Añn¥í`m§g Iwco Ho$co Am{U hr Midi gwê$ Pmë`mda 1932 À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mV gd©

qhXþY_u`mg OmVJmoV _ZmV Z AmUVm gaH$mar XodimV àdoe H$ê$ Úmdm d Vgo H$aÊ`mg ImOJr

Xodim§À`m _mcH$m§Mr _Zo didmdr. Aem Ame`mMm _hmamOm§Zr wamonmVrc cmoPmZhÿZ VmaoZo hþHy$_

nmR>{dcm. g§H$Q>o hr H$m ©{gÜXrMr _mnoM hmoV. Aer IyUJmR> _ZmV ~m§YyZ g_mOYwarUm§Zr gVV dmJco

nm{hOo. _hmamOm§Zr Ago Ho$co åhUyZM Ë`m§Zm Anyd© è cm^co.

❀ {WAm°gmo{\$H$c gmogm`Q>r :-

{WAm°gmo{\$H$c gmogm`Q>rMo AÜ`j H$Z©c Am°ëH$m°Q> `m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmMm CÎm_ Cnm`

åhUyZ _Ðmg ehar Amncr n{hcr emim 1894 gmcr EH$ PmonS>rV H$mT>cr. Xþgar 1898 _Ü o d

{Vgar 1899 _Ü o CKS>cr. 1901 À`m [anmoQ>m©V gd© emim {_iyZ Ë`m gmcÀ`m 20 {S>g|~a amoOr

384 _wcJo, 150 _wcr Am{U 16 {ejH$ hmoVo. MdÏ`m B`Îmon ªV Vmcr_, {heo~ d ì`mdhm[aH$ B§J«Or

ho {df` {eH${dÊ`mV oV. Ë`m§À`m Y_m©V _wirM hmV KmcÊ`mV oV Zgo. 1903 gmcr _r ñdV:

_Ðmg ehar gmogm`Q>rÀ`m 4 emim nm{hë`m. VoWo qH$S>aJmS>©Z nÜXVrMo Z_wZoXma {ejU _r nm{hco.

EH$ VÁk pñdg² ~mB© XoIaoIrMo H$m_ \$maM H$iH$irZo d IwfrZo H$arV hmoVr.

❀ Ho$. a§Jamd :-

_Ðmg Bcm»`mV {deofV: npíM_ {H$Zmè`mda _c~mamV Añn¥í`m§Mo hmc H$ënZmVrV hmoV

AmhoV. d[aîR> OmVtÀ`m ì`ŠVtnmgyZ 60-70 \w$Q>m§À`m A§Vamda oÊ`mg Añn¥í`m§Zm AÚm{n _ZmB©

Amho; åhUyZ hçm àm§Vr gdmªÀ`m _mJyZ hçm H$m_mg gwê$dmV Pmcr. _§Jiya ~«m÷g_mOmMo goH«o$Q>ar am.

gm. Ho$. a§Jamd `m§Zr _§Jiya oWo Amncr n{hcr emim 1897 gmcr H$mT>cr. Ë`mnydu cmoH$_V V`ma

H$aÊ`mgmR>r "n§M_ cmoH$m§Mr JmahmUr' (Wrongs of the Panchamas) hr chmZer MmonS>r Ë`m§Zr

B§J«OrV à{gÜX Ho$cr. VrV Ë`m§Zr hçm cmoH$m§Mr öX`ÐmdH$ Xþ:Io d{U©cr AmhoV. hçmH$m_r a§Jamdm§Zm

Am{U Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mcm cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z AZpÝdV N>i gmogmdm cmJcm. a§Jamd ho ñdV: gmañdV OmVrMo

AgyZ Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mcm Hw$Q>mi cmoH$ "n§M_Vr' Ago Cëco{IV. h m N>imcm Z Ow_mZVm 10 dfm©V

Ë`m§Zr ~arM àJVr Ho$cr. gaH$maÀ`m _XVrZo Ë`m§Zm hçm AdYrV hçm g§ñWogmR>r {dñVrU© OmJm,

B_maV, CÚmoJemim Am{U dgmhVrgmR>r gw_mao 20 EH$a eoVH$sMr OmJm BVH$s gm_J«r g§nmXZ H$aVm

Amcr. 1907 À`m gw_mamg _r _§Jiwamg ~«måhg_mOmÀ`m H$m_mgmR>r Jocmo Voìhm _r hr g§ñWm Am_À`m

^maVr` {Zam{lV gmhmæ`H$mar _§S>irV emIm åhUyZ g§c½Z H$ê$Z KoVcr. VoìhmnmgyZ nwT>o {hMr ~arM

ââmQ> Am{U à{gÜXr Pmcr.

9<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

❀ {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Am{U {¼ñVr {_eZo :-

`m§Zr Añn¥í`m§Mr pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Oo H$mhr à`ËZ Ho$co Vo à{gÜXM AmhoV. `m§À`m_m\©$V

AS>Wim H$m` Vmo ZmoH$aemhrMr Zdm~r nÜXVr Am{U {_eZè`m§Mo Y_mªVamMo doS> EdT>mM hmoVm. ~mH$s

gmYZo ânya hmoVr. ho AS>Wio ZgVo, Va Ë`m§À`m hmVyZ hm Añn¥í`VoMm níZ cdH$a gwQ>cm AgVm.

_ÐmgH$S>rc {¼ñVr {_eZè`m§À`m {deofV: amo_Z H°$Wm°{cH$ n§WmÀ`m nÜXVrV Va CKS>-CKS> Ajå`

Xmof _cm {Xgco Vo ho H$s Om{V oXmMo {Z_y©cZ H$aÊ`mMo Ë`mMo Y_m©V gm§{JVco AgyZhr Ho$di Amncr

g§»`m dmT>dmdr hçm H$mdo~mO hoVyZo Añn¥í` cmoH$m§Zm {¼íMZ Y_m©V KoD$Z nwÝhm Ë`m§Zm A{VZrM

AdñWoVM R>odÊ`mV Amco Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm qhXÿY_m©g nmaIo hmoD$Z {edm` Om{V oXmMo d

Añn¥í`VoMo Agø Owcy_ gmogmdo cmJcVmV. ~«m÷U-{¼ñVr cmoH$m§er Ë`m§Zm {_giyZ dmJVm oV Zmhr.

CnmgZogmR>r {¼ñVr XodimV OmÊ`mg Ë`m§Zm _ÁOmd Amho. _oar _mVm, {¼ñV BË`mXr _yVuMr nyOm

Añn¥í`dmS>çmV gam©g Mmcy Amho. Ë`mMo nwamdo _r ñdV: X{jU Xoer {ÌMZmnëcr dJ¡ao {R>H$mUr qhS>V

AgVmZm nm{hco. {¼ñVr cmoH$m§V hëcr Or amîQ´>r` Midi Mmcy Amho, Vr H$m`_ am{hcr Am{U qhXÿ

_hmg ogmaIr Midi eãXm§ncrH$S>o OmD$Z H¥$VrV Cacr, Va cdH$aM ho {¼ñVr Añn¥í` nwÝhm

Y_mªVa H$ê$Z qhXÿY_m©V oVrc Ago dmQ>Vo.

B§J«O gaH$maZo gŠVrMo {ejU XoD$Z {eH$coë`m§Zm _moR>çm-_moR>çm OmJm XoD$Z hçm cmoH$m§Zm da

AmUÊ`mV AmOda Or Ajå` {T>cmB© Ho$cr Amho. Vr Ho$cr ZgVr Va Añn¥í`Vocm Vm~S>Vmo~ AmohmoQ>r

cmJcr AgVr. VWm{n, Aem ~m~VrV naH$s` ZmoH$aemhr Am{U naY_u H$mdo~mOr `m§Zm nmoH$i Zmdo

R>odÊ`mnojm gd© Xmof ñdH$s`m§ZrM nËH$mamdm ho `mo½` Amho.

Am © g_mO, ~«måhmo g_mO, qhXÿ g_mO hçmVrc {H$Ë oH$ CXma J¥hñWm§Zr Añn¥í`Vm{ZdmaUmÀ`m

chmZ-_moR>çm ~è`mM g§ñWm H$mTy>Z hçm H$m_r nwîH$i ñVwË` à`ËZ Ho$co. åh¡gya, {ZOm_, h¡Ðm~mX,

B§Xmoa dJ¡ao _moR>_moR>çm g§ñWm§Zmhr Amnë`m {dÚmImË`m_m\©$V Añn¥í`dJm©Mr {ejU{df`H$ VaVyX

nwîH$i Ho$cr. nU ho gd© à`ËZ ^maVr` {Zam{lV gmhmæ`H$mar _§S>irMo H$m_mMm ~moc~mcm Pmë`mZ§Va

Or ghmZw yVrMr d OmJ¥VrMr cmQ> Xoemda ngacr {VÀ`m_wio Pmco.

oWda Añn¥í`mgmR>r ñn¥í`m§Zr Á`m Midir Ho$ë`m Ë`m§MmM CëcoI Amcm Amho. nU Ë`m

~m~VrV ñdV: Añn¥í`m§ZrgwÜXm AmË_moÕmamMr MiMi Ho$cr Amho. nydu {~«{Q>e gaH$maÀ`m g¡Ý`mV

Añn¥í` cmoH$m§Mr âVr hmoV Ago. Vr nwT>o ~§X Pmcr. gw_mao 1890-91 nmgyZ _hma-Mm§ mamXr

Añn¥í`m§Mr ZdrZ âVr ~X Pmcr. Z§Va nyduÀ`mZmhr aOm {_iy cmJcr. hçm{df`r XmX cmdyZ KoÊ`mMo

n{hco à`ËZ _hmS> VmcwŠ`mVrc amZSw>c JmdMo noÝeZa hdmcXma JmonmiZmH$ {dÇ>cZmH$ dc§JH$a

ZmdmÀ`m d¥ÜX J¥hñWmZo _moR>çm {MH$mQ>rZo Ho$co. _hmË_m Omo{V~m \w$co, ~m~m nX²_Or `mgma»`m§Mr `m§Zr

10<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

{eH$dU d _XV hmoVr. gZ 1895 gmcr nwÊ`mg âcoë`m H$m±J«ogÀ`m doir `m§Zr Midi Ho$cr hmoVr.

Xmnmocr oWrc Añn¥í` dJm©Vrc _hma-Mm§ ma cîH$ar noÝeZadmë`m§À`m dgmhVrV gXa ~arM Midi

Ho$cr. nU Midi ZdrZ Agë`m_wio è Amco Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr qhXþñWmZ gaH$maH$S>o AO© Ho$cm AgVm

noÝeZa cmoH$m§Zm Ë`mdoir ZwgË`m gøm H$aÊ`mMohr Ë`mdoir Y¡ © Pmco Zmhr. nwT>o hrM Midi nwÊ`mMo

lr. {edam_ OmZ~m H$m§~io `m§Zr 1903 gmcmnmgyZ _moR>çm ZoQ>mZo 1910 n ªV Mmcdcr. Vr AÚmn

MmcyM Amho.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 A) _.\w$co Am{U amO{f© emhÿ _hmamO `m§Mo AmajU{df`H$ {dMma(Mahatma Phule and Rajshrshi Shahu Maharaj on Reservation)

❏ _. Omo{Vamd \w$co (1827-1890)

{ejU hm _mUgmMm {Vgam S>moim hmo . hm g§Xoe \w$c|Zr V¥Vr` aËZ ZmQ>H$mVyZ (1855) {Xcm.

"_mZì`mMr AmM' {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r àW_ _mUgmcm OmJ¥V Ho$co nm{hOo, `m OmUrdoVyZ Ë`m§Zr

OrdZdmXr gm{hË` {c{hco. qhXÿ Y_©J«§WmMr H$R>moa {M{H$Ëgm Ho$cr. gm§ñH¥$VrH$aU _mo{h_oÀ`m _wimdaM

Kmd KmVco. ñÌr-nwéf g_VoMr OrdZÑîQ>r g_mOmcm XoÊ`mMm gVV à`ËZ Ho$cm. \w$c|Mm {dMma _ycV:

_mZdr ñdmV§Í`mH$S>o d g_VoH$S>o ZoUmam hmoVm. gmd©O{ZH$ gË` Y_© nwñVH$ hm J«§W Ë`m§À`m _mZd{df`H$

g§H$ënZoMo g_J« Xe©Z KS>{dVmo. \w$c|Mr {dMmagaUr emídV, Z¡{VH$ gË`mÀ`m AmYmamda A{YpîR>V

hmoVr. Ë`m§À`m Am§XmocZmÀ`m _wimer _yc yV _mZdr hŠH$m§Mm {dMma hmoVm. d§{MVm§Mo d A§ËÒm§Mo

emofU Wm§~dyZ gdmªZmM _wŠV H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm AÅ>mhmg hmoVm.

EHy$UM Omo{V~m§Mr y{_H$m Ho$di gwYmaH$mMr ZìhVr, Va gm_m{OH$ H«$m§{VH$maH$mMr hmoVr..Ë`m§À`m

{dMmaàUmcr_Ü o H$mc© _mŠg©À`m gm_m{OH$ {eH$dUwH$sMr WmoS>r PcH$ hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr gm_m{OH$

H«$m§VrMo ~r éO{dco. g_VmdmX éO{dcm. àñWm{nVm§{déÜX {dÐmoh Ho$cm, AmKmV Ho$co. nU AqhgoÀ`m

VÎdmZwgmaM \w$c|À`m {dMmag§{MVmVyZ _hmamîQ´>mV gwYmaH$m§Mr d Zd_VdmÚm§Mr {nT>r CËH«$m§V Pmcr.

_. \w$co `m§À`m {dÐmohr {dMmana§naoZo d H$m © H$V¥©ËdmZo _hmamîQ´>mV gm_m{OH$ ~XcmMm EH$ Zdm

àdmh KS>cm. hm àdmh Om{V oX, dJ© oX, ñÌr-nwwéf oX Cëc§KUmè`m AmË_àË``r _mZdVoZo

AmoW§~cocm hmoVm. ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm Am{U cmoH$emhr `m VÎdm§À`m AmXe© qMVZmVyZ Zdg_mO

{Z{_©VrMo Am§XmocZ N>oS>V hmoVm. ì`pŠVñdmV§Í` d {ddoH${ZîR>m `m§Mm AmJ«h YaUmè`m AmYw{ZH$VoZo

11<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

^macocm hmoVm Am{U Ah{Z©enUo Om{Vì`dñWm d nwéfàYmZVoMo emofU d dM©ñd ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r

_mZd_wŠVrÀ`m cT>çm_Ü o AJ«oga hmoVm. Omo{Vamdm§Zr _mJo gmoS>coë`m `m gm_m{OH$ g§Kfm©À`m {dMma

na§naoVyZ EH$ Xe©Z (VÎdkmZ) R>merdnUo nwT>o oV amhVo.

❀ eoVH$è`m§Mo Ym{_©H$ emofU :-

"eoVH$è`m§Mm AmgyS>' Am{U "~«m÷UmMo H$g~' `m XmoÝhr nwñVH$m§V OmoVramdm§Zr ~«m÷U

eoVH$è`m§Mo Ym{_©H$ emofU H$go H$aVmV `mMo _moR>o _m{_©H$ {ddoMZ Ho$co Amho. _wimV eoVH$ar hm

Ym{_©H$ d¥ÎmrMm, Ë`mÀ`m Ym{_©H$ d¥ÎmrV A§YlÜXm XS>cocr. `m A§YlÜXoMm d Xod^moionUmMm Cn`moJ

H$ê$Z ~«m÷Um§Zr Ë`m§À`m_mJo doJdoJiçm d«Vm§Mo d {dYrMo ewŠcH$mîR> cmdyZ {Xco Amho. `m gd© d«Vm§Mm

Am{U {dYtMm _w»` CÔoe åhUOo Jar~ eyÐm§H$Sy>Z X{jUm cw~mSy>Z KoUo hm Amho. amoI X{jUm, YmÝ`,

gwnmar, ~Xm_, H$nS>o BË`mXr AZoH$ ~m~t ewÐ eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z Y_m©À`m ZmdmZo ~«m÷U cw~mS>VmV. ~«m÷U

Img {dYr H$ê$Z d gUm§À`m _whÿVm©da eoVH$è`m§g gmVË`mZo cw~mS>VmV.

_. \w$co `m§Mr Ü o ÑîQ>r emgZ d emofU `mnmgyZ _wŠV Ago "~irMo amÁ`' ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr

hmoVr, Ë`mg H$Yr-H$Yr Vo "{Z{_©H$mMo amÁ`' Agohr åhUVmV. "{Z{_©H$mMo amÁ`' VoìhmM ñWmnZ hmoB©c

Ooìhm gdmªZm Ý`m`mZo d g_mZVoZo dmJdUmar, gd©Y_©g{hîUwVm d gd©g_mdoeH$, {dídHw$Qw>§~mË_H$ Aer

H$îQ>H$è`m§Mr AmXe© g_mOaMZm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV oB©c. Ë`mV àË oH$OU ^mdm-~{hUrà_mUo (nVr-

nËZrMo ZmVo dJiVm) amhrc. àË oH$ OU dñVy§Mm l_mà_mUo Cn^moJ KoB©c. àË oH$OU gË`Y_m©à_mUo

dmJoc. `m amÁ`mV {enmB©, nmocrg, Ý`m`mYre d Vwê§$J `m§Zm \$mago ñWmZ AgUma Zmhr.

AmO ~«m÷Ê` ho Ho$di ~«m÷U OmVrnwaVoM _`m©{XV am{hco ZgyZ Vo BVa OmVrVhr àñWm{nV hmoV

Amho. Ë`m_wio Vo ì`mnH$ n[adV©ZmÀ`m AmS> oV Amho. "eyÐmVrV' ZmoH$aemhr `m "~«m÷UmZo J«ñV Amho.

Ë`m_wio ì`mnH$ Om{V{Z_y©cZmMm cT>m cT>V AgVmZm hm ~XcVm g§X © AmnUm§g cjmV ¿`mdm cmJVmo.

_. \w$co Ë`m~m~V gmdY hmoVo.

OmoVramdm§À`m g_moa AÝ`m`mZo ^aS>ë`m Jocoë`m nU g§» oZo ~hþOZ Agcoë`m eyÐ, Añn¥í` d

pñÌ`m `m VrZ {d^mJmV VrZ àíZ hmoVo. H$m~mS>H$îQ> H$aUmao eyÐ, Hw$U~r, X[aÐr d H$O©~mOmar H$m?

_hma, _m§J dJ¡ao A{VeyÐ OmVr Añn¥í` H$m? Am{U pñÌ`m§À`mda nwéfm§Mm Owcy_ H$m? `m VrZ

{d^mJmdarc AÝ`m`mMo ñdê$n d Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§À`m _wŠVrMm _mJ© `m {df`m^modVrM Ë`m§Mm cmoH$emhrH$aUmMm

{dMma KS>cm Am{U Vmo Aìdc Aem amOH$s` ñdê$nmV ì`ŠV Pmcm.

❀ _. \w$co `m§Mr amOH$s` ì yhZrVr :-

Ë`m§À`m `m ì yhaMZocm VrZ A§Jo hmoVr. n{hco A§J A§{V_ C{ÔîQ>m§Mo hmoVo. Vo C{ÔîQ> OwÝ`m

12<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

aMZocm _wimnmgyZ _moSy>Z H$mTy>Z Ë`mMr g§nyU© Zdr aMZm AmUÊ`mMo hmoVo. Ë`m Zì`m aMZoMm AmamIS>m

Ë`m§Zr aoImQy>Z R>odcm Amho. Xþgao A§J Ë`m C{ÔîQ>m§H$S>o KoD$Z OmUmè`m d ì`mdhm[aH$ nmVirda

Vm~S>Vmo~ C{ÔîQ>o JmR>Umè`m H$m ©H«$_mMo hmoVo Am{U {Vgao A§J `m C{ÔîQ>m§À`m nyVugmR>r _w»` eÌy{déÜX

~m§Ymd`mÀ`m XmoZ eŠVtÀ`m AmKmS>rMo hmoVo.

OmoVramdm§À`m amOH$s` VÎdkmZmMo _yi ñdê$n A{Ve` H«$m§{VH$maH$ hmoVo Am{U ho {dMma ~Z{dV

AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr OJmVrc ~hþVoH$ àmJ{VH$ KQ>Zm§Mr Zm|X KoVcocr Amho. CXm. Ë`m§Zr Amnco Jwcm_{Jar

ho nwñVH$ A_o[aH$Z Jwcm_m§À`m _wŠVrgmR>r PJS>Umè`m cmoH$m§Zm An©U Ho$co Amho Ë`m§Zr Ago _V ì`ŠV

Ho$co Amho H$s, _mZdr ñdmV§Í` hm _mZdmMm Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$ma Amho Am{U Vmo àmßV Ho$ë`m{edm` Ë`mMo

{hV hmoV Zmhr d Ë`mg gwI {_iV Zmhr. åhUyZ Aem ñdmV§Í`mcm àñWm{nV H$aUmar cmoH$V§ÌmË_H$

amOdQ> hrM Iar amOdQ> Amho, Ago _. \w$c|Mo _V hmoVo. ~irMo amÁ` ho eoVH$è`m§Mo d H$m~mS>H$îQ>

H$aUmè`m§Mo amÁ` Amho. \w$c|Zr g§nyU© d¡{XH$ na§naocm d {VÀ`m amOH$s` VÎdkmZmcm PwJmê$Z {Xco

Amho. dU©OmVrda AmYmacocr, amOmcm Xod _mZUmar, eyÐm§er H$nQ> H$aUmar Am`mªMr na§nam Ë`m§Zm

A_mÝ` Amho.

eyÐm§Zr {dÚm g§nmXZ H$ê$Z dU©OmVr oXmda C^r Agcocr ~«m÷Uemhr ga§Om_Xmar aMZm nyU©nUo

_moSy>Z Q>mH$mdr Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr AmXe© amÁ`mMr H$ënZm Ë`m§À`m gmd©O{ZH$ gË`mÀ`m

H$ënZoda AmYmacocr Amho. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr gd© OmVtZm _yR>_mVr XoUmar, gd©Y_©g_mdoeH$, {dídHw$Qw>§~mË_H$

H$îQ>H$è`m§Mr cmoH$gÎmmH$ AmXe© aMZm KS>{dÊ`mMm àñVmd _m§S>cm.

gmam§emZo Vo nwT>rcà_mUo Amho. gd© ñÌr-nwéfm§Zm {Z{_©H$mZo {Xcoco gd© hŠH$, ñdmV§Í` d

A{YH$ma AgVrc. gd© OJ Y_©, OmVr, àXoe Ago g§Hw${MV oX Z _mZVm ~hrU, ^md§S>mà_mUo

{dídHw$Qw>§~mV amhVrc. H$moUrhr H$moUmda ~iO~ar H$aUma Zmhr. Xoem{^_mZmMo Iyi _mO{dUma Zmhr.

gd© dñVy§Mm `WoÀN> Cn^moJ ¿`md`mg {_ioc. EH$ nËZr, EH$ nVr d«Vm§Mo AmMaU Agoc, Ý`m`XmZmMo

H$m_ {Z:njnmVrnUo hmoB©c. H$îQ> H$aUmè`m§Mm AmXagËH$ma hmoB©c. Mm§ mamcmnU à{VîR>m oB©c. Ym{_©H$

oX^md d T>m|JrnUm AgUma Zmhr.

{dÚm KoVë`m{edm` eyÐm§Mm CÜXma hmoUma Zmhr. B§J«Or kmZm{edm` _ZyÀ`m _VmMo I§S>Z hmoUma

Zmhr Ago _. \w$c|Mo _V hmoVo. åhUyZ gaH$maZo gdmªZm gŠVrMo {ejU Úmdo. ~«m÷Um§À`m Cn`moJr

nS>Umè`m CÀM {ejUmda OmñV IM© Z H$aVm ewÐ ~hþOZm§À`m àmW{_H$ {ejUmda OmñV IM© H$amdm.

eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z {ejU H$a dgyc Ho$cm OmVmo, nU Ë`mg {ejU {Xco OmV Zmhr, Aer Ë`m§Mr amñV

VH«$ma hmoVr. eyÐ _wcm§Zm {ejU XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$amdr.

gZmVZr N>mdUrcm gm_moao OmÊ`mMo Oo YmS>g ~«måhU gwYmaH$m§nmer ZìhVo Vo H«$m§VrH$mar

13<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Ü o {ZîR>o_wio _. \w$co `m§À`mH$S>o hmoVo. noedmB©nmgyZ MmcV Amcoë`m ~«m÷U X{jUm§Mr na§nam

{~«{Q>em§Zr X{jUmàmB©O H${_Q>rÀ`m dVrZo Mmcy R>odcr hmoVr. KmoH§$nÅ>rda AmYmacoco {ZaW©H$ kmZ

~miJUmè`m Zmcm`H$ ~«måhUm§Zm X{jUm XoD$Z nmogÊ`mMo H$m_ {Zd}YnUo Mmcco hmoVo. Vo _. \w$c|Zr

OmVr ì`dñWo{damoYr d g§KQ>Zm ~m§YyZ ~«måhUm§Zm Zm§Jr Q>mH$md`mg ^mJ nmS>co.

ñÌr- «yUhË oMr KQ>Zm _. \w$co `m§Zr OdiyZ nm{hcr. Ë`m§Mo öX` hocmdco. 1863 _Ü o

{dYdm§Zm JwßVnUo oD$Z ~mi§V hmoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Amncr _wco {VWo R>odÊ`mgmR>r EH$ "~mchË`m

à{V~§YH$ J¥h' Ë`m§Zr ñWmnZ Ho$co. ñdV:À`m amhË`m Kar Ë`m§Zr {dYdm§gmR>rMm hm Aml_ CKS>cm

hmoVm, Ë`m XmoKm nVrnËZrZo H$moUVmM ì`pŠVJV ñdmW© Z R>odVm {dcjU g_n©U^mdmZo {dYdmgmR>r

H$m © Ho$co.

Vmam~mB© qeXo `m§À`m (ñÌr-nwéf) J«§Wm_wio d a_m~mBªÀ`m ì`dhmar kmZm_wio nwéfgÎmocm hmXao

~gco. gZmVZr JQ>mZo Ë`m§À`mda {Q>H$m Ho$cr, nU \w$co `m§Zr `m XmoÝhr {ó`m§Mr H$S> KoD$Z "gËgma'

_Ü o {c{hco. ñÌrÀ`m nmoQ>r OÝ_ KoD$Z ñÌrqZXm H$aUmè`m§Mr Ë`m§Zr {Z ©ËgZm Ho$cr. "gËgma XmoZ'

d AÝ` coIZm_YyZ Ë`m§Zr ñÌr_wŠVrMo _ycJm_r VÎd_§WZ KS>dco. AmB© åhUyZ ñÌr H$aV Agcoco l_,

Ë`mJ d Mm§JwcnUmer nwéfm§Mr VwcZm Ho$cr, Va ñÌr hrM nwéfm§nojm loîR> R>aVo, Agm {Zdm©im _.

\w$c|Zr {Xcm.

24 gßQ>|~a 1873 _Ü o "gË`emoYH$' g_mOmMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. gË`emoYH$ g_mOmMo n{hco

AÜ`j Am{U H$mofmÜ`j åhUyZ _. \w$c|Mr {ZdS> Pmcr.

❀ H$mc© _mŠg© d _. \w$co :-

_.\w$co `m§À`m H$mimV {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ` pñWamdco hmoVo. {~«Q>rem§Zr Á`m ZdrZ gwYmaUm AmUë`m

Ë`m_wio ^maVmV em§VVm Amcr Vr nmhÿZ cmoH${hVdmXr \w$co-amZS>o dJ¡ao gwYmaH$ {~«Q>re-gm_«mÁ`mMr

àe§gm H$arV AgV. Aem H$mimV {~«Q>re gm_«mÁ`mÀ`m {nidUwH$sMo ñdê$n d hoVy _mŠg©Zo ñnîQ> Ho$co.

^maVmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _mŠg©Mo ho _hÎdmMo H$m © Pmco.

\w$co-_mŠg© g_H$mcrZ hmoVo. XmoKm§Zrhr amîQ>dmXrÀ`m _`m©Xm Amocm§Sy>Z Jar~ d l{_H$ _Zwî`m§À`mgmR>r

H$m © Ho$co. _mŠg©Mr _Xma d AmYma "H$m_Jma' dJ© hmoVm. ^maV d _hmamîQ´>XoIrc eoVr d eoVH$ar

àíZ Agë`m_wio hm l{_H$ dJ© àYmZ Yê$Z _. \w$co `m§Zr {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr d Ë`mZo Oer

H$m_Jma Midi C^macr Ver BH$S>o eoVH$ar Midircm \w$ë`m§Zr OÝ_ {Xcm. XþîH$mi dJ¡a|~amo~a

\w$ë`m§Zm _wH$m~cm H$amdm cmJcm. _. \w$ë`m§Zr Am{W©H$, gm_mÝ` {dMma Vgm IynM AYyZ_YyZ Ho$cocm

AmT>iVmo.

14<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

_. \w$c|Zm àË`jmV g_mOmV Om{Vg§ñWm {XgV hmoË`m. CÀMZrM ^md Ë`m§Zm d Ë`m§À`m

eyÐm{VeyÐ OZVog AZw^{dÊ`mg {_iV hmoVm. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` H«$m§Vrnojm

"Ym{_©H$ H«$m§Vr' OmñVr Ano{jV d àmYmÝ`mMr dmQ>cr. åhUyZ Y_©{M{H$Ëgocm d Y_©_r_m§gocm Ë`m§Zr

àW_ hmV KmVcm. "Y_©{M{H$Ëgm' hr BVa gd© {M{H$ËgoMr gwédmV AgVo Agm {dMma _mŠg©Zohr

_m§S>cm hmoVm d Ë`mZohr Y_m©Mr {M{H$Ëgm _yc yVnUo Ho$cr Amho. XmoKohr Y_m©Mo Aä`mgH$ d {M{H$ËgH$

hmoVo.

❏ emhÿ _hmamO

Om°Z am°ëg hm {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©Vrc EH$ AË §V _hÎdmMm VÎdk _mZcm OmVmo.

H$maU Ë`m§Zo Ý`m`{gÜXm§VmMr Zdr _m§S>Ur _m§S>cr. am°ëgMr Ý`m`mMr g§H$ënZm àm. aoJo `m§Zr EHy$U 40

nmZmV g_OmdyZ gm§{JVcr Amho. _amR>rV n{hë`m§XmM EdT>çm g_W©nUo am°ëgMr Ý`m` H$ënZm

_m§S>Ê`mV Amcr. àm. aoJo `m§À`m _Vo, am°ëgZo Ý`m`mMr Or H$ënZm _m§S>cr Vr J«rH$ H$mimnmgyZ

gmo{\$îQ>mnmgyZ àM{cV Agcoë`m Ý`m`{df`mÀ`m EH$m {dMmagaUrer g§~§{YV Amho. nU nma§nm[aH$

H$amamnojm am°ëgMr H$ënZm doJir Amho. H$maU nma§nm[aH$ {dMmagaUrV _mUgo AmË_{hVcjr dm

WmoS>Š`mV ñdmWu AgVmV Ago _mZÊ`mV oVo. nU `m{df`rMr gmd©{ÌH$ CnnÎmr am°ëg _mÝ` H$arV

Zmhr. H$maU Ë`mÀ`m _Vo, OoWo Ý`m`mMm àíZ CnpñWV hmoVmo VoWo XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ nj AgVmV.

àË oH$ nj Amncr ~mOy _m§S>rV AgVmo.

1950 Z§VaÀ`m (50 Vo 60 dfm©Mm) amOH$s` {dMmam§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm Va Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s,

ho {dMma doJdoJiçm VrZ Q>ßß`m§_Ü o _m§S>Vm oVrc.

1) 1950-70 `m H$mim_Ü o A_o[aH$s amÁ`emñÌkm§Zr _m§S>cocm AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMm d

amOH$s` {dH$mgmMm {gÜXm§V à^mdr hmoVm. Ë`mM~amo~a H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMm {gÜXm§Vhr

à^mdr[aË`m _m§S>cm Jocm.

2) 1970-90 `m H$mim_Ü o dV©ZdmXr-{dH$mgdmXr amOH$s` {gÜXm§Vmcm _mKma ¿`mdr

cmJcr Am{U _mŠg©dmXr d Zd_mŠg©dmXr {dMma à^mdr R>acm. Ë`mM~amo~a H$mhr

amOH$s` g§H$ënZm§Mr \o$a_m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

3) 1990 Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV gmopìhEV g§KmMo {dKQ>Z Pmco. MrZZo ^m§S>dcr {dH$mgmMm _mJ©

ñdrH$macm Am{U _mŠg©dmXmÀ`m à^mdmcm AmohmoQ>r cmJcr. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr, CXmarH$aUmMr

Am{U A{^OmV CXma_VdmXmcm AmìhmZ XoUmè`m {dMmagaUrMr _m§S>Ur `m H$mimV

ìhm`cm gwê$dmV Pmcr.

15<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

{dMmagaUrÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Ü o EdT>o _ycJm_r ~Xc EdT>çm H$_r H$mcmdYr_Ü o Šd{MVM Pmco

AgVrc. `mM H$mimV ñÌrdmX, n`m©daUdmX Am{U CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmX `m§Mrhr _m§S>Ur à^mdr[aË`m

H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `mMm AW© 1950 nmgyZ OJmV oS>gmdUmao {df_VoMo, gm_«mÁ`emhr emofUmMo _mJmg

Xoem§À`m {dH$mgmMo d dm§{eH$ Aëng§»`m§H$, pñÌ`m Am{U ñWcm§V[aV `m§À`m A{YH$mam§Mo àíZ gwQ>coco

AmhoV Ago Zìho Va Vo AOyZhr gmd©{ÌH$ {XgyZ oVmV.

Á`m g_mOmV {df_Vm Amho. Ë`m g_mOmV g_mZVoMo VÎd cmJy hmoVo. amO{f© emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr

26 Owc¡ 1902 amoOr dmT>{XdgmMr oQ> åhUyZ 50% OmJm _mJmgdJu`m§gmR>r amIyZ R>odë`mMm

OmhraZm_m à{gÜX Ho$cm. Ë`mdoir gm§JcrMo à»`mV dH$sc lr. Aä §H$a gZmVZr {dMmam§Mo hmoVo.

_hmamO AmnU Añn¥í`m§gmR>r AmajUmMr (50%) gmo H$m Ho$cr? Ë`mdoir am. emhÿ§Zr nwT>rc à_mUo

CXmhaU {Xco. ha^è`mMm IwamH$ ImÊ`mgmR>r geŠV KmoS>r d AeŠV (Weak) KmoS>r EH$mMdoir

XmdUrVyZ gmoS>cr. Ë`mdoir geŠV KmoS>ç§Zr ImD$M {Xco Zmhr. Ë`mà_mUo g_mOmVrc loîR> d ~cdmZ

cmoH$ H$_r ~cdmZ cmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m VmH$VrÀ`m ~imda \$m`Xm KoVmV. åhUyZ {df_Vm dmT>Vo. Vr

H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm H$mhr Img gdcVr XoD$Z Amnë`m~amo~arZo AmUÊ`mgmR>r g_mZ g§Yr XoUo

Amdí`H$ Amho. åhUyZ emhÿ _hmamO åhUVmV, g_mOmMr g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mg gH$mamË_H$

oX^mdmMo VÎdkmZ ñdrH$mamd`mMo Ë`m_Ü o AmajU XoD$Z _mJmgdJu` cmoH$m§Zm {ejU Úmdo.

gH$mamË_H$ oX^mdmMo CÔoe cmoH$m§Zm OmVdma à{V{ZYrËd XoUo hm ZgyZ _mJmgdJu` cmoH$m§Zm Img

g§Yr XoD$Z Ë`m§Zm nwT>macoë`m cmoH$m§À`m ~amo~arZo AmUUo hm AgVmo.

1.2.2 ~) amOH$s` AmajU Am{U godm§VJ©V AmajU Am{U {ejU (Political

Reservation and Reservations in Services and Education)

^maVmÀ`m cmoH$g§» o_Ü o, AZwgy{MV OmVtMr cmoH$g§»`m gw_mao 16.2% (1,66,335,700)

Amho. AZwgy{MV OmVtMr n[apñWVr gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r emgZ {MañWm`r d gmVË`mZo à`ËZ H$aV AgyZhr,

`m gm_m{OH$ JQ>mMo dJuH$aU _mZdr {dH$mgmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr _mnX§S>mV AmOhr ^maVr` g_mOmVë`m

gdm©V Jar~ d ImcÀ`m XOm©_Ü o hmoVo. AZwgy{MV OmVtMr {Zåå`mhÿZ A{YH$ cmoH$g§»`m CÎmaàXoe,

Vm{_iZmSy>, ~§Jmc, {~hma Am{U Am§Y« àXoe_Ü o H|${ÐV Amho. Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ AndO©Z d

OmVrÀ`m AmYmao hmoUmao oX^md `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ à{H«$`m§er `m JQ>mMr d§{MVVm g§~§{YV Amho.

`m JQ>mÀ`m {deof AS>MUr AmoiIyZ, emgZmZo Joë`m H$mhr dfm©V, Ë`m§À`mVë`m _mZdr j_Vm

Am{U H$m ©Hw$ecVocm AmH$ma XoÊ`mgmR>r, gmVË`mZo AZoH$ CnH«$_ d YmoaUo V`ma Ho$cr AmhoV.

emgZmÀ`m AZwgy{MV OmVt~ÔcMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ KQ>ZoVë`m VaVwXt_YyZ V`ma Pmcm Amho. `m_Ü o

16<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

gm_m{OH$ ì`dhmamVrc Añn¥í`Vm Am{U Añn¥í`Vo_wio CX² dUmam oX^md `mda H$m`ÚmZo ~§Xr

KmcÊ`mV Amcr Amho. (H$c_ 17), g§{dYmZ, H$m`Úmg_moa gd© g_mZ Agë`mMr h_r XoVo. (H$c_

14); KQ>ZoV AZwgy{MV OmVtZm e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ cm^mMr Am{U gm_m{OH$ AÝ`m` d gd©

àH$maÀ`m emofUmnmgyZ Ë`m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho. (H$c_ 46); emgH$s` godm§_Ü o

AmajUmÛmao {deof _mnX§S>mMr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho Am{U `m{edm` cmoH$emhr amOH$s` g§ñWm_Ü o amIrd

OmJm R>odë`m AmhoV (H$c_ 330 Am{U 225, 73 dm KQ>Zm XþéñVr H$m`Xm, 1992), gaVoeodQ>r

amÁ`KQ>Zm, AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo dm{f©H$ AZw~moYZ d AÝdofU

H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$m pñWa _§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMrhr VaVyX H$aVo.

❀ H|$Ð d amÁ` {d{Y_§S>io d BVa g§ñWm§_Yrc VaVyXr :-

H$c_ 330 Am{U 332 A§VJ©V cmoH$g^m (à{V{ZYtMo H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h), amÁ`g^m (à{V{ZYtMo

d[aîR> g^mJ¥h) Am{U ^maVmVë`m gd© amO`m§Vë`m {dYmZg^m§_Ü o, AZwgy{MV OmVtgmR>r OmJm amIrd

AmhoV. àË oH$ amÁ`mVë`m AmajUmMm dmQ>m, {hñgm Ë`m R>am{dH$ amÁ`mÀ`m AZwgy{MV cmoH$g§» oda

AmYm[aV Amho.

❀ oX^mdm{déÜX Am{U gj_rH$aUmH$[aVm emgH$s` YmoaU :-

qhXÿ g_mOmVrc Om{Vì`dñWm hr Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ {df_Voda AmYm[aV Agcocr gm_m{OH$

g§ñWm Amho. AZwgy{MV OmVtZm gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmV Ë`m§Mo Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Am{U

gm§ñH¥${VH$ hŠH$ ZmH$maco Joco. AZwgy{MV OmVtZm cm§~ R>odUo Am{U oX^md `mcm Eo{Vhm{gH$

H$mimnmgyZ gm_moao Omdo cmJco. _w»` dñË`m§nmgyZ cm§~ R>odë`mZo Am{U oX^md Ho$ë`mZo AZwgy{MV

OmVtZm _moR>çm à_mUmda Xm[aÐç Am{U {nidUyH$ ghZ H$amdr cmJcr. OmVrÀ`m CVa§S>r_Ü o Ë`m§Zm

gdm©V VimMm ñVa àmßV Pmcm.

AZwgy{MV OmVtMr hmoUmar {nidUyH$ Am{U oX^md hmoV Agë`mZo amÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü o AmajUmÛmao

g_mZ g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo, {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ _VàUmcr Am{U Am{W©H$ emofUm{déÜX g§ajU

H$aUo Am{U AZwgy{MV OmVtMr Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` d gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmT> hmoÊ`mH$[aVm {d{eîQ>

Am{W©H$ VaVyXr dmT>{dUo JaOoMo hmoVo. aUZrVr, `moOZm~ÜX {dH$mgmÛmao AZwgy{MV OmVtZm Ý`m`

dmJUwH$sMr ImÌr Am{U Xþc©{jV JQ>m§Zm _w»` àdmhmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r {Xem XmIdVo. EH$sH$S>o CËnÝZ,

XOm© Am{U g§Yr_Yrc Ag_mZVm H$_r H$aUo d XþgarH$S>o AZwgy{MV OmVt_Ü o gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$

d e¡j{UH$ {dH$mgmgmR>r g§gmYZm§Mo dmQ>n Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§À`mV AmË_{Z ©aVm Am{U AmË_gÝ_mZ

dmT>{dUo, ho à`ËZ `m YmoaUmÀ`m _wimer AmhoV.

17<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

AZwgy{MV OmVrH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm ÑîQ>rH$moZ Am{U YmoaU CÀM àVrMo R>odco Amho. `mda XmoZ à_wI

{dMmam§Mm à^md Amho.

1) AZwgy{MV OmVtZm eVH$mZweVHo$ _w»` àdmhmnmgyZ Xÿa R>odë`mZo AZoH$ joÌmV Amcocr

d§{MVVm Xÿa H$aUo Am{U eŠ` hmoB©c VodT>o BVa g_mOmÀ`m ~amo~arÀ`m ñWmZmcm AmUUo.

2) XoemVë`m gd©gm_mÝ` Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` à{H«$`m§_Ü o Ë`m§À`m à^mdr

gh^mJmgmR>r àmoËgmhZ XoD$Z, AcJrH$aU d oX^md `mnmgyZ Ë`m§Zm g§ajU XoUo.

ho C{ÔîQ> g_moa R>odyZ emgZmZo Xþhoar YmoaUmMm dmna Ho$cm Amho. Á`m_Ü o-

1) amÁ` KQ>ZoZo {Xcoë`m dMZmZwgma gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm à{VHy$c dmVmdaU Agcoë`m JQ>m§Zm

gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` XoÊ`mgmR>r, H$m`Xoera AmYma XoÊ`mgmR>r, gH$mamË_H$ H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r,

OmJê$H$Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m JQ>m_Ü o g§doXZercVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r, oX^md

{damoYr Am{U g§ajUmË_H$ _mnX§S>mMr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho. VgoM JaOm§da AmYm[aV

H$m ©H«$_m§Mr aMZm H$aUo, à^mdr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo, XoIaoI Am{U n ©dojU `m_Ü o

gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr VaVyXhr Ho$cr Jocr Amho.

2) AZwgy{MV OmVtZm {H$_mZ _yc yV godm§Mm g_mZ hŠH$mZo cm^ {_iÊ`mMr VaVyX H$ê$Z

Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ñdV§Ì Am{U ñdmdc§~r H$aÊ`mÀ`m A§{V_ hoVyZo, amoOJma {Z{_©VrMo CnH«$_

am~dyZ Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm gj_ H$aÊ`mncrH$S>o dV©_mZmV ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m Ag_mZVm,

{df_Vm Am{U BVa gVVÀ`m g_ñ`m Xÿa H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm gj_ H$ê$Z, Ë`m§Mm

{dH$mgmgmR>r Am{U j_Vm dmT>rgmR>r Cnm`m§Mr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho.

emgZ gmVË`mZo YmoaU AmIVo, H$m ©H«$_ {dH${gV H$aVo, JaOoÀ`m nm`m yV g§ñWmË_H$ gw{dYm

ñWmnZ H$aUo, ^ard gmYZg§nÎmrMr VaVyX H$aVo. R>am{dH$ H$m ©H«$_m§À`m {ZYrgmR>r hr gmYZg§nÎmr

amÁ`m§H$S>o `mo½` VèhoZo di{dVo. Xþc©{jV JQ>m§À`m gj_rH$aUmÀ`m _wÚm§da amÁ` gaH$mam§er {dMma

{d{Z_` H$aVo. {Za{Zamiçm `moOZm§Mo g§{Z §ÌU H$aVo Am{U ^{dî`mVcr YmoaUo AmIVmZm Ë`mVrc

à{VgmXm§Mm `mo½` g_mdoe H$ê$Z KoVo d doimodoir g§_V hmoUmè`m H$m`Úm§Mr à^mdr A§_c~OmdUr

H$aÊ`mMr KQ>ZmË_H$ O~m~Xmar nma nmS>Vo. g§ñWm§Mo EH$ _moR>o Omio {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Am{U ^ard

gmYZg§nÎmrMr {d^mJUr H$ê$Z,y `mVyZ AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ Aj_Vm Xÿa H$aVm

oVrc Aer emgZmcm Amem Amho.

❀ KQ>ZmË_H$ gwa{jVVm :-

^maV gaH$maZo AZwgy{MV OmVtgmR>r AZoH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m Cnm`m§Mr h_r XoUmar {dYo Ho$

18<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

A{Y{Z`{_V Ho$cr AmhoV. amÁ`KQ>ZoVgwÜXm `mMr VaVyX Amho. emgZmZo Añn¥í`Voer {ZJS>rV

Agcoë`m Aj_Vm Am{U AS>Wio Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Añn¥í`Vm Am{U ^oX^md {Z_y©cZ

H$aÊ`mH$[aVm AZoH$ g§ajH$ à_mUHo$ A{Y{Z`{_V Ho$cr AmhoV.

`m Aj_Vm nwT>rcà_mUo hmoË`m.

1) {dhra, emim, añVo, Q>nmc H$m`m©c o `mVrc àdoemg _ZmB© AWdm {Z~ªY H$aUo.

2) doX {ejUmMr hŠH$m _ZmB© (doX-ho nwamU_VdmXr qhXÿ§Mo gdm©V OwZo d n{dÌ J«§W) Am{U

g§Ý`mer (n{dÌ nwéf) hmoÊ`mg AnmÌ _mZUo.

3) H$moUË`mhr gÝ_mÝ` d cm^àX amoOJmam_YyZ dJiUo Am{U Ë`m`moJo Ë`m§Zm H$_r àVrÀ`m

amoOJammnwaVoM gr{_V R>odUo.

4) CÀMd{U© m§§À`m CnpñWVrV AmXa wŠV g§~moYZ, ^mfm dmnaUo d AmXaUmZoM CR>Uo-~gUo.

5) AZwgy{MV OmVrÀ`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m hmcMmctda {Z~ªY KmVco Joco hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr CÀMd{U© m§nmgyZ

qH$dm Ë`m§À`m KamÀ`mnmgyZ R>am{dH$ A§Vamda ahm`Mo, añVo Am{U Jëë`m§_Ü o àdoe

H$aÊ`mda {Z~ªY hmoVm.

6) AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m ì`ŠVtZr CÀMd{U© m§gmR>r {~ZnJmar Am{U gd© hcŠ`m XOm©Mr H$m_o

H$aUo.

H$c_ 46 _Yrc _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr gwc^ hmoÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoV gwa{jVVoÀ`m

Cnm`m§Mr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho, `m_Ü o Ago åhQ>co Amho H$s-

amÁ` Xþ~©c JQ>mVë`m cmoH$m§À`m {deofV: AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVtÀ`m e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$

{hVmMr {deof H$miOr KoB©c d Ë`mcm àmoËgmhZ XoB©c Am{U Ë`m§Mo gd© gm_m{OH$ AÝ`m` d

emofUmnmgyZ g§ajU H$aoc.

amÁ`mÀ`m YmoaUmMr {ZX}eH$ VÎdo Oar H$moUË`mhr H$m`ÚmÛmao gŠVrZo A§_cmV AmUVm oV

Zgcr VargwÜXm Vr XoemÀ`m àemgZmgmR>r nm`m yV AmhoV, Ë`m`moJo H$m`ÚmV XþéñVr d A§_c~OmdUr

H$aVmZm, amÁ`mMr H$V©ì o d O~m~Xmè`m `m§Mr AmIUr hmoVo (H$c_ 37).

S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr amÁ`mg_moa gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMr _mJ©Xe©H$

VÎdom _m§S>cr AmhoV. H$maU Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ ñdmV§Í`mMm A^md Agcoco amOH$s` ñdmV§Í`

{ZaW©H$ Amho, Ago _V Ë`m§Zr _m§S>co.

19<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

oX^md{damoYr Cnm`m§_Ü o Añn¥í`V§m JwÝhm H$m`Xm, 1955 À`m A§VJ©V gmd©O{ZH$ OmJm§_Ü o

Añn¥í`Vm d oX^md wŠV AmMaU hm JwÝhm R>aVmo. `mV H$m`ÚmÀ`m A§_c~OmdUrMm g_mdoe Amho.

gZ 1976 _Ü o, hm H$m`Xm AmUIr H$S>H$ Am{U à^mdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r, nwZ{d©Mma Ho$cm Jocm Am{U

Ë`mMo Zm_m§Va ZmJar hŠH$ g§ajU A{Y{Z`_ (Zmhg§) H$m`Xm Ago Ho$co Joco. `m H$m`ÚmV AZwgy{MV

OmVtÀ`m cmoH$m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr àdoemMr _ZmB© H$aUmè`m§Zm X§S> Ho$cm OmVmo.

`m_wio g§nyU© ^maVm_Ü o `m~m~V AZoH$ àemgH$s` g§aMZm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho.

gd©gmYmaUV: AZoH$ amÁ`m§_Ü o, g_mOH$ë`mU {d^mJ `m A{Y{Z`_m§À`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>rMr

à_wI A{^H$Vm© AgVmo. nmocrg Am{U J¥h {d^mJm§Vhr _m. A{Y{Z`_m§À`m A§_c~OmdUrgmR>rMr

O~m~Xmar XoÊ`mV Amcr Amho. AZoH$ amÁ`m§_Ü o, `m A{Y{Z`_m§À`m à^mdr A§_c~OmdUrda XoIaoI

H$aÊ`mgmR>r, XjVm Am{U XoIaoI g{_Ë`m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. AZwgy{MV OmVr d

AZwgy{MV O_mVtgmR>r AZoH$ amÁ`m§_Ü o {deof Ý`m`mc`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. H$mhr amÁ o

Va CËn{S>V d AË`mMmè`mÀ`m ~itZm H$m`Xoera _XVhr H$aVmV. `m_Ü o Añn¥í`Vm nmcZ H$aUmao

joÌ AmoiIÊ`mMr VaVyX Amho Am{U Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhm§_m\©$V gm_m{OH$ EH$sH$aUmcm àmoËgmhZ

XoÊ`mgmR>r, àmoËgmhZ nwañH$ma R>odco AmhoV. Á`m_Ü o OmoS>rXmam§n¡H$s EH$ Oa AZwgy{MV OmVrMm Agoc

Va Ë`m OmoS>ß`mcm Am{W©H$ _XV {Xcr OmVo.

❏ AmajUmMo YmoaU :-

gH$mamË_H$ H¥$Vr ho gaH$maMo d§{MV JQ>m§À`m gmm_{OH$ Ý`m`mÀ`m h_rgmR>rMo gdm©V epŠVemcr

gmYZ Amho. `m H¥$VrMo emgZmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ EoŠ`mÀ`m VÎdmda AmYm[aV Agcoë`m "gm_m{OH$

Ý`m`mMr amîQ´>r` gZX' H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~m§{YcH$sda, gm_m{OH$ d qcJ Ý`m`mda Am{U Amdí`H$ Ë`m

H$m`Xoera _mnX§S>mda à{Vq~~ nS>Vo. AmajUmMo YmoaU nwT>rc VaVwXt~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo.

1) gmd©O{ZH$ amoOJma/godm§gmR>r g§ajU;

2) gmd©O{ZH$ e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§_Yrc àdoemg§~§YrÀ`m VaVwXr; Am{U

3) H|$Ð d amÁ` H$m`Xo_§S>im_Ü o Am{U BVa {d{dY amOH$s` _§S>io d g§ñWm§_Ü o amIrdOmJm§Mr VaVyX.

❏ gmd©O{ZH$ amoOJmamgmR>r AmajUo :-

❀ H$c_ 14 _Ü o {c{hcoë`m g_mZVoMo VÎd :-

H$c_ 16 _Ü`o A{YH$ Vnercdma nwT>rcà_mUo :-

20<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

"amÁ` A§VJ©V' H$moUË`mhr H$m`m©c`mVrc amoOJma AWdm {Z wŠVr `m_Ü o g_mZ g§YrMm hŠH$

{Z_m©U Ho$cm Jocm Amho.

1) amÁ`m§VJ©V H$moUË`mhr H$m`m©c`mV amoOJmamÀ`m qH$dm {Z wŠVrg§~§Yr, gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm

g_mZ g§Yr Agcr nm{hOo.

2) \$ŠV Y_©, d§e, OmV, qcJ, d§ena§nam, OÝ_ñWmZ, {Zdmg qH$dm `mVrc H$emÀ`mhr

AmYmao H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$mcm, amÁ`m§VJ©V H$moUË`mhr amoOJma dm {Z wŠVrgmR>r, oX^md

Ho$cm OmUma Zmhr AWdm AnmÌ R>a{dco OmUma Zmhr.

3) EImÚm JQ>m§g§~§Yr AWdm amoOJmaJQ>m§g§~§Yr AWdm H$m`m©c`rZ {Z wŠVrg§~§Yr (gaH$ma

A§VJ©V, AWdm amÁ` dm H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§VJ©V Ë`m amÁ` dm H|$Ðem{gV àXoem_Ü o

{Zdmgmg§~§YrÀ`m), Aem amoOJma dm {Z wŠVrAmYr, H$c_m§VJ©VÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ~m~t_wio

g§gXocm H$moUVmh H$m`Xm {c{hÊ`mg à{V~§Y hmoUma Zmhr.

4) gaH$maÀ`m _Vo, gaH$mar godm§_Ü o nwaogo à{V{ZYrËd Zgcoë`m _mJmgdJu` ZmJ[aH$m§gmR>r

nXo d {Z wŠVr `m§À`m AmajUmMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mg `m H$c_mVrc H$moUË`mhr ~m~r_wio

gaH$macm à{V~§Y hmoUma Zmhr.

❏ g_mOmVrc Xþ~©c KQ>H$m§Mm gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ {dH$mg :-

1) ~mcH$ë`mU, 2) g§ñWm g§KQ>Z (Am`moJ) : A) amîQ´>r` gmd©O{ZH$ ghH$m © Am{U

~mc{dH$mg g§ñWm, {Xëcr, ~) H|$Ðr` gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU _§S>i (1953), H$) amîQ´>r` _{hcm Am`moJ

(1992), H$) ~mchŠH$ g§ajUmgmR>rMm amîQ´>r` Am`moJ (2007).

❀ _{hcm {dH$mg :-

g_mOmV EHy$U cmoH$g§» oÀ`m 48% à_mU pñÌ`m§Mo (2001), ñdm^m{dH$M, H$moUË`mhr

g_mOmMm {dH$mg _{hcm H$ë`mUmda AmYma yV AgVmo. ho cjmV KoD$Z emgZmZo _{hcm H$ë`mUmgmR>r

{d{dY H$m`Xo, `moOZm d H$m ©H«$_ V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr Amho.

❀ wdm H$ë`mU :-

amîQ´>r` wdm YmoaU-2003, `moOZm- amîQ´>r` godm `moOZm (EZ.Eg.Eg.), AZwgy{MV OmVtMo

H$ë`mU, amîQ´>r` AZwgy{MV OmVr Am`moJ, amîQ´>r` _mJmgdJu` Am`moJ, d¥ÜXm§Mo H$ë`mU, d¥ÜXmgmR>r

21<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

amîQ´>r` g{_Vr d amîQ´>r` YmoaU, H$m_Jma H$ë`mU B. `moOZm am~{dë`m OmV AmhoV.

❏ ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mcmVrV Q>ßno : àJVr

B§J«Or amOdQ>rV eyÐm§Zm àW_ {dÚmO©Z H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imcr Agcr Var g§YrMr g_mZVm

Agë`mIoarO Xm[aÐ`m_wio eyÐm{VeyÐm§_Ü o {dÚoMm àgma hmoUma Zmhr, Ago _. \w$co `m§Mr ImÌr Pmcr

hmoVr. {dÚoMm cm^ IoS>oJm§dÀ`m _wcmg àmßV ìhmdm, `m CÔoemZo hS>nga oWo Xa_hm 10 én o IM©

H$aÊ`mBVH$shr gËèmoYH$ g_mOmMr VgoM Jm§dH$è`m§Mr EonV Zgë`m_wio ~§X H$amdr cmJcr hmoVr.

emim§VyZ Jar~ cmoH$m§M _wco eoH$S>m 5 \w$H$Q> KoÊ`mMm hþHy$_ {ejU g§MmcH$ M°Q>\$sëS> `m§Zr

H$mT>ë`m~Ôc Ë`m§Mo gËèmoYH$ g_mOmZo Am^ma _mZco. eyÐm{VeyÐm§Zm {dÚmO©ZmMm A{YH$ma Úmdm,

VgoM Ë`m§À`m g§ñWoÀ`m à_mUmV A{YH$manXm§da Zo_UyH$m H$amì`mV Agm _. \w$ë`m§Zr Am wî`â

Ogm AmJ«h Yacm Vgm 19ì`m eVH$mVrc ^maVmVë`m AÝ` H$moUmhr gwYmaH$mZo AmJ«h Yacocm {XgV

Zmhr.

_hmamOm g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS> (~S>moXo) Am{U H$moëhmnya am. emhÿ _hmamO `m XmoÝhr g§ñWmZÀ`m

_hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZÀ`m hÔrV eyÐm{VeyÐm§Zm {ejU KoÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imdr åhUyZ emim gwê$

Ho$ë`m d Ë`m g_mOmVrc hmoVH$ê$ d ~wpÜX_mZ {dÚmÏ`mªZm naXoemVrV {dÚmnrR>mV àdoe {_idyZ CÀM

{ejU KoVm `mdo `mgmR>r {eî`d¥Î`m AJa H$O© {Xco. `m XmoKm _hmamOm§Zr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zm

{dÚmO©ZmgmR>r H$go gmhmæ` Ho$co Vo gd©kmV Amho. eyÐ g_Oë`m OmUmè`m OmVrV OÝ_coë`m gw{e{jV

VéUm§Mr d[aîR> A{YH$mar åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU g`mOramd _hmamOm§Zr VgoM emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr

Adc§{~co. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV 50% amIrd OmJm _mJmgdJu`m§gmR>r âmì`mV Agm hþHy$_ 26

OyZ 1902 H$mT>cm. gyMZm _mJmgcoë`m dUmªMm AW© ~«m÷U, na y,y eoUdr, nmaer d Xþgao nwT>o Jococo

dU©IoarO H$ê$Z dU© Agm g_Omdm.

1901 À`m CÎmamYm©V g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS>m§Zr am_M§Ð {dR>mo~m Ym_UgH$a `m§Mr ~S>moÚmMo

{XdmU åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Ho$cr.

❏ åh¡gya g§ñWmZmVrc AmajU ZrVr :-

1881 Vo 1950 `m H$mcI§S>mV åh¡gyaMo {XdmU åhUyZ g§ñWmZm~mhoarc Imcgm _wcImV B§J«Or

{dÚm KoVcoë`m ~«m÷Um§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$cr OmV Ago. na§Vw åh¡gyaÀ`m _hmamOm§Zr gaÝ`m`mYre ga coñcr

{_ca `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr 7 gXñ`m§Zr 34 Am°JñQ> 1918 amoOr EH$ g{_Zr Zo_cr. {VZo 1919

À`m Owc¡V, _mJmgdJu`m§gmR>r 50% OmJm amIyZ R>odmì`mV, Aer {e\$mag Ho$cr. Vr 16 _o 1921

22<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

amoOr _hmamOm§Zr ñdrH$macr. 1921 Z§Va 7 dfmªÀ`m H$mcmdYrV AmñVo-AmñVo AmajUmMo YmoaU

A§_cmV AmUco OmB©c. Vo gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`m§Mr âVr H$aVmZm cmJy Ho$co OmB©c. _mÌ ~T>Ë`m XoVmZm

Vo cmJy Ho$co OmUma Zmhr, Ago åh¡gya gaH$maZo Omhra Ho$co. 7 gXñ`m§n¡H$s 2 ~«m÷U gXñ`m§Zr gr.

AcoŠPm§S>a Aæà Am{U E_.gr. a§Jm Aæ §Jma `m XmoKm ~«måhU gXñ`m§Zr g{_VrÀ`m Ahdmcmg {^ÝZ

_Vn{ÌH$m OmoS>ë`m hmoË`m. _mJmgdJu`m§n¡H$s H$mhr g_mO AmajUmMo \$m`Xo AÝ` _mJmgdJu`m§Zm {_iy

Z XoVm AmnUM gJio cmQ>Vrc Agm YmoH$m Agë`mMo _V Aæà `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$co Am{U YmoH$m

Q>miÊ`mMm Cnm` åhUyZ _mJmg OmVrn¡H$s àË oH$ OmVrgmR>r {VÀ`m g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV OmJm amIyZ

R>odmì`mV Aer Ë`m§Zr gyMZm Ho$cr. {_ca g{_VrZo e¡j{UH$ nmÌVoIoarO H$m ©j_VoÀ`m AÝ`

H$gmoQ>çmhr {deX Ho$ë`m. (ìhr.E.n¡. nmU§XrH$a, g§nmXH$), "{X nm°{c{Q>Šg Am°\$ ~°H$dS>©Zog :

[aPìh}eZ nm°{cgr BZ B§{S>`m, 1995, n¥.126) H$m ©j_Vm ho àemgZmMo gmÜ` ZgyZ _hÎdmMo gmYZ

Amho. `mMo {_ca g{_VrZo ^mZ R>odco hmoVo, {_ca g{_VrZo g_OÊ`mMo VrZ JQ>m§_Ü o {d^mOZ Ho$co

hmoVo. 1) ~«m÷U, 2) AÝ` gdU© qhXÿ, _wgc_mZ d ^maVr` {¼ñVr, 3) {Zam{lV qH$dm ~{hîH¥$V

dJ© ({S>àoñS> Šcmgog),y ~«m÷U Am{U ~«m÷UoVa Aer {d^mJUr Ë`m H$mimV Ho$cr OmV Ago.

~«m÷UoVam§_Ü o ~«måhU dJiVm AÝ` gd© OmVrMm g_mdoe Ho$cm OmV Ago.

❏ _Ðmg àm§VmVrc AmajU :-

AmOÀ`m Am§Y« àXoemVrc Voc§JU dJiVm Cd©[aV VocJy ^mfH$m§Mm àXoe Am{U ^mdUH$moa-

H$moMrZ dJiVm _ë`mi_² ^mfH$m§Mm _wcyI ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV _Ðmg àm§VmV g_m{dîQ> Ho$cocm

hmoVm. S>m°. Q>r. E_. Zmà d nr. Ë`mJamO MoÅ>r `m§Zr ~«måhUoVamMm OmhraZm_m à{gÜX Ho$cm. ({S>g|~a

1916) 1917 À`m Am°JñQ>_Ü o gmD$W B§{S>`Z {c~ac \o$S>aoeZMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. "OpñQ>g' ZmdmMo

gmßVm{hH$ {VMo _wInÌ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio "OpñQ>g nmQ>u' `m ZmdmZo ~«måhUoVam§Mm nj _Ðmg àm§VmV

{ZdS>UyH$m cT>dy cmJcm. ~«måhUoVam§gmR>r ñdV§Ì _VXmag§K, Vo Z {_imë`mg {dYr_§S>imV,

{ejUg§ñWm§_Ü o VgoM gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o amIrd OmJm Aer OpñQ>g nmQ>uZo _mJUr Ho$cr. OpñQ>g

nÌmZo OmVdma à{V{ZYrËd `m {df`mda à{gÜX Ho$coco {ZdoXZ (_Ðmg _oc) `m d¥ÎmnÌmZo 24 Zmoìh|~a

1917 À`m A§H$mV nwZ_w©{ÐV Ho$co. "àemgZ àm{V{ZYrH$ ñdê$nmMo AgÊ`mgmR>r ~«måhUm§_Yrc VgoM

~«m÷UoVam§_Yrc àË oH$ OmVrMo à{V{ZYr H$m`Xo _§S>imV Am{U gaH$mar godoV AgUo Ý`m`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo

AË §V Amdí`H$ Amho. qhXr cmoH$m§Mo Ho$di ~«måhU Am{U ~«m÷UoVa Ago T>mo~i dJuH$aU H$aUo

AÝ`m` Amho. Ë`m_wio ~«m÷Um§_Yrc VgoM ~«m÷UoVam§_Yrc H$mhr OmVr _mJmgcoë`m Agë`mMr

OmUrd AZoH$m§Zm ZgVo.

1919 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma 1920 gmcr nma nS>cocm _Ðmg àm§VmÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV

`m

n°am_Yrc

gd© df}

MwH$sMr

dmQ>VmV

23<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

OpñQ>g nmQ>uZo 81 OmJm qOH$ë`m_wio Vmo H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc gdm©V _moR>m nj ~Zcm. 1923 gmcr 61

OmJm qOH$Umè`m `m njmV 1926 gmcr Ad¿`m 22 OmJm qOH$Vm Amë`m. _Ðmg àm§VmV gaH$maÀ`m

gd© ImË`mV Om{V{Zhm` ZmoH$è`m amIrd R>odÊ`mg§~§YrMm AmXoe (\$ñQ>© H$å wZc JìhZ©_|Q> Am°S>©a)

OpñQ>g nmQ>uÀ`m _§Í`mÀ`m AmJ«hm_wio 16 gßQ>|~a 1921 amoOr Omar H$aÊ`mV Amcm. _Ðmg àm§VmVrc

d¡Ú{H$` A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmc`mV àdoe XoVm Zmhr. Aem AmXoemÀ`m AmYmao 1921 Vo 1947

`m dfmª_Ü o {ZU© KoVcm OmV Ago. 12 OmJm âmd`mÀ`m Agë`mg Ë`mMr dmQ>Ur Imcrcà_mUo

Ho$cr OmV Ago. EHy$U 12 OmJm§n¡H$s ~«m÷UoVa qhXÿ§Zm 5 (åhUOo 42%) ~«måhUm§Zm, _wgc_mZm§Zm

Am{U A°½cmo-B§{S>`Zm§Zm àË oH$s 2 (åhUOo 17%) Am{U {Zam{lV qH$dm ~{hîH¥$V OmVr§Zm \$ŠV

1 (åhUOo 7%) Agm dmQ>m 1927 gmcmnmgyZ {Xcm OmD$ cmJcm. {eH$coë`m cmoH$m§n¡H$s {deofV:

B§J«Or {eH$coë`m V{_i ^mfH$ ~«m÷U nwéfm§Mo à_mU 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg 17.9% hmoVo,

Va B§J«Or {dÚm KoVcoë`m doëcmi `m ~«m÷UoVa OmVrMo à_mU 1% BVHo$hr ZìhVo. doëcmimn¡H$s

_wX{c`ma `m nmoQ>OmVrMo cmoH$ B§J«Or {dÚm KoÊ`mV AÝ` ~«måhUoVa OmVtÀ`m VwcZoZo nwT>macoco g_Oco

OmV AgV. _w§~B©V âcoë`m n{hë`m A{Ic ^maVr` ~«m÷UoVa H$m±J«ogMo AÜ`j E. am_ñdm_r

_wX{c`ma `m§Zr ~«m÷UoVa Midi åhUOo "J°~moH«$gr' Agë`mMo Om{ha Ho$co. no[a`ma åhUyZ AmoiIë`m

OmUmè`m am_ñdm_r dm`H$am§Zr ñdm{^_mZ Midi gwê$ Ho$cr Am{U OpñQ>g nmQ>uMm à^md

Amogê$ cmJcm Am{U Vmo nj 1930 Z§Va AñV§JV Pmcm. X{jU ^maVmVë`m ~m÷UoVa MidirÀ`m

ZoË`m§À`m gaH$maYm{O©Ê`m YmoaUmcm {dQ>coco ~«måhUoVa VéU H$m±J«ogH$S>o dico Am{U ñdmV§Í`

MidirV CVaco.

❏ _w§~B© àm§VmVrc _mJmgdJu`m§Mr pñWVr :-

_w§~B© gaH$maÀ`m {ejU ImË`mZo àm§VmV ñdrH$macoë`m dJr¥H$aUmZwgma EHy$U cmoH$g§» oV

~«måhU OmVrMo åhUOo àJV qhXÿ§Mo Am{U VËg_ qhXÿMo ñWmZ Mm¡Wo Agco Var àmW{_H$ d _mÜ`{_H$

emco {ejUmV VgoM _hm{dÚmc`rZ {ejUmVhr Ë`m§Mo Aìdc ñWmZ hmoVo. `mCcQ> _amR>m d

VËg_ OmVtMr JUZm _Ü`_ OmVt åhUyZ Ho$cr OmV Agcr Var àmW{_H$ d _hm{dÚmc`rZ

{ejUmÀ`m ~m~VrV Ë`m§Mo ñWmZ {Vgè`m H«$_m§H$mMo hmoVo Va _mJmg qhXÿ OmVtMo ñWmZ Mm¡Ï`m

H«$_m§H$mMo hmoVo. B§J«Or {eH$coë`m§Mr gaH$mar ZmoH$argmR>r {ZdS> Ho$cr OmV Agë`m_wio H$maHy$Z åhUyZ

Zo_Ê`mV Amcoë`m {Vgè`m dJm©À`m H$_©Mmè`m§_Ü ohr àJV qhXÿ§Mm \$ma âUm Pmcocm hmoVm.

Ama.Eg.Amgdco `m§Zr {dMmacoë`m àíZmcm CÎma XoVmZm MwZrcmc _ohVm `m AW©_§Í`mZo 1928 gmcr

H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m nQ>cmda R>odcocm _m{hVrMm VŠVm BVH$m ~mocH$m Amho H$s, Ë`mda A{YH$ ^mî`

H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr.

`m

n°am_Yrc

gd© df}

MwH$sMr

dmQ>VmV

24<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

_amR>m {Zam{lV, àJV {¼ñVrd VËg_ _wgc_mZ ~{hîH¥$V qhXÿ nmeu Á`y AÝ` EHy$U

OmVr OmVr

g{Mdmc` 11 11 0 268 38 81 12 440

gm. ~m§YH$m_ ImVo 6 0 0 64 8 10 3 91

_w§. {Oëhm H$m`m©c` 3 8 0 28 0 4 1 44

Am wŠV CËnmXZ-ewëH$ 1 0 0 12 5 0 0 18

cKwdmX Ý`m`mc` 9 7 0 58 1 5 8 88

CÀM Ý`m`mc` 4 15 0 125 22 23 9 198

_w§. nmocrg Ý`m`mc` 7 4 0 32 0 4 0 47

_w§. nmocrg Am wŠV 0 7 0 59 0 4 0 87

(S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a : am`qQ>½O A±S> ñnrMog : I§S> 2, 1982, n¥. 420 Am{U 455)

EHy$U 966 H$maHw$Zm§À`m OmJm§n¡H$s 646 àJV qhXÿÀ`m dmQ>çmcm Amë`m hmoË`m. _amR>m d

VËg_ _Ü`_ OmVtMo 31 H$maHy$Z hmoVo, Va {Zam{lV qH$dm ~{hîH¥$V OmVrV OÝ_cocm EH$hr OU

H$maHy$Z åhUyZ H$m_ H$arV ZìhVm.

❏ {~«Q>rem§Mo {ejU{df`H$ YmoaU :-

19 ì`m eVH$mV ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m `m ZdrZ amOdQ>rZo g_mOOrdZmV AZoH$ n[adV©Zo KS>dyZ

AmUcr. ^maVmV Am{U _hmamîQ´>mVrc AmYw{ZH$ {ejU d ^m¡{VH$ {dÚm§À`m Aä`mgmcm {~«{Q>e

H$mimnmgyZ Ama§ Pmcm. {~«{Q>em§Zr {ejUmV Am_ycmJ« ~Xc Ho$co. `m {ejUm_wio {~«Q>re amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm

{OVH$m \$m`Xm Pmcm. Ë`mÀ`m {H$VrVar nQ>rZo ^maVr` g_mOmMm \$m`Xm Pmcocm {XgVmo. `m

{ejUm_wioM _hmamîQ´> VgoM ^maVmVrc g_mOmÀ`m OrdZmV EH$ n[adV©Z KSy>Z Amco.

❏ {~«Q>re amOdQ>rVrc {ejUmMo ñdê$n :-

{~«Q>re amOdQ>rV _hmamîQ´>mV gmd©{ÌH$ {ejU àgmamV gwê$dmV Pmcr. Ë`m§Zr nma§n[aH$ {ejU

nÜXVrZo Am_ycmJ« ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUco. gd© OmVrY_m©À`m cmoH$m§Zm {ejUmMr Xmao Iwcr H$ê$Z {Xcr.

{¼íMZ {_eZè`m§Zr AZoH$ {R>H$mUr AZoH$ AS>MUrda _mV H$ê$Z emim gwê$ H$ê$Z {ejU

XoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$cr hmoVr. _w§~B© Bcm»`mV {ejUmMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1805 _Ü o _w§~B© oWo

25<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

"~m°å~o EÁ wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>r' `m g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. H§$nZrÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcrc àXoemV amhUmè`m

Jar~ cmoH$m§_Ü o {ejUmMm àgma H$aUo hm `m g§ñWoMm _w»` CÔoe hmoVm. `mH$m_r Epë\$ÝñQ>Z `mZo

nwT>mH$ma KoVcm hmoVm. Xoer ^mfoVyZ J«§W{Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Epë\$ÝñQ>Z `m§À`m àoaUoVyZM 1820 gmcr

"{X Zo{Q>ìh ñHy$c A°ÝS> ñHy$c ~wH$ H${_Q>r' hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Pmcr. `m g§ñWoV\}$ _w§~B©V AZoH$ emim

gwê$ Pmë`m. VgoM JwOamWr d _amR>r ^mfoV B§J«Or nwñVH$m§Mr ^mfm§Vao Pmcr. _w§~B© oWo 1824 _Ü o

B§J«Or emioMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. Ë`m emiocm nwT>o "Epë\$ÝñQ>Z hm`ñHy$c' Ago Zm§d XoÊ`mV Amco. Xaå`mZ

1823 gmcr OJÝZmW e§H$aeoR> `m§Zr "~m°å~o Zo{Q>ìh EÁ wHo$eZ gmogm`Q>r' hr g§ñWm ñWmnZ Ho$cr. `m

g§ñWoZo _w§~B© d _w§~B©~mhoa AZoH$ emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m. Ë`m_wio {ejU àgmamcm MmcZm {_imcr. 1834

_Ü o _w§~B©V "Epë\$ÝñQ>Z H$m°coO' gwê$ Pmco.

nwÊ`mV g§ñH¥$V H$m°coOMr ñWmnZm (gZ 1818) _Ü o Pmcr. 1851 _Ü o g§ñH¥$VEodOr B§J«Or

^mfocm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Amco. _oH$m°co `m§Zr nmíMmÎ` nÜXVrMo B§J«Or ^mfoVyZ {ejU Úmdo Agm AmJ«h

Yacm.

ga Mmc©g² dyS>Mm {ejU{df`H$ I{cVmZwgma Ë`m§Zr Ho$coë`m gyMZm åhUOo ^maVmVrc

^{dî`H$mimVrc _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo hmoVr. 1857 _Ü o _w§~B©, MoÝZB©, H$mocH$Îmm oWo {dÚmnrR>m§Zr ñWmnZm

Ho$cr. ga Mmc©g² dyS>À`m I{cË`mZo e¡j{UH$ àJVrcm JVr {_imcr.

❀ h§Q>a Am`moJ :-

1882 _Ü o ga h§Q>a `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. `m Am`moJmZo g§nyU©

XoemMm Xm¡am H$ê$Z àË oH$ àm§VmÀ`m {ejUmMr nmhUr Ho$cr. `m AhdmcmVrc _hÎdmÀ`m {e\$maer

nwT>rcà_mUo :-

1) ImOJr {ejU g§ñWm§Zm e¡j{UH$ H$m`m©V àmoËgmhZ Úmdo, Ë`m§Zm AZwXmZ Úmdo.

2) {ejUmdarc gaH$mar {Z`§ÌU H$_r H$amdo.

3) _hm{dÚmc`m§Zm Am{W©H$ ghmæ` H$amdo. àm§{VH$ gaH$mam§Zr Amnë`m CËnÝZmn¡H$s R>am{dH$

{hñgm {ejUmgmR>r amIyZ R>odmdm.

gmam§emZo Ago åhUVm oB©c H$s, H§$nZrÀ`m Am_XmZrV {ejU joÌmV H«$m§Vr hmoD$ cmJcr hmoVr.

`mH$S>o Xþc©j H$ê$Z MmcV Zmhr. Ë`mM~amo~a B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr gwê$dmV Pmcr. _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§Mr

{Z{_©Vr Pmcr. _amR>r ^mfoVrc "Xn©U' ho n{hco d¥ÎmnÌ ~miemñÌr Om§ oH$a `m§Zr 6 OmZodmar 1832

amoOr gwê$ Ho$co. cmoH${hVdmXtMr eVnÌo `mM d¥ÎmnÌmVyZ à{gÜX Pmcr.

26<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

❏ gmam§e :-

{ejUmÀ`m àJVr_wio ^maVr`m§Zm ^m¡{VH$ {dYm d nmpíM_mÎ`m§Mo ñdmV§Í`, g_mZVm d _mZdVm

`m{df`rMo àJV kmZ AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imcr. `m kmZmÀ`m AmYmao AmË_narjU H$aUmè`m

g_mOgwYmaUm§Zm ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m gm_mO{H$, Ym{_©H$ d Am{W©H$ OrdZmV ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr

JaO dmQy> cmJcr. d¥ÎmnÌo, {Z`VH$m{cHo$, g^m-g_ocZo, ì`m»`mZo BË`mXtÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§Zr hm

àJV {dMma g_mOmg_moa _m§S>cm. g_mZVoMo _hÎd nQ>{dÊ`mMm d Om{Vg§ñWoMo Xþîn[aUm_ XmI{dÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$cm. ñdmV§Í`mMo _hÎd g_mOmcm OmUdy cmJco. Amnë`m nmaV§Í`mMr _r_m§gm Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$cr

d ho nmaV§Í` Xÿa gmaÊ`mgmR>r H$amd`mÀ`m Cnm``moOZoda qMVZ H$ê$Z Ë`m ÑîQ>rZo hmcMmc H$aÊ`mg

gwê$dmV Ho$cr. A{Ic ^maVr` amîQ´>r` g§ñWoMr ñWmnZm d 20 ì`m eVH$mVrc ñdmV§Í` Midi ho

19ì`m eVH$mVrc {~«Q>rem§À`m gÎmoÀ`m ñdê$nmMoM \$i hmo Ago _mZVm oVo. {~«Q>rem§À`m `m H$m`mªZr

^maVr` B{Vhmgmcm nwT>rc H$cmQ>Ur {Xcr Ago {XgVo.

1.2.3 H$) _m±Q>o½ y Moåg\$S>© gwYmaUm Am{U AmajU (Montagu Chemsford

Reforms and Reservation)

❏ àñVmdZm :-

amîQ´>r` H$m±J«ogZo 1885 Vo 1905 `m n{hë`m ndm©V ñdmV§Í` MidirMm ^ŠH$_ nm`m KmVcm.

d§J §JmÀ`m àIa MidirVyZ ñdmV§Í` Midircm EH$ Zdm g§Xoe {_imcm. "ñdXoer, ~{hîH$ma,

amîQ´>r` {ejU, ñdamÁ`' `m MVw:gyÌr H$m ©H«$_mÛmao cmo. {Q>iH$m§À`m amOH$s` ZoV¥Ëdmcm A{Ic

^maVr` ñVamda _mÝ`Vm {_imcr. ~§JmcÀ`m \$miUr{damoYr d ñdXoer ~{hîH$ma MidirMm n[aUm_

åhUyZ {~«Q>re gaH$macm `m Midircm Vm|S> XoVmZm _w»`V: Ohmc H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Mm XheVdmX OmñV

YmoŠ`mMm dmQ>cm åhUyZ ~§JmcMr \$miUr aÔ H$aUo gaH$macm ^mJ nS>co (1911). `mMdoir 19011

gmcr qhXþñWmZMr amOYmZr H$cH$Î`mhÿZ {Xëcrg hcdÊ`mV Amcr. VgoM ~§Jmc `m {demc àm§VmVyZ

{~hma, Amo[agm d Amgm_ ho àm§V doJio H$aÊ`mV Amco.

❏ ñdmV§Í` MidirVyZ O~m~Xma emgZnÜXVrH$S>o :-

❀ nmoc}-q_Q>mo gwYmaUm H$m`Xm 1905 :-

dmamUgr oWo Pmcoë`m H$m±J«ogÀ`m A{YdoeZmV ~§JmcMr \$miUr d H$P©ZMr à{VJm_r YmoaUo

`m§Mm {ZfoY Pmcm Am{U ñdXoer-~{hîH$ma Midirghr nmqR>~m Omhra Pmcm. `m Midir~Ôc Zo_ñV

27<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

d Ohmc `m§À`mV _V oX Pmco d 1907 À`m gwaV A{YdoeZmV H$m±J«og_Ü o \y$Q> nS>cr. `m \w$Q>rMm

\$m`Xm KoD$Z {~«Q>re gaH$maZo "\$moS>m d PmoS>m' (Divide aand Rule) ZrVrMm hþH$_r EŠH$m ~mhoa

H$mT>cm. Ë`m {ZVrVyZ Ohmc Am{U Zo_ñV JQ>mV \y$Q> nmS>cr.

❀ _wñcr_ {cJMr ñWmnZm :-

{~«Q>rem§Zr "\$moS>m Am{U PmoS>m' `m ZrVrMmM EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ H$P©ZZo ~§JmcMr \$miUr H$aVmZm

qhXÿ-_wñcr_ Agm oX^md Ho$cm hmoVmM. 16 Am°ŠQ>mo. 1905 amoOr A{YH¥$VnUo ~§JmcMr \$miUr

hmoVmM, _wñcr_ O_mVrMo Y_©à_wI AmJmImZ `m§À`m {eîQ>_§S>imZo {_Q>mo `m§Mr {g_ë`mV oQ> KoD$Z

_wñcr_ O_mVtMo amOH$s` _hÎd cjmV KoD$Z _wpñc_m§Mo {hVg§~§Y gwa{jV R>odmdoV Aer _mJUr

Ho$cr. q_Q>moZo _wñcr_ {eîQ>_§S>img Ë`m§Mo {hVg§~§Y d amOH$s` _hÎd gwa{jV R>odmdoV Aer _mJUr

Ho$cr. q_Q>moZo Ë`m§Zm AmídmgZ {Xco, Ë`mZ§Va nyd© ~§Jmc_Yrc _wpñc_m§Zr ~§JmcÀ`m \$miUrcm nmqR>~m

Omhra Ho$cm. `m nmíd© y_rda 30 {S>g|~a, 1906 amoOr T>mŠH$m oWo _wñcr_ ZoË`m§Mr ~¡R>H$ hmoD$Z Ë`mV

"Am°c B§{S>`m _wñcr_ crJ' hr amOH$s` g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Pmcr. n[aUm_r amîQ´>r` H$m±J«og d _wñcr_

{cJ `m§À`mVrc amOH$s` _V oX `mMdoir ñnîQ> Pmco. nwT>rc H$mimV `m XmoZ amOH$s` g§KQ>ZmVrc

_V oX é§XmdV Joco. Ë`mMr n[aUVr nm{H$ñVmZ {Z{_©VrMo ~rO éOÊ`mV Pmcr.

❀ gmam§e :-

Zo_ñVm§À`m _mJÊ`m§Mr WmoS>r\$ma nyV©Vm H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm g_mYmZ dmQ>oc Agm "B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgc

A±H$a 1909' åhUOoM "_moc}-q_Q>mo gwYmaUm H$m`Xm' _§Oya Ho$cm. (`mdoir _moc} {~«Q>re H°${~ZoQ>_Ü o

^maV _§Ìr hmoVo Am{U qhXþñWmZMo Jìh©Za OZac q_Q>mo hmoVo.)

_moc}-q_Q>mo gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmÝd o Zm Zo_ñVm§Zm, Zm Ohmcm§Zm g_mYmZ {_imco Zmhr. ñd §emgZ

(Self-Rule) XoÊ`mMo AmídmgZ {PS>H$maÊ`mMo H$maU Aem ì`dñWog qhXþñWmZ AÚmn `mo½` Zmhr,

Ago gm§{JVco. Ë`m_wio `m gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmMo H$moUrhr H$m±J«og ZoË`mZo ñdmJV Ho$co Zmhr. `m H$m`ÚmVrc

gdm©V A{ZîQ> ~m~ åhUOo _wpñc_m§Zm OmVrÀ`m AmYmamda doim _VXma g§K XoÊ`mV Amcm Am{U

_wpñc_ à{V{ZYtMr {ZdS> \$ŠV _wñcr_ _VXmaM H$aVrc `mMm AW© _wñcr_ O_mV hr qhXþñWmZmVrc

doJir O_mV Amho, ho _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amco.

~§JmcMr \$miUr 1911 gmcr aÔ H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZ§Va amîQ´>dmXmMr Midi `mVyZ em§VVm

Zm§Xoc hr gaH$maMr Anojm _mÌ g\$c Pmcr Zmhr. CcQ> {Xëcr `m Zì`m amOYmZrV ìhmB©gam°

hm{S>ªOZo àdoe Ho$ë`mdoir {_adUwH$sda H«$m§{VH$maH$m§Zr ~m±~ Q>mH$cm Ë`mV hm{S>©O OI_r Pmcm d BVa

H$mhr R>ma Pmco. `m d¥Îmm_wio ^maVmda nwÝhm EH$Xm Ag§VmofmMr dmdQ>i Amcr.

28<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

cIZm¡ (1916) H$amam_wio _wñcr_ crJcm amOH$s`ÑîQ>çm \$ma _moR>m \$m`Xm Pmcm. H$maU

H$m±J«ogZo 1909 À`m H$m`ÚmÝd o _wpñc_m§gmR>r {Xcocm ñdV§Ì _VXmag§K Am¡nMm[aH$nUo _mÝ` Ho$cm.

{ÛamîQ´>dmXmÀ`m {gÜXmVm§Mr (Two-Nation Theory) hm H$ama åhUOo Zm§XrM hmoVr.

S>m°. A°Zr ~oP§Q> d cmo. {Q>iH$ `m§Zr nañna ghH$m`m©Zo "Ym{_©H$ ñdmV§Í`, amîQ´>r` {ejU,

gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` gwYmaUm' Ho$ë`mg amîQ´>Hw$cm§VJ©V ñd §emgZ (Homerule) àmßV H$aÊ`mg

"hmo_ê$c crJ' ñWmnZ H$ê$Z H$m ©H«$_ Omhra Ho$cm. {Q>iH$m§Mr B§{S>`Z hmo_ê$c crJ (ñWmnZm :

E{àc, 1916) d S>m°. ~oP§Q> `m§Mr "hmo_ê$c {cJ' (ñWmnZm : gßQ>|~a, 1916) Aem XmoZ doJdoJiçm

g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ H$ê$Z {Q>iH$m§Zr Amnë`m {cJMo H$m ©joÌ _hmamîQ´> (_w§~B© dJiyZ) H$Zm©Q>H$, _Ü` àm§V

d dèhmS> `m àXoem§nwaVo _`m©XrV R>odco. ~oP§Q> ~mB©À`m crJMo H$m ©joÌ _Ðmg (_w§~B©g{hV) Am{U

Cd©[aV qhXþñWmZ Ago hmoVo. {Q>iH$m§Zr "Ho$gar' d "_amR>m' `m d¥ÎmnÌmÛmao d ~oP§Q>H$ma `m§Zr

"H$m°_Zdrc' `m gmßVm{hH$m§Ûmao hmo_ê$c crJ Midi Mmcy Ho$cr. XmoÝhr ZoË`m§Zr Xoe^a Xm¡ao H$ê$Z

ì`m»`mZo, MMm©, n[ag§dmX `mÛmao hmo_ê$c crJÀ`m H$m`m©Mm àMma Ho$cm. {~«Q>re gaH$maZo Midi

XS>nyZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r XmoÝhr ZoË`m§da IQ>co ^aco, na§Vw hmo_ê$c crJ Midirda `mMm n[aUm_ Pmcm

Zmhr.

amOH$s`ÑîQ>çm hmo_ê$c MidirMo XÿaJm_r n[aUm_ XmoZ àH$maMo Pmco.

1) `m Midir_wio amîQ´>r` H$m±J«ogcm Zdr g§OrdZr d àoaUm {_imcr.

2) `m MidirÀ`m X~mdm_wio {~«Q>re gaH$macm Amnë`m YmoaUmV ~Xc H$amdm cmJcm.

Ë`mMr à{MVr ^maV_§Ìr _m±Q>o½ yÀ`m Am°JñQ> {S>ŠcoaoeZ (1917) À`m ê$nmV Amcr.

❏ _m±Q>o½`y {S>ŠcoaoeZ (Am°JñQ> 1917) :-

n{hë`m _hm wÕmVrc B§½c§S>Mm gh^mJ, H«$m§{VH$mar XehVdmÚm§Mo XS>nU Am{U hmo_ê$c crJ

MidirMr cmoH${à`Vm `m§Mm {~«Q>re-gaH$mada n[aUm_ åhUyZ ES>{dZ _m±Q>o½ y ^maV_§ÌrnXr Amë`mZ§Va

20 Am°JñQ>, 1917 amoOr {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>À`m H$m°_Ýg g^mJ¥hmV, qhXr cmoH$m§Zm àemgZmÀ`m gd©

{d^mJmV gh^mJ d "O~m~Xma amÁ`nÜXVr' (Responsible Government) XoÊ`mÀ`mÑîQ>rZo ñd §em{gV

g§ñWm§Mm {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMo AmídmgZ XoUmao "_m±Q>o½ y {S>ŠcoaoeZ' Omhra Ho$co. `m OmhraZmå`mÀ`m

AZwamoYmZo _m±Q>o½ yZo Zmoìh|~a, 1917 _Ü o qhXþñWmZcm oQ> XoD$Z gd© Wam§Vrc ZoË`m§er MMm© H$ê$Z

qhXþñWmZcm KQ>ZmË_H$ gwYmaUm XoUmam Ahdmc Owc¡, 1918 cm àH$m{eV Ho$cm. hmM Ahdmc

"_m±Q>o½ y-Moåg\$moS>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm' 1919 Mm AmYma R>acm.

29<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

❏ _m±Q>o½`y-Moåg\$S>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm-1919 (Mont-ford Reforms Act,

Government of India Act, 1919) :-

^maV_§Ìr _m±Q>o½ yÀ`m 1917 À`m "Am°JñQ> {S>ŠcoaoeZ' Zwgma {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>Zo 22 {S>g|~a,

1919 amoOr "Jìh©_|Q> Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>-1919' H$m`Xm _§Oya Ho$cm. `m H$m`ÚmgÌmg "_m±Q>o\$moS>©

gwYmaUm H$m`Xm' Agohr g§~moYco OmVo. `m H$m`ÚmVrc à_wI VaVwXr Aem AmhoV.

❀ àm§{VH$ gaH$ma :-

1) {ÛXc amÁ`nÜXVr (Qyarehy) àm§{VH$ gaH$ma_Ü`o gaH$ma {Z`wŠV _§Ìr d cmoH${Z`wŠV

_§Ìr Aer JìhZ©aÀ`m H$m ©H$mar _S>imMr {ÛñVar` {Z wŠVr H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

2) àm§{VH$ ImË`m_Ü o amIrd (Reserved) Am{U gmonrd (Transferred) Aer aMZm

H$aÊ`mV Amcr. amIrd ImË`m§_Ü o H$m`Xm-gwì`dñWm, nmocrg, _hgyc d Ý`m` `m§Mm

g_mdoe AgyZ hr _hÎdmMr ImVr gaH$ma{Z wŠV _§Í`m§H$S>o Am{U ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ`,

Amamo½`, {ejU hr VwcZoZo H$_r _hÎdmMr d H$moUVohr CËnÝZ Zgcocr na§Vw IM© Agcocr

Xþæ`_ ImVr cmoH${Z`wŠV _§Í`m§H$S>o gmon{dÊ`mMr VaVyX hmoVr.

3) àm§{VH$ H$m`Xo _§S>imVrc g^mgXm§Mr g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mV oD$Z Ë`mn¡H$s 70 Q>ŠHo$ g^mgX

{ZdS>UwH$sZo KoÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

4) OmVdma _VXmag§K {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amco.

5) H$m`Xo_§S>imV ^mfU ñdmV§Í` XoD$Z g^mgXm§Zm {dYo Ho$ _m§S>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV

Amcm. na§Vw Vr ZmH$maÊ`mMmhr A{YH$ma JìhZ©acm XoÊ`mV Amcm.

❀ H|$Ðr` gaH$ma :-

1) Jìh©Za OZac hmM H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMm gdm}ÀM A{YH$mar hmoVm.

2) amÁ`H$ma^mamV H|$Ðr` d àm§Vr` Aer ImË`m§Mr {d^mJUr H$aÊ`mV `oD$Z H|$Ðr`

ImË`m~amo~a H$mhr àm§VrH$ ImVrhr H|$Ðr` H$m ©H$mar _§S>imH$S>o XoÊ`mV Amcr.

3) H|$Ðr` H$m`©H$mar _§S>imVrc 8 n¡H$s 3 _§Ìr qhXr R>odÊ`mV Amco.

4) JìhZ©a OZaccm, H$m`Xo_§S>imZo Am{W©H$ {dYo H$mV AZwXmZ H$nmV Ho$ë`mg Vo Zm_§Oya

H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm.

30<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

❀ H|$Ðr` H$m`Xo_§S>i :-

1) H${ZîR> d d[aîR> Aer H$m`Xo_§S>imMr {ÛJ¥hr () aMZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. H${ZîR>

H$m`Xo_§S>imMr _wXV 3 df} Va H${ZîR> H$m`Xo_§S>imMr _wXV 5 df} hmoVr.

2) g^mgX g^mJ¥hmV àíZ-CnàíZ {dMmê$ eH$V hmoVo. A§XmOnÌH$mVrc \$ŠV 25 Q>ŠHo$

~m~tda _VXmZ H$ê$ eH$V hmoVo.

❀ g_mamon :-

"Am°JñQ> {S>ŠcoaoeZ' _Yrc AmídmgZ gaH$maZo R>moH$ê$Z "O~m~Xma amÁ`nÜXVr' XoÊ`mV Amcr

Zmhr. {ÛXc amÁ`nÜXVr_wio (Dyavchy) {ZdSy>Z Amcoë`m cmoH$à{V{ZYtZm Iao A{YH$ma {_imcoM

ZmhrV. amIrd d gmonrd ImË`mMr {d^mJUr H$moUË`mhr VÎdmda AmYmacocr ZìhVr. {deofV: gmonrd

ImË`mÀ`m H$ma^mamV JìhZ©a OZac Ho$ìhmhr hñVjon H$ê$ eH$V hmoVo. AW©ImË`mÀ`m gd© ì`dhmam§da

JìhZ©a OZacMoM {Z §ÌU hmoVo. _wpñc_m§~amo~a (1909 Mm H$m`Xm) n§Om~_Ü o erI d _Ðmg_Ü o

~«m÷UoVa `m§Zmhr doJio _VXmag§K XoÊ`mV Amë`m_wio g_mOmV \w$Q>rMo ~rO éO{dÊ`mVAmco. amîQ´>r`

H$m±J«ogZo hm H$m`Xm AË §V {ZamemOZH$ d Ag_mYmZH$maH$ (Extremely disapointing and

unsatisfactory) Aer {Q>H$m Ho$cr.

1.2.4 S>) H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZm§VJ©V AmajUmMo YmoaU (Reservation Policy in

Kolhapur State)

❏ àñVmdZm :-

dU©dM©ñdm{déÜX doXmoŠV àH$aUmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m g_mO OrdZmV Ë`m§Zr Oo ~§S>

C^maco Ë`mÀ`m _wimer ñdV:À`m An_mZmÀ`m ^mdZonojm _ycV: gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$

AÝ`m`mMr MrS> hmoVr. _mUyg `m _yë`mMr MmS> ~miJUmam amOm _mUgmM§ _hËd H$_r H$aUmè`m

àd¥Îmr{déÜX Am wî`^a Pw§OV hmoVm. g_mOmÀ`m ImcÀ`m ñVamVrc _mUgmcm Ý`m` XoÊ`mMm {dMma

Ho$di _mUwgH$sMm J{hda åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr ~miJcm Zmhr. cmoH$emhr g_mOmMr ~m§YUr H$aUmè`m

{dMmam§Mr hm amOm Amnë`m H$m`m©VyZ noaUr H$aV hmoVm. ho _cm amO{f© emhÿ `m§Mr g_mOH«$m§VrMr

Midi nmhVmZm {XgyZ oVo. g_mO à~moYZmMo Ë`m§Zr {Zìdi qMVZ Ho$co Zmhr qH$dm ZwgVoM {dMma

_m§S>co Ago Pmco Zmhr, Va hmVmV Agcoë`m amOX§S>mMm dmna OmUrdnyd©H$ Am{U {VVŠ`mM {ZYm©amZo

gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ Ý`m`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Ho$cm. gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ g_VoMr {Z{_©Vr

Ho$ë`m{edm` cmoH$emhr _yë`m§da OrdZ OJUmam g_mO AmOhr AmnUmcm C^m H$aVm Amcm Zmhr.

31<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

amO{f© emhÿ§Zr gÎmoMm Cn`moJ gm_m{OH$ g_VoÀ`m àñWmnZoÀ`m Ü o mgmR>r H$ê$Z g_mOm_Ü o _m¡{cH$

Ag§ n[adV©Z {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§ r Ho$co. `mcm ^maVr` g_mOH«$m§VrÀ`m B{VhmgmV {ZpíMVM VmoS>

Zmhr. nmaV§Í`mV Ooìhm gÎmm {~«Q>rem§À`m hmVr hmoVr Ë`mdoir Amncr OZVm gÎmm hmVmV KoÊ`mÀ`m

`mo½`VoMr ìhmdr `m {dMmam§VyZ Ë`m§Zr gm_m{OH$ ~XcmMo ho à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$co.

❏ amOfu emhÿ _hmamO Am{U _mJmgOmVtÀ`m Midir :-

1915 Z§Va amO{f© emhÿ `m§Mr Zì`m amOH$s` Midircm gwédmV : ^maVmV 1914 gmcr

cmo. {Q>iH$m§À`m gwQ>Ho$Z§Va amOH$maUmcm Zdo ê$n àmßV Pmco. H$maU 1915 À`m Amgnmg cmo.

{Q>iH$m§Zm {damoY H$aUmao Zm_Xma JmoIco Am{U {\$amoeOhm _ohVm `m§Mm _¥Ë y Pmcm. S>m°. A°Zr ~oP§Q>

`m§Mm amOH$maUmV CX` Pmcm Am{U 1916 _Ü o Ohmc Am{U _dmi `m§Mo EoŠ` hmoVo. eodQ>r H$m±J«ogda

Ohmcm§Zr Amnco dM©ñd àñWm{nV Ho$co. `m H$mimV H$m±J«ogZo ñdamÁ`mMr _mJUr Ho$cr. `m _mJUrÀ`m

nwîQ>rgmR>r cmo. {Q>iH$m§Zr hmo_ê$c crJMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. ^maVmV BVaÌ S>m°. A°Zr ~oP§Q> `m§À`m Xm¡è`m§Zm

_moR>m à{VgmX {_iy cmJcm. Ë`mVyZ cmo. {Q>iH$m§Zr Aer KmofUm Ho$cr H$s, ""ñdamÁ` hm _mPm

OÝ_{gÜX hŠH$ Amho Am{U Vmo _r {_i{dUmaM!'' _hm wÜX g§në`mZ§Va gaH$maZo _m±Q>o½ y `m§Mr Zì`m

gwYmaUm gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r Zo_UyH$ Ho$cr Am{U gÎmm H$mhr à_mUmV cmoH$m§Zm {_iUma ho ñnîQ> Pmco. `m

H$mimV gaH$ma _XV H$arV hmoVo. H$m±J«ogMm à^md amoIÊ`mgmR>r Aem MiditZm Vo nmqR>~m XoV hmoVo.

`m H$mimV d Ë`mnyduhr _hmamOm§Zr B§J«O gaH$macm nyU© nmqR>~m {Xcm hmoVm. nU Ë`mMdoir Vo ñdmV§Í`

MidirVrc {Q>iH$, AaqdXgma»`m Xoe^ŠVm§Zmhr _XV H$arV hmoVo.

ñdamÁ` _mJUrÀ`mdoir _mJmg OmVtZr gÎmoV Amncm `mo½` dmQ>m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r amIrd

OmJm§Mr _mJUr H$amdr Ago am. emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo gm§JUo hmoVo. Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV Ë`m§Zr _mJmg

OmVtgmR>r eo. 50 Q>ŠHo$ OmJmamIrd R>odë`m hmoË`m. cmoH$emhrMo VÎd d ñdamÁ`mMr _mJUr {gÜXm§VoV

`mo½` Agcr Var gÎmoMo `mo½` dmQ>n H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vo EH$m nwT>macoë`m OmVrÀ`m hmVr OmD$ Z o Ago

Ë`m§Mo åhUUo hmoVo. Amåhr ñdamÁ`mg nmÌ Pmco nm{hOo Am{U Á`m H$maUm_wio Am_Mo ñdamÁ` Joco

Ë`m H$maUm§Mm {VañH$ma Ho$cm nm{hOo, ^maVmV Om{Vg§ñWm nyU©V: ZîQ> Ho$ë`m{edm` oWo Iao ñdamÁ`

Zm§XUma Zmhr, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. åhUyZ Vo åhUVmV, ""gÎmm Ho$di Aëng§»`m§H$ CÀMdJu`m§À`m

hmVmV OmÊ`mMo ñdamÁ`mMo n ©dgmZ hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ {ZXmZ 10 df} Var Amåhmcm à{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z

XoÊ`mMm hŠH$ Agcm nm{hOo. `m_wio Am_Mo hŠH$ H$m` AmhoV, `mMo Amåhmcm {ejU {_ioc.

OmVdma à{V{ZYr XoÊ`mMm hŠH$ Zgë`m_wio Am_À`m å w{Z{gnmcQ>rMm emoMZr` AZw d Am_À`m nwT>o

Amho.'' ~«m÷U Am°{cJm°H$sÀ`m hmVmV Oa AmnUmg ñdamÁ`mMr gÎmm OmD$ Úm`Mr Zgoc Va Amnë`m

A{YH$mam~m~V OmJ¥V ìhm, Ago Ë`m§Mo gm§JUo hmoVo. Ë`m~m~V _hmamO åhUVmV, gd© OmVrVrc cmoH$

32<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

nwT>o oD$Z Ë`m§Zm gm_m{OH$, Am¡Úmo{JH$, {ejU {df`H$, gaH$mar ZmoH$ar dJ¡ao ~m~VrV AmnAmncr

O~m~Xmar nwar nmS>Ê`mMo gm_Ï © oUo `mg _r OmVdma à{V{ZYrËd åhUVmo. `mV H$moUmMmhr Ûof

Ano{jV ZgyZ `mÛmam _mJmg OmVr ñdV:À`m VmH$Xrda nwT>o ZoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m§Zm H$S>oda

KoD$Z OmD$ ZH$m, nU CÎmoOZ Úm, à{V~§Y H$ê$ ZH$m H$maU Am_Mr YS>nS> Am_À`m A§Jr eŠVr

oÊ`mgmR>r Amho.

am. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr `mgmR>r OmVdma à{V{Z{YËdmMr _mJUr Ho$cr. _Ðmg_Ü o H$m±J«og njm{déÜX

OpñQ>g nmQ>uMo Oo amOH$maU hmoVo Vo _w§~B© Bcm»`mV gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm ~oV hmoVm. Ë`m_wio

~«m÷UoVam§Mr n[afX ^adyZ hr gÎmm dmQ>nmMr Midi {MH$mQ>rZo Mmcdm Ago Ë`m§Mo gm§JUo hmoVo. cm°S>©

{dqc½S>Z `m§Zm nÌ {chÿZ Ë`m§Zr ^maVmÀ`m Zì`m KQ>ZoV _mJmg dJm©nmgyZ Imcn ªV ñdV§Ì _VXmag§K

{Xco nm{hOoV Ago _V _m§S>co, H$maU Ë`m_wio cmoH$emhrMm nm`m ì`mnH$ hmoB©c Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo.

~«m÷UoVa OmVtMr Am{U X{cV OmVtMr OmJ¥Vr A{YH$mam§À`m nm`mda ìhmdr, Ago am. emhÿ

_hmamOm§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, _mZdr g_Vm, CÝZVr~m~VMr AmH$m§jm BË`mXr _mUgm§Mo

OÝ_{gÜX hŠH$ AmhoV Am{U `m hŠH$m§À`m àmßVrgmR>r AmnU à`ËZ Ho$cm nm{hOo.

_mJmg OmVtÀ`m MidirMr {dÚmA_¥VmMm cm^ ¿`mdm Am{U Zì`m ~Xcm§Zm Vm|S> XoÊ`mg gÁO

ìhmdo, Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amncm H$m±J«ognojm doJim nj ñWmnZ H$ê$Z Amnë`m A{YH$mamMr _mJUr

H$amdr, Ago am. emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo gm§JUo hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr cmoH$m§Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xco, `mVyZM 1916

gmcr {ZnmUr oWo gË`emoYH$ g_mOmÀ`m n[afXoÀ`m doir S>oŠH$Z a`V Agmo{gEeZ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV

Amcr. 1917 gmcr `m Agmo{gEeZMo gh{MQ>Urg dmcM§X H$moR>mar `m§Zr OmVdma à{V{ZYrËdmMr

_mJUr Ho$cr. gaH$maZo ~«m÷UoVam§Mr _mJUr \o$Q>micr, nU _amR>m OmVrgmR>r _w§~B© {dYr_§S>imV gmV

OmJm amIyZ R>odë`m.

1919 gmcr _m±Q>o½ y Moåg\$S>© gwYmaUm Omhra H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. `m gwYmaUm am~{dÊ`mMm {ZU©

~«måhUoVa nj Am{U _dmi njmZo KoVcm. Va `m gwYmaUm am~drV AgVmZm à{V`moJr ghH$ma

H$aÊ`mMm cmo.{Q>iH$m§Mm H$m ©H«$_ Omhra Ho$cm Am{U Ë`mÑîQ>rZo Ë`m§Zr {ZdS>UwH$m§gmR>r V`mar gwê$

Ho$cr. `m gwYmaUm am~dmì`mV Am{U ñdamÁ`mMm A{YH$ma {_i{dÊ`mV ~hþOZ g_mOmZo OmñVrV OmñV

nmÌ ìhmdo Ago am. emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo gm§JUo hmoVo.

am. emhÿ _hmamO ~«m÷UoVa njmÀ`mX²dmam amOH$maUmV gm_rc Pmcm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mda

{damoYH$m§Zr Q>rH$m H$amd`mg gwê$dmV Ho$cr. Iao Va _hmamOm§Mr amOH$maUmV ^mJ KoÊ`mMr A{Zdma

BÀN>m hmoVr; åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr gaH$maH$S>o AmnUmg {ZdS>UyH$ cT>dy Úm`Mr nadmZJr Úmdr Aer _mJUr

Ho$cr. nU gaH$maZo Ë`m§Zm Ver nadmZJr ZmH$macr. `mdoir _amR>m crJ Am{U ~«m÷UoVa njmZo `m

33<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

{ZdS>UwH$sV ^mJ KoVcm. _ÐmgM`m ~«m÷UoVa MidirMo _hmamOm§Zm H$m¡VwH$ dmQ>o. H$maU Ë`m§À`m _Vo,

Vr Midi OmñV g§K{Q>V hmoVr Am{U S>m°. Zmà `m§À`mgma»`m MidirMo ZoVo gw{e{jV hmoVo.

_hmamîQ´>mVrc Midi Ë`mM nm`mda C^r H$amdr Ago am.emhÿ _hmamOm§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo.

1920 À`m {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV _amR>r crJ Am{U ~«m÷UoVa nj {hararZo CVacm `mM

H$mimV amîQ´>r` amOH$maUmV _. Jm§Yr `m§Mm àdoe Pmcm. E{àc 1919 _Ü o B§J«Om§Zr Om{c`Zdmcm

~mJ oWo hË`mH$m§S> KS>dyZ AmUco. _. Jm§YrZr AghH$ma MidirMr KmofUmHo$cr. _w§~B© {dYr_§S>imÀ`m

nwÊ`mÀ`m OmJogmR>r H$m±J«ogV\}$ Z. qM. Ho$iH$a C o hmoVo. amîQ´>r` _amR>m g§KmV\}$ _hfu qeXo C o hmoVo.

`m H$mimV H$m±J«ogZo {ZdS>UwH$sVyZ _mKma KoVcr. Ë`m_wio EHy$U _VXmam§n¡H$s \$ŠV eo. 20 Q>H$Ho$

_VXmam§ZrM _VXmZmV ^mJ KoVcm. `m {ZdS>UwH$sV emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr ñdV§Ì C_oXdma JwßVo `m§Zm nmqR>~m

{Xcm Am{U _h{f© qeXo nam yV Pmco. H$maU qeÚm§Mo amOH$maU emhÿ§Zm _mÝ` ZìhVo. Ë`m H$mimV _amR>m

_VXmam§Mo à_mU Ë`m§À`m EHy$U cmoH$g§» oÀ`m _mZmZo ~aoM H$_r hmoVo. nU `m {ZdS>UwH$s_wio _amR>m

Am{U _amR>oVa ~«måhUoVa OmVr `m§À`mV VoT> {Z_m©U Pmcr.

1920 Z§Va _. Jm§YtMr AghH$mamMr MiMi Xoeâ OmoamV gwê$ Pmcr. `m Midirg

~«m÷UoVam§Zr {damoY H$amdm Ago nÌH$ _hmamOm§Zr H$mT>co. nU AmVm _. Jm§YtÀ`m AmH«$_H$

amOH$maUm_wio XoemVrc n[apñWVr ~Xccr hmoVr. `m H$mimV AghH$ma Midirg {damoY H$aÊ`mMm

Ë`m§Mm à`ËZ dmXJ«ñV R>acm. _. Jm§YtMr ñdamÁ`mMr Midi {Q>iH$m§À`m Midirnojm doJir Am{U

OmñV ì`mnH$ Amho. ho Ë`mdoir _hmOm§À`m cjmV Amco Zmhr. nU _. JmY§r ho EH$ Wmoa nwéf AmhoV

ho Vo OmUyZ hmoVo. Imgoamd OmYdm§Zr Amnë`m nÌmV _hmamOm§Zm {c{hco hmoVo H$s, {~«Q>re gaH$ma

gd©gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§À`m JmèhmÊ`m§H$S>o cj XoV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio AghH$mamMr Midi dmT>V Amho.

Jm§YtZm ^maVmV EoŠ` KS>dyZ AmUm`Mo Amho Am{U Ë`m§Zr _hmamîQ´>mV Á`m nÜXVr AZwgaë`m AmhoV

Ë`m Aem AmhoV H$s, Ë`m_wio _amR>o d VËg_ OmVr Jm§YrÀ`m AghH$m[aVoÀ`m {ZemUmImcr Jmoim

hmoVrc. `m H$mimV _hmamOm§Mr àH¥$Vr Imcmdcocr hmoVr d Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ chmZ _moR>çm g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S>

Úmdo cmJV hmoVo.

`mdoir _Ðmg_Ü o OpñQ>g nmQ>uZo ~è`mn¡H$s OmJm {_idyZ gÎmoV dmQ>m {_i{dcm. _w§~B©

amÁ`mVhr ~«m÷UoVa njmZo Aem àH$maMo è {_idmdo, Ago emhÿ _hmamOm§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. `m H$m_r

cm°S>© {dqc½S>ZMr AmnUmg _XV hmoB©c, åhUyZ gaH$maZo Ë`m§Mr _Ðmgcm ~Xcr H$ê$ Z o, Agm Ë`m§Mm

AmJ«h hmoVm. `m XoemVrc _mJmg OmVtZm Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` A{YH$am~m~V OmJ¥V

H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm ñdmdc§~ZmMo _hÎd nQ>dyZ cmoH$gÎmmH$ g_mOmMr ñWmnZm H$aUo, ho am. emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m

amOH$s` ì yhZrVrMo _w»` gyÌ hmoVo. Vo gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AWH$ à`ËZ Ho$co.

34<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

am.emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m ì yhZrVr_Ü o 3 JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoVm. 1) _mJmg OmVrV OmJ¥V H$ê$Z

Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§Mo hŠH$m~m~V {ejU XoUo Am{U Ë`m§À`m {ejUmMr d {dH$mgmMr g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo,2) ~«måhUm§À`m ~ZmdQ>r Y_m©g d nwamo{hVemhrg AmìhmZ XodyZ Ym{_©H$ ì`dhma doXmoŠVmà_mUo AmnU

ñdV: H$aUo Am{U 3) ~«måhUoVam§Mo amOH$s` g§KQ>Z H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr amOH$s` O_dmO_d H$aUo, Ë`m§ZmgÎmoV `mo½` dmQ>m XoUo `m JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe hmoVm. cmo.{Q>iH$m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcÀ`m ñdamÁ`dmXr njmZo

Oa ehmUnUm, g_§Ogd¥Îmr Am{U gm_monMmamMr V`mar XmI{dcr AgVr Va Amncm cT>m Mmc{dUo_hmamOm§Zm gmono Joco AgVo. _hmamOm§Zr `m H$m_mV B§J«O gaH$maMo gmhmæ` KoVë`m_wio n[apñWVr OmñV

{~KS>cr. B§J«O gaH$macm nmqR>~m XoVmZm _hmamOm§Zr H$YrH$Yr A{VaoH$ Ho$cm ho Iao. nU Ë`m§ZmB§J«Om§H$S>o T>H$cmd`mg _hmamîQ´>mVrc ~«m÷Um§Mm Xþam{^_mZ H$maUr yV hmoVm. Vo g_mOmMo ZoVo åhUyZ

CXma _ZmZo dmJco ZmhrV. AZoH$ ~m~VrV Ë`m§Zr _hmamOm§À`m Mm§Jë`m CnH«$_m§Zmhr OmVr` {hVg§~§YmVyZ{damoY Ho$cm ho cjmV ¿`md`mg hdo.

_mJmg OmVtÀ`m Midir Z¡g{J©H$ A{YH$mamÀ`m A{YîR>mZmda C^m H$ê$Z _hmamOm§Zr Ë`m§À`mgmR>r

amOH$s` ñWmZ {Z_m©U Ho$co Am{U `m OmJ¥VrMm _Ðmg d _w§~B© àm§VmV amîQ´>r` MidirgmR>r _moR>mCn`moJ Pmcm. am. emhÿ _hmamOm§Mr Midi hr AmH«$_H$ Midi hmoVr, {Vcm gË`emoYH$ g_mO d

Am © g_mO `m§À`m {dMmam§Mm nmqR>~m hmoVm. hr Midi AmH«$_H$ Pmcr Var qhgH$ hmoD$ Z o Agmemhÿ _hmamOm§Mm AmJ«h hmoVm, Z¡g{J©H$ hŠH$ AmnU ehmZnUmZo, ào_mZo d ÑT> AmJ«hmZo àmßV Ho$co

nm{hOoV. {dgmì`m eVH$mV àJVr H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© X§JoYmono d ~§S>mir H$aÊ`mMm ZgyZ em§VVoZo dì`dpñWVnUo Amncm {dH$mg H$adyZ KoÊ`mMm Amho, Ago Ë`m§Mo gm§JUo hmoVo. amOH$s` hŠH$ àmßV H$ê$Z

KoV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr B§J«O gaH$macm nmqR>~m {Xcm. ñdamÁ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV _hmamOm§Mr pñWVr Zoh_r{ÛYm hmoVr, H$maU AmnU ñdamÁ` g§ñWmnH$ {edmOrMo d§eO AmhmoV `mMr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd hmoVr.

ñdamÁ`mMr Midi dmT>V OmD$Z {VMm àgma hmoUma ho XoIrc Ë`m§À`m cjmV Amco hmoVo. nU Ë`mH$miÀ`m {d{eîQ> Aem dmgmh{VH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmñVdmV Ë`m§Zr Á`m gm_m{OH$ eŠVtMr ~mOy KoVcr

hmoVr, Vo nmhVm Ë`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zm Ë`mnojm doJio dmJVm oUo AdKS> hmoVo. nU 1920-21 Z§Va_. Jm§YrMm amOH$s` joÌmV CX` Pmë`mZ§Va B§J«O gaH$macm Ë`m§Zr EdT>m CKS>-CKS> nmqR>~m XoÊ`mMr

JaO ZìhVr. H$maU Ë`m~m~V _m¡Z ~miJyZhr Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ JmoîQ>r gmÜ` H$aVm Amë`m AgË`m, nU_hmamOm§À`m ñd^mdmVrc gainUm Am{U Ë`mMr ñdamÁ`m~m~VMr {ÛYm _Z:pñWVr AmoiIyZ B§J«Om§Zr

Ë`m§À`mda XS>nU AmUyZ gmVË`mZo Ë`m§Zm AmnUm§g nmqR>~m XoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>co. {Mamocgma»`mnÌH$mamg Ë`m§Zm nmqR>~m Úm`cm cmdVm. H$maU `m H$mimV cmoH$_V gaH$maÀ`m {déÜX hmoVo, åhUyZ

gaH$maZo à`ËZ H$ê$Zhr 1920 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV \$ŠV eo. 20 Q>ŠHo$ cmoH$m§Zr _VXmZ Ho$co Am{U_VXmam§V ~«m÷UoVa _VXma ~hþg§»` hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV ^maVr` amOH$maU AmVm EH$m Zì`m {XeoZo

dmQ>Mmc H$ê$ cmJë`mMo ho {MÝh hmoVo.

35<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Zm `m Zì`m amOH$maUmMr {MÝho {XgV hmoVr. åhUyZM _w§~B©À`m H$m_Jmam§Zm

Ë`m§Zr w{Z`Ýg ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm d gÎmm Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoÊ`mMm CnXoe Ho$cm. a{e`m d O_©ZrVrc

{Za§Hw$e gÎmm ZîQ> Pmë`m AgyZ Ë`m§Mr OmJm _Oya dJ© KoV Amco. B§½c§S>mVhr _Oya njmMm à^md dmT>V

Amho. ho gm§JyZ _hmamO Ago åhUmco hmoVo H$s, d`mV Amcoë`m àË oH$mg _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma {_imcm

nm{hOo. ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m _Vmà_mUo amÁ`H$ma^ma Mmccm nm{hOo. VgoM XoemV _Oya g§K {Z_m©U Pmco

nm{hOoV. WmoS>Š`mV g_mOmV hmoUmè`m ~Xcm§Mr Ë`m§Zm OmUrd hmoVr.

_hmamOm§À`m amOH$maUmMo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUOo Ë`m§Mr H¥${VercVm, Ë`m§Zr BVam§Zm Oo

gm§{JVco Vo àW_ Amnë`m amÁ`mV A§_cmV AmUco. VgoM amIrd OmJm, àmW{_H$ {ejU, gÎmoMo `mo½`

d g_mZ dmQ>n `m gd©M YmoaUm§Mr Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m amÁ`mV A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m

gm§JÊ`mda cmoH$m§Mm {dídmg ~gcm. åhUyZM CÎma ^maVmVyZ Am{U _Ðmg_YyZ Ë`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z

H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~mocmdco. H$maU _hmamO H$V} gwYmaH$ hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ amOH$s`

ì yhZrVrcm Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§Mm nmqR>~m {_imcm.

Amnë`m `m ì yh{ZVrda emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr _mJmg OmVrV gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` hŠH$m§~m~V OmJ¥Vr

{Z_m©U Ho$cr, Ë`m§À`m `m Midir_wio amîQ´>r` Midirg OmVr` g_VoÀ`m d Añn¥í`VoÀ`m àíZm§H$S>o

nydugmaIo Xþc©j H$aVm Amco Zmhr. VmËH$m{cH$ \$m`ÚmgmR>r `m MidirZo Oar B§J«O gm_«mÁ`dmXmMr

_XV KoVcr Var {VMr C{ÔîQ>o cmoH$emhrdmXr Am{U àmJ{VH$ hmoVr. amOfu emhÿ§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va _mJmg

OmVtÀ`m MiditMm EH$ Q>ßnm g§noc Am{U _. Jm§YtÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr Xþgam Q>ßnm gwê$ Pmcm.

❀ g_mamon :-

1920 Z§Va amOH$maUmMo ñdê$n ~Xcë`m_wio _. Jm§YrÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr AghH$mamMr àM§S>

Midi C^r am{hcr. amOH$maUmV Zì`m Q>ßß`mg gwê$dmV Pmcr `m Xaå`mZ emhÿ _¥Ë y nS>co.

❏ amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo Añn¥emoX²Yma H$m`© d {ejU :-

❀ {ejU àgmamMo {deof à`ËZ :-

emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmVrc gd©M _mJmgcoë`m OmVtÀ`m {dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r dgVrJ¥h

ñWmnZ Ho$cr. amÁ`mamohUmÀ`m g_`r (gZ 1894) g§ñWmZmV Añn¥í`m§gmR>r \$ŠV 5 emim hmoË`m d

Ë`m_Yrc {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 168 hmoVr. 1907-08 gmcr Añn¥í` emim§Mr g§»`m 16 d

{dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 416 Pmcr. _hmamOm§À`m AWH$ à`ËZm§Zr emim§Mr g§»`m CÎmamoÎma dmT>V Jocr.

Ad¿`m Mma dfm©V 1912 gmcr Añn¥í` emim§Mr g§»`m 27 d {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m 636 BVH$s

36<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Pmcr. 1919 _Ü o _w§~B©À`m JìhZ©amg {c{hcoë`m nÌmVn am. emhÿ åhUVmV. ""...._mJmgdJu`m§Zm

Xm[aÐçmÀ`m Am{U Xþ:ImÀ`m {MIcmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Uo ho _mPo n{dÌ H$m © Amho, Ago _r IamoIarM

_mZVmo Am{U ho _mPo n{dÌ H$V©ì` H$aÊ`mV _r _mJmgdJu`m§MrM godm H$aVmo Ago Zmhr Va Vr

_mZdOmVrMr H$aVmo Aer _mPr n{dÌ ^mdZm Amho.''

❀ hOoar d doidaim nÜXVr ~§X :-

29 gßQ>|~a 1914 amoOr am. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr "hOoarg§X^m©V' AmUIr EH$ hþHy$_ J°PoQ> Pmcm.

Ë`mV JwÝhoJma åhUyZ H$nmimda H$m`_Mm {eŠH$m ~gcoë`m "JÅ>oMmoa' OmVrMr hOoar _mn Ho$ë`mMo

Omhra H$ê$Z {ejm Pmcoë`m H$moUmhr _Zwî`mMo dV©Z {ejm g§në`mnmgyZ nmM df} Mm§Jco am{hco Agoc

Va Ë`mg hOoarVyZ _wŠV H$amdo Ago åhQ>co Amho. _mUJm§d n[afXoZ§Va Ad¿`m _{hZm^amZoM emhÿ

_hmamOm§Zr g§ñWmZmVrc AÝ`m`r doi-daim nÜXV H$m`ÚmZo ~§X H$ê$Z Q>mH$cr. _hma dVZ Imcgm

àH$aUmV _hmamOm§Zr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mm gëcm KoVcm hmoVm. eodQ>r emhÿ _hmamO d S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m nañnam§er B_mZ amIUmè`m `ed§Vamd MìhmUm§Zr hr _hma dVZo Imcgm H$ê$Z

_hmam§Mr Jwcm_{JarVyZ _wŠVVm Ho$cr.

Amnë`m g§ñWmZmVyZ Añn¥í oVoMo CÀMmQ>Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m BamÚmZo 1919 À`m OmZodmarÀ`m n{hë`m

VmaIog XmoZ OmhraZm_o _§Oya Ho$co. Ë`mVrc n{hcm _hgyc, Ý`m` BË`mXr ImË`mg§~§Yr hmoVm. Ë`mV

åhQ>co hmoVo, ""H$moëhmnya Bcm»`mVrc aopìhÝ y, Á w{S>{e`c Am{XH$ê$Z gd© A{YH$mè`m§Zr Am_À`m

g§ñWmZmV Oo Añn¥í` ZmoH$ar YaVrc Ë`m§Zm ào_mZo d g_VoZo dmJ{dco nm{hOo. Oa H$moUm A{YH$mè`m§Mr

darcà_mUo Añn¥í`m§Zm dmJ{dÊ`mMr BÀN>m Zgoc Ë`mZo hm hþHy$_ nmohmoMë`mnmgyZ ghm AmR>dS>çm§À`m

AmV ZmoQ>rg XodyZ amOrZm_m Úmdm, Ë`mcm noÝeZ {_iUma Zmhr.'' Am_Mr Aer BÀN>m Amho H$s,

""Am_À`m amÁ`mVrc H$moUmhr Bg_mcm OZmdam§à_mUo Z dmJ{dVm _Zwî` àmÊ`m§à_mUo dmJdmdo....

Am_À`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr {_eZar, Am © g_m{OñQ>, aoëdo d JìhZ©_|Q> A{YH$mè`m§Mo øm ~m~VrV AZwH$aU

H$amdo.''

{dYm ImË`mgmR>r H$mT>occm hþHy$_Zmå`mV emhÿ _hmamO åhUVmV, ""hþOyam§À`m Ago nmhÊ`mVAmco

H$s, Añn¥í`m§Zm d ñn¥í`m§Zm emim ImË`mV {Za{Zamiçm VèhoZo dmJ{dco OmVo d Añn¥í`m§Zm emim

ImË`mÀ`m B_maVrÀ`m H§$nmD§$S>À`m AmV oD$ {Xco OmV Zmhr. gaH$mar B_maVr ImOJr Cn`moJgmmR>r

{Xcoë`m Zgë`m_wio Añn¥í`m§Zm VwÀN>VoZo dmJ{dÊ`mMm H$moUmcmhr hŠH$ ZgyZ Añn¥í`m§Mm àË oH$ VèhoZo

H$miOr KoVcr nm{hOo. {ejUg§ñWm Jar~ cmoH$m§H$[aVm AgyZ Jar~mVrc Jar~ Oo Añn¥í`, Ë`m§Zm

g_VoÀ`m nm`mda dmJ{dUo `mo½` Amho. Vo H$a XoVmV Va _J Ë`m§Zm dmB©Q> arVrZo H$m dmJdmdo? hþOyam§Mr

A§V:H$aUnyd©H$ BÀN>m Amho H$s, emim ImË`mVrc Á`m ImOJr qH$dm gaH$mar g§ñWm§Zm J«±Q> qH$dm

37<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

B_maVr qH$dm ßco J«mD§$S> dJ¡ao ê$nmZo _XV {_iVo, Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í`dJmªnojm Añn¥em§Zm OmñV __VoZo d

AmXamZo dmJdmdo. H$maU ñn¥í` cmoH$ H$moUË`mhr àH$mao {ejUmV Amncm _mJ© H$mTy> eH$VmV, na§Vw

Añn¥í`m§Zm Vo AgmÜ` Agë`m_wio H$moUVmhr _mJ© Zmhr. Oa Añn¥em§Zm g_VoZo dmJ{dco Zmhr Va _J

Vmo {àÝgrnm°c AJa ImcÀ`m XOm©Mm {ejH$ Agmo, Ë`mcm Om~ Úmdm cmJoc, Am{U ImOJr g§ñWm§Zm

Or _XV {_iVo Vr H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mV oB©c.''

`mZ§Va nwT>À`mM _{hÝ`mV emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr ""gd© gmd©O{ZH$ B_maVr, Y_©emim, aoñQ> hmD$g,

gaH$mar AÝZN>Ìo dJ¡ao {R>H$mUr d ZXrMo nmUwVo, gmd©O{ZH$ {d{har oWo H$moUË`mhr _Zwî`àmÊ`mMm

{dQ>mi _mZÊ`mMm Zmhr.'' åhUyZ EH$ V_m_ OZVogmR>r Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmMm OmhraZm_m H$mT>cm. (6

gßQ>|~a 1919).

❏ amOfu emhÿ _hmamO : Añn¥í`moÛma : àË`j H¥$Vr :-

Añn¥í`VoMo H$m`Xoera CÀMmQ>Z H$aUo, hm emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m Añn¥í`moX²YmamÀ`m H$m`m©Mm EH$

^mJ hmoVm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amdí`H$ Vo dQ>hþHy$_ AWdm Om{haZm_o doimodoir H$mT>co, nU Ho$di

Om{haZm_o H$mTy>Z ñdñW ~gUmè`m§n¡H$s _hmamO ZìhVo, Vo H¥${Verc gwYmaH$ hmoVo. OmhraZmå`mV

CX²Kmo{fV Ho$coë`m VËdmZwgma Ë`m§Zr àË`j AmMaU Ho$co; Añn¥í`m§Zm Amnë`m ImOJr godoV Am{U

gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§V KoD$Z Ë`m§À`m{df`rMr Añn¥í`Vm Ë`m§Zm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$cr d BVam§Zmhr H$mTy>Z

Q>mH$Ê`mg ^mJ nmS>co, Ago H$arV AgVm Añn¥í`m§_Ü o AmË_{dídmg d Apñ_Vm H$er {Z_m©U hmoB©c,

`mH$S>o Ë`m§Zr A{YH$ cj {Xco.

g§ñWmZÀ`m cîH$ar godoV _amR>m d VËg_ OmVtMo cmoH$ àm_w»`mZo AgV. hr gd© _§S>ir

Añn¥í`Vm nmiUmar hmoVr. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr 1917 gmcr Amnë`m "cîH$ar \$S>mV' Mma Añn¥í`m§Mr

Zo_UyH$ Ho$cr. Ë`mn¡H$s XmoKo _hma hmoVo Va XmoKo _m§J hmoVo. AÝ` gaH$mar godoVhr Añn¥í`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m

Ho$ë`m Omì`mV, `mgmR>r am. emhÿ§Zr 5 Am°JñQ> 1918 amoOr Img hþHy$_ H$mT>cm H$s, ""Añn¥í` OmVrMo

cmoH$mZ§m VcmR>r Zo_Ê`m~Ôc Acm{hXm hþHy$_ XoÊ`mV Amcocm Amho. gXa cmoH$m§n¡H$s Oo cmoH$ Amnco

H$V©~JmarZo d ~wÜXrZo nwT>o oVrc Ë`m§g ^mJ H$maHy$Z Aem àH$maÀ`m OmJm XoÊ`mV `mì`mV.

Añn¥í`m§gmR>r VcmR>r dJ© gwê$ Ho$co, Ë`mV Añn¥í` C_oXdmam§Zm {deof {eî`d¥Î`m XoD$Z à{e{jV

Ho$co Joco. Aem à{e{jV Añn¥í`m§Zm AJ«H$_mZo VcmR>r Zo_co Omdo `mgmR>r _hmamOm§Zr ImO hþHy$_

Omar Ho$cm. Ë`mV åhQ>co hmoVo, ""hëcr VcmR>çm§À`m Zo_UyH$m Mmcë`m AmhoV, Ë`mV Añn¥í` OmVrÀ`m

cmoH$m§g àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV `mdo d VgoM Ë`m OmVrVrc cmoH$m§g `mo½` Vr cm`H$s Agë`mg Xa~mamVrc

H$mUË`mhr `mo½`VoÀ`m Om½`mda åhUOo aoìhÝ y, Á w{S>{e`c, nmocrg d OZac AmXr H$moUË`mhr

38<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

{d^mJmÀ`m _w»`mÀ`m Om½`mdahr Zo_Ê`mV oB©c. BV:na Ë`m§À`m Añn¥í`ËdmMr g~~ gaH$mar

ZmoH$arÀ`m ~m~VrV (EoHy$Z) KoVcr OmUma Zmhr åhUyZ Omhra H$aÊ`mV `mdo. (8 Am°JñQ> 1918)

AemM Ame`mMm EH$ hþHy$_ AmUIr df© amZo H$mT>cm Jocm, Ë`mV åhQ>co hmoVo H$s, Á`m OmVrMr

cmoH$dñVr OmñV Agoc Ë`m OmVrMo hmoVm hmoB©c Vmo VcmR>r Zo_mdm. _hma, _m§J, Mm§ ma dJ¡ao Añn¥í`

OmVrÀ`m cmoH$m§Zm hmoB©c {VVH$m àmYmÝ`H«$_ Úmdm. àË oH$ noQ>çmg 5 d àË oH$ _hmcmg {ZXmZ VrZ

Var Añn¥í` AgmdoV. (26 Am°JñQ> 1919).

emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Añn¥í`m§n¡H$s H$mhtÀ`m _wcH$s ImË`mV "XßVa~§X' åhUyZ Va H$mhtÀ`m nmocrg

ImË`mV nmocrg åhUyZ Zo_UyH$m Ho$coë`m {XgVmV. 1920 gmcr ehamVrc nmocrg JoQ>mda 16 _hmam§Mr

Zo_UyH$ H$aVmZm _hmamOm§Zr åhQ>co AmhoH$s, `m cmoH$m§Mm g_mOmV XOm© dmT>mdm, åhUyZ AmnU ho H$arV

AmhmoV.

H$moëhmnya å w{Z{gnmëQ>rÀ`m H$m`m©c`mVhr àW_M EH$ Añn¥í` Zo_cm Jocm. EdT>oM Zìho Va

å w{Z{gnmëQ>rÀ`m MoAa_ZnXr àW_M EH$m Añn¥í`mMr-XÎmmo~m ndma `m§Mr am. emhÿ§À`m àoaUoZo Zo_UyH$

Pmcr. Ë`mM~amo~a å w{Z{gnmëQ>rV EH$ ìhQ>H$a ZmdmMm ŠcmH©$ drg én o nJmamda Añn¥í` OmVrVrc

Amho, {edm` {ham _Xma §Jr `mg cmoH${Z wŠV H${_Q>rda å w{Z{gnc _|~a åhUyZ Zo_ë`mMr EH$ Zm|X

{_iVo.

Añn¥em§V {ejUmMm àgma \$magm Pmcm Zgë`mZo {eH$cocr _mUgo {_iUo OdiOdi AeŠ`

hmoVo. nU _hmamOm§Zr {ejUmMm ~mD$ Z H$aVm Añn¥í`m§Zm Amnë`m AZoH$ ImË`m§V gm_mdyZ KoVco.

gaH$mar nmJoV, nrc (hÎmr) ImË`mV, {eH$mar IwVmV, Q>nmc ImË`mV Agm d©M Añn¥e _§S>ir gaH$mar

godH$ åhUyZ dmdaVmZm {Xgy cmJcr. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr H$m§hrZm _mhþV ~Z{dco. Va H$mhrZm Amnë`m

amoOn[admam§Mo H$moM_Z/S´>m`ìha ~Z{dco. 1908 gmcr amOH$Ý`m AŠH$mgmho~ `m§À`m c½ZmÀ`m damVrV

H§$~aog Vcdma ~m§Ycoco JmS>çm-KmoS>çmdarc ê$~m~Xma Añn¥í` H$moM_ZZr d amOoemhr hÎmrdarc

g§ñWmZr nmoemImVrc _mhþVm§Zr Amnë`m~amo~a g_ñV Añn¥í` g_mOmMr à{VîR>m dmT>{dcr hmoVr.

_hmamOm§Mm Vmo EH$ gm_m{OH$ à`moJM hmoVm.

emhÿ _hmamOm§Mm gmoZVir H°$ån (aOnyVdmS>r) åhUOo Ago gm_m{OH$ à`moJ H$aÊ`mMr A{^Zd

à`moJemimM hmoVr. `m H°$ån_Ü o Amnë`m godoV Añn¥í`m§Zm {ZdmaU H$m`m©Mm dñVwnmR>M R>odcm hmoVm.

emhÿ _hmamOm§Mo {~ZVmaIoMo EH$ AmË_{ZdoXZ CncãY Amho. Ë`mV Ë`m à`moJm{df`r IwÔ _hmamOm§ZrM

åhQ>co Amho, ""aOnyVdmS>rg _aJmB© (AmXr) AS>Vrg XodXodr, gd© nra d JO|Ðcú_r `m gdmªÀ`m nyOm

Jy ZmdmMm _hmaM H$arV AgVmo. Ë`m Xodmg H°$ånmVrc gd© cmoH$ IwÔ _hmamOhr OmVmV. c½ZH$m ©

Pmë`mg damVrhr OmVmV. VoWrc nmÊ`mMm hm¡Xmda §½`m{edm` gdmªZm {edm{ed H$aUoMr _moH$irH$

39<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Amho d Ë`m H°$ånmVrc _Om Aer Amho H$s, gd© H°$ånmVrc _§S>ir ~§Yyào_mZo amhVmV. XeaW _m§J `mg

VoWrc {eH$mar ñQ>moAaMm Om_Xma Ho$cm Amho. Am~m _m§J d M§Xm _hma ho {eH$maImÝ`mMo H$m_Xma

AmhoV. XmXÿ _hma d am_y _hma am. amYmZJar ho hÎmrdaco _hmV AgyZ Xa ewH«$dmar A§~m~mB©Mo d

eH$H$V} {edmOr _hmamOm§nmgyZ Mm¡Ï`m {edmOrn ªV Oo gaH$mar N>~rZo {ZKVmV Ë`m hÎmtda ZmoH$ar

H$aVmV. AWm©VM Ë`m§Zm A§~m~mB©À`m d _hmamOm§À`m nmXþH$m§Zm {edm{ed H$aÊ`mg à{V~§Y Zmhr, ho

ñnîQ> {XgyZ oVo. Ë`mMà_mUo H$maHy$Z, VcmR>r, nmocrg dJ¡ao nwîH$i (Añn¥í`) cmoH$ H$_rOmñV

XOm©À`m ZmoH$arV AmhoV..... gw ©d§er d gmo_d§er cmoH$m§Mr hOoar EH$ hþHy$_mZo _m\$ Ho$cr Amho d

Ë`mMà_mUo gd© nar emioV gw ©d§er, gmo_d§er cmoH$m§Zm KoUoMm hþHy$_ Amcm Amho. _méVrÀ`m XodimV

emim Agë`mghr (Ë`m§Zr VoWo) KoUoMm hþHy$_ Amho. Xodmg H$m {dQ>mi _mUgmMm hmoVmo? XodmMr H$m

Amkm Amho H$s, Am_Š`mMm {dQ>mi _mZmdm d Am_Š`mMm {dQ>mi _mZy Z o åhUyZ? _wirM Zmhr.....

hþOyaMm _moQ>ma S´>m`ìha _ëcmßnm ~mim ZmB©H$ hm _hma Amho. gaH$maMm Mm~yH$ñdma XeaW d H$mhr

H$moM_ZXoIrc _hma AmhoV. OoWo H$mhr doi ho cmoH$ hþOè`mMr H$m_o H$aVmV, _J am{hco Var H$m`?

{eH$marV M§Ðm, Am~m, XeaWm dJ¡ao cmoH$ hþOè`mMrgwÜXm H$m_o H$aVmV, _J Ë`mV Zdc§ Vo H$m`?

emhÿ _hmamOm§Zm {eH$marMm _moR>m ZmX hmoVm. {eH$marÀ`m IwVmV Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ Añn¥í`m§Mr ^aVr

Ho$cr hmoVr. {deofV: _hmamOm§H$S>o eo-XmoZeo Xoer{dXoer OmVrMr Ohm±~mO {eH$mar Hw$Ìo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm

gm§ miÊ`mgmR>r _m§J g_mOmVrc VéUm§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr hmoVr. àg§J{deofr _hmamO `m Añn¥í`

godH$m§À`m A§Jr AgUmè`m H$V©~JmarMo _moR>çm Iw~rZo àXe©Z H$arV AgV. {_g ŠcmH©$ hmoñQ>ocerc

AemM EH$m g_ma§ mMo dU©Z Zm ^mñH$aamd OmYd Zoh_r XoVmV.

§Jr, _hma, Mm§ ma `m Zm§dmV Añn¥í`Vm {MH$Q>cr Amho, Voìhm Vrhr H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdr åhUyZ `m

OmVrVë`m n¡cdmZm§Zm _hmamOm§Zr Zdr Zmdo {Xcr hmoVr. Hw$ñË`m§À`m _¡XmZmV `m cmoH$m§Zr Hw$ñË`mgmR>r

cm§J ~m§YyZ V`ma hmoÊ`mH$[aVm hmH$ _maÊ`mÀ`m doir _hma n¡cdmZm§Zm hmH$ _maVmZm "OmQ>' n¡cdmZm§Zr

V`ma ìhmdo, åhUyZ AmoaS>Ê`mV oV Ago. MmH$mam§Zm "gaXma' d §½`m§Zm "n§{S>V' Aer Zm§do R>odco hmoVr.

`m_wio Xþgè`m OmVrVrc n¡cdmZm§Zm AmnU _hma qH$dm A§er OmVrVrc n¡cdmZmer IoiV AmhmoV hr

H$ënZm§hr oV Zgo. ZmhrVa Ë`m§À`m OmVr_wio Ë`m§Zm OmoS> {_iUo AdKS> nS>co AgVo.

emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Añn¥í` dJm©Vrc {ejUmMr AmË §{VH$ AmdS> AgUmè`m AZoH$ Jar~ _wcm§Zm

{ejUmÀ`m gd© gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z XodyZ Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMo gmoZo Ho$co. Bñcm_nwamV ~«m÷U

n§VmoOrÀ`m emioV kmZXod Y«wdZmW Kmocn hm _wcJm dJm©À`m ~mhoa ~gyZ {ejUmMr VhmZ ^mJdV

hmoVm. gË`emoYH$ ^mD$amd nmQ>cm§Zr ho Ñí` nm{hco Am{U Ë`m n§VmoOrer ^m§S>U H$ê$Z Ë`m _wcmg

Ë`m§Zr H$moëhmnyamV emhÿ _hmamOm§g_moa C o Ho$co. amO{f© emhÿ§Zr `m_wcmÀ`m {ejUmMr gd© ì`dñWm

40<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Ho$cr. nwT>o hm _wcJm CÀM{dÚm{d y{fV ~Zcm. 1924 gmcr _w§~B© Bcm»`mÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imV

Añn¥í`m§Mm n{hcm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z OmÊ`mMo ^m½` Ë`mg {_imco. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`m

gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmVrc Ë`m§À`m n{hë`m H$mhr ghH$mè`m§n¡H$s ho kmZXod Kmocn EH$ hmoV.

Xþgao CXmhaU Amho H¥$îUmOr cú_U _moao `m _m§JmÀ`m _wcmMo. {ejU KoÊ`mMr C_u `m chmZ

_wcmV BVH$s CgiV hmoVr H$s, Ë`mZo EH$Xm YmS>g H$ê$Z gmoZVirÀ`m Aml_mV WoQ> emhÿ _hmamOm§ZmM

JmR>co Am{U {YQ>mB©Zo nwT>o hmoD$Z Ë`mZo cdyZ _wOam Ho$cm. _hmamO JaOco, "H$moU ao Vy?' ""H¥$îUmOr

hmV OmoSy>Z ~moccm, _r _m§JmMm, _cm emim {eH$m`Mr hm`.'' Am © g_mOmÀ`m Ë`m Aml_emioV

Ë`m _m§JmÀ`m _wcmÀ`m {ejUmMr Ë`m§Zr gd© gmo H$aÊ`mMm hþHy$_ {Xcm. hm _wcJm nwT>o {eHy$Z gdê$Z

_moR>m Pmcm. BVH$m H$s ^maVr` cmoH$g oMm XmoZ doim gXñ` hmoÊ`mMm ~hþ_mZ Ë`mg {_imcm. H¥$îUmOr

_moao `m§Zr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo _hmamOm§Zr Añn¥í` dJm©Vrc AZoH$m§À`m OrdZmVrc H$mQ>oHw$Q>o Xÿa H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo

OrdZ_io \w$c{dco.

_mUJm§dÀ`m Añn¥í` n[afXoV ^mfU H$arV AgVm â g oV emhÿ _hmamOm§ZrS>m°. ~m~mgmho~

Am§~oS>H$am§Zm Ë`m§Zr gmoZVir H°$ånda oD$Z Amnë`m~amo~a ^moOZmg ¿`mdo Aer {dZ§Vr Ho$cr,

Ë`mà_mUo ^moOZmMm d gËH$mamMm H$m ©H«$_ KS>dyZ AmUcm. nwT>o _o 1920 _Ü o ZmJnyacm "A{Ic

^maVr` ~{hîH¥$V n[afX' âcr. Ë`m n[afXoÀ`m AÜ`jnXmMm _mZ _hmamOm§Zm {Xcm Jocm. n[afXoÀ`m

â H$m ©H«$_mV _hmamOm§Zr "~«måhU, _amR>o dJ¡ao gd© OmVtÀ`m nwT>mè`m§g_j _wÔm_ Añn¥í`m§À`m hmVMm

Mhm KoVcm. nwT>À`m _{hÝ`mV Zm{eH$ òWo Añn¥í` {dÚmWu dg{VJ¥hmMm nm`mâUr g_ma§^

_hmamOm§À`m hñVo Pmcm, Voìhmhr eoH$S>mo cmoH$m§À`m g_moa emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr EH$m Añn¥í`mÀ`m hmVMm

Mhm KoVcm. AgoM EH$ H¥$Ë` Ë`m§Zr VmgJm§dmcmhr Ho$co.

J§Jmam_ H$m§~ioMr H$Wm Va B{Vhmg à{gÜX Amho. J§Jmam_ hm gaH$mar nmJoVrc nmoVXma. EHo$

{Xder Ë`m§Zr _amR>çmgmR>r Agcoë`m nmÊ`mÀ`m hm¡Xmcm ñne© Ho$cm. _amR>çm§Zm ho g_Oë`mda Ë`m§Zr

g§VmnyZ JmJmam_mg aŠV~§~mi hmoB©n ªV _ma {Xcm. _hmamO `m gw_mamg {Xëcrcm Joco hmoVo. Vo

H$moëhmnyamV naV oVmM J§Jmam_ `m§Zr Amncr H$hmZr gm§{JVcr. Vo EoH$VmM "_hmamO Jmoao_moao Pmco.'

Á`m§Zr _maco Ë`m§Zm Añn¥í` _§S>imÀ`m g_moa ~mocmdyZ KoVco. hmVmV KmoS>çmMr H$_Mr KoVcr d Ë`m

gdmªMr nmR> \$moSy>Z H$mT>cr. hm _amR>m, hm Amncm aŠVg§~§YmMm, hm oX Ho$cm Zmhr. J§Jmam_cm Odi

KoVco, ""Om, Vwcm ZmoH$ar _m\$ Ho$cr Amho. Vy H$moUVmhr ñdV§Ì Y§Xm H$a. cmJoc Vr _XV _mÂ`mH$S>o

_mJ.''

nwT>o `mM J§Jmam_Zo emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m àmoËgmhZmZo H$moëhmnyamV h_añË`mda "gË`gwYmaH$ hm°Q>oc'

H$mT>co. _hmamO ñdV: Mhm KoVM, nU IS>IS>çmV IMyH$ âcoë`m ~«måhU, _amR>m AmXr OmVtÀ`m

41<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

gd© _§S>itZm Vmo Mhm AmJ«hmZo nmOrV. IwÔ _hmamOM J§Jmam_Mm Mhm AmdS>rZo nrV AgVm Ë`m§À`m

AmJ«hmcm Zmhr åhUm`Mr H$moUmMr N>mVr hmoVr.

Añn¥í`m§À`m hmVMo AÝZmoXH$ OmhranUo KoÊ`mÀ`m H$m ©H«$_mV H$mhrdoim _hmamOm§Zr Amnë`m

amOn[admamVrc _§S>itZmhr gm_rc H$ê$Z KoVë`mMo {XgVo. H$moëhmnyaMm A»Im amOn[adma _hmamOm§À`m

VŠ`mV OmD$Z Ë`m§À`m g_doV MhmnmZ H$aVmo Amho, ho Ë`m§Zr qhXþñWmZmV XodXþc©j Ñí` hmoVo.

ZmJnyaÀ`m n[afXogmR>r _hmamOm§Mo AmJ_Z hmoVmM, Añn¥í` g_mOmMo ^ì` ñdmJV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr

O§Jr {_adUyH$ H$mT>cr. cmoH$m§Zr Ë`m§À`mda nwînd¥îQ>r H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m O`O`H$mamZo dmVmdaU Xþ_Xþ_yZ

Q>mH$co. ""Ë`m§Zr _cm YoS>m|H$m amOm' åhUyZ {hU{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Agcm Var Ë`mV _r _mPm

An_mZ _mZrV Zmhr. Ë`mV _mPm Jm¡ad Amho Ago _r g_OVmo. `m n[afXoV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$ahr

CnpñWV hmoVo.

Añn¥í` g_mOmÀ`m Eo{hH$ Jwcm_{Jar~amo~a Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$ Jwcm_{Jarhr ZîQ> ìhm`cm hdr

Am{U Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr àW_ AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U H$amd`mg hdm, Ago emhÿ _hmamOm§Zm

dmQ>V hmoVo, Agm AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Ë`m§Zr g^m-n[afXm§_wio Ho$coë`m AZoH$

^mfUm§VyZ KoVcocr {XgVo. ZmJnyaÀ`mM n[afXoV Añn¥í`m§Mm AmË_{dídmg d ñdm{^_mZ \w$c{dV

AgVm Vo åhUVmV, ""Añn¥í` hm eãX H$moUË`mhr _mUgmcm cmdUo \$ma qZÚ Amho...... Vwåhr Añn¥í`

Zmhr. Vwåhmg Añn¥í` _mZUmè`m nwîH$i cmoH$m§nojm OmñV ~wpÜXdmZ, OmñV namH«$_r, OmñV gw{dMmar,

OmñV ñdmW©Ë`mJr Ago Vwåhr qhXr amîQ´>mMo KQ>H$md`d AmhmV. _r Vwåhm Añn¥í` g_OV Zmhr. AmnU

{ZXmZ ~amo~arMr ^md§S>o AmhmoV, Amnco hŠH$ g_g_mZ Var Img AmhoVM, Aer ^mdZm Yê$Z

AmnUm§g nwT>rc H$m_mg cmJco nm{hOo.

❏ N>. amOmam_ _hmamO `m§À`m e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm :-

H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZMo N>. amOmam_ Xþgao (1866-1970) `m§Zr g§ñWmZmV e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm

Ho$ë`m. N>. emhÿ 1894 Vo 1922 d N>. amOmam_ 1922 Vo 1940 øm {VKm§Zr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV

e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m.

❀ Añn¥í`m§Zm {ejU gwYmaUm gw{dYm :-

Añn¥í`m§Zm g_mOmV ~amo~arZo ñWmZ {_imdo åhUyZ N>. emhÿ§Zr OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ Ho$co hmoVo.

Ë`mM YmoaUmMm Adc§~ H$ê$Z amOmam_m§Zr Añn¥í`m§Zm AZoH$ gw{dYm CncãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m. BcmIm

n§Mm`VrÀ`m emim§_Ü o Añn¥í`m§Mr {dÚmWu g§»`m 2349 hmoVr. Ë`m§Zm \$s _m\$ Ho$cr hmoVr. _mo\$V

42<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

nmQ>r-nwñVHo$ CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcr hmoVr. {edm` Ë`m§Mr JwUdÎmm dmT>mdr åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mgmR>r Img

{eH$dUr dJm©Mr gmo Ho$cr hmoVr. BcmIm n§Mm`VrÀ`m godoV 25 Añn¥í`m§Zm Jwê$OZ åhUyZ {Z wŠV

Ho$co hmoVo. {ejUm{edm` Añn¥í`m§Mm {dH$mg hmoUma Zmhr, `mgmR>r amOmam_m§Zr Añn¥í`m§À`m {ejU

gwYmaUoH$S>o Img cj {Xco. emioVrc BVa _wcm~amo~a {\$aÊ`mMr Ë`m§À`mV {_giÊ`mMr _w~m hmoVr.

Añn¥í`m§gmR>r doJiçm emim ^aV ZìhË`m. IoS>çmVrc ~hþVoH$ emim XodimV ^aV hmoË`m. Ë`m

{R>H$mUr Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªZm nyU© ñdmV§Í` hmoVo.

❀ Añn¥í`m§Zm {ejU gwYmaUogmR>r {eî`d¥Î`m :-

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr X{cV {dÚmÏ`mªZm {ejU gwYmaUogmR>r CÎmoOZmW© doJdoJiçm àH$maÀ`m

{eî`d¥Î`m XoV hmoVo. hþema d hmoVH$ê$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm `mMm cm^ {_iV hmoVm. {eî`d¥Î`m§Mr g§»`m

{Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V hmoVr. H$m°. {àÝg {edmOr _hmamO `m§Mo ñ_aUmW© H$adra Bcm»`mV {eH$Umè`m

{dÚmÏ`mªgmR>r gZ 1924 _Ü o nwT>rc {eî`d¥Î`m R>odÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m.

1) Am`{d©Z hm`ñHy$c_Ü o {eH$Umè`m Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªg B§J«Or 5 dr Vo _°Q´>rH$n ªV 5 én o

à_mUo {eî`d¥Îmr.

2) H$adra Bcm»`mV B§J«Or {Vgar {eH$Umè`m Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªg B§J«Or 5 dr Vo _°Q´>rH$n`ªV

5 én o à_mUo {eî`d¥Îmr.

3) H$adra Bcm»`mV {eH$Umè`m Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªV Xa_hm 8 én o à_mUo {eî`d¥Îmr.

4) _°Q´>rH$ nmg hmoD$Z H$m°coO {eH$Umè`m Añn¥í` {dÚm{W©Zrg H$m°coO nyU© hmoB©n ªV én o 10

à_mUo {eî`d¥Îmr.

H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmVrc Añn¥í` {dÚmÏ`mªMr amhÊ`mMr gmo H$aÊ`mgmR>r emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr {_g

ŠcmH©$ dg{VJ¥h d B§Xÿ_Vr dg{VJ¥hmMr AmYrM ñWmnZm Ho$cr hmoVr. `m XmoÝhr dg{VJ¥hm§Zm H$moëhmnya

Xa~maH$Sy>Z AZwXmZ {_iV hmoVo. amOmam_ _hmOm§Zr dg{VJ¥hmcm EH$ hOma én`mMo OmXm AZwXmZ

Xadfu {Xco. `m dg{VJ¥hmVyZ eoH$S>mo X{cV {dÚmWu ~mhoa nS>co. Ë`mVrc H$mhr _moR>o A{YH$mar Pmco.

❀ X{cV Midi d amOmam_ _hmamO :-

{~«Q>re ^maVmV oB©n ªV Añn¥í`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ XOm© wamonI§S>mVrc Jwcm_mnojm dmB©Q> hmoVm.

{~«{Q>em§À`m àemgZmVrc gd©g_mdoeH$ YmoaUm_wio Añn¥í`m§Zm ZmoH$arY§ÚmV g§Yr {_iy cmJcr. 20 ì`m

eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrnmgyZM ~S>moXm, åh¡gya, cmdUH$moa d n{V`mim `m nwamoJm_r g§ñWmZm_Ü o Añn¥í`Vm

ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ H$m`Xo Pmco d X{cVm§À`m CÕmamÀ`m OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ Pmcm. Ë`m§Zm AZoH$

gwYmaUm d g§Yr CncãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m.

43<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

❀ doR>daim à{V~§YH$ H$m`ÚmMr A§_c~OmdUr :-

_hma dVZm_wio Ë`m§Mr (~cwVoXmam§Mr) àJVr Iw§Q>cr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mcm Jwcm_rMr Pmca àmßV

Pmcr hmoVr. hr gd© n[apñWVr cjmV Amë`m_wio 15 Owc¡ 1921 amoOr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV doR>daim

à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm N>. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Ho$cm. H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmVrc _hma cmoH$m§Zm `m doR>daù`mVyZ

~mhoa H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r _hmamOm§À`mH$S>o Agcoë`m BZm_ O{_Zr Ë`m§À`mM Zm§dmda ìhmì`mV åhUyZ N>.

amOmam_ `m§À`m H$mimV _moR>m à`ËZ Pmcm. 1921 Z§Va JmdmVrc d[aîR> OmVrH$Sy>Z H$moUË`mhr

àH$maÀ`m doR>daim JmdH$sMr H$m_o gm§JÊ`mMr ZmhrV. Oa H$moUr Amnë`m _ZJQ>mÀ`m Omoamda _hma

cmoH$m§g doR>daim H$amd`mg cmdVrc Va Ë`m§Zm ZmoH$arVyZ H$_r Ho$co OmB©c, `mMr XIc{Jar àË oH$

JmdH$m_Jma nmQ>cmZo ¿`mdr d Ë`mà_mUo Oê$a Vr VOdrO H$amdr Agm AmXoe N>. amOmam_ `m§Zr

Ho$cm.

❀ _hma dVZmMm a`Vmdm hþþHy$_ :-

N>. emhÿ§Zr Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV _hma dVZ Imcgm Ho$co. N>. emhÿ§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va N>. amOmam_

`m§Zr _hma dVZmMm a`Vmdm nyU© H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$macr. N>. amOmam_ _hmamO `m§Zr {X. 18

Am°JñQ> 1926 amoOr nwT>rc à_mUo hþHy$_ H$mT>cm.

_hma cmoH$m§Zr IwerZo BZm_ O_rZ a`Vmdm H$ê$Z XoUo hmM CÎm_ _mJ© Amho. gXa JmdÀ`m

_hmaH$s BZm_ O{_Zr BZm_mVyZ H$_r H$ê$Z a`Vmì`mV XmIc H$amì`mV. gXa O{_Ztda H$mhr ~mH$s

dJ¡ao ~gcoë`m Agë`mg Ë`m KoUoMr Zmhr, hr Am°S>©a H$moUË`mhr Am°\$sgmV VrZ {Xdgmnojm OmñV

amhVm H$m_m Z o. _m_coXma `m§Zr Am°S>©aMm A§_c Ho$ë`m~Ôc VmËH$mi [anmoQ>© H$amdm. O_rZ Á`mMo

Ë`mMo Vmã`mV Amho, Ë`m§Mo Ë`m§MoM Vmã`mV amhUoMr Amho. H$moUË`mhr àH$mao H$ãOm V~{Xcr H$aUoMr

Zmhr.

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmVrc 480 JmdmVrc _hma cmoH$m§À`m O{_ZrMm

a`Vmdm Ho$cm, Ë`m_wio ZmoH$ar H$aÊ`mMr JaO am{hcr Zmhr. Jwcm_{Jar ZîQ> Pmcr. ñdm{^_mZmZo OJVm

oD$ cmJco. H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmVrc `m H«$m§{VH$maH$ ~XcmMr àoaUm KoD$Z nwT>o S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a

`m§Zr _w§~B© amÁ`mVrc _hma dVZ ZîQ> H$aÊ`mMm H$m`Xm _m§S>cm.

❀ Añn¥í` OmVtMr hOoar _m\$ Ho$cr :-

JwÝhoJma cmoH$m§Mm H$m`_Mm ~§Xmo~ñV ìhmdm. `mgmR>r {~«Q>re gaH$maZo 1871 _Ü o EH$ gìh}

Ho$cm. Jmd nmocrg nmQ>rc `m ZmoH$am§Zr _m§J, ~oaS> Aem AZoH$ OmVr qhXÿ Y_m©V AmhoV Ago gwM{dco.

44<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Ë`mZwgma JwÝhoJma cmoH$m§À`m ñdV§Ì dgmhVr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. Ë`mModa H$S>H$ {Z~ªY KmVco. `m cmoH$m§Zr

JmdÀ`m nmocrg nmQ>cmH$S>o {XdgmVyZ 3 doim Amncr hOoar Úmd`mMr. naJmdr Joë`mda Ë`m JmdÀ`m

nmocrg nmQ>cmH$S>o Amncr hOoar ¿`m`Mr. Aem àH$maMr àWm (1971) nmgyZ gwê$ Pmcr. {X. 27

Owc¡, 1918 amoOr JwÝhoJma OmVrMr hOoar nÜXV ~§X H$aUoMm hþHy$_ N>. emhÿ§Zr H$mT>cm.

VWm{n, g§ñWmZmVrc AZoH$ JmdmV hr nÜXV gwê$ hmoVr, Am{U JmdMo nmocrg nmQ>rc JmdmVrc

_m§J cmoH$m§Mr hOoarÀ`m ZmdmZo N>idUyH$ H$aV hmoVo. N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zm ho cjmV Amco. Ë`m§Zr

hr A_mZwf nÜXV ~X H$aÊ`mMm AmXoe {Xcm. Ë`mZ§Va H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmVrc hr nÜXV H$m`_Mr ~§X

Pmcr. Ë`m_wio g§ñWmZmVrc _m§J cmoH$m§Mr `m nÜXVrVyZ H$m`_Mr _wŠVVm Pmcr.

{H$Ë oH$ df} `m OmVrZm JwÝhoJma åhUyZ OrdZ OJmdo cmJV hmoVo. H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm JwÝhm

Ho$cm ZgVmZmhr JwÝhoJma åhUyZ dmJ{dco OmV hmoVo. hOoar nÜXV ~§X Ho$ë`m_wio AH$maU cmXcoë`m

JwÝhoJmarÀ`m H$MmQ>çmVyZ hr _mUgo ~mhoa nS>cr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV OJÊ`mMr EH$ Zdr C_oX V`ma

Pmcr. nwT>o `m OmVrVrc AZoH$ cmoH$ ñdH$îQ>mZo nwT>o Amco. A°S>. Ho$. Ec. _moao ho _m§J g_OmVrc

OmVrMm {dH$mg ìhmdm. d[aîR> OmVtÀ`m cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z ñdm{^_mZ OmJ¥V ìhmdm `mgmR>r N>. amOmam_

_hmamO à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo.

❀ Añn¥í`m§Zm Img {Z_§ÌU :-

N>. amOmam_ _hmamO Img {Z §ÌUmgmR>r H$mhr H$m ©H«$_ Zì`m amOdmS>çmda Am`mo{OV H$arV.

Aem H$m ©H«$_m§Zm _wÔm_ Añn¥í`m§Zm {Z_§{ÌV H$arV. Ë`m§Zm Añn¥í` nmhþÊ`m§À`m ñdmJVmMr O~m~Xmar

N>. emhÿZr gmon{dcr hmoVr. `mMr \$ma _moR>r MMm© Ë`mH$mimV Pmcr. N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr Añn¥í`

~m§Ydm§Zm Img H$m ©H«$_mgmR>r {Z_§{ÌV H$ê$Z nwT>Mr nm`ar JmR>cr. Aem àH$maÀ`m H$m ©H«$_m§_wio g_mO

OrdZmÀ`m àdmhmV AmË_{dídmg dmT>cm Am{U Ë`mVyZ gm_m{OH$ {df_VoMr Xar H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV

Pmcr.

❀ hoS> H$moM_Z åhgy goHy$ _mZoMr {ZdS> :-

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr Añn¥í` OmVr_Yrc AZoH$ cm`H$ d hmoVH$ê$ C_oXdmam§Zm ZmoH$è`m

{Xë`m. N>. amOmam_ Zoh_r JwUdmZ cmoH$m§À`m emoYmV AgV. _hma g_mOmVrc åhgy goHy$ _mZo `m§Mr

lr cú_r {dcmg n°cog_Yrc nmJoV hoS> H$moM_Z åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Ho$cr. hr hþX²ÚmMr OmJm AgyZ

Ë`m§À`m hmVmImcr Odi g§~§YmMr AmR>dU gm§JVmZm lr_§V _m_mgmho~ _hmJm§dH$a åhUVmV, ""åhgy

goHy$ ZmdmMm EH$ _hma OmVrMm ZmoH$a KmoS>çmÀ`m nmJoH$S>o hmoVm. Aíd narjoV Ë`mMr OmJm amIÊ`mV

Ë`mMo {R>H$mUr Agcocr XjVm _hmamOm§À`m {ZXe©Zmg Amcr. _hmamOm§Zr Ë`mcm Aíd{dÚoMr {deof

45<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

_m{hVr XoD$Z hoS>H$moM ~Z{dco. amOmMm H$moM_Z AgUo hr JmoîQ> _mZmMr g_Ocr OmV Agë`mZo `m

OmJogmR>r ~è`mM _amR>çm§Zr IQ>nQ> Ho$cr. nU Ë`m§Zm _hmamOm§Zr EH$mM dmŠ`mV gm§{JVco, ""JwUm§nojm

_r OmVrcm A{YH$ qH$_V XoV Zmhr. ho dmŠ`M Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr d amOH$s` H$V¥©©ËdmMr gmj

XoVo. `mdê$Z amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mr g_mOmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr Zdr ÑîQ>r {XgyZ oVo. am. emhÿ§Zr J§Jmam_

H$m§~io `mcm hm°Q>oc H$mTy>Z {Xco. Ë`m hm°Q>ocmV A{YH$mè`m§~amo~a Vo ñdV:hr Mhm KoV hmoVo. N>. emhÿ§Mm

AmXe© g_moa R>odyZ N>. amOmam_ _hmamO `m§Zr d[aîR> dJm©Mr nma§nm[aH$ _mZ{gH$Vm ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r

d H${ZîR>m§Mm Ý yZJ§S> Kmc{dÊ`mgmR>r åhgy goHy$ _mZoMr hoS> H$moM_Z nXr {ZdS> Ho$cr. gmoim KmoS>çm§Mm

aW Mmc{dÊ`m_Ü o Vo dmH²$~Jma hmoVo. Am{U Aem aWm_YyZ wamo{n`Z nmhþÊ`m§gh N>. amOmam_ ~gV.

JwUr d H$V¥©ËddmZ _mUgm§Zm N>. amOmam_ g§Yr XoV hmoVo.

❀ emhÿ {_cOdi X{cVm§Zm Kao ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r OmJm {Xcr :-

H$moëhmnya ehamÀ`m dmT>r~amo~a cmoH$g§» oMr dmT> PnmQ>çmZo Pmcr. N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr

cú_rnwar, Vmam~mB© nmH©$ d amOmam_nwar `m dgmhVtMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. nU X{cVm§Zm KamgmR>r OmJm

{_iUo d Ka ~m§YUo `m XmoÝhrhr ~m~r AdKS> hmoË`m. `mMr OmUrd _hmamOm§Zm hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr emhÿ

{_cÀ`m nyd}g ZdrZ ãcm°Šg nmS>co Am{U VoWo _mV§J g_mOmÀ`m cmoH$m§Mr amhÊ`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$cr.

gÜ`m hr dgmhV aoëdo ñQ>oeZ d _Ü`dVu Eg. Q>r. ñWmZH$m§nmgyZ CÀM «y dñVrV Pmcocr Amho. `m

_mV§J dgmhVrVyZ {Zdm©{MV Pmcoë`m gm¡. H$m§MZ H$dmio `m H$moëhmnyaÀ`m n{hë`m X{cV _hmnm¡a

Pmë`m.

VgoM nmMJm§d VmcwH$m H$adra oWrc _m§J cmoH$m§Zr gaH$mar nadmZJr Z KoVm KamgmR>r

gmoS>coë`m Iam~ OmJoV Kao ~m§Ycr. `mda VoWrc OdiÀ`m cmoH$m§Zr VH«$ma Ho$cr. N>. amOmam_ _hmamO

`m§Mo YmoaU Añn¥í`m§Zm CÝZVrgmR>r nyaH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr _m§J cmoH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm X§S> Z

KoVm Ë`m§À`m Zm§dmda O_rZ H$m`_ Ho$cr.

❀ Añn¥í` H$m ©H$Ë`mªZm O{_Zr {Xë`m :-

_hma dVZmMm a`Vmdm H$ê$Z Añn¥í`m§À`m CÜXmamcm N>ÌnVr emhÿ d N>ÌnVr amOmam_ _hmamO

`m§Zr _moR>m hmV^ma cmdcm. Añn¥í`m§À`m _mJmgconUmcm Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ Aer XmoZ H$maUo hmoVr.

EH$ O{_ZrMo N>moQ>o VwH$S>o d Xþgao CËnÝZmMr Xþgar gmYZo ZmhrV. Aem {~H$Q> n[apñWVrV Añn¥í`m§Zm

BVa g_mOm~amo~a AmUÊ`mgmR>r BÀN>m Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ YmoaUmV hmoVr. X{cVm§_Ü o

AmË_moX²YmamMr OmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar H$m ©H$Ë`mªda hmoVr. nU H$m ©H$Ë`mªÀ`m Am{W©H$ nmR>~imdaM

Midi J{V_mZ hmoVo. _hma g_mOmVrc H$m ©H$V} _hmamOm§À`m nwamoJm_r YmoaUmMm àgma d àMma

46<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

H$aÊ`mgmR>r V`ma hmoVo. `m_Ü o AmßnmOr _§S>çmio, J§Jmam_ __mOr H$m§~io, am. H$adra BË`mXtZr

H$adra Bcm»`mVrc gd© _hma cmoH$m§À`m åhmaH$s BZm_ O{_Zr a`Vmdm Ho$ë`m. Ë`m_wio Xa~maMo EH$

cmI én o CËnÝZ dmT>co. gXaMo H$m © AmnU nm`r {\$ê$Z Ho$co, Ë`m~Ôc N>. emhÿ§Mr àË oH$mg 4

{~Ko O_rZ XoUo~Ôc Amkm Pmcr. Vr O_rZ {_imdr åhUyZ darc H$m ©H$Ë`mªZr amOmam_ _hmamOm§H$S>o

AOo Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr nwT>rc AmXoe {Xcm. H$adra Bcm»`mVrc gd© _hma cmoH$m§À`m BZm_ O{_Zr a`Vmdm

H$ê$Z _hma cmoH$m§g Jwcm_{JarVyZ H$m`_Mo _wŠV H$amdo. `m emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m BÀN>oà_mUo gXaÀ`m nmM

Bg_m§Zr nm`r {\$ê$Z CnXoemÛmao \$maM _hÎdmMr H$m_{Jar nma nmS>cr Amho. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm àË oH$s

gaH$ma hŠH$mVrc 40 én o AmH$mamMr Xagmc 200 én o cmJU hmoUmar O_rZ XoÊ`mMo N>. amOmam_

_hmamOm§Zr _§Oya Ho$co.

❀ OZOmJ¥Vr H$aUmè`m ZmoH$a H$m ©H$Ë`m©g aOm :-

H$m`Xm H$ê$Z Hw$R>cohr àíZ {_Q>V ZgVmV, Va cmoH$m§À`m _mZ{gH$ n[adV©ZmMr JaO AgVo.

cmoH$à~moYZ Pmco VaM H$m`ÚmMo _hÎd nQ>Vo. _hma dVZ H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZZo H$m`ÚmZo ~§X Ho$co Am{U

Ë`m§Mr _wŠVVm Ho$cr. N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mo Ago YmoaU hmoVo H$s, _hmaH$s ZmdmMr BZm_ O_rZ

cmoH$m§Zr Amë`m Zmdmda H$ê$Z ¿`mdr Am{U _hma dVZmÀ`m Jwcm_{JarVyZ ñdV:Mr H$m`_Mr _wŠVVm

H$ê$Z ¿`mdr. `m YmoaUmMm àgma OZOmJ¥Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr H$m ©H$Ë`mªZm aOm XoD$Z cmoH$à~moYZ

H$aÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ {Xcr. H$maU Ago H$s, Amnë`m g§ñWmZmV _hma dVZmMr nÜXVr H$m`_Mr ~§X

ìhmdr, naeam_ Jw§S>mo H$m§~io, VcmR>r H$adra `mZo AmnUmg {_imco aOog OmoSy>Z AmUIr 10 {Xdg

aOm JmaJmoQ>r d amYmZJarVrc _hma cmoH$m§V CnXoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r {_imdr Aem aOm _mJUrMm AO© {X.

5-8-1922 cm Ho$cm. àemgZmMm dmna cmoH${hVmgmR>r ZmoH$aXmam§Zr d amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr Ho$ë`mMo ho CÎm_

CXmhaU Amho.

❀ Añn¥í`m§Zm d¡ pŠVH$ d g§ñWm nmVirda Am{W©H$ _XVrMo YmoaU am~{dco :-

gmdim `Xÿ _hma am. {eamoi ho O`qgJnya oWo amhUmè`m H$maImZm H$mT>Uma AgcoZo Amnco

CËnÝZmda hmcHo$ ì`mOmZo 300 éno H$O© {_imdo åhUyZ {X. 4-8-1928 amoOr AO© Ho$cm.

_hmamOm§Zr {X. 19-10-1928 amoOr hþHy$_ Ho$cm. AO©Xma Añn¥í` dUm©n¡H$s AgyZ Vmo H$maImZm

H$mT>rV AgcoZo VrZeo én o Xagmc Xa eoH$S>m ghm én o ì`mOmZo aŠH$_ Úmdr. ~oiJm§d oWrc §Jr

cmoH$m§Zr AmnU ~oiJm§d oWo lr H$~ra d H$nmc `m§Mr Xodio ~m§Ycr Amho d VoWo {dhra ~m§YUoMr

Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm _XV _m{JVcr. Vm~S>Vmo~ {X. 12-01-1923 amoOr N>. amOmam_ _hmamO `m§Zr

100/- én o _XV {Xcr.

47<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

1908 gmcr H$moëhmnwamV Hw$_ma ìhm`mocoQ> ŠcmH©$ `m wdVrZo EH$m Z¥Ë`mMm H$m ©H«$_ Am`mo{OV

Ho$cm. Ë`m O_coë`m n¡emVyZ d H$moëhmnya Xa~maÀ`m n¡emVyZ a{ddma noR>, H$moëhmnya oWo {_g ŠcmH©$

dg{VJ¥hmMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. ho g§nyU© ^maVmVrc n{hco Añn¥í`m§Mo dg{VJ¥h Amho. gXa dg{VJ¥hmgmR>r

H$moëhmnya Xa~maH$Sy>Z àË oH$ dfu 650/- én o AZwXmZ {_iV hmoVo. nU ~mo{S>ªJÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r

_hma g_mOmMo EH$ {eîQ>_§S>i amOmam_ _hmamO `m§Zm oQ>co Am{U A{YH$ Am{W©H$ ghmæ` {_imdo

åhUyZ _mJUr Ho$cr. Ë`m§Zr Vr _mJUr _mÝ` Ho$cr d Xagmc OmXm EH$ hOmaMo AZwXmZ ~mo{S>ªJcm Mmcy

Ho$co. {edm` n§T>anya oWrc Añn¥í` ~mo{S>ªJmg Am{W©H$ _XV Ho$cocr hmoVr.

MmoIm_oim H$mo-Am°n. H«o${S>Q> gmogm`Q>r AZ²{c{_Q>oS> H$adra eha `m Añn¥í`m§À`m g§ñWocm

X.gm.X.eo. 6% ì`mOmZo 1000 én o H$moëhmnya Xa~maH$Sy>Z dfm©gZ gwê$ Ho$co. `m ~mo{S>ªJMr q^V

~m§YÊ`mgmR>r Xa~maH$Sy>Z 273 én o XoÊ`mV Amco.

H¡$. {edmOr _hmamO `m§Mo ñ_aUmW© 10,000/- én o Añn¥í` cmoH$m§M`m {dÚoÀ`m CÎmoOZmH$[aVm

R>odUoV Amco AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m ì`mOmVyZ Xa_hm 5 é. d 8 é. À`m ñH$m°caern XoÊ`mV `mdr, Agm

hþHy$_ {X. 13-10-1922 amoOr {Xcm.

darcà_mUo N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr gd© d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm Am{W©H$ _XV {Xcr. Ë`m§Mm Agm Xmdm

hmoVm H$s, Am{W©H$ namdc§{~Vm hm _w»` KQ>H$ Añn¥í`m§À`m Jwcm_{Jarg H$maUr yV hmoVm. gm_m{OH$

{df_VoMm g§~§Y Am{W©H$ ~m~rer AgVmo. Zì`mZo ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m Añn¥í`m§À`m g§ñWm {Q>H$ë`m Va

Ë`mVyZ gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Zmcm JVr oB©c. `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr g§ñWmZmVrc X{cVm§À`m g§ñWm§Zm _XV Ho$crM.

nU Ë`mM~amo~a ~mhoarc g§ñWm§Zm Am{W©H$ _XV Ho$cr d {Xem XoD$Z g_mOmÀ`m _w»` àdmhmV

Añn¥í`m§Zm AmUUo hr {dMmaYmam Ë`m§Zr OmJ{dcr hmoVr.

❀ gm_m{OH$ ~{hîH$ma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 30 _mM© 1939 :-

_hma dVZmMm H$m`Xm, gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr Añn¥í`m§Zm àdoe, doidaim à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm,

XodXmgr, _wair H$m`Xm Ago AZoH$ g_mOgwYmaH$ H$m`Xo am.emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr Ho$co hmoVo. Omon ªV

g_mOmMo gm_m{OH$ d _mZ{gH$ n[adV©Z hmoV Zmhr, Vmon ªV H$m`Xo H$ê$Zhr Ë`mMm \$magm Cn`moJ hmoV

ZgVmo. darc gd© H$m`Xo AgyZgwÜXm Añn¥í`mdarc AÝ`m`, AË`mMma Wm§~co ZmhrV. Añn¥í` dJm©À`m

Am{W©H$ ZmS>çm ñn¥í` g_mOmÀ`m hmVmV hmoË`m. d[aîR> OmVrVrc cmoH$ gZmVZr d H$_r Agë`mZo

Añn¥í`m§Vrc gm_m{OH$ AË`mMma gwê$M hmoVo. X{cVm§Zr gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr àdoe Ho$cm. gmd©O{ZH$

nmUdR>çmda nmUr ^aco. AWdm OwÝ`m na§nam ZmH$maë`m H$s cJoM gdU© g_mO g§K{Q>VnUo X{cVmda

gm_m{OH$ ~{hîH$ma KmcV Ago. Ë`m_wio X{cVm§Mm Am{W©H$ H$m|S>_mam hmoB©. gm_m{OH$ ~{hîH$ma à{V~§Y

48<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

H$m`Xm 1939 cm nmg Ho$cm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma ghm _{hÝ`m§Mr {ejm qH$dm 500 én o X§S> qH$dm XmoÝhr

{ejm EH$X_ ^moJmì`m cmJVrc Aer VaVyX Ho$cr. hm H$m`Xm AOm_rZnmÌ hmoVm.

^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 17 Zwgma Añn¥í`Vm ZîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Om{V`Vm hr EH$

_mZ{gH$Vm Amho Vr Kmc{dUo ho Añn¥í`m§À`m {hVmMo Amho. `mMr OmUrd àñWm{nV dJm©cm Zgë`mZo

ñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr 65 dfm©V Añn¥í`m§da ~{hîH$ma KmcUo, _maUo, Y_H$mdUo, Ë`m§Mo emofU H$aUo gwê$

Amho. ho cjmV Amë`mZ§Va ^maV gaH$maZo 1989 _Ü o A°Q´>m°{gQ>r A°ŠQ> nmg Ho$cm.

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr gm_m{OH$ ~{hîH$ma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm nmg Ho$cm. Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr

Ho$cr. `mdê$Z Ë`m§Mm gm_m{OH$ g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm d gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ {XgyZ

`oVmo.

{X. 18 {S>g|~a 1922 amoOr gmVmam oWo ~«m÷UoVa n[afX ^acr. Ë`mdoir AÜ`jr` ^mfUmV

N>. amOmam_ _hmamO åhUmco, ""_mJmgcoë`m g_mOmMr e¡j{UH$, gm_m{OH$ d Ë`mM~amo~a Z¡{VH$

gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mgmR>r AmnU oWo O_cmo AmhmoV. Amncm g_mO AkmZ A§YH$mamÀ`m Imoc

JV}V nS>cm AgyZ A§YéT>tÀ`m _Ja{_R>rVyZ Ë`mcm gmoS>{dë`m{dZm Ë`mcm Amnco AmË_ñdê$n

g_OUma Zmhr. g_mOmV Iwù`m Y_© g_OwVr ê$T> Pmë`m AmhoV. H$mhr _mUwgH$sg Z emo Umè`m Mmcr

Y_m©À`m Jm|S>g ZmdmImcr Mmcy AmhoV. g_mOmÀ`m {H$Ë oH$ {nT>çm Aem na§naoV cmoQ>ë`m_wio Amnë`m

g_mOmÀ`m àJVrMo nmD$c `mo½` _mJm©da AmUUo A{Ve` ÌmgmMo Amho. Am_Mo {nVmOtZr _mJmgcoë`m

OZVoÀ`m CÜXmamgmR>r Ogo Amnco Am wî` IMu Ho$co VgoM Amåhrhr Am_À`m Am wî`mMm ì``

H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dco Amho. gd© OmVtZm gmaIrM dmJUyH$ {_imcr nm{hOo Ago Am_Mo ~«rXdmŠ` Amho.

~«m÷Um{df`r H$mhrM Ûof^mdZm YaUo ho ~ao Zmhr. dmX Amho Vmo VËdmMm Ë`mV Om{VÛof hdm H$emcm?

Añn¥í`Vm hr ZîQ> PmcrM nm{hOo. \w$H$Q>Mr H$maoS>r ghmZw yVr ZH$mo. d¥Îmr, CŠVr d H¥$Vr `m gdm©V

gmaImM _oi Agcm nm{hOo.'' gmam§eê$nmZo Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mr gd©

g_mOmÀ`m R>m`r AgUmar {Z:gr_ {ZîR>m, Ordm^mdmMr H$iH$i d Amnë`m H$V¥©Ëdmdarc AT>i

AmË_{dídmg {XgyZ oVmo.

❀ _§Xra àdoemMm OmhraZm_m :-

N>. emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m H$ma{H$XuV OwÝ`m amOdmS>çmVrc Hw$cñdm{_Zr A§{~Ho$Mo Xe©Z ~{hîH¥$V

dJm©cm cmJco ZìhVo. na§Vw N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§À`m H$ma{H$XuV Vo Xe©Z Ë`m§Zm àË`j KoVm oD$

cmJco. 1930 gmcr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _§{Xa àdooemMr Midi gwê$ Ho$cr. `mMm n[aUm_

_hmamîQ´>mV H$mhr {R>H$mUr Midi C^r am{hcr. H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZhr `m MidirV _mJo am{hco Zmhr.

49<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

25 gßQ>|~a 1932 amoOr H$moëhmnya oWrc _hmcú_r Xodmc`mV "_wŠVÛma ^moOZ g_ma§ ' Am`mo{OV

Ho$cm Am{U _hmcú_r Xodmc` X{cVm§Zm Iwco Pmco.

a{ddma {X. 25 gßQ>|~a 1932 amoOr H$adra ehadm{g`m§Zr AmOn ªV Añn¥í` _mZcoë`m

cmoH$m§Zm lr H$adra {Zdm{gZrMo Xodmc`mV àdoe H$ê$Z XodrMo Xe©Z KoUog CÎmoOZ {Xco. `m~Ôc lr_§V

_hmamO N>ÌnVrgmho~ gaH$ma `m§Zm AmZ§X dmQ>V Amho. H$adra Xa~maZo AmOn ªV Añn¥í` _mZcoë`m

OmVrMr Añn¥í`Vm Xÿa H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm C{O©VmdñWoV AmUUogmR>r dma§dma H$m`Xoera OmhraZm_o dJ¡ao H$mTy>Z

à`ËZ Ho$co. Ë`mg AmVm cmoH$OmJ¥Vr hmoD$Z g_mOmMr g§_Îmr {_imcr Amho d cmoH$ BÀN>oZo Añn¥í`Vm

Zmhrer hmoV Amho. `mO~Ôc hþOyamg g_mYmZ dmQ>V Amho. `m_wio H$adra Bcm»`mV H$moUË`mhr OmVrg

"Añn¥í`' hr g§km dmnaUo H$maUo am{hco ZgyZ gd© qhXÿ _mÌ ho ñn¥í` qhXÿM _mZco OmVrc d XodimV

OmUog AJa gmd©O{ZH$ Mmì`m, {dhra, Vcmd, Y_©emim dJ¡aoMo Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mg gdmªg gmaImM

hŠH$ am{hc.

❀ JmoaJ[a~m§Mr c½Zo :-

N>ÌnVtÀ`m XmZJ§JoV Xagmc nwZrV hmoUmè`m ñn¥í` dYydam§Mr d Añn¥í` dYydam§Mr c½ZH$m }

H$moUVmhr oX^md Z _mZVm EH$mM _§S>nmV KS>dyZ AmUcr OmVmV.

❀ h[aOZ n[afXoMo àW_ A{YdoeZ :-

n°cog {WEQ>a_Ü o {X. 3-5-1936 amoOr E. ~m. ~mimgmho~ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr A{YdoeZ

^aco. ñdmJVmÜ`j ~mimgmho~ nmQ>rc hmoVo. Vo Amnë`m ^mfUmV åhUmco, "_. Jm§YtZr 1932 gmcr

àmUm§{VH$ CnmofU Ho$co. nwUo oWo Jm§Yr-Am§~oS>H$a H$ama Pmcm. h[aOZm§Zm {R>H${R>H$mUr Am{W©H$,

gm_m{OH$ d Ym{_©H$ CÝZVr ìhmdr `mH$S>o cj doYco Joco. {~«Q>re hÔrV h[aOZmoÕmamMr Or Midi

gwê$ Amho Vr AJXr AcrH$S>Mr Amho. nU Á`mdoir {~«Q>re _wcImV `m MidirMo _hÎdhr nQ>co

ZìhVo. Aemdoir H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZMo h[aOZmoX²dmamMr Midi gwê$ H$ê$Z `m H$m`m©V AmKmS>rMo ñWmZ

àmßV H$ê$Z KoVco Amho. h[aOZ MidirMo nm`mo{Z`a hmoÊ`mMm _mZ am. emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr {_i{dcm

Amho d H$moëhmnyamV Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$coë`m Midir_wioM Imcgm hÔ«rVrc nwT>mar dJm©cm _mJmgcoë`m

dJm©gmR>r H$mhrVar Ho$co nm{hOo, `mMr OmUrd hmoD$ cmJcr.

❀ H$adra Bcm»`mVrc h[aOZ :-

H$adra Bcm»`mVrc Ohm{JarVrc EHy$U cmoH$g§»`m 9,57,317 BVH$s AgyZ Ë`mV 8,56,648

qhXÿ hmoVo. `m qhXÿ cmoH$m§À`m g§» oVhr h[aOZm§Mr cmoH$g§»`m JUcocr Amho. H$adra g§ñWmZmV

50<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

h[aOZm§Mo {deofV: Mma nmoQ> oX cmoH$g§» oÀ`m ÑîR>rZo R>iH$ hmoVo. ~mH$sÀ`m AZoH$ nmoQ> OmVr hmoË`m.

na§Vw Ë`m§Mr g§»`m AË §V Aën hmoVr. _hma, _m§J, Mm§ ma d T>moa cmoH$m§Mr g§»`m 1,615 hmoVr,

Ë`mà_mUoM ìhmcma, WmoQ>o, McdmXr, Jmê$S>r, ~oaS> dJ¡ao chmZghmZ nmoQ>OmVrMr g§»`m EHy$U Yê$Z

Ë`mMm {dMma Ho$cm Va h[aOZ g_mOmMr cmoH$g§»`m qhXÿ g_mOmÀ`m cmoH$g§» oÀ`m OdiOdi

1/5 (EH$ n§M_m§e) BVHo$ âcr Ago ñnîQ> {XgyZ oVo. `mdê$Z qhXÿ g_mOmMm Ho$dT>m _moR>m ^mJ

Añn¥í`VoÀ`m Amhmar nS>cm hmoVm ho nmhÿZ qhXÿ g_mOmÀ`m AÝ`m`r d¥Îmr~Ôc _Zmcm IoX

Pmë`m{edm` amhV Zmhr. h[aOZ g_mO hm eoVH$ar hmoVm. na§Vw hr eoVr CXa{Zdm©hmcm AË §V

hcmIrMr hmoVr. gdmªJrU {~H$Q> n[apñWVr_wio h[aOZ Jm§Ococm hmoVm. Voìhm Aem n[apñWrVÀ`m

H$MmQ>çmVyZ gwQ>Ê`mgmR>r ê$T> Pmcoë`m gm_m{OH$ XþîQ> àKmVm§Mm {Z:nmV H$aÊ`mgmR>r PQ>co nm{hOo.

åhUOoM g_VoV {df_Vm CËnÝZ H$aUmar hr Om{V oXmMr A{ZîQ> ê$T>r _moR>çm Hw$ecVoZo gmoS>{dcr

nm{hOo. AmO n[apñWVrV ñn¥í` dJm©Vrc VéU {nT>r h[aOZm§À`m CÜXmamgmR>r WmoS>m\$ma à`ËZ

H$aUmar {ZnOw cmJcr hmoVr. åhUyZ AmO Amnë`m n[afXocm ñn¥í`dJu` OZVm _moR>çm ghmZw yVrnyd©H$

CnpñWV Pmcocr hmoVr. ñn¥í`-Añn¥í`mÀ`m ghH$m`m©_wio Amnë`m XoemMr CÝZVr gmYUma Amho.

ghH$m`m©cm àË oH$mZr V`ma Agco nm{hOo. VaM Amnë`mcm H$mhrVar ârd H$m © H$aVm oB©c Aer

ImÌr Amho. {à. AÌo `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr PwUH$m-^mH$a gh^moOZmMm _§Jc gmohim Amho. Ë`mMo

_hÎd AZoH$ ÑîQ>rZo Amho.

gXa H$m ©H«$_mg nmR>{dcoë`m g§XoemV N>. amOmam_ _hmamO åhUVmV, "Am_Mo na_nyÁ` {nV

amOfu emhÿ _hmamO `m§Zr h[aOZmoÕmamÀ`m H$m`m©cm àW_ gwédmV Ho$cr d Ë`m§À`m CÝZVrH$[aVm

AmQ>moH$mQ> Ago AWH$ n[al_hr Ho$co. Ë`m§À`m níMmV Ë`m§À`mM nmdcmda nmD$c Q>mHy$Z Amåhr ho H$m ©

Mmc{dco Amho. Am_Mr _ZmnmgyZ Aer BÀN>m Amho H$s, Am_À`m amÁ`m_Ü o Añn¥í` `m eãXmcm

WmamgwÕm {_iy Z o. Ë`mÑîQ>rZoM h[aOZm§Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm© dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr AZoH$ H$m`Xohr Ho$co

AmhoV. Voìhm gd© h[aOZm§Zr Ë`m§Mm {Z © nUo Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ¿`mdm Am{U ñn¥í` qhXÿZrhr Ë`m§Mo _mZdr

hŠH$ AmoiIyZ Ë`m§Zm {Z:e§H$nUo ~amo~arÀ`m ZmË`mZo dmJmdo Aer Am_Mr _Z:nyd©H$ BÀN>m Amho.

Ë`mÑîQ>rZo Amncr hr n[afX gd©Vmonar èñdr hmodmo Ago Am_À`m _mVmolr d ^{JZr Am{U Amåhr

BpÀN>Vmo.

❀ _w§~B©V JÐo d gmWOJX²Jwê$ `m§À`m gh^moOZmg amOmam_ `m§Mm g§Xoe :-

_w§~B© oWo 20 Am°JñQ> 1936 amoOr _wPâ\$am~mX, hm°c_Ü o lr_§V YmÒJX²Jwê$ _hmamOm§À`m

ZoV¥ËdmImcr Y_m©Ë_m {Z{ ©S>H$a AZ§Vamd JÐo `m§Zr PwUH$m-^mH$a gh^moOZ KS>dyZ AmUco. Ë`mg N>.

amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zr nmqR>~m XoUmao g§Xoe nmR>{dco.

51<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

❀ _hmadmS>çmVhr gh^moOZ :-

lr. emhÿ cú_r _hmoËgdmgmR>r à_wI nmhþUo Y_m©Ë_m AmË_mam_ JÐo _w§~B©hÿZ Amco hmoVo. {X.

9 d 10, 1935 amoOr Ë`m§Mo "_mPm qhXÿ Y_©' `m {df`mda lr. dg§Vamd ~mJc `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr

^mfU Pmco. Vo åhUmco, "Amncm Iam qhXÿ-Y_© åhUOo H¡$. amO{f© emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr nwañH$m[aVocm

g_VmdmXr Y_©M hmo . eodQ>r Amnë`m qhXþñWmZr XoemV qhXÿZm gÝ_mZmZo OJmd`mMo Agoc Va Ë`m§Zr

hm g_VmdmXr Y_© AmË_gmV H$amd`mg nm{hOo d Ë`mH$[aVmM Am_À`m gh^moOZmMr hr Midi Amho'

Ago gm§{JVco. Xþgè`m {Xder amÌr 10 dmOVm oWrc _hmadmS>çmV O§Jr gh^moOZ Pmco. `m

gh^moOZmV gw_mao nmMeo ñÌr-nwéfm§Zr gh^mJ KoVcm. ^moOZmZ§Va Y_m©Ë_m JÐo, Jwéd © gmgZo, lr.

nm§Sw>a§J nmQ>rc, nwÊ`mMo à{gÜX H$m ©H$V} amR> gÎmya, _w§~B©À`m "à w à^mV' _m{gH$mMo g§nmXH$ lr.

amOmam_ {dO`H$a, H$moëhmnyaMo lr. e§H$aamd à^mdio, lr. naeam_ H$m§~io, S>m°. a_mH$m§V H$m§~io,

lr. J§Jmam_ H$m§~io d Zm{eH$Mo H$m ©H$V} am. ^mcoamd `m§Mr ^mfUo Pmcr. Y_m©Ë_m JÐo `m§Zr Amnë`m

^mfUmV N>. amOmam_ _hmamO `m§Mo `m CXma YmoaUmMr àe§gm Ho$cr.

emhÿ gË`emoYH$ g_mOmV\}$ {X. 30-12-1928 amoOr gh^moOZ Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m

gh^moOZmg H$moëhmnya_Yrc à{VpîR>V cmoH$ CnpñWV hmoVo. `m gh^moOZmgmR>r CnpñWV Agcoë`m

cmoH$m§Mr OmVdma g§»`m nwT>rcà_mUo hmoVr. _amR>m-89, {¼íMZ-4, O¡Z-2, _hma-14, _wgc_mZ-

6, Zmìhr-4, Mm§ ma-5, T>moa-7, qenr-4, Vm§~Q>-1, §Jr-1, ~«m÷U-3, H$aOJma-2, _m§J-2,

{OZJa-2 d _amR>m OmVrÀ`m XmoZ pñÌ`m.

❀ ~°. VmË`mamd gmdaH$am§Mo gh^moOZ :-

H$moëhmnyamV lr. ~mdS>oH$am§À`m dmS>çmV 1937 gmcr, ~°. VmË`mamd gmdaH$am§gh Img

gh^moOZ Pmco. `m ^moOZmV OmVtMr ga{_gi n§JV ~gcr hmoVr. nU h[aO` ñd §godH$ ho dmT>Ê`mMo

H$m_ H$arV hmoVo.

5 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1932 _Ü o Zdr ~wYdma noR> åhUOo gÜ`mMr {edmOr noR>, H$moëhmnya oWrc VéU

_§S>irÀ`m dVrZo Pmcoë`m gh^moOZmg ñn¥í` d Añn¥í` Agm 350 cmoH$m§Zr ^mJ KoVcm.

H$moëhmnwamV doimdooir Pmcoë`m PwUH$m ^mH$a gh^moOZmMr na§nam N>ÌnVr amOmam_ _hmamO

`m§À`m àmoËgmhZmZo Mmcy am{hcr. Ë`m H$mimVrc PwUH$m-^mH$a gh^moOZ _mo{h_oMm nwT>mH$ma {Z{ ©S>H$ma

AZ§V har JÐo, Zd wJH$ma AmMm © à. Ho$. AÌo d gË`dmXrH$ma ~mimgmho~ nmQ>rc `m§Zr KoVcm.

1922 Vo 1935 AIoa H$moëhmnyaÀ`m gË`emoYH$ g_mOmZo _wc yV g_mO n[adV©ZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo

H$m © Ho$co. Om{VàWm ZîQ> H$aUo, ~mc{ddmh ~§X hmoÊ`m~Ôc cmoH$OmJ¥Vr H$aUo, {dYdm {ddmh d

52<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhm§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoUo B. {dYm`H$ H$m © Ho$co. gËèmoYH$s OcemVyZ ~wdm~mOr,

Om{V oX, gh^moOZ d Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU, ñÌr-{ejU dJ¡ao {df`m§da dJ AgV. gËèmoYH$

g_mOmMo {dMma {Z`VH$m{cH$mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ nmhmoM{dÊ`mMo H$m © h§Q>a, ^Jdm P|S>m, Jê$S>, gË`mdmXr

d {dO`r _amR>m `m nÌm§Zr Ho$cocm Amho. Am © g_mOmZo e¡j{UH$ d ewÜXrH$aUmMo ârd H$m © Ho$co.

ñn¥í` d Añn¥í` dYy-dam§Mr c½ZH$m } H$moUVmhr oX^md Z _mZVm EH$mM _§S>nmV KS>dyZ AmUcr.

h[aOZ n[afXoMo A{YdoeZ, X{cV àOm n[afX A{YdoeZ Pmco. H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV 1920 gmcr

100 Q>ŠHo$ OmVdma à{V{ZYrËd AgUmar ZJanm{cH$m ApñVËdmV Amcr hmoVr. nU {VÀ`mVrc

AnyU©Vm cjmV KoD$Z amOmam_m§Zr ZdrZ ZJanm{cH$m H$m`Xm nmg Ho$cm. `m H$m`Úm_Ü o Añn¥í`mgmR>r

XmoZ OmJm dJiVm OmVdma à{V{ZYrËd aÔ H$aÊ`mV Amco. N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Mo ho `mooJXmZ Z_yX

H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

N>. amOmam_ _hmamOm§Zm 43 dfm©Mo Am wî` cm^co. Ë`m§Zm 18 dfm©Mr H$ma{H$X© cm^cr. Ë`m§Zr

gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ g§Kf© H$_r Ho$co. Ë`m§Zr g_mOm{^_wI amÁ`H$ma^ma Ho$cm Am{U

AmnU emhÿ§Mo Iao dmag AmhmoV ho Ë`m§Zr H¥$VrVyZ XmIdyZ {Xco.

_hmamUr Vmam~mB© Am{U {edmOr N>ÌnVr _hmamO (nmMdo) gZ 1940-1946 ho eodQ>r B§J«O

gaH$maÀ`m gwMZoà_mUo _hmamUr Vmam~mB©Zr MmdaoH$a-^mogco KamÊ`mVrc _m§S>rda XÎmH$ KoVco.

cdH$aM H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV EH$ Xþ:IX KQ>Zm KSy>Z Amcr. {edmOr _hmamO (nmMdo) `m§Mo {ZYZ

Pmco. B§J«O gaH$maÀ`m gëë`mZo amOfu emh _hmamOm§Mo ZmVy d lr amYm~mB© C\©$ AmŠH$mgmho~ _hmamO

`m§Mo nwÌ XÎmH$ {dYmZ hmoD$Z Vo qghmgZmê$T> Pmco. (gZ 1947-1949). 1 _mM© 1949 amoOr _w§~B©

àm§VmMo n§VàYmZ ~mimgmho~ Ioa `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr Pmcoë`m g_ma§ mg {dcrZrH$aUmMm gmohim

nma nS>cm.

1.3 gmam§e


1.

2.

3.

4.

53<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>



1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$/g§X © J«§W

1. _hmË_m \w$co : emoYmÀ`m Zì`m dmQ>m' g§nm. h[a ZaHo$, 3 OmZo. 1998, gmdÌr~mB© \w$co

O`§Vr.

2. Iar hr Ý`m`mMr arVr', `. {X. \$S>Ho$.

3. g§nmXH$ har ZaHo$ : _hmË_m \w$co gm{hË` Am{U Midi.

4. gwhmg Hw$cH$Uu : _hfu {dÇ>c am_Or qeXo.

5. XmXÿ{_`m : lr_§V g`mOramd Jm`H$dmS>, _hmamîQ´> M[aÌ J«§W_mcm (g§M).

6. Ho$ed haoc : amOfu emhÿ _hmamO : amOH$s` {dMma.

7. gwIXod WmoamV : ^maVmVr X{cV g_mO gm_y{hH$ {dYr{c{IVmÀ`m emoYmV.

8. àmMm © `. Zm. H$X_ : AmYw{ZH$ OJ (1901 Vo 2000) {dgmì`m eVH$mVrc OJ.

9. S>m°. Ho$ed haoc : N>ÌnVr amOmam_ _hmamO, OrdZ Am{U H$m ©.

10. g. _m. JJ} : H$adra [a`mgV.

11. S>m°. AemoH$ Mm¡gmiH$a : _hmË_m \w$co Am{U eoVH$ar Midi.

12. S>m°. AemoH$ Mm¡gmiH$a : amOH$s` {gÜXm§V.

13. g§nm. VwH$mam_ OmYd : _hmamîQ´> dm{f©H$s, 2010.

14. Jmo. _m. ndma : ^maVr` gm{hË`mMo {Z_m©Vo {dÇ>c am_Or qeXo.

❀ ❀ ❀

54<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

KQ>H$-2

ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mcI§S>mVrc AmajU

AZwH«$_{UH$m

2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mm AmajU YmoaUmg§~§YrMm ÑîQ>rH$moZ

2.2.2 Jmoc_oO n[afX Am{U OmVr` {ZdmS>m

2.2.3 _hmË_m Jm§Yr Am{U nwUo H$ama

2.2.4 nwUo H$amamMm AmajUmÀ`m amOH$maUmdarc n[aUm_

2.3 gmam§e




2.7 A{YH$ Aä`mgmgmR>r g§X © J«§W

2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg -

1. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mcI§S>mVrc AmajU YmoaUmÀ`m {Z{_©VrMm _mJmodm KoVm oB©c.

2. AmajUmg§~§YrMm S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mm ÑîQ>rH$moZ g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

3. Jmoc_oO n[afXoVrc H$m`m©Mo \$crV åhUyZ Om{ha Pmcoë`m OmVr` {ZdmS>çmMo AmH$cZH$ê$Z KoVm oB©c.

4. OmVr` {ZdmS>çmÀ`m à{VH$mamÀ`m AZwf§JmZo _hmË_m Jm§YrOtMr y{_H$m d Ë`mVyZ Pmcoë`mnwUo H$amamMo {dícofU H$aVm `oB©c.

5. nwUo H$amamZo ñWm{nV Pmcoë`m AmajUmÀ`m amOH$maUmMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aVm oB©c.

àm.AmZ§Xm H$m§~io/^moJmdVr _hm{dÚmc`, Hw$éH$cr, Vm.H$adra

E_.E.^mJ-2 : amÁ`emñÌ : gÌ-4 : nona-E40 : Ama{jV YmoaUo Am{U ^maVr` amOH$maUMA.Part-2 : Politics : Sem-IV : P-E40 : Reservation Policy and Politics in India

17

55<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

^maVr` g_mO dU© Am{U Om{Udm {df_Voda AmYmacocm g_mO Amho. oWrc _mUgmMr

AmoiI dU© Am{U OmVrÀ`m n[aKmV H$aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm ApñVËdmV hmoVr d AmOhr Aer gwßV

ì`dñWm H$m © H$aVo. àË oH$ OmVrcm CÀM-ZrMVoMo g§X © Agë`mZo CÀM OmVr Amncm gm_m{OH$

XOm© qH$dm loîR>Ëd {Q>H${dÊ`mMr BÀN>m ~miJyZ AgVmV. Ë`m BÀN>oda AmYm[aVM g_mOmV nañna

g§~§Y {Z_m©U Ho$co OmVmV. Ë`m_wio CÀM OmVr Amncr OmV Jdm©Zo gm§JVo Va H${ZîR> OmVtZm Amncr

OmV gm§JUo An_mZmñnX R>aVo.

^maVr` g_mOmV CÀM OmVtZm {_imcoco loîR>Ëd ho Ho$di H$mën{ZH$ Zmhr. Va Ë`m OmV

loîR>ËdmMm amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$, Ym{_©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmV à{VîR>m

{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Ë`mMm dmna Ho$cm. n`m© mZo øm CÀM OmVtÀ`m hmVmV g_mOmVrc gd© joÌm§Mo

{Z §ÌU Amco. Va Xþgè`m ~mOycm Aëng§»`m§H$, Añn¥í` g_Oë`m OmUmè`m OmVtda Y_m©Zo H$S>H$

{Z~ªY KmcyZ, Ë`m§Mo emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ d Am{W©H$ AY:nVZ _moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$co.

`m gd© àH$maÀ`m Añn¥í`VoÀ`m ~oS>çm VmoS>Ê`mgmR>r AmajU YmoaUmMr ZrVr V`ma Pmcocr

{XgVo. AmajU YmoaUmMo OZH$ _hmË_m Omo{Vamd \w$co, amOfu emhÿ _hmamO d S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m

AmajUmÀ`m {dMmam§À`m d H$m`m©À`m àH$memVM AmajUmMm {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$maU

AmajUmMo g_W©Z d {damoY `mÀ`m g§Kfm©V AmajUmÀ`m {gÜXm§VmÀ`m àË oH$ n¡cyMm H$g cmJVmo

Amho. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm A{^àoV AgUmao AmajU YmoaU ^maVmVrc Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm àmßV Pmco Zmhr.

nwUo H$amamZo {_imcoë`m AmajUmMm Añn¥í`m§À`m qH$dm Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m CÝZVr_Ü o H$m` Cn`moJ

Pmcm. `m AmajrV à{V{ZYtZr IamoIaM Añn¥í`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmZm Ë`m§À`mer {ZîR>m d

àm_m{UH$nUm Omonmgcm H$m? Omonmgcm Zgoc Va H$m Omonmgcm Zmhr? `mMr hr {M{H$Ëgm AmajU

YmoaUmda dmX{ddmX H$aVmZm Pmcr nm{hOo. àË oH$ Aëng§»`m§H$ g_yhmcm ñdamÁ`mV à{V{ZYrËd

XoÊ`mMm g¡ÜXm§{VH$ nm`m AmajUmÀ`m YmoaUm_mJo Amho `mMo {dícofU Ho$ë`mZo AmajUmMr Amdí`H$Vm

hr ñnîQ> hmoVo.

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr AmajUmMr _mJUr H$aVmZm ^maVmVrc gd© Aëng§»`m§H$ g_yhmcm amOH$s`

hŠH$ àmVr{ZYrËdmX²dmao {_iÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co. Jmoc_oO n[afXoVrc MM}Mm n[anmH$ åhUyZ OmVr`

{ZdmS>m Om{ha Pmcm. Ë`mcm Am_aU CnmofUmZo _. Jm§YtZr {damoY Ho$cm. Á`mVyZ nwUo H$amamMm OÝ_

Pmcm. `m nwUo H$amamZo {Xcoë`m Ama{jV OmJm§da {ZdSy>Z Amcoë`m à{V{ZYtZr Añn¥í`m§er EH${ZîR>

Z amhVm, ñn¥í` OmVtMr _Vo {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r àñWm{nV OmVter {_iVo-OwiVo KoVco. Á`m_wio

AmajUmMm _yi hoVy `eñdr hmoVmo H$m? hm _hÎdmMm àíZ AmO {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho.

56<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mm AmajU YmoaUmg§~§YrMm ÑîQ>rH$moZ

_hmË_m OmoVr~m \w$ë`m§Zr eyÐm{ZeyÐ ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m g_mZVoÀ`m hŠH$mMr y{_H$m _mZd

A{YH$mamMm hŠH$ åhUyZ Ë`mMr àñWmnZm Ho$cr. Va H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV amOfu emhÿ _hmamOm§Zr

1902 _Ü o g§ñWmZmVrc ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o 50% AmajUmMm H$m`Xm H$ê$Z ~hþOZ KQ>H$m§Zm ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o

àdoe {Xcm. øm g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZm§Zm åhUOoM AmajU YmoaUmcm g¡ÜXm§{VH$ d

g§{dYmZmË_H$ ñdê$n XoÊ`mMo H$m_ S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr Ho$co. H$maU AmajUmMm CÔoeM

g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo hm Amho. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ^maVr` g_mOmVrc _mJmgcoë`m dJm©À`m gdmªJrU

CÝZVrgmR>r {ejU, gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m d amOH$s` AmajU {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY nmVirda à`ËZ

Ho$co. AmajUmZo XoemÀ`m amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr_Ü o ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUco.

`m AmajU YmoaUmMr _m§S>Ur S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr 1919 gmD$W ~amo H${_eZ, 1927 _w§~B©

{dYmZ_§S>imMo gXñ`, 1928 gm`_Z H${_eZcm {Xcocr gmj, 1930-31 À`m H$mimVrc Jmoc_oO

n[afXo_Yrc Ë`m§Mr _mJmg OmVtÀ`m~m~VMr y{_H$m `m_YyZ Pmcocr {XgVo. VgoM OmVr` {ZdmS>çmMr

à{gÜX, nwUo H$ama d g§{dYmZ {Z{_©VrMm H$mi `m H$mcI§S>mV AmajUmMr A{Zdm ©Vm nQ>{dUmao

{cImU, ^mfUo d emgH$s` nmVirdarc _m§S>Ur Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr. 1942 À`m ìhmB©gam° À`m _§{Ì_§S>imV

_Oya _§Ìr AgVmZm gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o X{cVm§Zm AmajU XoÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$cr. VgoM g§{dYmZmV

AmajUm~m~VMr _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va AmajU YmoaUmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar

gaH$maMr {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

❏ OmVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ XOm©Mm-àm{V{ZYrËdmdarc n[aUm_ :-

ñdamÁ`mV àm{V{ZYrH$ amÁ` Agoc Va Ë`mMo gwamÁ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma ì`mnH$

H$ê$Z Ë`m àm{V{ZYrH$ g^mJ¥hmV OmVdma à{V{ZYr XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m

nwT>o OmD$Z OmVdma dmQ>çmg oUmao àm{V{ZYrËd {H$Vr Am{U H$moUË`m nÜXVrMo {_iUma ho {ZpíMV

Pmë`m{edm` ñdamÁ`mV _mJmgcoë`m OmVrMo H$ë`mU hmoUma Zmhr Agm Ë`m§Mm Xmdm hmoVm. H$maU

^maVr` g_mOmV Y_m©Zo H$mhr OmVr loîR> d n{dÌ _mZë`m AmhoV, Va H$mhr OmVrZm {ZH¥$îR> d An{dÌ

R>a{dco Amho. Ë`m_wio ñdm{^_mZ eyÝ` ImcÀ`m OmVr daÀ`m OmVrg nyÁ` _mZVmV, Va erceyÝ`

daÀ`m OmVr Amnë`mcm Z_« mdZoZo loîR> _mZUmè`m ImcÀ`m OmVrg ZrM R>adVmV. Aem n[apñWVrV

EImÚm _VXmag§KmVyZ ~«måhU, ~«m÷UoVa d ~{hîH¥$V Ago VrZ C_oXdma C o am{hë`mg, ~«måhU cmoH$

ñdOmVr{hVnam`UVoZo _V ~«måhUmgM XoVrc. nU ~«måhUoVa d ~{hîH¥$V _VXmagwÜXm ~«måhUmMr godm

57<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr gmYyZ nwÊ` g§M` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~«måhUmgM _V XoVrc. Ë`m_wio ~«måhU C_oXdma

ñdV:À`m ~imZo Zìho, Va Ë`mcm nyÁ` _mZÊ`mÀ`m ~«måhUoVa d ~{hîH¥$V _VXmam§À`m lÜXoZo {ZdSy>Z

oB©c. ~«måhU dJm©da OS>cocr ~«måhUoVam§Mr d ~{hîH¥$Vm§Mr lÜXm BVH$s {dZmeH$maH$ Amho H$s

Ë`m_wio H$m`Xo _§S>io AmnmoAmnM EH$dUu` ~ZVrc. H$m`Xo _§S>i H$mhr à{V{ZYr g§J«hmc` Zìho Vgo

AgVo Va àË oH$ OmVrMo EH$-XmoZ à{V{ZYr g§J«hmc`mV Z_wZo åhUyZ R>odVm Amco AgVo.

nU H$m`Xo _§S>imVrc à{V{ZYr àXe©ZmW© ~gdcoë`m dñVy ZgyZ, Vo Á`m§Mo à{V{ZYr AmhoV

Ë`m§À`m n[apñWVr_Ü o ~Xc KS>{dUmao gÎmm nwéf AmhoV. nU ~Xc KS>dm`Mm H$s Zmhr hoË`m gÎmm

nwéfm§À`m ercmda d ñd^mdmda Adc§~yZ AgVo. åhUyZ ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ d Am{W©H$

gwYmaUm H$ê$ Ago åhUVmV, Vmo Ë`m§Mm g_O nmoaH$Q>nUmMm Amho. H$maU gÎmmYre _Zwî` ñdV§Ì

ZgVmo. Vmo ñd^mdmÀ`m AmYrZ Agë`m_wio ñdV§Ì AgyZhr Vmo nmaV§Í`mV AgVmo. \$aH$ BVH$mM H$s

ñd^md gm§Joc Ë`m _mJm©Zo OmÊ`mg gÎmo_wio Vmo ñdV§Ì AgVmo. nU ñd^mdmÀ`m {déÜX OmÊ`mg

gÎmmdmZ _mUyg XoIrc Xþ~©c AgVmo. Ë`m_wio AmOMr n[apñWVr Á`m OmVtgmR>r OmMH$ Amho Vr

~XcÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr nwaoer gÎmm oB©c BVHo$ à{V{ZYrËd qH$dm gÎmmnwéf Ë`m-Ë`m OmVrVyZ Amco VaM

ñdamÁ`mnmgyZ gdmªZm Iam \$m`Xm hmoB©c. OmVtMr cmoH$g§»`m Am{U {VÀ`m JaOm `m XmoZ JmoîQ>rda

AmYm[aV à{V{ZYrMr g§»`m R>a{dë`mg OmVr-OmVrVrc g§Kfm©g H$maU CaUma Zmhr. cmoH$g§» oZo OmV

_moR>r Agoc nU {VÀ`m JaOm H$_r AgVrc Va Ë`m§Zm g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV àm{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mMr JaO

Zmhr. nU CcQ>njr cmoH$g§» oZo chmZ AgUmar OmV, nU n[apñWVrZo XS>në`m_wio {OÀ`m AZoH$

JaOm ^mJcoë`m ZmhrV. Aem OmVrcm {VÀ`m g§» oÀ`m à_mUmnojm OmñV àm{V{ZYrËd XoUo `mo½`

R>aoc. Ë`m_wio nmc©_|Q>ar H${_Q>rZo gwM{dë`mà_mUo ~{hîH¥$V dJm©g nwaogo àm{V{ZYrËd Ë`m§À`m g§» oÀ`m

d JaOoÀ`m à_mUmV {_imco nm{hOo Aer S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr _mJUr hmoVr.

❏ Zo_UyH$ ZH$mo, {ZdS>UyH$ hdr :-

ñdamÁ`mÀ`m H$m`Xo _§S>imV oUmao à{V{ZYr gaH$maÀ`m AmdS>rZo qH$dm _VXmam§À`m {ZYrZo oD$

eH$VmV. `mn¡H$s Xþgar nÜXV loîR> Amho. {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m nÜXVr_wio _VXmamg OmJ¥Vr oD$Z, Ë`m§Zm

amOH$s` {ejU àmßV hmoVo. {ZdS>coë`m à{V{ZYr Á`m§Zr Ë`mcm {ZdSy>Z {Xco Ë`m _VXmam§g O~m~Xma

amhVmo. gd© doi gaH$mar YmoaU d cmoH$m§À`m BÀN>m `m§Mr EH$M {Xem ZgVo Ë`m_wio Zo_UyH$sÀ`m

nÜXVrZo Á`m§Mr OmJm gaH$mar YmoaUmg _mZ S>moc{dÊ`mda Adc§~yZ AgVo Ë`m§À`m hmVyZ cmoH$H$ë`mU

H$m © hmoÊ`mMm g§ d ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio àË oH$ ì`ŠVrg ñdV:cm nyUm©dñWog oÊ`mg H$moÊ`m àH$maMr

gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr nm{hOo. ho R>a{dÊ`mMm hŠH$ àË oH$ ì`ŠVrg àmßV Pmcm nm{hOo. Aem pñWVrg

ñdamÁ` ho Zmd `mo½` Amho. Aem àH$maMo ñdamÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË oH$ ì`ŠVrg _VXmZmMm

58<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

A{YH$ma {_iyZ, {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m nÜXVrZo g§» oÀ`m d JaOoÀ`m à_mUmV OmVdma àm{V{ZYrËd {Xco

nm{hOo.

❏ CÀM {ejUm~m~V :-

{dÚmnrR>o åhUOo {dYmZ Am{U {Z`_ V`ma H$aUmar, \$ŠV n[ajm KoUmar Am{U {d{dY

{d^mJ ñWmnZ H$ê$Z nXì wÎma AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZmÀ`m gmo r CncãY H$ê$Z XoUmar ì`dñWm Amho

Ago _V _w§~B© {dYmZ_§S>imV lr. _wÝer `m§Zr _m§S>co. Ë`mdoir S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr CÀM {ejUmMo

_mJmgdJm©À`m, ~{hîH¥$Vm§À`m OrdZmVrc ñWmZ {dfX H$aVmZm _wÝer `m§À`m {dÚmnrR>m{df`rÀ`m

ÑîQ>rH$moZmcm {damoY Ho$cm. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a åhUmco, {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m AZoH$ _hÎdnyU© d _yc yV

H$m`m©n¡H$s EH$ åhUOo JaOy Am{U J[a~m§À`m Xmamn ªV CÀM {ejUmÀ`m gmo r nmohmoM{dë`m nm{hOoV.

_mJmgdJu` OmVtZm CÀM {ejUmÀ`m gmo r CncãY H$ê$Z XoUo ho H$moUË`mhr AmYw{ZH$ {dÚmnrR>mMo

àW_ H$V©ì` Agco nm{hOo. ^maVr` g_mOmVrc {dÚmnrR>mer g§~§YrV ~wpÜXd§V d {e{jV dJm©MoM

{Z §ÌU {dÚmnrR>mda Agmdo. nU Ago {dÚmnrR> {Z §{ÌV H$aUmè`m {e{jV cmoH$m§_Ü o gm_m{OH$ JwU

AgVo, Va H${ZîR> dJm©Zmhr AmhoV d Ë`m dJm©À`m A{YH$mam§Mm AmXa Ho$cm nm{hOo `mcm Ë`m§Zr

_mÝ`Vm {Xcr AgVr.

Á`m XoemV cmoH$g§» oMm Iyn _moR>m ^mJ JwÝhoJma O_mVr d Añn¥í` cmoH$m§Mm Amho. VoWo ho

{ZpíMV hmoVo H$s, àJV g_Oë`m OmUmè`m OmVrZr H${ZîR> OmVtMm gm_m{OH$ XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r

à`ËZ Ho$co ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`m àJVrH$S>o Ajå` Xþc©ú` H$ê$Z, Ë`m§À`mer eÌwËdmMr y{_H$m KoVcr. nU

{ejUmMo _hÎd _mJmgcoë`m OmVtÀ`m cjmV Amco Amho. Ë`m_wio {ejU hm gdm©V _hÎdmMm ^m¡{VH$

cm^ Amho `mMr OmUrd _mJmgdJu`m§Zm Pmcr. Ë`mgmR>r g§ñH¥$VrZo CncãY H$ê$Z {Xcoë`m H$moUË`mhr

àH$maÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ cm^mMm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z, CÀM {ejUmMm A{YH$ma Am{U g§Yr `m§Mm _hÎm_ Cn`moJ

H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho, H$maU _mJmgdJu`m§Mo ApñVËdM {ejUm{edm` gwa{jV Zmhr.

❏ g_VogmR>rM {df_Vm :-

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gm`_Z H${_eZ g_moa Añn¥í`m§À`m amOH$s` hŠH$m§~m~V gmj {Xcr. Ë`m

y{_Ho$da ñn¥í` g_mOmH$Sy>Z AZoH$ Amjon KoÊ`mV Amco. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ho g_mO g_Vm g§KmMo

AÜ`j AgVmZm Ë`m§Zr Añn¥í` g_mOmgmR>r OmVdma àm{V{ZYrËdmMr _mJUr H$m Ho$cr? d EImÚm

g_mOmgmR>r OmVdma àm{V{ZYrËd _mJUo hr {df_Vm Zìho H$m`? Agm Amjon nwÊ`mÀ`m {MÌ_`

OJmÀ`m g§nmXH$m§H$Sy>Z KoVë`mda Ë`mcm AZoH$m§Zr nmqR>~m {Xcm. gXa Amjon CÀM àVrMm AgyZ,

à{VnjmMo Vm|S> ~§X H$aUmam Amho. Agm Amjon KoUmè`m§Mm g_O Pmcm.

59<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

nU S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr AmajUmMr g¡ÜXm§{VH$ y{_H$m `m ZmdmZo "~{hîH¥$V ^maV'_Ü o

AJ«coI {chÿZ gXa AmjonmMo I§S>Z Ho$co. g_VmdmÚmMo Ü o gdmªZm g_VoZo dmJ{dUo ho ZgyZ, g_Vm

àñWm{nV H$aUo ho Amho. g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMo Ü o gmÜ` H$aVmZm gdmªZm g_VoZo dmJdUo eŠ`

Zmhr. OoWo AJmoXaM gd© ì`ŠVr g_mZ AmhoV VoWo H$mhr ì`ŠVtZm Ag_mZVoZo dmJ{dë`mg {df_Vm

{Z_m©U hmoVo. VgoM OoWo AJmoXaM ì`ŠVr Ag_mZ AmhoV VoWo Ë`m§Zm g_mZVoZo dmJ{dë`mg gwÜXm

{df_Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ogo gwÑT> _mUyg d amoJr _mUyg `m§Zm gmaIo _mZyZ EImÚm doS>Ji g_VmdmÚmZo

OmS>o aS>o AÝZ XmoKm§Zm g_mZVoZo {Xco. Va Vmo amo½`mMm àmUhVm© hmoB©c. VgoM lr_§V d Jar~ `m§À`mda

gmaImM H$a AmH$maë`mg VoWo Ag_mZVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. nU gmaIm H$a XoÊ`mMr EonV Agcoë`m

lr_§Vmda H$_r-OmñV H$a cmdUo hr gwÜXm Ag_mZVm R>aVo. Ë`m_wio g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r

lr_§Vm§Zm d Jar~m§Zm doJdoJim H$a cmdcm nm{hOo. VgoM gmaIrM EonV AgUmè`m lr_§Vm§Zm g_mZ

H$a cmdcm nm{hOo Ë`mdoir g_Vm àñWm{nV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m AmajUmÀ`m _mJUrMr

g¡ÜXm§{VH$ ~¡R>H$ Amho. g_mZm§Zm-g_VoZo d Ag_mZm§Zm-Ag_VoZo dmJ{dUo åhUOo g_Vm àñWm{nV

H$aUo hmo .

Ë`m_wio ñn¥í` Am{U Añn¥í` `m XmoÝhr dJm©V H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr g_mZVm Zmhr. {ejU, g§nÎmr

d cmoH$g§»`m `m {VÝhr~m~V `m XmoZ dJm©V H$_mcrMr {df_Vm Amho. {ejUmÀ`m ~m~VrV ñn¥í`

nwT>macoco d Añn¥í` _mJmgcoco, g§nÎmrÀ`m ~m~VrV gÑí` lr_§V d Añn¥í` Jar~, Va cmoH$g§» oÀ`m

~m~VrV ñn¥í` ~hþg§»` gj_ d Añn¥í` Aëng§»` Xþ~©c Aer pñWVr Amho. åhUOo ñn¥í` g_mO

gd©M ~m~VrV nwT>macocm, Va Añn¥í` g_mO _mJmgcocm Amho. Ë`m_wio Aem XmoZ Ag_mZ dJm©Zm

g_mZVoZo dmJdm`Mo R>adco, Va àË`jmV {df_VmM {Z_m©U hmoB©c. Á`m_wio _mJmgcoë`m dJm©V

H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm ~Xc hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm amhUma Zmhr.

Ë`m_wio S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m OmVdma àm{V{ZYrËd _mJUr_Ü o d g_VoÀ`m VÎdm_Ü o

H$mhrhr {damoY ZìhVm. H$maU amoOr-{ZamoJr, Jar~-lr_§V, _mJmgcoë`m-nwT>macoë`m, Aëng§»`-

~hþg§»` Wm§~m gmaIonUmZo dmJ{dUmar Ë`m§Mr {dMmagaUr Zmhr. Va Ë`m§Zm {df_ nÜXVrZoM dmJdyZ

g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aVm oVo ho S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr {gÜX Ho$co. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m OmVdma àm{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m

_mJUrda Amjon KoUmè`m§Mm {XImD$nUm d dmñVd doJio hmoVo. H$maU S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m `m

_mJUr_wio ñn¥í` d Añn¥í` ho amOH$maUmV g_mZ A{YH$mar hmoVrc. VgoM cmoH$g§» oÀ`m d JaOm§À`m

AmYm[aV Añn¥í`m§Zm AmajU {_imë`mg Vo ñn¥í`m§À`m ~amo~arMo hmoVrc. hoM ñn¥í`m§Zm ZH$mo hmoVo,

H$maU Ë`mV MmVwd©Um©Ë_H$ gZmVZ Y_m©Mo CÀMmQ>Z Amho. ñn¥í` g_mOmcm gZmVZ Y_m©Mo CÀMmQ>Z

ZH$mo Agë`mZoM doJdoJiçm Q>ßß`mda S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m Iè`m àm{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m _mJUrcm {damoY

Pmcocm {XgVmo.

60<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

AmOn ªVÀ`m ^maVmVrc MmVwd©U© {df_Voda amÁ`gÎmoMm _mam Pmcm ZìhVm. Va Zoh_rM

{VÀ`mda amÁ`gÎmoMr H¥$nmÑîQ>r hmoVr. amOm qhXÿ Agmo, _wgc_mZ Agmo qH$dm B§J«O `m§Zr MmVwd©Um©Vrc

loîR> d n{dÌ ~«måhUm§da amOH$s` gÎmoMr I¡amV Ho$cr. n`m© mZo Añní` qH$dm _mJmgcoë`m OmVr `m§Zm

H$YrM gÎmoM {hñgm _mJVm Amcm Zmhr qH$dm {Xcmhr Zmhr. nU S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í` g_mOmcm

amOH$s` gÎmoMr _mJUr H$aVmM VWmH${WV ñn¥í` cmoH$m§Zr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m {déÜX AZoH$ Mmcr

Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

Añn¥í`m§Zm qhXÿnmgyZ doJio H$ê$Z, Ë`m§À`m ñdV§Ì ApñVËdmMr _mJUr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a H$aVmV.

H$maU Añn¥í`m§Zm qhXÿnmgyZ doJio H$ê$Z, Ë`m§Zm ~«m÷Ê`mda _mam H$amd`mMm hmoVm. ~«måhU ZîQ> H$ê$Z

Ë`mÀ`m VmdS>rVyZ XoemMr gwQ>H$m H$aUo ho {hX§ÿ§MoM Zìho Va _wgc_mZ, {¼íMZ `m§Mohr H$V©ì` Amho

Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a _mZV hmoVo. Amåhr qhXÿnmgyZ doJio hmoD$ BpÀN>Vmo Vo EH$m KamV amhÿZ JwX_aÊ`mnojm

Kam~mhoa nSy>Z _mam H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo hmo . Amåhmcm qhXÿ g_mOmer g_VoMo ZmVo OmoS>m`Mo Amho Vo qhXÿ

g_mOmV amhÿZ Ë`mMo Jwcm_ åhUyZ Zìho. Va qhXÿ g_mOmer Amåhmcm gd© ~m~VrV g_mZm{YH$mar

ìhmd`mMo Amho ho S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m AmajU `moOZoMo Ü o hmoVo. ho Ü o gmÜ` H$aVmZm danm§Jr

{XgUmè`m {df_Voda Vw_Mo cj OmV Agoc Va hr {df_Vm g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>rM Amho.

X{cVm§À`m AmajUmÀ`m VaVyXrMr Amdí`H$Vm d gmYZo `m§Mo {dícofU hr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr

Ho$co. A{Ic ^maVr` X{cV dJ© n[afXoVrc Am°JñQ>, 1930 _Yrc ZmJnya oWrc Ë`m§Mo ^mfU

"X{cVm§À`m hŠH$m§Mm Om{haZm_m' åhUyZ à{gÜX Amho. Á`m_Ü o ^maVmÀ`m ^mdr ñdamÁ`mVrc

X{cVm§À`m hŠH$m§~m~V _m§S>Ur Ho$cr Amho. VgoM ^maVr` g_mO ì`dñWoMr {M{H$Ëgm Ho$cr Amho.

Ë`mVrc {d{dY n¡cy nwT>rcà_mUo :-

1. CÀMdUu`m§Mr ga§Om_emhr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m :-

ñdamÁ`m_Ü o amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$aVmZm ^maVmVrc gm_m{OH$ {^ÝZÎd cjmV KoD$Z emgZmMr

gÎmm gdmªZm H$er {dVarV hmoB©c ho nm{hco nm{hOo. Aëng§»`m§H$ KQ>H$ qH$dm ImcÀ`m dJm©Vrc

cmoH$m§H$S>o Vr gÎmm OmUo ñdamÁ`mV A{^àoV Amho. AÝ`Wm CÀM{e{jV, _mVã~a d _hÎdH$m§jr Aem

CÀMdUu` cmoH$m§À`m hmVr ñdamÁ`mMr emgZ eŠVr OmB©c. åhUOoM g§nÎmr, {ejU d gm_m{OH$ XOm©

àmßV AgUmè`m ga§Om_Xmam§À`m hmVr gd© gÎmm OmB©c. ^maVr` g_mO aMZoVrc nma§nm[aH$ gm_mO{H$

XOm©_wio nmÌVm d JwUdÎmocm g_mOmV H$mhrM ñWmZ Zmhr. Va ^maVmV Ho$di OmV ^mdZocm {deof

_hÎd AgyZ, Vr ^mdZm naOmVrÀ`m cmoH$m§er cT>Ê`mg àd¥Îm H$aVo. Ë`m_wio ñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr Añn¥í`

g_mOmÀ`m hmVr Iyn H$mhr cmJUma Zmhr. H$maU øm gm_m{OH$ aMZo_wio Añn¥í` C_oXamdmcm EH$hr

_V Z Q>mH$Vm ñn¥í` cmoH$ Añn¥í`m§Mr AZoH$ _Vo {_idyZ {ZdSy>Z oVrc. `m_Ü o Añn¥í` {ZdS>UyH$

61<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

haUmaM ZmhrV, Va AOmUVonUo Amnë`m à{VñnÜ`m©cm ghH$m © H$aVrc. Ë`m_wio Ho$di amÁ`H$Ë`mª_Ü o

~Xc hmoÊ`mZo X{cVm§Mo àíZ gwQ>Uma ZmhrV. Ogo Amë`m Xoemda BVa H$moUË`mhr XoemMo amÁ` MmcUma

Zmhr Ago H$m±J«ogdmë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. VgoM H$moUË`mhr EH$m dJm©Mo Xþgè`m H$moUË`mhr dJm©da amÁ` AgUo

hr gwÜXm Mm§Jcr JmoîQ> Zmhr ho ñnîQ>nUo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$m±J«ogdmë`m§Zm gm§{JVco. Ë`m_wio AmYw{ZH$

cmoH$emhr amÁ`mVrc _yc yV VÎd åhUOo àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMo _yë` _mÝ` H$aUo hoM hmo . VgoM àË oH$

ì`ŠVrcm Ho$di EH$XmM ho OrdZ OJÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iV Agë`m_wio Ë`mcm Amnë`m gwßV JwUm§Mr

dmT> H$aÊ`mg nwaonya g§Yr {_imcr nm{hOo. hmM ñdamÁ`mMm Iam AW© A{^àoV hmoVm.

2. _wc yV hŠH$m§À`m A§_c~OmdUrÀ`m Cnm``moOZmda X{cVm§gmR>r g§ajU VaVyXr.:-

^maVr` g_mO aMZo_wio ì`ŠVrZo {H$Vrhr nmÌVm {_i{dcr qH$dm Ë`mMo erc CÁÁdc Agco

Var Ë`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ pñWVrV H$mhrM ~Xc hmoV Zmhr. Aem OÝ_m{YpîR>V gd© gÎmm{Ye Agcoë`m

dJm©À`m hmVmV A{Z~ªY gÎmm XoUo åhUOo \$mer XoUmè`mÀ`m hmVmV gwamhr XoÊ`mgmaIo Amho. Ë`m_wio

^maVmMo amOH$s` nwZK©Q>Z H$arV AgVmZm Xþ~©c g_mO KQ>H$ Xþ:ImÀ`m ImB©V cmoQ>co OmD$ Z oV,

`mgmR>r ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV amOH$s` g_VmocmÀ`m VÎdmMm Adc§~ H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. nU

\$ŠV _yc yV hŠH$m§À`m CX²KmofUoda AmnU {dídmg R>odyZ MmcUma Zmhr. H$maU `m `moOZm ñdmJVmh©

Agë`m Var, Omon ªV Ë`m _yc yV hŠH$m§À`m Cn^moJm§Mr ½dmhr {Xcr OmV Zmhr Vmon ªV Ë`m§Mm H$mhr

Cn`moJ ZgVmo. _yc yV hŠH$ {hamdyZ KoVë`mg Ë`m{déÜX H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m Cnm``moOZm§da _yc yV

hŠH$m§Mr h_r Adc§~yZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Añn¥í`m§gmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZoV g§ajU VaVyXrÀ`m

g_mdoem~m~V J§ ra hmoVo.

3. {dYmZ_§S>imV AmajU :-

X{cVm§À`m {hVg§~§YmMo ajU H$aÊ`mda gdm©V CÎm_ _mJ© åhUOo emgZmMr gÎmm Ë`m§À`m hmVmV

oUo hm hmo . H$maU Ë`m§À`m {hVmcm ~mYH$ hmcMmcr H$aÊ`mg Vo {ejm H$ê$ eH$Vrc. EdT>oM Zìho

Va g§ mì` Agcoë`m ~mYH$ hmcMmctZm Amim KmcVm oB©c d ñdV:À`m {hVmÀ`m ajUmda H$aS>r

ZOa R>odVm oB©c. X{cVm§À`m {hVajUmgmR>rMm AË §V _hÎdmMm _mJ© åhUOo ^mdr ñd §em{gV

^maVmÀ`m H$m ©H$mar _§S>imda Vm~m {_i{dVo. XoemÀ`m H$m`Xo _§S>imV X{cVm§Zm nwaogo àm{V{ZYrËd

XoÊ`mZoM ho gmÜ` hmoB©c.

4. Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm n[aUm_H$maH$ àm{V{ZYrËd hdo :-

Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm qH$dm X{cVm§Zm Ho$di àm{V{ZYrËd ZH$mo, Va n[aUm_H$maH$ à{V{ZYrËd hdo.

`mgmR>r "nwaogo àm{V{ZYrËd' hm eãX gd©M Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m _mJUr_Ü o Amcm. nU àË`j g§» oÀ`m

62<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

ê$nmV Ë`mMm AW© gm§JUo Iyn H${R>U Agë`m_wio Vmo qQ>JcrMm {df` hmoD$Z ~gcm hmoVm. åhUyZ

Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zr Ë`mMm {ZpíMV AW© g§» oÀ`m ñdê$nmV V`ma Ho$cm nm{hOo. H$m±J«ogÀ`m àM{cV

_VàUmcrZwgma "nwaogo à{V{ZYrËd' `mMm AW© "cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV àm{V{ZYrËd' Agm Vo H$arV

hmoVo. hr J{UVr ~wÜXrMr {dMmagaUr AnŠd d _yI©nUmMr Amho Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V hmoVo.

^maVmVrc ~hþg§»`m§H$m§À`m _ZmV Aëng§»`m§H$m~Ôc Or AZwXmanUmMr qH$dm Hw$pËgV ^mdZm àM{cV

hmoVr {VMrM Vr à{V{H«$`m åhUmdr cmJoc.

Aëng§»`m§H$mOdi AgUmar eŠVr dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm nwaogo àm{V{ZYrËd nm{hOo. AÝ`Wm

emgH$s` gÎmoZo gwgÁO Agcoë`m ~hþg§»`mH$m§er gm_Zm H$aÊ`mg Vo g_W© R>aUma ZmhrV. `m

ÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZ nm{hë`mg Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV Á`m OmJm {_iUma AmhoV,

Ë`mnojm OmñV OmJm {Xë`mZoM Ë`m§Zm g§ajU {Xë`mgmaIo hmoB©c. Ë`m_wio Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m g§ajUmMr

^mfm dmnê$Z Ho$di Ë`m§À`m cmoH$g§» o BVHo$M àm{V{ZYrËd XoUo ho nañna {damoYr hmoVo. `m VÎdmÀ`m

dmnam_wio àË`j g_mOmV Or pñWVr Amho {VMrM à{VH¥$Vr H$m`Xo _§S>imV C^r am{hc. åhUOo

~mhoarc g_mOm_Ü o ~hþg§»` d Aëng§»` O_mVrMo ~cm~c Amho Vo VgoM g§gXo_Ü o H$m`_ R>odUo

hmo`.

Aëng§»`m§H$mÀ`m g§ajUmÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZ Oa Ë`m§À`mV Iè`m ñdê$nmV gwYmaUm H$amd`mMr

Agoc, Va Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm gmom`rMm hmoB©c Agm ~Xc amOH$s` eŠVrÀ`m g_Vmocm_Ü o Ho$cm nm{hOo.

ho cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmnojm A{V[aŠV Aem nmg§JmÀ`m OmJm Aëng§»`m§H$mZm XoD$ZM Vo gmÜ` H$aVm

oB©c. nmg§JmÀ`m A{V[aŠV OmJm§Mr `moOZm Aëng§»`m§H$m§Mo hmV ~iH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Amcr

nm{hOo. `m A{V[aŠV OmJm§{edm` Aëng§»`m§H$m§Mr eŠVr Ë`m§À`m ñdV:À`m g§ajUmgmR>r VmoH$S>r

nS>oc. Aëng§»`m§H$ O_mVtÀ`m gm_m{OH$ XOm©Zwgma nmg§JmÀ`m OmJm§Mo à_mU ~XcVo am{hc. EImÚm

Aëng§»`m§H$ O_mVrMm gm_m{OH$ XOm© ZrM Agoc Va {Vcm OmñV OmJm {_iVrc Am{U {VMm XOm©

à{VîR>oMm Agoc Va {Vcm H$_r OmJm {_iVrc. `m nmg§JmÀ`m A{V[aŠV OmJm XoÊ`m_mJrc hoVy

dmXim_Ü o Hw$S>Hw$S>Umè`m H$moH$amcm W§S>rnmgyZ g§ajU XoUo EdT>mM hmoVm.

5. à{V{ZYrËd H$go R>admdo :-

Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm Úmd`mÀ`m nmg§JmÀ`m A{V[aŠV OmJm nwT>rcà_mUo R>admì`mV. gd©àW_

~hþg§»` d Aëng§»` O_mVtZr nañnam§À`m g§JZ_VmZo cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmVrc à{V{ZYrËdmnojm

OmñVrV-OmñV {H$Vr OmJm, A{V[aŠV nmg§JmÀ`m åhUyZ Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm {Xë`m OmD$ eH$Vrc `mMm

AmH$S>m {ZpíMV H$amdm. Z§Va EImÚm {d{eîQ> Aëng§»`m§H$ O_mVrÀ`m A{V[aŠV à{V{ZYrËdmMm dmQ>m

R>a{dVmZm ho OmXm à{V{ZYrËd Ë`m O_mVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrÀ`m {déÜX à_mUmV R>admdo. hr

63<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr Ë`m O_mVtMm (1) gm_m{OH$ XOm© (2) Am{W©H$ ~i Am{U (3) e¡j{UH$

AdñWm `mdê$Z R>admdr, Ago Pmë`mg gd© Aëng§»`m§H$ O_mVter hr Ý`m` d `mo½` VS>OmoS> hmoB©c

Am{U H$moUË`mhr g§~§{YV KQ>H$mcm VH«$ma H$aÊ`mg H$maU {eëcH$ amhUma Zmhr.

6. ^maVmMo EH$g§KËd _hÎdmMo :-

^maVmgmaIm Xoe hm {d{dY OmVr-O_mVt_Ü o d n§Wm_Ü o {d^mJcocm Xoe Amho. Ë`m_wio

`m OmVr-O_mVtÀ`m g§ajUmMr VaVyX amÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü oM H$ê$Z R>odë`m{edm` hm Xoe EH$g§K d

ñd §em{gV Agm Xoe hmoD$M eH$V Zmhr. hr dñVwpñWVr Agcr Var gd© Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zr ho cjmV

KoVco nm{hOo H$s, {H$Vrhr OmVrnmVtZr d n§WmZr AmnU I§S>rV Pmcmo Agcmo Var EH$g§K ^maV ho

Am_Mo Ü o Amho. H$moUVrhr Aëng§»`m§H$ O_mV g§ajU VaVwXrMr _mJUr H$arV Agoc, Va {VZo

Amnco g§ajU hŠH$ {_i{dVmZm Vo ^maVr` EoŠ`mcm AmS> oUma ZmhrV `mMr H$miOr KoVcr nm{hOo.

VgoM Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m g§ajU VaVyXtZm _mÝ`Vm XoUo ho ~hþg§»` O_mVrMo H$V©ìM Amho. na§Vw

Aëng§»`m§H$m§Mo {VVHo$M n{dÌ H$V©ì` Amho H$s gdmªMo EH$Ëd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m _mJm©V AS>Wio

{Z_m©U H$ê$ Z oV.

7. gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§_Yrc AmajU :-

H$m`Xo V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamnojm H$m`Úm§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma H$_r

_hÎdmMm Zmhr. H$maU H$m_mÀ`m KmB©JXu_wio qH$dm n[apñWVrÀ`m AS>MUr_wio ~è`mMdoim A§_c~OmdUr

H$aUmè`m A{YH$mè`m§À`m hmVmV n[apñWVrMo VmaVå` nmhÿZ {ZU© XoÊ`mMo A{YH$ma AgVmV. Aem

àg§Jr {ZU© XoÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamMr A§_c~OmdUr {ZînjnUo hmoVo H$s Zmhr `mda OZVoMo H$ë`mU

Adc§~yZ AgVo. Ago A§_c~OmUdrMo A{YH$ma OoWo Ho$di EH$mM OmVrÀ`m hmVmV AmhoV Aem

^maVmgma»`m XoemV `m àmg§{JH$ Ý`m` XoÊ`mÀ`m A{YH$mamMm Xþén`moJ EH$m {d{eîQ> dJm©Mr \$mOrc

^a^amQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoÊ`mMm \$ma _moR>m YmoH$m AgVmo. `mdaMm `mo½` Cnm` åhUOo `m XoemVrc

gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o X{cV dJm©g{hV gdmªMm ga{_gi g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV `mdm. `mH$[aVm X{cV

dJm©gmR>r gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o EH$m {d{eîQ> à_mUmV OmJm amIrd R>odÊ`mMr _mJUr H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

VgoM hr g§ajU ì`dñWm amÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü o EH$m H$c_mX²dmao KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV H$mhrM AS>MU Zmhr Ago

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$co.

AemàH$mao Aëng§»`m§H$ KQ>H$m§Zm g§ajUmÀ`m VaVyXr d Ë`m§Mm _mJmgconUm ZîQ> H$ê$Z

gdmªÀ`m ~amo~arZo Ë`m§Zm AmUÊ`mgmR>r doJdoJiçm joÌm_Ü o S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr AmajUmMr _mJUr

Ho$cr. àM{cV AmajU cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmda Agco Var Ë`m§À`m _Vo Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm gÎmm eŠVr

64<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

nwa{dÊ`mBVHo$ nwaoeo à{V{ZYrËd XoUo JaOoMo hmoVo. `m XoemVrc àË oH$ ì`ŠVr ho EH$ _yë` d Vo

amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ _yë` _mZÊ`mV oB©c Aer g_mOaMZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r øm

VaVwXtMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V hmoVo.

ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ - 1

❏ Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao EH$m dmŠ`mV {chm.

1. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m {ZdS>rda H$emMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo?

2. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo ñdamÁ`mV H$go à{V{ZYrËd nm{hOo?

3. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m AmajU _mJUrMr g¡ÜXm§{VH$ ~¡R>H$ H$moUVr?

4. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m Añn¥í`m§Zm qhXÿnmgyZ doJio H$m H$amd`mMo hmoVo?

5. ñdamÁ`mV Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm gÎmm {Xcr Zmhr Va Vr H$moUmH$S>o OmB©c Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo_V hmoVo?

2.2.2 Jmoc_oO n[afX Am{U OmVr` {ZdmS>m

^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í` MidirÀ`m H$mcI§S>mVrc AË §V _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm åhUOo c§S>Z _Ü o

Pmcoë`m Jmoc_oO n[afXm hmo . H$maU Ë`m n[afXm§_Ü o ^maVmÀ`m ^mdr amÁ`KQ>Zo~m~V {dMma{d{Z_`

Pmcm. 1919 Mm H$m`Xm Ho$ë`mZ§Va {~«{Q>e gaH$macm Xhm dfm©Z§Va amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m ©nÜXVrMr

VnmgUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ H${_eZ Zo_Uo ~§YZH$maH$ hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma 1928 _Ü o ga Om°Z gm`_Z

`m§À`m A{YH$mamV `m H${_eZMr Zo_UyH$ Pmcr. nU `m H${_eZ_Ü o ^maVr`m§Zm gm_rc H$ê$Z KoÊ`mg

ñQ>oQ> \$m°a B§{S>`mMo goH«o$Q>ar cm°S>© ~{H©$ZhoS> `m§Zr {damoY Ho$cm. n[aUm_r H$m±J«ogZo `m H${_eZÀ`m

{damoYmV Am§XmocZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$cm. `m ^maVr` OZVoVrc Ag§Vmofmcm em§V

H$aÊ`mgmR>r {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo Aer KmofUm Ho$cr H$s, H${_eZMo H$m_ nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va, ^maVmcm

amÁ`KQ>Zm cmJy H$aÊ`mnydu ^maVr` à{V{ZYtZm MM}gmR>r ~mocm{dco OmB©c. `m KmofUoZwgma Jmoc_oO

n[afXm ^a{dë`m d ^maVr` à{V{ZYtZm MM}gmR>r c§S>Zcm ~moc{dÊ`mV Amco. `m n[afXo_Ü o ^maVr`

à{V{ZYtÀ`m ~amo~a {~«{Q>e g§gXoMo d gaH$maMo à{V{ZYrhr gh^mJr hmoVo.

1. n{hcr Jmoc_oO n[afX :-

12 Zmoìh|~a 1930 amoOr n{hcr Jmoc_oO n[afX gwê$ Pmcr. ^maVr`m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo hr EH$

_hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm hmoVr. H$maU `m n[afXo_wio {~«{Q>e gaH$ma ^maVmgmR>r V`ma H$amd`mÀ`m B{VhmgmVrc

65<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

_hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm hmoVr. H$maU Joë`m XmoZ hOma dfm©À`m B{VhmgmVrc H$moUË`mM A_XmZrV ^maVr`

OZVocm amÁ` H$go nm{hOo? Ago {dMmaco ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio OZVoMm amÁ` {Z_m©Umg§~§YrMm hŠH$ H$YrM

_mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amcm ZìhVm. Vmo hŠH$ {~«{Q>em§Zr Jmoc_oO n[afXo_Ü o ^maVr`m§Zm {Xcm. ^maVmVrc

Añn¥í` g_mOmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZohr AË §V à^mdr KQ>Zm hmoVr. H$maU n{hë`m§XmM Añn¥í`m§Zm ^maVmÀ`m

^mdr amÁ`KQ>Zo~m~V Amnco _V _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r XmoZ à{V{ZYr nmR>{dÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imcr. Ë`mZwgma S>m°.

~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a d lr. {XdmU ~hmXÿa Ama. lr. {ZdmgZ ho Añn¥í`m§Mo §à{V{ZYr åhUyZ Jmoc_oO

n[afXo_Ü o gh^mJr Pmco. `m_wio Añn¥í`m§Mo BVa qhXÿ nmgyZ doJio ApñVËd {Z_m©U Pmco. Ë`mhrnwT>o

^maVmMr ^mdr amÁ`KQ>Zm ~Z{dÊ`mV Ë`m§Mohr _V {dMmamV KoVco OmUma hmoVo.

Jmoc_oO n[afXo_Ü o ^maVmÀ`m ^mdr amÁ`KQ>Zo~m~V {dMma-{d_e© H$aÊ`mgmR>r EHy$U ZD$

g{_Ë`m Zo_ë`m Joë`m. ^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV Añn¥í`VogmaIr A_mZdr àWm àM{cV hmoVr.

Á`m àWoZo Ë`mdoir ghm H$moQ>r cmoH$m§Zm J«mgcoco hmoVo. Á`mMo _mZd åhUyZ AgUmao A{YH$mahr ZmH$maco

hmoVo. Ë`mhrnojm Ë`m§À`mda gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ {Z~ªY cmXë`mZo Vo gdmªJmZo JcrVJmÌ Pmco hmoVo.

Aem OmVr`VoÀ`m àíZmda Cnm` emoYÊ`mgmR>r EH$ "Aëng§»`m§H$ g{_Vr' V`ma Ho$cr. øm _hÎdnyU©

g{_VrMo AÜ`j Ë`m doiMo {~«Q>ZMo n§VàYmZ a°ågo _°ŠS>moZmëS> ho ñdV: Pmco hmoVo. Aëng§»`m§H$

g{_VrMo H$m © Añn¥í`m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo AË §V _hÎdmMo hmoVo. H$maU Añn¥í`m§~m~VMm BVa ^maVr`

à{V{ZYtMm {deof H$ê$Z H$m±J«ogMm Ë`m§À`m~m~VMm ÑîQ>rH$moZ ñnîQ> hmoUma hmoVm.

_m±Q>o½ y-Moåg\$S>© AhdmcmZwgma 1919 À`m H$m`ÚmV Añn¥í`m§À`m gwa{jVVoMr XjVm KoVcr

Jocr hmoVr. Añn¥í`m§Zm ñnîQ>nUo Aëng§»`m§H$m§Mm XOm© XoÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m gwa{jVVogmR>r

OmoH$m`Xm g§_V Ho$cm hmoVm. AmVm Ë`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m {dñV¥VrH$aUmMm àíZ {Z_m©U Pmcm. H$maU Ë`mÀ`m

{dñV¥VrH$aUmMm CëcoI Ho$cm OmD$ cmJcm, Voìhm gaH$macm Añn¥í`m§À`m gwa{jVVogmR>r Cnm` `moOZm

V`ma H$aÊ`mV AS>MUr OmUdë`m. H$maU {~«{Q>e gaH$magwÜXm Ë`m~m~V `mo½` {ZU© KoV ZìhVo. gdU©

qhXÿ§À`mH$Sy>Z Añn¥í`m§da hmoUmè`m A_mZwf AÝ`m`, AË`mMmamnmgyZ Ë`m§Mo g§ajU H$aÊ`mMr JaO

hmoVr. `m g§X^m©V Jmoc_oO n[afXoÀ`m Aëng§»`m§H$ g{_Vrg_moa S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr EH$ àñVmd gmXa

Ho$cm. Á`m àñVmdmV Añn¥í`m§À`m gwa{jVVog§~§YrÀ`m Cnm``moOZm gwM{dÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m_Ü o

^maVmÀ`m ^mdr amÁ`KQ>ZoV Añn¥í`m§g§~§Yr H$moUË`m amOZ¡{VH$ A{YH$mam§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `m

VaVyXr S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Jmoc_oO n[afXog_moa R>odë`m Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo :-

1. g_mZ ZmJ[aH$Ëd : ñdV§Ì ^maVmV ~hþ_VmMo emgZ {Z_m©U hKmoÊ`mnyduM Añn¥í`m§À`m

~§YZ_wŠVrMr VaVyX H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo. H$maU Ago H$m © ~hþ_VmÀ`m charda gmon{dVm

oUma Zmhr. Añn¥í oVoMo {ZdmaU Am{U ZmJ[aH$ g_mZVm àXmZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo ^maVr`

66<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

amÁ`KQ>ZoV _yc yV A{YH$mam§Mm g_mdoe H$amdm d Vmo amÁ`KQ>ZoMmM EH$ ^mJ _mZcm

Omdm. ^maVmMo gd© ZmJ[aH$ H$m`Úmg_moa g_mZ AgVrc d gdmªZm g_mZVoZo A{YH$ma

{_iVrc. dV©_mZ H$mimVrc H$moUVmhr AmXoe qH$dm H$m`ÚmÛmao Añn¥í`VoÀ`m AmYmamda

Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMr {ejm H$aVm oUma Zmhr qH$dm hmZr nmohMdVm oUma Zmhr. VgoM

H$moUmdahr A`mo½`VoMm Amamon H$aUo qH$dm oX^md H$aUo ho XoemVrc H$moUË`mhr ZmJ[aH$m~amo~a

^maVmMr amÁ`KQ>Zm cmJy Pmë`mnmgyZ H$aVm oUma Zmhr.

2. g_mZ A{YH$mam§Mm Cn`moJ : Añn¥í` qH$dm X{cV g_mOmgmR>r Ho$di g_mZ

A{YH$mam§Mr KmofUmH$ê$Z ^mJUma Zmhr. H$maU Ë`m g_mOmH$Sy>Z ZmJ[aH$ËdmÀ`m g_mZ

A{YH$mam§Mm dmna Ho$ë`mda nma§nm[aH$ ^maVr` g_mO Ë`m§Zm {damoY H$aoc. Aem nmI§S>r

g_mOm~amo~a X{cVm§Zm nyU© eŠVr{Zer Q>ŠH$a Úmdr cmJoc. gdU© qhXÿÀ`m {damoYm_wio

X{cVm§À`mgmR>r A{YH$mam§À`m KmofUm øm Ho$di YmoŠ`mV ~ZyZ amhVrc. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m

Kmo{fV A{YH$mam§À`m Cn`moJmV Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMr AmS>H$mR>r {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mg, Ë`m

AnamÜ`mg `mo½` Vr {ejm XoD$Z X{cVm§À`m hŠH$m§Mo g§ajU H$amd`mg hdo. `mgmR>r

ZmJ[aH$ËdmÀ`m {Z`_m§Mo Cëc§KZ H$moUmhr ì`ŠVrZo Ho$ë`mg Ë`mÀ`m {damoYmV X§S>mË_H$

H$m`Xm Ho$cm nm{hOo. `mX²dmao Añn¥í`VoÀ`m AmYmamda H$moUmhr ì`ŠVrMo ZmJ[aH$ËdmMo

A{YH$ma ZmH$maë`mg Ago A{YH$ma ZmH$maUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm øm JwÝømà_mUo OmñVrV-

OmñV nmM dfmªMr {ejm AWdm X§S> hmoD$ eHo$c qH$dm XmoÝhr hmoD$ eHo$c.

ZmJ[aH$ËdmÀ`m A{YH$mam§Mm em§VVmnyd©H$ Cn`moJ X{cVm§Zr Ho$ë`mda, H$Å>a gZmVZr

qhXÿ Ho$di Ë`m_Ü o ZwgVo AS>Wio AmUyZ Wm§~Uma ZmhrV, Va X{cVm§À`mda gm_m{OH$

~{hîH$ma Q>mH$Vrc. gm_m{OH$ ~{hîH$ma ho H$Å>a gZmVZr qhXÿMo EH$ ^ §H$a hË`ma Amho.

Ë`m_wio X{cV g_mOmcm OrdZmdí`H$ JmoîQ>rMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV ^{dî`mV Iyn AS>MUr

AmhoV. H$maU JmdmJmdm_Ü o X{cVm§Mr g§»`m H$_r Amho. Ë`m§Zm àË oH$ JmdmV ~hþg§»`

Agcoë`m H$Å>a gZmVZr qhXÿMm gm_Zm H$amdm cmJoc. ho gZmVZr cmoH$ X{cVm§Zm àmßV

Pmcoë`m A{YH$mam§Zm \$ŠV {damoY H$ê$Z Wm§~Uma ZmhrV, Va X{cVm§À`m BÁOVrda XoIrc

hëco MT>dVrc. VgoM gZmVZr qhXÿ Amnë`m daMT> Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrMm Cn`moJ

JmdmVrc X{cVm§Zm Xm~yZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r hË`mamgmaIm H$aVrc. gdU© qhXÿ Ë`m§Mr eoVr

~iH$mdVrc, _Oyar ~§X H$aVrc. Aem ~{hîH$mamV X{cVm§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmV dmQ>Mmc

H$aUo AeŠ` hmoB©c, Ë`m§Zm JmdmV OrdZmdí`H$ gm_mZ IarXUo XoIrc AeŠ` Ho$co

OmB©c. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ ~{hîH$ma hm H$m`Xoera {ejmnmÌ JwÝhm g_Ocm Omdm. Vgm

H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV `mdm. `m H$m`ÚmZo ~{hîH$mamcm AnamYmÀ`m ì`m» oV ~gdmdo. ~{hîH$ma

67<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Q>mH$Umè`mcm X§S> d {ejm ho Ë`m JwÝømMr J§^raVm nmhÿZ {Xco Omdo. ~{hîH$ma

Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ qH$dm nmqR>~m d ~{hîH$mamMr Y_H$s XoUo, `mgmR>r X§S>mË_H$ H$m`Xm

{Z_m©U H$amdm.

3. oX^mdmÀ`m {déÜX g§ajU : ^{dî`mVrc H$m ©H$m[aUrX²dmao H$m`Xm V`ma H$aUo d

oX^md ZîQ> H$aÊ`mÀ`m hþHy$_mMr A§_c~OmdUr hmoUma Amho. `m ^rVrZo X{cV dJm©Mo

cmoH$ Km~aco AmhoV. H$maU `m H$m ©H$m[aUrMo d H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMo gd© A{YH$ma gZmVZr

qhXÿZm {_iVrc. Ë`m_wio Omon ªV KQ>ZmË_H$[aË`m X{cV dJm©À`m{daÜX H$m ©H$m[aUrÛmao

oX^mdmMo _yi R>aoc Ago H$m`Xo ~Z{dUo d Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo Ag§ d ~Zdco

OmV Zmhr. Vmon ªV ~hþg§»` Agcoë`m emgZmMr àOm ~ZÊ`mMo X{cV cmoH$ ñdrH$ma

H$aUma ZmhrV.

Ë`m_wio ^maVmMo H$m ©H$mar _§S>i XoemV Agm Hw$R>cmhr H$m`Xm qH$dm {Z`_ V`ma

H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr, Á`m_wio ZmJ[aH$ËdmÀ`m A{YH$mam§Mo Cëc§KZ hmoB©c d nydm©nma MmcV

Amcoë`m Añn¥í`VoÀ`m àWoda AmYm[aV oX^md Ho$cm OmB©c. åhUOoM oX^mdmÀ`m

àM{cV nÜXVrnmgyZ g§nyU© g§ajU X{cVm§Zm Úmdo.

4. {dYmZg^m§_Ü`o n`m©ßV à{V{Z{YËd : X{cV g_mOmcm Amnë`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r

{dYmZg^m§_Ü o d H$m ©H$mar _§S>imda à^md Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao n`m©ßV

à{V{ZYrËd {_imdo. `m_Ü o (A) àm§Vr` Am{U H|$Ðr` {dYmZg^m_Ü o X{cVm§Zm n`m©ßV

à{V{ZYrËd {Xco Omdo. (~) X{cVm§Zm Ë`m§À`m_Yrc ì`ŠVrZmM Ë`m§Mo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ

{ZdSy>Z XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agmdm. (H$) àm¡T> _Vm{YH$ma {Xcm Omdm. (S>) n{hë`m Xhm

dfm©H$[aVm ñdV§Ì {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr Am{U Ë`mZ§Va g§ wŠV {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVrX²dmao Ë`m§À`mgmR>r

{ZdS>UyH$m ¿`mì`mV. g§ wŠV {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr X{cVm§À`mda Ë`m§À`m BÀN>o{dê$ÜX Vmon ªV

cmXcr OmD$ Z o. Omon ªV g§ wŠV {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVrMr nyU© àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mam§À`m ~amo~a

gm§JS> KmVcr OmV Zmhr. `m_Ü o AË §V _hÎdmMo åhUOo X{cV g_mOmgmR>r "n`m©ßV

à{V{ZYrËd' `m eãXê$n AWdm Ë`mMr `mo½` ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mV Amcr nm{hOo.

5. gaH$mar ZmoH$arV g_w{MV à{V{ZYrËd : gZmVZr qhXÿ A{YH$mè`m§Zr X{cVm§Mo Iyn _moR>o

emofU Ho$co Amho. Ë`m§Zr Amncr gaH$mar ZmoH$ar_Ü o EH$m{YH$maemhr JmOdcr Amho.

Ý`m` AAm{U g_Vocm {Vcm§Ocr XoD$Z, Aem gdU© A{YH$mè`m§Zr X{cVm§À`m VwcZoV

CÀM qhXÿZm Ë`mMm \$m`Xm OmñV {_imdm `mgmQ>r H$m`ÚmMm d A{YH$mam§Mm Xþén`moJ

Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m_wio ZmoH$a ^aVrV gd© àH$maÀ`m g§àXm`m§Zm Ë`m§Mm `mo½` {hñgm {_imcm

68<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

nm{hOo. OoUoH$ê$Z CÀMOmVtZr EH$m{YH$maemhr ~§X hmoB©c. `mgmR>r X{cV g_mOmcm

H$m`ÚmZo g§_V Ho$coë`m {Z`_m§Mm amÁ`KQ>ZoV A§V^m©d Agmdm. Ë`mZwgma g§nyU© ^maVmV

d àË oH$ àm§VmV ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o ^aVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r, VgoM Ë`mda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r

"npãcH$ gpìh©g H${_eZ' Agmdo. H${_eZÀ`m gXñ`mcm nXmdê$Z hQ>dÊ`mgmR>r \$ŠV

{dYmZg^m Vgm R>amd nmg H$ê$ eHo$c. H${_eZZo {ZYm©[aV `mo½`VoMo narjU H$aÊ`mMo

H$m_ H$amdo. H${_eZ Aem àH$mao ZmoH$a ^aVr H$aoc H$s, ^maVr` g_mOmVrc gd© JQ>m§Zm

Ë`m§Mo `Wm`mo½` à{V{ZYrËd {_iy eHo$c.

6. njnmVr H$m ©dmhr qH$dm {hVm§H$S>o Xþc©j Pmë`mg Ë`m~m~V H$amd`mMr VaVyX :

ñdV§Ì ^maVmVrc emgZ gdU© qhXÿÀ`m hmVmV Agoc d Vo X{cVm§~m~V H$moUVrhr

ghmZw yVr XmIdUma Zmhr. CcQ> Vo X{cVm§À`m {hVg§~§YmV ñnY©H$ åhUyZ C o amhVrc.

X{cVm§À`m _yc yV JaOm§H$S>o Xþc©j H$aVrc. Ë`m_wio ^{dî`mV H$m` KS>oc ho gm§JVm oUma

Zmhr, Ë`m_wio Aem njnmVrnUmÀ`m {damoYmV amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$m`Xo H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

H$maU à{V{ZYrËd AgyZhr {dYmZg oV X{cV Aëng§»`m§H$ R>aVrc. Ë`m_wio amÁ`KQ>ZoVM

Ë`m§À`m {hVmÀ`m g§ajUmMr ì`dñWm Ho$cr nm{hOo. Ë`mZwgma H|$Ð d àm§VmVrc gd©

g§ñWm§Zm ho A{Zdm © H$amdo H$s, Ë`m§Zr X{cVm§À`mgmR>r {ejU, ñdÀN>Vm d ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o

Ë`m§Mo `mo½` à_mU `mdo. `mgmR>r H$m`Xo V`ma H$amdoV. X{cVm§Zm ZmC_oX H$aUmao H$moUVohr

H$m © Ë`m§Zr H$ê$ Z o. Aem A{Zdm © H$m`ÚmMr AdhocZm H|$Ð AWdm àm§VmH$Sy>Z Pmë`mg

Ë`m~m~V {~«{Q>e gaH$maÀ`m ^maV_§Í`mH$S>o Anrc H$aVm oB©c.

7. {deof {d^mJr` gwajoMr ì`dñWm : gZmVZr qhXÿ g_mOmÀ`m hÅ>r d Añn¥í`m§À`m H$Å>a

{damoYr y{_Ho$_wio X{cV dJm©cm A^mdr d Zrag OrdZ H§$R>mdo cmJV Amho. gZmVZr qhXÿ

g_mO X{cVm§Zm g_mZVoMm XOm© d Ë`m§À`m~amo~a g_mZVoMm ì`dhma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$Yr

amOr ZgVmo. X{cV g_mO hm y{_hrZ _Oya d J[a~rZo J«mgcocm Amho. nU X{cVm§Mr hr

J[a~r gdU© qhXÿ§À`m Ûof^mdZoVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVo. X{cVm§À`m CXa{Zdm©hmMr gd© gmYZo ~§X

H$aÊ`mV Amcr AmhoV. X{cVm§Zm Ìmg XoÊ`mMo AZoH$ {d{^ÝZ _mJ© gdU© qhXÿH$S>o AmhoV.

nU `m gd© AË`mMmam§Mm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mgmR>r X{cVm§À`m Odi H$_r d _`m©{XV gmYZo

AmhoV.

A{VeyÐm§Zr Amnë`m _mcH$mMo åhUUo EoH$co Zgë`mg {ejm H$aUo, Ë`m§À`mda

ImoQ>çm Ho$gog XmIc H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m dñVrcm Mm¡~mOyZr KoaUo, _§{Xa àdoemg _ZmB© H$aUo,

gaH$mar H$mJXnÌmV MwH$sMr Zm|X H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m PmonS>çm nmhUo, Ë`m§Zm hmH$cyZ cmdUo.

69<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Aem AZoH$ _mJm©Zr Ë`m§Zm nXX{cV Ho$co OmVo. Ë`m_wio emgZmÀ`m H$m ©àUmcrV Ë`m§À`m

CËWmZmcm AJ«H«$_ {Xcm nm{hOo. emñÌr` ñVamdê$Z gdmª§Zm g_mZ g§Yr XoÊ`mMr ZrVr

A§_cmV AmUcr nm{hOo. `mgmR>r emgZmZo amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc {Z`_ H$m`_ñdê$nr cmJy

H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$m {deof {d^mJmMr ñWmnZm H$amdr.

8. X{cV dJ© Am{U _§Ìr_§S>i : gaH$mar H$m_H$mOmV X{cV g_mOmMm à^md amhÊ`mgmR>r

Ë`m§Zm {dYmZg oV OmJm nm{hOoV. Ë`mMà_mUo emgZmMr gd©gm_mÝ` ZrVr R>a{dÊ`mMr

g§Yr X{cV g_mOmcm _§Ìr_§S>imV gm_rc H$ê$Z KoD$Z {Xcr nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio X{cV

dJm©Mr Aer _mJUr Amho H$s, BVa Aëng§»`m§H$m§~amo~a _§Ìr_§S>imV X{cVm§Zmhr à{V{ZYrËd

{_iÊ`mMm Z¡{VH$ A{YH$ma g§a{jV Ho$cm nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r JìhZ©a OZac Am{U àm§Vm§À`m

JìhZ©a OZaccm AmXoe XoD$Z Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m _§Ìr_§S>imV X{cVm§Zm `mo½` à{V{ZYrËd

XoÊ`mMo {ZX}e ÚmdoV.

darcà_mUo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í`m§À`mgmR>rÀ`m _mJÊ`m Jmoc_oO n[afXoV

R>odë`m. Ë`mg§X^m©V Jmoc_oO n[afXoÀ`m Aëng§»`m§H$ g{_VrZo nwT>rcà_mUo y{_H$m

_m§S>cr. àË oH$ g§àXm`mcm qH$dm OmVrcm Ë`mÀ`m cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV OmJmMr g§»`m

{Xcr Omdr. Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm {dYmZg oMo à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mgmR>r (1) {Z wŠVr (2)

gm_mÝ` {ZdS>UyH$ d (3) doJir {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr ho VrZ Cnm` gwMdco. nU `mVrc

{Z wŠVr qH$dm Zo_UyH$sMr nÜXVr gd© g§_VrZo ZmH$maÊ`mV Amcr. Va g§ wŠV {ZdS>UyH$

nÜXVr hr {Za{Zamiçm g_wXm`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m à_mUmV OmJm amIyZ R>odÊ`mÀ`m AQ>rda

gwM{dÊ`mV Amcr. nU Aem nÜXVrVyZ Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m à{V{ZYrËdmMr h_r

{_iUma ZìhVr. H$maU ~hþg§»`m§H$m§Mm à^md Agë`m_wio Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm à{V{ZYrËd

{_iUma ZìhVoM. Ë`m_wio g§ wŠV {ZdS>UyH$m§Zm {damoY hmoD$ cmJcm.

`m g§Kfm©VyZ EH$ {ZîH$f© {ZKmcm d Ver Aëng§»`m§H$m§Mr _mJUr nU hmoVr Vr

åhUOo ñdV§Ì (doJir) {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr. nU `m nÜXVrcm ^maVmV nydunmgyZ {damoY hmoV

Amcm. qhXÿ cmoH$ g§» onmgyZ X{cVm§Zm doJio Ho$co nm{hOo d {dYmZg^mÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV

doJiçm g_wXm`mÀ`m ZmË`mZo _mÝ`Vm {Xcr nm{hOo. emgZmg§~§YrÀ`m H$m`m©H$S>o nmhVm

àm§Vr` d H|$Ðr` ZmoH$è`m§À`m ^aVrMo H$m_ npãcH$ gpìh©g H${_eZH$S>o gmon{dÊ`mg

gdmªMr g§_Vr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ZmoH$è`mV doJdoJiçm JQ>m§À`m C__oXdmam§Mr `mo½`Vm d

ZmoH$è`m§Mo _mnX§S> cjmV KoD$Z àË oH$ JQ>mcm `mo½` à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mV `mdo. VgoM

{~«{Q>e gaH$ma g§~§{YV g_wXm`mÀ`m qH$dm OmVrÀ`m g§_Vr{edm` Ë`m§À`mda H$moUVmhr

{ZdS>UyH$ {gÜXm§V cmXÿ BpÀN>V ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio `mg§X^m©Vrc g_PmoVm Ag\$c Pmë`mg

70<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Ë`mV H$mhr CUrdm AgyZhr ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>Z|VJ©V ñdV§Ì {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVrcmM {ZdS>UyH$

ì`dñWoMm AmYma _mZmdm cmJoc. `mVyZ à_mUmMm àíZ ñnîQ> hmoB©c d X{cV g_mOmZo

Ho$coë`m _mJÊ`m§Mm `mo½` {dMma hmoB©c.

Jmoc_oO n[afXoÀ`m "\o$S>ac ñQ´>ŠMa H${_Q>r'cm H|$ÐmÀ`m g§X^m©V Añn¥í`m§À`m

àíZmda {dMma H$amd`mMm hmoVm. {VZo Amnë`m AhdmcmV Jmoc_oO n[afXocm H$i{dco

H$s, X{cV dJ©, {¼íMÝg, wamo{n`Ýg, A±½cmo-B§{S>`Ýg, O_rZXma d ì`mnmar Am{U

l{_H$m§gmR>r {OWn ªV eŠ` Agoc, XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV {deofV: H${ZîR> AWdm {ZåZñVar`

gXZmV Ë`m§À`m à{V{ZYrËdmgmR>r H$m`Xm H$amdm. Jmoc_oO n[afXoMo n{hco A{YdoeZ nyU©

hmoÊ`mnyduM darc XmoÝhr g{_Ë`m§Mm Ahdmc Jmoc_oO n[afXoV _m§S>Ê`mV Amcm. `m

n[afXoX²dmao Ë`mMr Zm|X KoÊ`mV Amcr. gdmªÀ`m g§_VrZo amOZ¡{VH$ Am{U KQ>ZmË_H$

~m~t_Ü o Añn¥í`m§gmR>r ñdV§Ì ApñVËdmMm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm. Jmoc_oO

n[afXoÀ`m `m {ZU© mda ^maVmVrc \$ŠV H$m±J«ogMo _V ñnîQ> hmoV ZìhVo. H$maU H$m±J«ogZo

Jmoc_oO n[afXoda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$cm hmoVm d {~«{Q>e gaH$maÀ`m {damoYmV g{dZ`

H$m`Xo §JmMo Am§XmocZ H$aÊ`mV H$m±J«og Jw§Vcr hmoVr.

2. Xþgar Jmoc_oO n[afX :-

Jmoc_oO n[afXoMo Xþgao A{YdoeZ gwê$ hmoVodoir {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Am{U H$m±J«og `m§À`mV VS>OmoS>

hmoD$Z, H$m±J«ogZo n[afXoV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co. VgoM Jmoc_oO n[afXog_moarc g_ñ`m§da _mJ©

emoYÊ`mgmR>r `moJXmZ XoÊ`mMo _mÝ` Ho$co. H$maU àW_ A{YdoeZmV Jmoc_oO n[afX Hw$R>ë`mM

{ZU© mn ªV nmohMcr ZìhVr. `mMo H$maU åhUOo H$m±J«og AZwnpñWV Agë`m_wio {VMo åhUUo ñnîQ> hmoV

ZìhVo.

Ë`m_wio Jmoc_oO n[afXoMo Xþgao A{YdoeZ `eñdr hmoÊ`mÀ`mÑîQ>rZo gdmªÀ`m ZOam H$m±J«ogH$S>o

hmoË`m. `m n[afXoV H$m±J«ogMo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ _. Jm§Yr gh^mJr Pmco. nU Á`m-Á`mdoir Jmoc_oO

n[afXo_Ü o KQ>ZmË_H$ Am{U g§àXm`mÀ`m qH$dm OmVr`VoÀ`m àíZm§da g§Kf© hmoÊ`mMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U

Pmcr. Voìhm _. Jm§YrOtZr Ë`mda H$moUVohr aMZmË_H$ Cnm` gwM{dco ZmhrV. nU 1920 nmgyZ

H$m±J«ogZo Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmÀ`m àíZmda _hÎdmMr y{_H$m KoVcr Amho Ago _V _. Jm§YrOtZr _m§S>co

d H$m±J«ogM Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaU H$aUma Ago åhQ>co. nU S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a åhUmco H$s, Jmoc_oO n[afXoÀ`m

n{hë`m A{YdoeZmcm OmÊ`mnydu Ë`m§Zr _. Jm§YrOtMr _w§~B©V oQ> KoVcr hmoVr. Voìhm _. Jm§YrOtZr

amOZ¡{VH$ ~m~t_Ü o Añn¥í`m§Zm ñdV§Ì ApñVËd XoÊ`mÀ`m {dMmamV AmnU Zmhr ho ñnîQ> Ho$co hmoVo.

VgoM Jmoc_oO n[afXoV _. Jm§YrOtZr ñnîQ> Ho$co H$s, Añn¥í`m§Mo {hV H$m±J«ogcm OodT>o g_Oco Amho

71<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

VodT>o XoemÀ`m AÝ` Hw$R>ë`mhr ì`ŠVrcm g_Ococo Zmhr Am{U åhUyZ _r {deof à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mcm

nyU©eŠVr{Zer {damoY H$aoZ. Aem àH$mao S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m Añn¥í`m§À`m g§X^m©Vrc _mJÊ`m§Zm Ë`m§Zr

{damoY Ho$cm.

ga AmJm ImZ `m§Zr Aëng§»`m§H$ H${_Q>rg_moa ñnîQ> Ho$co H$s, Ooìhm g_PmoË`mÀ`m JmoîQ>r

Mmcë`m AmhoV Voìhm BVa Aëng§»`mH$m§Zrhr Amncm Xmdm V`ma Ho$cm nm{hOo. _wgc_mZ d

X{cV dJm©À`m Aëng§»`m§H$ à{V{ZYrZr Amncm Xmdm H${_Q>rg_moa _m§S>cm Amho. AmVm \$ŠV

n[a{eîQ>mX²dmao à{V{ZYrËdmMr g§»`m XoÊ`mMo am{hco Amho. VgoM Aëng§»`m§H$ H${_Q>rg_moa S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$co H$s, _§. Jm§YrOtZr \o$S>ac ñQ²>ŠMa H${_Q>rg_moa gm§{JVco Amho H$s, H$m±J«og

à{V{ZYr `m ZmË`mZo _wgc_mZ d erI `m§À`m ì`{V[aŠV AÝ` H$moUmg amOZ¡{VH$ _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mg

AmnU V`ma Zmhr. åhUOoM Vo X{cV, A±½cmo-B§{S>`Z d ^maVr` {¼íMZ `m§Zm amOZ¡{VH$ _mÝ`Vm

XoÊ`mg V`ma ZìhVo.

Ë`m_wio X{cV dJm©g Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV _mÝ`Vm {_iV Zmhr d ^maVmÀ`m

^mdr amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc amOZ¡{VH$ _mÝ`VoMo hŠH$Xma Vo hmoV ZmhrV qH$dm Vgo AmídmgZ {_iV Zmhr.

Vmon ªV ^mdr amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc g{_VrV gm_rc hmoÊ`mg H$mhrhr AW© Zmhr Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a

åhUmco.

`mda _. Jm§YrOr åhUmco, OmVr`VoÀ`m g_ñ oMr gmoS>dUyH$ ho ñdamÁ`mMm amÁ`KQ>ZoMm nm`m

Zmhr, Va {eIa Agy eH$Vo. na§Vw Ho$ìhm, Ooìhm Am_À`mVrc gmao _V oX Xÿa hmoVrc. VgoM naXoer

X~mdmnmgyZ Amåhr _wŠV Agy Voìhm OmVr`VoMo oX^md ZîQ> hmoVrc `mMr _cm ImÌr Amho. na§Vw ho

gd© Xoe ñdV§Ì Pmë`mda KS>oc åhUyZ _mPr gyMZm Amho H$s, Aëng§»`m§H$ g{_Vr A{ZpíMV

H$mimgmR>r ñW{JV H$aÊ`mV `mdr Am{U amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m _w»` {gÜXm§Vm§Zm VmVS>rZo `mo½` ñdê$n {Xco

Omdo. `mVrc Aëng§»`m§H$ g{_Vr A{ZpíMV H$mimgmR>r ñW{JV H$aÊ`mMm _. Jm§YrOtMm R>amd d

doJdoJiçm OmVtÀ`m à{V{ZYtda Jm§YrOtZr Ho$cocr {MIc\o$S> S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm AmdS>cr Zmhr.

Ë`m_wio Añn¥í` g_mOmMo AmnU à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmo Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ñnîQ>nUo gm§{JVco. VgoM

Aëng§»`m§H$ g{_VrZo OmVr`VoMm àíZ g§VmofOZH$ _mJm©Zo gmoS>dmdm Am{U Vo eŠ` hmoV Zgoc Va

{~«{Q>e gaH$maZo hm àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:H$S>o ¿`mdm Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$co. H$maU

{~«{Q>e gaH$ma_Ü o Or O~m~XmarMr ^mdZm Amho Vr BVa njm§_Ü o Zgmdr Ago Ë`m§Zr åhQ>co. {~«{Q>e

gaH$maZo gÎmm gmon{dVmZm amÁ`KQ>ZoV Aem H$mhr H$m`Xoera AQ>r Kmcmì`mV H$s, Á`m_wio {damoYH$m§À`mM

hmVmV gd© gÎmm OmUma Zmhr. H$mhr cmoH$m§À`m qH$dm N>moQ>çm JQ>m§À`m _J Vo _wgc_mZ AgmoV qH$dm

qhXÿ Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o gÎmm H|$ÐrV hmoUma Zmhr. Ë`mEodOr AmVm Cnm` emoYmdm H$s, gÎmo_Ü o àË oH$ JQ>mcm

Ë`mÀ`m-Ë`mÀ`m à_mUmV {hñgm {_imdm.

72<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

A§{V_V: {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr Amnë`m ^mfUmV ñnîQ> Ho$co H$s, Amåhr hr ~¡R>H$ ñW{JV H$arV

AmhmoV. nwÝhm ~¡R>H$ ~mocmdo n ªV gd© à{V{ZYrZr Aëng§»`m§H$ à{V{ZYtMo g_W©Z àmßV H$amdo d

gd©_mÝ` Agm VmoS>Jm H$mT>mdm Aem gd©gm_mÝ` g_PmoË`mÀ`m {damoYmV {~«{Q>e gaH$ma OmUma Zmhr.

Ë`mZ§Va Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zr Amn-AmngmV {dMma{d_e© H$ê$Z 13 Zmoìh|~a, 1931 amoOr g^m hmoÊ`mnydu

n§VàYmZm§H$S>o EH$ g_PmoVm V`ma H$ê$Z {Xcm. _wgc_mZ, X{cV, A±½cmo B§{S>`Z Am{U wamo{n`Z d

^maVr` {¼íMZ `m§Zr {_iyZ V`ma Ho$coë`m g_PmoË`mV {~«{Q>e B§{S>`mÀ`m 46% OZVoÀ`m _mJÊ`m§Mm

g_mdoe hmoVm. `m "Aëng§»`m§H$ g_PmoË`m'Zo ho gd© cmoH$ OmVr` àíZmda _mJ© emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mV

`eñdr PmcoV Ago ga AmJm ImZ `m§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$co.

❏ _. Jm§YrOtMm {damoY :-

_. Jm§YrOtZr Amnë`m ^mfUmV nwÝhm ñnîQ> Ho$co H$s, H$m±J«og, _wgc_mZ Am{U erI `m§Zm Omo

g_PmoVm _mÝ` Agoc Ë`mMm ñdrH$ma H$aoc. nU AÝ` Hw$R>ë`m Xþgè`m Aëng§»`m§H$ (Añn¥í`)

g§àXm`m~m~V hm g_PmoVm _mÝ` H$aUma Zmhr. nwT>o Vo åhUmco H$s, Añn¥í`m§À`m _hÎdnyU© {hVmgmR>r

^maVr` ñdmV§Í`mMo _yë` MwH${dÊ`mg _r _wirM V`ma Zmhr. _r ñdV: ì`ŠVrJV ñdê$nmV Añn¥í`m§Mm

EH$_od à{V{ZYr Amho Agm Ë`m§Zr Xmdm Ho$cm. ñdV§Ì {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr Am{U Añn¥í`m§À`mgmR>r

doJiçm amIrd OmJm hm H$mhr Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaÊ`mMm `mo½` _mJ© Zìho, Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo.

`m gd© g§Kfm©dê$Z {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr Aëng§»`m§H$ g{_VrMr ~¡R>H$ A{ZpíMV H$mimn ªV

ñW{JV H$aÊ`mAmYr g{_VrÀ`m gd© gXñ`m§Zm {dMmaco H$s, OmVr`VoÀ`m àíZmda _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r

gd© à{V{ZYr {_iyZ _cm {dZ§Vr H$aVrc d _r {Xcoë`m {ZdmS>çmMm ñdrH$ma H$aVrc. Vwåhr gd© cmoH$

Ago {chÿZ Úmc H$s, n§VàYmZm§Zr {Xcocm {ZdmS>m {dídmgmZo _mÝ` H$ê$ Am{U Am_À`m nyU©j_VoZo

ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>ZoV Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr H$ê$. Aem Ame`mMo g§_VrnÌ gd© ^maVr` gXñ`m§Zr coIr

ñdê$nmV {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§À`mH$S>o {Xco. Ë`m_wio gd© à{V{ZYtZr ñd-IwerZo n§VàYmZm§Zm A§{V_ n§M

åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {Xcr. Ë`m_wio OmVr`VoÀ`m àíZmda \$ŠV Ë`m§À`m {ZU© mMr dmQ> nmhm`Mr hmoVr.

`mM Xaå`mZ _Vm{YH$mamÀ`m àíZmda {dMma{d{Z_` H$aÊ`mgmR>r {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr {S>g|~a

1931 _Ü o cm°S>© cmo{W`Z `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr EH$ g{_Vr Zo_cr. `m g{_VrZo H|$Ðr` d àm§Vr`

nmVirdarc gaH$mam§Zr d H${_Q>çm§Zr nmR>{dcoë`m doJdoJiçm Ahdmcmda MMm© Ho$cr. VgoM `m

ì`{V[aŠV Añn¥í`m§À`m amOZ¡{VH$ _mJÊ`m§da Cnm` emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m © `m g{_Vrda

gmon{dco hmoVo. `m cmo{W`Z H${_Q>rÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Va Añn¥í`m§À`m cmoH$g§» ocm _hÎd àmßV Pmco.

Ë`m_wio 1931 _Yrc àm§Vr` gaH$mam§Zr, àm§Vr` _Vm{YH$ma g{_VrZo d àË`j OZJUZoVrc

Añn¥í`m§À`m cmoH$g§» oÀ`m AmH$S>odmarV IynM V\$mdV nhmd`mg {_imcr. `m AmH$S>odmarÀ`m

73<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

\$aH$mdê$Z qhXÿÀ`m _Zmod¥ÎmrVrc Añn¥í`m§àVr AgUmam jwÐnUm {Xgcm. Á`m_YyZ ñdmWm©gmR>r gË`mcm

{Vcm§Ocr XoD$Z, ImoQ>çm AmH$S>odmarÀ`m AmYmamda Añn¥í`m§Mo A{YH$ma ZmH$maÊ`mg Ë`m§Zr _mJonwT>o

nm{hco Zmhr. VgoM Aëng§»`m§H$m§Mm Xmdm _mÝ` H$aVmZm Oa X{cV dJm©gmR>r ñdV§Ì {ZdS>UyH$m§Mm _mJ©

ñdrH$macm Va Ë`mcm àmUnUmZo {damoY H$ê$ Ago _. Jm§YrOtZr ga g°å wAc hmoAa `m§Zm nmR>{dcoë`m

11 _mM© 1932 nÌmV åhQ>co. Añn¥í`m§gmR>r ñdV§Ì {ZdS>UyH$m§Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm Va Ë`mcm {damoY

H$aÊ`mgmR>r _r Am_aU CnmofU H$aoZ, `m Am_aU CnmofUmÀ`m Bemè`mZo {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZmMm OmVr`

àíZmg§~§YrMm {ZU© _. Jm§YrOr amoIy BpÀN>V hmoVo.

❏ OmVr` {ZdmS>m :-

Añn¥í`m§Zm {_iUmè`m amOH$s` hŠH$m§Zm {damoY H$aÊ`mMr y{_H$m H$m±J«ogZo KoVcr hmoVr. Ë`mV

_. Jm§YrOtZr Am_aU CnmofUmMm Bemam XoD$Z {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zm Aëng§»`m§H$m§g§~§Yr {ZU©

KoÊ`mnmgyZ amoIy nhmV hmoVo. nU {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr OmVr`VoÀ`m àíZmda 17 Am°JñQ>, 1932 amoOr

Amncm Añn¥í`m§g§~§YrMm {ZdmS>m Omhra Ho$cm. VmoM OmVr` {ZdmS>m (Communal Award) åhUyZ

^maVr` amOH$maUmV à{gÜX Pmcm.

❏ {~«{Q>e gaH$maMm 1932 Mm OmVr`VoÀ`m g_ñ odarc {ZU© (OmVr` {ZdmS>m)

Jmoc_oO n[afXoMo Xþgao gÌ g_mßV Pmë`mZ§Va {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr 1 {S>g|~a 1931 amoOr Oo

^mfU Ho$co, Ë`mMo g_W©Z {~«{Q>e g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zr Ho$co. Ë`m ^mfUmV n§VàYmZ åhUVmV

H$s, Oa ^maVmVrc gd© g_wXm` OmVr`VoÀ`m àíZmda H$moUË`mhr gd©_mÝ` g_PmoË`mn ªV nmohMy eH$co

ZmhrV, Ë`m_wio OmVr` g_PmoË`m~m~V Jmoc_oO n[afXoV Vo gd© g_wXm` A`eñdr Pmco AmhoV.

Ë`m_wio {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo {ZU© KoVcm H$s, ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoMo C{ÔîQ> Ho$di ^maVr` g_wXm`mVrc

Ag\$c H$maUm§_wio (OmVr`VoÀ`m àíZm_wio) {ZaW©H$ ~Zy {Xco OmUma Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r {~«{Q>e gaH$ma

EH${ÌV `moOZm cmJy H$ê$Z AS>MUrVyZ _mJ© H$mT>cm OmB©c.

19 _mM© 1932 amoOr {~«{Q>e gaH$macm {_imcoë`m gyMZoZwgma, ^maVmVrc g§àXm` H$moUË`mhr

g_PmoË`màV Z Amë`m_wio ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m `moOZoMr àJVr Wm§~cr Amho. H$mhr

dmXJ«ñV cmoH$ àíZm§Mo nwZ{Z©arjU H$aÊ`mV Jw§Vco AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr {e\$mag Aer Amho H$s, ZdrZ

amÁ`KQ>ZoV Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m g_ñ`m§_Yrc H$_rV H$_r H$mhr g_ñ`m§da {ZU© KoVë`m{edm` nwT>o

H$mhr àJVr Ho$cr OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.

Ë`mZwgma {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo {ZU© {Xcm Amho H$s, g§gXoV _m§S>Ê`mV oUmè`m ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zoer

74<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

g§~§YrV R>amdm§Zm _yV© ñdê$n XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xo H$ê$ZVo gm_rc Ho$co OmVrc. `m `moOZoMo C{ÔîQ> {~«{Q>e

B§{S>`mÀ`m àm§Vr` Am{U H|$Ðr` _§S>im_Ü o ^mVmVrc gd© g_wXm`m§À`m à{V{ZYrËdmMr _`m©{XV ì`dñWm

Ho$cr OmB©c. `m `moOZoMo C{ÔîQ> _`m©{XV H$aÊ`mÀ`m {ZU© mMm AW© Agm Zmhr H$s, {~«{Q>e gaH$ma

ho g_OÊ`mV A`eñdr Pmco Amho. Va amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m {Z_m©Umdoir Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m Ag§»` _hÎdnyU©

g_ñ`m Cä`m amhVrc. Ë`m_wio g_wXm`m§À`m à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m à_mU Am{U nÜXVr `m g§~§Yr KmofUm

H$aÊ`mV Amë`mZ§Va {d{dY OmVrO_mVr ñdV:M OmVr` àíZmÀ`m gmoS>dUyH$sÀ`m g§X^m©V g_mYmZH$maH$

CÎma emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVrc.

{~«{Q>e emgZmMr Aer BÀN>m Amho H$s, emgZ H$moUË`mhr dmQ>mKmQ>rV EH$ nj åhUyZ

gh^mJr hmoUma Zmhr. VgoM EImÚm {ZdmS>m gd© njm§Zm _mÝ` Zgoc qH$dm gd© njm§Zr gmXa

Ho$coë`m {ZdmS>çmda {dMma{d{Z_` H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`mV ~Xc qH$dm gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV

oUmè`m H$moUË`mhr {ZdoXZmMr emgZ XIc KoUma Zmhr. nU gd© g§_V EImÚm àñVmdmda {dMma

H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZ Amnco XadmOo ~§X H$aUma Zmhr. ZdrZ JìhZ©_|Q> Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°ŠQ> nmg hmoÊ`mnydu

d Ë`mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mnydu, Oa gd© g§~§YrV g_wXm`m§Zr nañna gh_VrZo EImXr `moOZm

V`ma Ho$cr Amho Aer emgZmMr ImÌr nQ>cr Va Am{U Vr `moOZm àm§Vm{YH$mar qH$dm g§nyU© {~«{Q>e

qhXþñWmZ{df`r Agoc Va emgZ g§gXocm {e\$mag H$aÊ`mg V`ma Amho H§$s, Ë`m `moOZoMo H$m`ÚmV

ê$nm§Va H$amdo.

X{cV dJm©Vrc Oo gXñ` _VXmZ H$aÊ`mg nmÌ R>aVrc Vo gd©gmYmaU _VXmag§KmVrc

C_oXdmamcm _VXmZ H$aVrc. nU dñVwpñWVrMm {dMma H$aVm ~è`mM H$mimgmR>r `m nÜXVrda AmYmarV

X{cVm§Zm {dYmZ_§S>imV nwaogo à{V{ZYrËd {_iUo eŠ` Zmhr. Ë`m_wio gmaUrà_mUo H$mhr OmJm

Ë`m§À`mH$[aVm Ama{jV Ho$ë`m OmVrc `m OmJm {deof _VXmag§KmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ZdS>ë`m OmVrc.

`m {deof _VXmag§KmV X{cV dJm©Vrc nmÌ _VXmaM _VXmZ H$ê$ eHo$c d Vmo _VXma gd©gmYmaU

_VXma g§KmVhr _VXmZ H$aÊ`mg nmÌ Agoc. X{cVm§Mr cmoH$g§»`m A{YH$ Amho Aem {d^mJmVyZ

{deof _VXma g§K ApñVËdmV `mdoV Agm ÑpîQ>H$moZ Amho. `m `moOZoV _Ðmg gmoSy>Z H$moR>ohr àm§VmMm

§nyU© y mJ Aem _VXmag§KmÀ`m H$joV oUma Zmhr. ~§Jmc_Ü o H$mhr gd©gmYmaU _VXmag§KmV X{cV

~hþg§»` Agë`mZo nwT>rc VnmgUrMr H$madmB© hmoB©n ªV `m àm§VmVyZ X{cVm§gmR>r {deof _VXmag§KmVyZ

nmR>dmd`mÀ`m à{V{ZYtMr g§»`m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcr Zmhr. ~§Jmc àm§VmV X{cVm§Zm 10 nojm H$_r

OmJm {_iUma ZmhrV Aer ì`dñWm H$amdr Agm {dMma Amho.

àË oH$ àm§VmV X{cVm§gmR>r ñWmnZ Ho$coë`m {deof _VXma g§KmV H$moUmcm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma

am{hc `mÀ`m ì`m» ocm {ZpíMV A§{V_ ñdê$n XoÊ`mV Amco Zmhr. hr ì`dñWm àm¡T> _VXmZ g{_VrÀ`m

75<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

ñdrH¥$V gm_mÝ` {Z`_mZwgma H$aÊ`mV oB©c. CÎma qhXþñWmZmVrc H$mhr àm§VmV `m ì`m» oV H$mhr ~Xc

hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. H$maU Añn¥í`m§gmR>r cmdë`m OmUmè`m H$gmoQ>çm Ë`m {R>H$mUr AàñVwV qH$dm

A`mo½` R>aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Agm {dMma H$arV Zmhr H$s, {deof _VXmag§KmMr

Amdí`H$Vm EH$m {d{eîQ> H$mcmdYrZ§Vahr ^mgoc. amÁ`KQ>ZoV Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV `mdr H$s, Ago

_VXmag§K drg dfm©Z§Va g_mßV hmoVrc. n[aÀN>oX ghm_Yrc VaVwXrZwgma gXa ~m~ {ZdS>UyH$ {Z`_m§Mo

nwZ{Z©arjU `m {df`mV oB©c.

AemàH$mao {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr OmVr` {ZdmS>m à{gÜX Ho$cm. Á`m_Ü o Añn¥í`m§Zm qH$dm

X{cVm§Zm {deof _VXmag§KmMr VaVyX H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. Xþgè`m

Jmoc_oO n[afXoVrc H$amaZmå`mda ñdmjar Ho$ë`m_wio ^maVr` à{V{ZYrZm hm {ZdmS>m ñdrH$maUo

~§YZH$maH$ hmoVo. Aer H$m`Xoera à{H«$`m OmVr` {ZdmS>çm~m~V hmoVr.



1. n{hcr Jmoc_oO n[afX H$Yr gwê$ Pmcr?

2. Jmoc_oO n[afXoV Añn¥í`m§Mo XmoZ à{V{ZYr H$moU hmoVo?

3. {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr OmVr` {ZdmS>m H$Yr à{gÜX Ho$cm?

4. _. Jm§YrOtZr H$moUË`m Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m g_PmoË`mcm _mÝ`Vm {Xcr?

5. _. Jm§YrOtZr ga g°å wc hmoAa `m§Zm nmR>{dcoë`m 11 _mM© 1932 À`m nÌmV H$moUVmBemam {Xcm hmoVm?

2.2.3 _hmË_m Jm§Yr Am{U nwUo H$ama

_. Jm§YrOtZr Jmoc_oO n[afXoÀ`m Xþgè`m A{YdoeZmdoir Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m~m~VÀ`m {~«{Q>e

n§VàYmZm§Mm {ZdmS>m ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$amaZmå`mda ghr Ho$cr hmoVr. Ë`m H$amaZmå`mZwgma OmVr`

{ZdmS>m ñdrH$maUo gd© ^maVr` à{V{ZYtda ~§YZH$maH$ hmoVo. nU _. Jm§YrOtZr `m OmVr` {ZdmS>çmVrc

VaVwXt_Ü o ~Xc H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ Ho$co. _. Jm§YrOtZr gwê$dmVrnmgyZM Añn¥í`m§À`m amOH$s`

hH$H$m§À`m~m~V {damoYr y{_H$m KoVcocr {XgVo. Jmoc_oO n[afXoÀ`m Xþgè`m A{YdoeZmV _. Jm§YrOtZr

ñnîQ> Ho$co hmoVo H$s, "qhXÿ-_wgc_mZ Am{U erI `m§Zm Omo g_PmoVm _mÝ` Agoc Ë`mMmH$m±J«og ñdrH$ma

H$aoc. nU H$m±J«og AÝ` Hw$R>ë`mhr Xþgè`m Aëng§»`m§H$ (Añn¥í`) g§àXm`mMo {deof A{YH$ma

ñdrH$maUma Zmhr.' _. Jm§YrOr H$moUË`m AmYmamda Añn¥í`m§À`m _mJÊ`m§Zm {damoY H$arV hmoVo d

76<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmMm n`m© r aMZmË_H$ H$m ©H«$_ H$moUVm XoD$ BpÀN>V hmoVo ho Ë`m§À`m H¥$VrVyZ ñnîQ>

hmoV ZìhVo. EH$m ~mOycm qhXÿZr Añn¥í`Vm {ZdmaUmMo H$m © J§ ranUo hmVr KoVco Amho Ago åhUV,

Va Xþgè`m ~mOycm Añn¥í` _wgc_mZ d erI `m§À`mgmaIo g§K{Q>V ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr amOH$s`

MoVZmeŠVr H$_r Amho. Ë`m_wio Vo Iyn ^`^rV Pmco AmhoV. _r Ë`m ^`mnmgyZ Ë`m§Mo g§ajU H$ê$

BpÀN>Vmo Ago _. Jm§YrOr åhUV. nU H$mhr amOH$s` hŠH$ åhUyZ ñdV§Ì {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr Añn¥í`m§Zr

_m{JVcr Va {Vcm _mÌ Vo {damoY H$aV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Jmoc_oO n[afXoV OmVr`VoÀ`m àíZmda gd©_mÝ`

VmoS>Jm {ZKy eH$cm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` g§àXm`mÀ`m gd© à{V{ZYtZr {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr OmVr`

g_ñ oda gwM{dcocm VmoS>Jm _mÝ` H$aÊ`mMo coIr AmídmgZ {~«{Q>e emgZmcm {Xco hmoVo. Ë`mZwgma

17 Am°JñQ>, 1932 amoOr OmVr`VoÀ`m àíZmdarc Cnm` åhUyZ OmVr` {ZdmS>m {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr

Kmo{fV Ho$cm.

`m Xaå`mZ _. Jm§YrOr oadS>çmÀ`m Vwé§JmV hmoVo. Vwé§Jm§VyZM 18 Am°JñQ>, 1932 amoOr Ë`m§Zr

ga g°å wAc hmoAa `m§Zm EH$ nÌ {c{hco. Ë`m_Ü o Amnë`m 11 _mM©, 1932 À`m nÌmMmhr CëcoI

Ho$cm. `m nÌmV _. Jm§YrOtZr {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr Kmo{fV Ho$cocm OmVr` {ZdmS>m dmMyZ AmnU IynM

AñdñW Pmë`mMo åhQ>co. `m OmVr` {ZdmS>çmcm {damoY H$aÊ`mMr y{_H$m 13 Zmoìh|~a 1931 À`m

Jmoc_oO n[afXoVrc ^mfUmV AmnU ñnîQ> Ho$ë`mMo §Ë`m§Zr {deX Ho$co. Om{ha Pmcoë`m OmVr`

{ZdmS>çmcm {damoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnU Am_aU CnmofU 20 gßQ>|~aÀ`m XþnmanmgyZ gwê$ H$aÊ`mMo

{VpíMV Ho$co Amho. Xaå`mZ cmoH$_VmÀ`m XS>nUm_wio qH$dm {~«{Q>e gaH$ma ñdV:M àñVmd nmg H$ê$Z

OmVr` {ZdmS>çmV ~Xc H$aUma Agoc Va ho Am_aU CnmofU AmnU ñW{JV H$ê$ eH$Vmo Ago Ë`m§Zr

åhQ>co.

Añn¥í`m§Zm ñdV§Ì _VXmag§K XoUo ho Añn¥í` d qhXÿ Y_m©cm KmVH$ Amho Agm Xmdm _.

Jm§YrOtZr Ho$cm hmoVm. hm Xmdm H$Xm{MV MwH$sMm Agy eHo$c Ago VoM åhUmco. nU Amncm Xmdm

~amo~a Amho ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwT>o Vo åhUVmV, "darc Xmdm Oa MwH$sMm Agoc Va _J _mÂ`m

OrdZ{df`H$ VÎdkmZmMo BVa ^mJ hr ~amo~a Agy eH$V ZmhrV.' `m wŠVrdmXmda Amncm Xmdm `mo½`

Agë`mMo Ë`m§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$co. Ë`mVyZhr H$mhr Amncr MyH$ Pmcr Agoc, Va Am_aU CnmofUm_Ü o _mPm

_¥Ë y Pmcm Va Vo Ë`mMo àm`píMV R>aoc Ago ^md{ZH$ AmdmhZ Ë`m nÌmV Ho$co hmoVo. VgoM gXa nÌo

à{gÜX H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr {~«{Q>e gaH$macm Ho$cr hmoVr. Á`mVyZ ^maVmVrc cmoH$_V à^mdrV H$aÊ`mMm

Ë`m§Mm à`ËZ hmoVm. _. Jm§YrOtZr nmR>{dcoë`m `m nÌmcm {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZ a°ågo _°H$S>moZmëS> `m§Zr 8

gßQ>|~a, 1932 cm CÎma nmR>dco. `mV nÌmV Ë`m§Zr _. Jm§YrOtZr _m§S>coë`m y{_Ho$Mm Chmnmoh Ho$cm.

_. Jm§YrOtMo nÌ dmMyZ AmnU Iyn AmíM ©M{H$V d Xþ:Ir Pmë`mMo Vo åhUVmV. X{cV dJm©g qhXÿ

g_mOmnmgyZ doJio H$aÊ`mÀ`m {dMmamcm AmnU {damoY Ho$cm Amho. Vmo Jmoc_oO n[afXoV Aëng§»`m§H$

77<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

g{_Vr_Ü o ñnîQ> Pmcm hmoVm. n§VàYmZ nwT>o åhUVmV, _. Jm§YrOtZr Vw_À`mgmo~V EH$m _moR>çm qhXÿ

g_mOmMo {dMma AmhoV, åhUyZM Amåhr X{cVm§À`m àíZmda Iyn J§ ranUo {dMma Ho$cm Amho.

X{cV g_mOmÀ`m g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z Amcoco Xmdo Am{U gm_m{OH$ dmB©Q> àWm-na§nam Á`m_Ü o X{cV

H$m_ H$aVmV, Á`mcm Vwåhrhr _mÝ`Vm {Xcr Amho. `m gdmªMm {dMma Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amåhr Am_Mo H$V©ì o

g_OVmo H$s, {dYmZg^m§_Ü o X{cV dJm©À`m à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmMr ì`dñWm Ho$cr

nm{hOo. VgoM 11 _mM©À`m nÌmZwgma AmnUhr X{cVm§À`m {dYmZg_m_Yrc à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m {damoYr

Zmhr ho ñnîQ> hmoVo. {~«{Q>e gaH$maÀ`m `moOZoZwgma X{cV g_mO, qhXÿ g_mOmMm KQ>H$ ~ZyZ am{hc.

X{cV gm_mÝ` _VXmag§KmV g_mZVoMo _VXmZ H$aVrc hr ì`dñWm àW_ drO dfm©gmR>r am{hc. {deof

_VXma g§KmVrc X{cVm§Zm gm_mÝ` _VXma g§KmV _VXmZ H$aÊ`mnmgyZ d§{MV Ho$co OmUma Zmhr. Va

X{cV dJm©cm XmoZ _Vo XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agoc. (1) ñdV§Ì _VXmag§KmVrc C_oXdmamgmR>r Am{U (2)

gd©gmYmaU _VXmag§KmVrc C_oXdmamgmR>r _VXmZ H$aVm oB©c. X{cV dJu` _VXmamg XmoZ _Vo XoÊ`mMm

A{YH$ma {Xë`mZo qhXÿ g_mOmVrc X{cVm§Mo gXñ`Ëd A~m{YV am{hc.

OmVr` _VXmag§K {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo hoVwnwañga Q>miyZ X{cV _VXmam§Mm qhXÿ qH$dm gd©gmYmaU

_VXmag§KmV g_mdoe Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m_wio CÀM OmVrÀ`m C_oXdmamcm X{cVm§Mr _Vo {_idmdr

cmJVrc. Aem àH$mao qhXÿ g_mOmMr EH$Vm amIÊ`mMm {dMma Ho$cm Amho. CÀMdUu` qhXÿZr

eVH$mZweVHo$ OmUyZ~wOyZ hoVwnyd©H$ X{cV dJm©cm nm`Xir VwS>{dco Amho. Ë`m X{cV dJm©cm ZD$n¡H$s

gmV àm§VmV {ZpíMV g§» oV {dYmZ _§S>imV Ë`m§ZrM {ZdS>coco à{V{ZYrËd {_imdo Ago ga g°å wAc

hmoAa `m§Zm nmR>{dcoë`m nÌmV _. Jm§YrZr åhQ>co hmoVo. Ë`mMm g§X © XoD$Z {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZ åhUVmV

H$s, X{cVm§ZrM X{cVm§À`m {df`r ~mocmdo `m pñWVrV Ë`m§Zm AmUÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì à{V{ZYrËd JaOoMo

Amho. ho H$moUË`mhr {ddoH$erc _mUgmcm ghO nQ>Ê`mgmaIo Amho. dV©_mZ n[apñWVrV AmajUmÀ`mÛmao

{ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr d _VXmZmMr H$moUVrhr nÜXVr ñdrH$macr Var {ZdSy>Z oUmam à{V{ZYr X{cVm§Mo

IaoIwao à{V{ZYrËd H$aoc d X{cVm§À`m àVr CÎmaXm`r am{hc Ago {~«{Q>e emgZmg dmQ>V Zmhr. H$maU

gd©M n[apñWVrV {ZdSy>Z Amcocm C_oXdma CÀM OmVr` qhXÿÀ`m _Vm{YŠ`m_wio {ZdSy>Z Amcocm Agoc

Ë`m_wio Añnoí`m§Zm IaoIwao à{V{ZYrËd Úmd`mMo Agoc Va ñdV§Ì _VXmag§KmMrM Amdí`H$ {~«{Q>e

n§VàYmZm§Zr à{VnmXZ Ho$cr hmoVr.

_wgc_mZm§À`m nojm doJir VaVyX X{cVm§À`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr, H$maU _wgc_mZ

~hþg§»` Agcoë`m àm§VmV Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmnojm OmñV OmJm àmßV Pmë`m hmoË`m.

Ë`m_wio _wgc_mZ gm_mÝ` {ZdS>UyH$ _VXmag§KmV _VXmZ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr Am{U C_oXdma åhUyZ C ohr

amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. nU nmÌ X{cV dJu` _VXma gm_mÝ` {ZdS>UyH$ _VXmag§KmV _VXmZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo

78<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Am{U C_oXdma åhUyZ C^mhr amhÿ eH$Vmo. `m VÎdmZwgma X{cV dJm©gmR>r ñdV§Ì {ZdS>UyH$ _VXmag§KmMr

g§»`m {ZpíMV Ho$cr, Or Ë`m§À`m cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV nwaogo à{V{ZYrËd Zmhr. Va {dYmZ_§S>imV

\$ŠV X{cVm§ZrM {ZdS>coco Ë`m§Mo à{V{ZYr ñWmZ J«hU H$aVrc `m gr{_V hoVyZo hr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho.

`mdoir X{cVm§Zm {Xcoco OmVr` {ZdmS>çmVrc à{V{ZYrËd Ë`m§À`m cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV \$ma H$_r

Amho Ago {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZmZr ñnîQ> Ho$co hmoVo.

A§{V_V: {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZ åhUVmV H$s, gd© ^maVr` g_wXm` EH${ÌV odyZ Aëng§»`m§m§À`m

qH$dm OmVr`VoÀ`m àíZmda gd©_mÝ` g_PmoVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV An`er Pmcm. Ë`m_wio {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo

Aëng§»`m§H$m§À`m àíZmda {ZU© {Xcm Amho. {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo à{gÜX Ho$cocm OmVr` {ZdmS>m Á`m

AQ>tda AmYm[aV Amho. Ë`m AQ>tà_mUo OmVr` {ZdmS>çmV H$moUVmhr ~Xc hmoÊ`mMr Anojm Zmhr.

`mÑîQ>rZo {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Amnë`m {ZU© mda R>m_ Amho. nU Or {ZdS>UyH$ ì`dñWm emgZmZo nañna

{damoYr _mJÊ`m§À`m JwUdÎmoda gmamgma {dMma H$ê$Z V`ma Ho$cr hmoVr. Ë`mVrc g§~§{YV g_wXm` nañna

gh_VrZo {ZdS>UyH$ ì`dñWog§~§Yr AÝ` H$moUVm n`m© gwM{dV AgVrc Va Vgo \o$a~Xc OmVr`

{ZdmS>çmV Ho$co OmD$ eH$Vrc.

Aem àH$mao _. Jm§YrOtÀ`m nÌmcm {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr g{dñVa d dñVwpñWVrMo {dícofU

H$aUmao CÎma {Xco d eodQ>r Am_aU CnmofUmÀ`m KoVcoë`m {ZU© mda _. Jm§YrZr Jm§ r`m©Zo {dMma

H$amdm Ago åhQ>co. n§VàYmZm§Zr _. Jm§YrOtMo åhUUo _mÝ` H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xcm. Ë`m_wio cJoMM 9

gßQ>|~a, 1932 amoOr _. Jm§YrOtZr n§VàYmZm§Zm Xþgao nÌ nmR>dco. Ë`m_Ü o _. Jm§YrOr åhUVmV, _r

Am_aU CnmofUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Añn¥í`m§À`m/X{cVm§À`m {hVmMm ~ir XoÊ`mMm {dMma H$aVmo Agm

Amamon Vwåhr _mÂ`mda Ho$cm Amho Vmo `mo½` Zmhr. X{cVm§Zm {_imcocm Xþhoar _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma

X{cVm§Zm qH$dm qhXÿ g_mOmcm {d^mOZmnmgyZ dmMdy eH$V Zmhr. nXX{cVm§À`m {d^ŠV qH$dm ñdV§Ì

_VXmag§KmÀ`m ñWmnZo_mJo OmUrdnyd©H$ qhXÿ Y_© ZîQ> ìhmdm Ago {df noaÊ`mMm hm à`ËZ Amho Ago

_cm dmQ>Vo. `m_wio X{cVm§Mo H$mhrhr ^co hmoUma Zmhr Ago ñnîQ>rH$aU H$ê$Z, {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo

X{cVm§Zm {H$Vrhr ghmZw yVr XmIdcr Var Ë`m§À`m Ym{_©H$ àíZm~m~V `mo½` {ZU© Vo KoD$ eH$Uma

ZmhrV Ago à{VnmXZ _. Jm§YrOtZr Ho$co.

❏ nwUo H$ama :-

_. Jm§YrOtZr Ho$coë`m nyd©{ZpíM`mZwgma 20 gßQ>|~a, 1932 amoOr Añn¥í`m§Zm {_imcoë`m

ñdV§Ì _VXmag§KmÀ`m {damoYmV Ë`m§Zr Amnco Am_aU CnmofU gwê$ Ho$co. Jmoc_oO n[afXoV Á`m àíZmcm

Ë`m§Zr AË §V H$_r _hÎdmMo _mZco hmoVo, Ë`m OmVr` {ZdmS>çmÀ`m àíZmda _. Jm§YrOtZr Amnco àmU

nUmcm cmdmdo ho g_OUo _mÂ`m ~wÜXrncrH$S>o Amho Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Amnë`m {ZdoXZmV ñnîQ>

79<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Ho$co. nwT>o S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV, ñdV:À`m àmUmMr AmhþVr XoÊ`mgmR>r _. Jm§YrOtZr OmVr`

{ZdmS>çmVrc X{cV dJm©cm {_imcoco {deof à{V{ZYrËd hmM EH$_od {df` doJim H$mTy>Z {ZdS>mdm

`mMo _cm AmíM © dmQ>Vo. ñdV§Ì _VXmag§K \$ŠV X{cV dJm©cmM ~hmc H$aÊ`mV Amco ZìhVo Va

hr VaVyX ^maVr` {¼íMZ, A±½cmoB§{S>`Z, _wgc_mZ, erI `m gd© g_wXm`mH$[aVm ñdrH$maÊ`mV Amcr

hmoVr. nU Jm§YrOtZr _wgc_mZ d erI gmoSy>Z ~mH$s gd© dJm©À`m {deof à{V{ZYrËdmcm {damoY Ho$cm.

Ë`mV hr Z§Va BVa g_wXm`m§Zm ~hmc H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m ñdV§Ì _VXmag§KmÀ`m A{YH$mamcm Ë`m§Zr

Amncr g§_Îmr {Xcr. nU X{cV dJm©cm _mÌ Ë`m§Zr AndmX _mZco. X{cVm§À`m `m ñdV§Ì

_VXmag§KmÀ`m A{YH$mamcm _. Jm§YrOtMm {damoY H$m`_ am{hcm.

`m {damoYmgmR>rM _. Jm§YrOtZr Am_aU CnmofU gwê$ Ho$co. `m Am_aU CnmofUmVyZ _.

Jm§YrOtZm Ord§V R>odÊ`mMm EH$_od _mJ© åhUOo OmVr` {ZdmS>çmV ~Xc H$aUo hmM hmoVm. {~«{Q>e

n§VàYmZm§Zr ñnîQ> Ho$ë`mà_mUo, {~«{Q>e g§gX ñdV:hÿZ hm OmVr` {ZdmS>m ~XcUma Zmhr qH$dm _mJohr

KoUma Zmhr. nU gdU© qhXÿ Am{U Añn¥í` `m XmoKm§Zmhr _mÝ` AgUmam g_PmoVm nwT>o Amë`mg, `m

OmVr` {ZdmS>çmcm n`m© åhUyZ Vmo g_PmoVm ñdrH$maÊ`mg {~«{Q>e emgZ V`ma hmoVo. Jmoc_oO n[afXoV

Añn¥í`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aÊ`mMm _mZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm {_imcocm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ago J¥hrV YaÊ`mV

Amco H$s, Omon ªV Aem g_PmoË`mcm EH$ nj åhUyZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr _mÝ`Vm {_iUma Zmhr, Vmon ªV

Ë`m n`m© mcm Añn¥í`m§Mr _mÝ`Vm Amho Ago _mZco OmUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wio AmíM`m©Mr ~m~ åhUOo S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$a ho Añn¥í`m§Mo ZoVo AmhoV `m dmñVdmcm H$m±J«ogOZm§Zr AmìhmZ Va {Xco Zmhr nU ho dmñVd

_mÌ ñdrH$maco. Ë`m_wio g_PmoË`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo gdmªÀ`m ZOam S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`mH$S>o dië`m. S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV, _cm XmoZ doJdoJiçm {dH$ënmn¡H$s EH$mMr {ZdS> H$am`Mr hmoVr. EH$m ~mOyg

_mÂ`mnwT>o H$V©ì` hmoVo Vo åhUOo _mZdVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Jm§YrOtÀ`m àmUm§Mo ajU H$aUo, Va Xþgè`m ~mOyg

_hËà`mgmZo àmßV Pmcoë`m Añn¥í`m§À`m amOH$s` hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmMr O~m~Xmar hmoVr. _r _mZdVoÀ`m

AmdmhZmcm à{VgmX {Xcm Am{U _. Jm§YrOtMo g_mYmZ hmoB©c AemàH$mao OmVr` {ZdmS>çmV ~Xcmcm

g§_Vr XoD$Z Jm§YrOtMo àmU dmMdco.

`m OmVr` {ZdmS>çm_Ü o Á`m H$amamZo ~Xc H$aÊ`mV Amco Vmo H$ama nwUo H$ama åhUyZ AmoiIcm

OmVmo. gdU© qhXÿ Am{U Añn¥í`m§_Ü o Pmcoë`m nyUo H$amamÀ`m VaVwXr nwT>rcà_mUo :-

1) àm§Vr` {dYmZ_§S>imV X{cV dJm©gmR>r gd©gmYmaU _VXma§g§KmVrc OmJm§n¡H$s Imcrcà_mUo

amIrd OmJm§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV `mdr. _Ðmg-30, _w§~B© Am{U qgY {_iyZ-15, n§Om~-

8, {~hma Am{U Amo[agm-18, _Ü`àm§V-20, Amgm_-7, ~§Jmc-30, g§ wŠV àm§V-20,

EHy$U 148 hr OmJm§Mr g§»`m n§VàYmZm§À`m {ZdmS>çmV àm§Vr` {dYmZ_§S>imVrc Kmo{fV

Ho$coë`m EHy$U OmJm§À`m g§» oda AmYm[aV Amho.

80<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

2) `m OmJm§H$[aVm g§ wŠV _VXmag§KmÀ`m AmYmamda {ZdS>UyH$m hmoVrc. X{cV dJm©Vrc

_VXma Á`m _VXma g§KmV g_m{dîR> AgVrc VoWo àË`oH$ amIrd OmJoH$[aVm X{cV _VXma

EH$ _V XoD$Z Mma C_oXdmam§À`m g_yhmMr {ZdS> H$aVrc. `mcm àmW{_H$ {ZdS>UyH$ Ago

g§~moYco OmB©c. Á`m Mma C_oXamdm§Zm X{cVm§Mr A{YH$ _Vo {_iVrc Vo C_oXdma gm_mÝ`

_VXmamX²dmao {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r C_oXdma åhUyZ nmÌ R>aVrc.

3) n[aÀN>oX-2 _Ü o àm§Vr` {dYmZ_§S>imV X{cVm§À`m à{V{ZYrËdmgmR>r Or àmW{_H$ {Zdm©MZmMr

nÜXVr ñdrH$macr Amho. VrM H|$Ðr` {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m à{V{ZYrËdmgmR>r ñdrH$macr OmB©c.

4) H|$Ðr` {dYmZ_§S>imV {~«{Q>e qhXþñWmZgmR>r EHy$U OodT>çm OmJm AmhoV, Ë`mn¡H$s 18%

OmJm X{cVm§À`mgmR>r amIrd R>odë`m OmVrc.

5) H|$Ðr` Am{U àm§Vr` {dYmZ_§S>imV C_oXdmam§À`m g_yhmÀ`m àmW{_H$ {ZdS>UyH$sMr

ì`dñWm Imcrc n[aÀN>oX-6 Zwgma nañna gh_VmZo hr ì`dñWm AJmoXa g_mßV H$aÊ`mV

Amcr Zmhr Va àW_ Xhm dfm©Z§Va Vr g_mßV Ho$cr OmB©c.

6) àm§Vr` Am{U H|$Ðr` {dYmZ_§S>imV X{cVm§Zm amIrd OmJmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ à{V{ZYrËdmMr

n[aÀN>oX 1 d 4 Zwgma {ZpíMV nÜXVr hr H$amamer g§~§{YV àíZm§À`m gh_VrZo Omon ªV

g_mßV Ho$cr OmUma Zmhr Vmon ªV gwê$M am{hc.

7) X{cVm§Zm H|$Ðr` Am{U àm§Vr` {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma hm

cmo{e`Z H${_Q>rÀ`m VaVyXrZwgma {ZpíMV Ho$cm OmB©c.

8) X{cV dJm©À`m à{V{ZYtZm ñWm{ZH$ {ZdS>UyH$m Am{U gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§_Ü o Añn¥í`

Agë`mZo A`mo½` R>adco OmD$ Z o. X{cVm§Zm `mo½` à{V{ZYrËd {_imdo åhUyZ Amdí`H$

Vo gd© àH$maMo à`ËZ Ho$co OmVrc Am{U gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§gmR>r R>adyZ {Xcocr e¡jUH$

nmÌVm Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Agë`mg Ë`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Ho$cr OmB©c.

9) àË oH$ àm§Vmcm Oo e¡j{UH$ AZwXmZ {Xco OmVo Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ {ZpíMV d `mo½` aŠH$_

X{cVm§À`m e¡j{UH$ CÝZVrgmR>r amIyZ R>odcr OmB©c.

darcà_mUo nwUo H$amam_Yrc VaVwXr _. Jm§Yr Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr ñdrH$maë`m. 24

gßQ>|~a, 1932 cm nwUo H$amamda gøm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. nwT>o nwUo H$ama JìhZ©_|Q> Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>Mm

^mJ åhUyZ OmVr` {ZdmS>çmEdoOr g_m{dîR> H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZmcm gmXa H$aÊ`mV Amcm. nwUo H$amamda

doJdoJiçm à{V{H«$`m ì`ŠV Pmë`m.

81<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

OmVr` {ZdmS>çmV n§VàYmZm§Zr Añn¥í`m§Zm 78 OmJm {Xë`m hmoË`m Ë`mEodOr nwUo H$amamZo `m

Añn¥í`m§À`m OmJoV dmT> H$ê$Z 148 OmJm {_imë`m. `mdê$Z Añn¥í`m§Zm OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZo Oo {Xco

hmVoo Ë`mnojm nwUo H$amamZo A{YH$ {Xco Ago H$mhr _§S>ir åhUy cmJcr. nU dmñVdVoMm {dMma H$aVm

nwUo H$amamZo AZwgy{MV OmVtZm Ë`m§À`m Iè`m à{V{ZYrËdmnmgyZ Xÿa Zoco. H$maU àmW{_H$ {ZdS>UyH$sV

Á`m C_oXdmam§Zm Añn¥í`m§Zr ZmH$maco VoM C_oXdma gdU© qhXÿÀ`m _VmÀ`m AmYmao A§{V_ {ZdS>UyH$sV

{dO`r Pmco. `m J\$cV H$aUmè`m {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr_wio S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a XmoZXm {ZdS>UyH$sV nam yV

Pmco. nwUo H$amamVrc VaVyXtMr A§_c~OmdUr d 1937 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sVrc H$m±J«ogMr

y{_H$m `m_wio S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr nwUo H$ama d g§ wŠV _VXmag§KmMm {YŠH$ma Ho$cm. H$maU nwUo H$ama

X{cVm§À`m amOH$s` hŠH$m§À`m g§Kfm©Mm _¥Ë ycoI R>acm.



1. OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZo X{cV dJu` _VXmamcm {H$Vr _Vo XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm?

2. Añn¥í`m§Zm ñdV§Ì _VXmag§KmMr g§H$ënZm {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr H$m à{VnmXZ Ho$cr?

3. OmVr` {ZdmS>çm_Ü o H$moUË`m H$amamZo ~Xc H$aÊ`mV Amcm?

4. OmVr` {ZdmS>çmV Añn¥í`m§gmR>r {H$Vr OmJm {Xë`m hmoË`m?

5. nwUo H$amamZo Añn¥í`m§gmR>r {H$Vr OmJm amIrd R>odë`m?

2.2.4 nwUo H$amamMm AmajUmÀ`m amOH$maUmdarc n[aUm_

nwUo H$amamZo Ama{jV OmJm§_Ü o dmT> Ho$cr. OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZo Añn¥í`m§Zm \$ŠV 78 amIrd

OmJm {_imë`m hmoË`m. Ë`m nwUo H$amamZo 148 amIrd OmJm Pmë`m. nU OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZo Añn¥í`m§Zm

AË §V _hÎdmMo XmoZ cm^ {Xco hmoVo Vo nwUo H$amamZo ZîQ> Pmco. OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZo Añn¥í`m§Zm (1)

{d^ŠV qH$dm ñdV§Ì _VXmag§KmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Añn¥í`m§À`m OmJm§Mm {ZpíMV H$moQ>m {ZdS>cm OmUma

hmoVm Á`mMr nyV©Vm Añn¥í`m§X²dmaoM Ho$cr OmUma hmoVr. 2) Añn¥í`m§Zm XmoZ _Vm§Mm A{YH$ma {_imcm

hmoVm. EH$_V {d^ŠV _VXmag§KmgmR>r Am{U Xþgao _V gd©gmYmaU _VXmag§KmgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUVm

oUma hmoVo. `m VaVwXr_wio Añn¥í`m§Zm Amnco IaoIwao à{V{ZYr {dYmZ_§S>imV nmR>{dVm oUma hmoVo,

H$maU Ë`m§Mo {d^ŠV _VXmag§K V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mVyZ Añn¥í` C_oXdma C o amhVrc d Ë`m§Zm Añn¥í`

_VXmaM \$ŠV _VXmZ H$aVrc. Ë`m_wio `m {d^ŠV _VXmag§KmVyZ {ZdSy>Z Jococo à{V{ZYr Añn¥í`m§À`m

ì`Wm-doXZm g^mJ¥hmV ì`ŠV H$aVrc, Añn¥í`m§da hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mÀ`m {damoYmV XmV _mJVrc d

82<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Ë`m AÝ`m`mMo n[a_mO©Z H$aVrc Aer Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z ì`mnH$ Anojm hmoVr. {d^ŠV _VXmag§KmVyZ

{ZdSy>Z Jococm à{V{ZYr hm \$ŠV Añn¥í`m§À`m _VXmam§H$Sy>Z {ZdS>cm OmUma Agë`mZo, Ë`m§À`màVr

Vmo àm_m{UH$ d {ZîR>oZo H$m © H$arc. Ë`m§Mo IaoIwao à{Vq~~ g^mJ¥hmV C_Q>doc Aer Anojm hmoVr.

BVH$s _hÎdmMr g§Yr OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZo Añn¥í`m§Zm {_iUma hmoVr.

VgoM gd©gmYmaU _VXmag§KmV Añn¥í`m§À`m _Vm§Mo à_mU EHy$U _Vm§À`m g§» oÀ`m Xhmdm ^mJ

hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gd©gmYmaU _VXmag§KmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sVhr Amnë`m _Vm§À`m A{YH$mam_wio Añn¥í`

Amncr pñWVr Mm§Jcr ~Zdy eH$V hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gd©gmYmaU _VXmag§KmV gdU© qhXÿ Añn¥í`m§Mr

Cnojm H$aÊ`mg YOco ZgVo qH$dm Añn¥í`m§À`m _Vm§da Adc§~yZ amhmdo cmJUma Agë`mZo Añn¥í`m§~amo~a

gyS> ~wÜXrZo dmJco ZgVo. n[aUm_r Añn¥í`m§Zm amOH$s` AdH$me `mo½`[aË`m CncãY Pmcm AgVm.

nwUo H$amamZo øm gd© ~m~r H$mTy>Z KoVë`m d \$ŠV A{YH$ amIrd OmJm {Xë`m EdT>oM Pmco. AmVm

{ZdSy>Z oUmam àË oH$ C_oXdma Añn¥í`m§àVr AmH«$_H$ Pmcm Zmhr Var CXmgrZ _mÌ {ZpíMV ~Zoc.

Á`m_Ü o Añn¥í`m§Mo ZwH$gmZM Amho. OmVr` {ZdmS>çmVrc XmoZ _Vm§Mm A{YH$ma am{hcm AgVm, Va

Añn¥í`m§Zm OmJm H$_r {_imë`m AgË`m nU {ZdSy>Z oUmam àË oH$ C_oXdma hm Añn¥í`m§àVr {ZîR>mdmZ

d AmñWmdmZ am{hcm AgVm. {d^ŠV _VXmag§K Am{U XmoZ _Vm§Mm A{YH$ma J_mdë`mZo Pmcocr hmZr

H$emZrhr ^ê$Z {ZKUmar Zmhr. AemàH$mao nwUo H$amamZo Ama{jV OmJmÀ`m§_YyZ Añn¥í`m§Mo `mo½` d

IaoIwao à{V{ZYrËd {ZdSy>Z oÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ ocm ZoñVZm~yV Ho$co.

nwUo H$amamàVr qhXÿZrhr CËgd gmOam Ho$cm Zmhr. H$maU Vmo Ë`m§Zm nyUm©d§emZo AmdS>cm Zmhr

AgoM åhUmdo cmJoc. _. Jm§YrOtMo àmU dmM{dÊ`mÀ`m A{V^mdZmd§eVoV nwUo H$amam_Ü o {Xcocr

qH$_V \$maM OmñV Amho Agm H$m±J«og_Ü o A§V:àdmh hmoVm. nU H$m±J«og_Yrc H$moUmMohr nwUo H$amamVrc

AQ>r ZmH$maÊ`mMo YmS>g ZìhVo. Aem àH$mao qhXÿ§Zm hm H$ama ng§VZìhVm Am{U Añn¥í`m§À`m hŠH$m§À`m

{damoYr hmoVm. Var nwUo H$amamcm XmoÝhr ~mOyZr ZmBcmOmZo _mÝ`Vm {Xcr Am{U hm H$ama JìhZ©a Am°\$

B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>_Ü`o gm_rc Ho$cm Jocm.

nwUoH$ama KmB©JS>~S>rZo V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amë`m_wio Ë`mV AZoH$ ~m~r ñnîQ> H$aUo amhÿZ Joco hmoVo.

H$amamda ñdmjè`m Pmë`mZV§a _VXmag§KmMo {ZpíMVrH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r h°_ÊS> H${_Q>r Zo_Ê`mV

Amcr.àË oH$ _VXmag§KmV OmJm§Mr g§»`m {ZpíMV H$aUo Am{U ZdrZ amÁ`KQ>Z|VJ©V {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m

{ZdSUyH$sgmR>r _VXmZ nÜXVr {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar `m H${_Q>rMr hmoVr. gmh{OH$M `m

H${_Q>rcm Amnë`m H$m`m©_Ü o nwUo H$amamMr XIc ¿`mdr cmJcr. Am{U Añn¥í`m§À`m JaOm nyU©

H$aÊ`mgmR>r `moOZm V`ma H$amdr cmJcr. Ë`mgmR>r nwUo H$amam_Ü o amhÿZ Jocoë`m _hÎdnyU© ~m~tda

h°_ÊS> H${_Q>rcm {ZU© ¿`mdm cmJcm. Ë`mVrc n{hcr ~m~ åhUOo (1) àmW{_H$ {ZdS>UyH$sV Omo

Mma gXñ`m§Mm g_yh {ZdS>md`mMm Amho Ë`m_Ü o OmñVrV OmñV Mm¡Km§Mo {H$ H$_rV H$_r Mm¡Km§Mo Am{U

83<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

(2) A§{V_ {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r _VXmZmMr nÜXVr H$moUVr Agmdr. `m ~m~r {ZpíMV H$aVmZmXmoÝhr ~mOy§Zr

Xmdo-à{VXmdo Pmco.

àmW{_H$ {ZdS>UyH$sV Mma gXñ`m§Mo n°Zoc `m§Mm AW© qhXÿÀ`m ~mOyZo H$_rV-H$_r Mma gXñ`m§Mo

Agmdo Agm H$mT>cm Am{U g§Vmof ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mV Amcm. H$maU Añn¥í`m§_YyZ Oa Mma C_oXdma nwT>o

oV ZgVrc Va {ZdS>UyH$M hmoD$ eH$Uma Zmhr. _J Añn¥í`m§À`m Ama{jV OmJm [aH$må`m amhVrc

Am{U Añn¥í`m§Zm à{V{ZYrËd {_iUma Zmhr qH$dm Ë`m§Zm à{V{ZYrËdm{edm` amhmdo cmJoc. Añn¥í`m§À`m

~mOyZo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm `mMr ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~mocm{dÊ`mV Amco. `m dmXJ«ñV _wÚmda S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$a åhUmco, Mma åhUOo Mmanojm A{YH$ Zmhr Agm Ë`mMm AW© Amho. Ë`m_wio Mmanojm H$_r

qH$dm EH$ Oar C_oXdma {ZdS>UyH$ [a¨JUmV CVacm, Var {ZdS>UyH$ hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U Pmcr

Am{U Añn¥í`m§Zm Amnco àmW{_H$ {ZdS>UyH$sV à{V{ZYr {ZdS>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma {_imcm. n[aUm_r

Añn¥í`m§Mo à{V{ZYr {dYmZ_§S>imV OmÊ`mMr Amem nëcdrV Pmcr.

Xþgam {gÜXm§V åhUOo _VXmZmMr nÜXVr H$moUVr Agmdr? `m {df`r g§Kf© hmoVm. `m àíZmda

gdU© qhXÿMr y{_H$m Aer hmoVr H$s, _VmMo A{Zdm © {dVaU hr nÜXVr A{YH$ `mo½` Amho. Va

Añn¥í`m§À`mdVrZo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr EH${ÌV _VXmZ nÜXVr A{YH$ `mo½` AgyZ VrM ñdrH$macr Omdr

Ago _V _m§S>co. h°_ÊS> H${_Q>rZo S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mr y{_H$m ñdrH$macr.

gdU© qhXÿZr àmW{_H$ {ZdS>UyH$sV C_oXdmam§À`m g_yhmMr Ý yZV_ g§»`m Mma Agmdr hr _mJUr

H$aÊ`mÀ`m nmR>r_mJo Ë`m§Mm hoVy H$m` hmoVm. `mMo {dícofU H$aVmZm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a åhUVmV, àmW{_H$

{ZdS>UyH$sV EH$M C_oXdma C^m am{hcm Va Vmo Añn¥í`m§àVr àm_m{UH$ Agoc. nU nojm OmñV C_oXdma

C o am{hë`mg gdU© qhXÿZm hdm AgUmam d Añn¥í`m§àVr H$_r {ZîR>mdmZ AgUmam C_oXdma {ZdS>Uo

gmo rMo ìhmdo `mgmR>rM Ë`m§Zr h°_ÊS> H${_Q>rg_moa C_oXdma g_yhmV C_oXdmam§Mr g§»`m {H$_mZ Mma

Agmdr Agm Ë`mMm AW© H$mT>cm d VgmM AmJ«h h°_ÊS> H${_Q>rg_moa Yacm. åhUOo `m à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m

nÜXVr_Ü oM Amnë`mcm gmo rMr AgUmar y{_H$m gdU© qhXÿ KoVmZm {XgV hmoVo.

_VXmZ nÜXVrÀ`m~m~V _V {d^mOUZmMr nÜXVr ñdrH$mê$Z Añn¥í`m§À`m C_oXamdmamÀ`m

{ZdS>UyH$sV qhXy _Vm{YŠ`m_wio Vmo C_oXdma {ZdSy>Z oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm A{YH$ hmoVr. åhUyZ qhXÿZr

EH${ÌV _VXmZ nÜXVrÀ`m VwcZoV {d^mOZmÀ`m _VXmZ nÜXVrcm àmYmÝ` {Xco hmoVo. Á`m_wio gdU©

qhXÿX²dmam nwañH¥$V Añn¥í` C_oXdmamMr {ZdS> ZŠH$s d {ZpíMV ìhmdr Agm wŠVrdmX hmoVm.

gdU© qhXÿÀ`mX²dmao Ho$coë`m S>md-à{VS>mdm_wio nwUo H$ama hm Añn¥í`m§À`m amOH$s` AmajUmda

Ho$cocm àW_ AmKmV hmo Ago åhUÊ`m{edm` Xþgam n`m© {eëcH$ Zmhr Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo åhUUo

hmoVo. qhXÿZmhr nwUo H$ama AmdS>cm ZìhVm Ë`m_wio Ooìhm g§Yr {_ioc Voìhm Añn¥í`m§da Vo AmKVm H$aV

84<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

hmoVo. h°_ÊS> H${_Q>rg_moa Ë`m§Zr Oo XmoZ ÑîQ>rH$moZ R>odco Vo Ë`m§À`m Añn¥í`m§{déÜXÀ`m H$Q>H$mañWmZmMo

CËH¥$îQ> nwamdo hmoVo Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V hmoVo. `m H$Q>H$mañWmZmMm CÔoe Agm hmoVm H$s, nwUo H$ama

aÔ H$aVm oUo eŠ` Zmhr. Va nwUo H$amamZo Añn¥í`m§Zm {Xcoco cm^ Ë`m§Zm {_iUma ZmhrV Aer

ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$am.

Añn¥í`m§À`m à{V{ZYrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV Ë`m§Zm Ama{jV Agcoë`m _VXmag§KmV H$m±J«og hñVjon

H$aUma Zmhr, Agm H$mhr Añn¥í` ZoË`m§Mm «_ hmoVm. CXm. E_.gr.amOm. Ë`m_wio Vr _§S>ir nwUo

H$amamÀ`mdoir H$m±J«ogÀ`m ~mOyZo C^r am{hcr hmoVr. nU 1937 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sVM `m «_mMm

^monim \w$Q>cm. Añn¥í`m§gmR>r amIrd OmJm§À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV H$m±J«ogZo hñVjon Ho$cm. Amnco Añn¥í`

C_oXdma C o Ho$co. `m_mJo H$m±J«ogMm n{hcm CÔoe åhUOo Añn¥í`m§À`m amIrd OmJm§da H$m±J«ogcm H$ãOm

nm{hOo hmoVm. H$maU gaH$ma ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r ~hþ_V hdo hmoVo d Xþgam CÔoe åhUOo H$m±J«ogZo {Xcoco

Añn¥í` C_oXdma {ZdSy>Z Amë`mg, H$m±J«ogM Añn¥í`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo Am{U Añn¥í`m§Mm

H$m±J«ogdaM {dídmg Amho hm _. Jm§YrOtMm Xmdm Iam R>adm`Mm. åhUyZ H$m±J«ogZo gd© VmH$Xr{Zer

Añn¥í` à{V{ZYrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV gh^mJ KoVcm. Añn¥í`m§À`m amIrd OmJm§da Oo Añn¥í` H$m±J«ogÀ`m

H$m ©H«$_mer EH${ZîR> hmoVo, Aem§Zm H$m±J«ogÀ`m {VH$sQ>mda C_oXdmar {Xcr. `m gd© KS>m_moS>rV

Añn¥í`m§Mo IaoIwao à{V{ZYrËd {dYmZ_§S>im_Ü o OmÊ`mnmgyZ amoIÊ`mV H$m±J«og `eñdr Pmcr.

1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma {~hma d Amo[agmVrc OmJm§À`m nwZ{d©VaUmgh Añn¥í`m§Zm 151 OmJm

Ama{jV {_imë`m hmoË`m. Ë`mn¡H$s H$m±J«ogZo 78 OmJm qOH$ë`m d \$ŠV 73 OmJm Añn¥í`m§À`m Iè`m

Am{U ñdV§Ì à{V{ZYtÀ`m dmQ>çmcm Amë`m. Ë`m_wio OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZo Or n[apñWVr Añn¥í`m§À`m

dmQ>çmcm Amcr AgVr, Ë`mnojm dmB©Q> n[apñWVr nwUo H$amamZo Añn¥íMm§À`m dmQ>çmcm AmUcr.

n[aUm_H$maH$ àm{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m g§X^m©V OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZo OodT>o à{V{ZYrËd ~hmc Ho$co hmoVo,

Ë`mhrnojm H$_r OmJm nwUo H$amamZo Añn¥í`m§À`m dmQ>çmcm Amë`m hmoË`m. `mCcQ> H$m±J«ogcm _moR>m

\$m`Xm Pmcm. H$maU nwUo H$amamZo Añn¥í`m§Zm 151 OmJm {Xë`m Agë`m Var Ë`mVrc 78 OmJm

H$m±J«ogZo naV {_i{dë`m d amOH$s` ì`mnmamV ^a ya Z\$m H$_{dcm hmoVm.

1937 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sZ§Va H$m±J«ogZo Añn¥í`m§da Xþgam _moR>m AmKmV Ho$cm. Vmo åhUOo

H$m±J«ogZo Añn¥í`m§Zm _§{Ì_§S>imV H$moUVohr ñWmZ {Xco Zmhr. nwUo H$amamZwgma H$m±J«og _§{Ì_§S>imV

Añn¥í`m§Zm à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mg dMZ~ÜX hmoVr. nU Añn¥í`m§Zm _§{Ì_§S>imV à{V{ZYrËd ZmH$maÊ`mgmR>r

nwT>o Ho$coë`m H$maUm§n¡H$s EH$ åhUOo _§{Ì_§S>i ho njmMo AgVo d _§{Ì_§S>imZo gm_y{hH$ O~m~XmarMo

VÎd ñdrH$mamdo Ago dmQ>V Agë`mg Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zr qH$dm Añn¥í`m§Zr H$m±J«og_Ü o `mdo. Vo

H$m±J«og_Ü o Amco Va Ë`m§Zm _§Ìr_§S>imV à{V{ZYrËd Xody. nU àË`jmV H$m±J«ogÀ`m {V{H$Q>mda

Añn¥í`m§Mo 78 à{V{ZYr {dYmZ_§S>imV {ZdSy>Z Amco hmoVo. Á`m§Mr H$m±J«ogÀ`m Ü o YmoaUmda {ZîR>m

85<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

hmoVr. Varhr Ë`m§Mm _§Ìr_§S>imV g_mdoe Ho$cm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio `m gdm©Mm EH$M AW© hmoVm H$s,

_§{Ì_§S>imV Añn¥í`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd ZmH$maÊ`mMoM H$m±J«ogMo YmoaU hmoVo d `m YmoaUmcm _. Jm§YrOtMm

Amerdm©X hmoVm Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo åhUUo hmoVoo. Ë`mMm nwamdm _Ü`àm§VmVrc H$m±J«ogÀ`m _§{Ì_§S>imMo

àYmZ_§Ìr S>m°. Iao hmoVo. _§{Ì_§S>imVrc A§VJ©V H$chm_wio Ë`m§Zr _§{Ì_§S>imMm amOrZm_m {Xcm d

H$mhr ~Xc H$ê$Z ZdrZ _§{Ì_§S>i ~Z{dco. Ë`m ZdrZ _§{Ì_§S>imV Añn¥í` Agcoco {dYmZ_§S>imMo

g^mgX Ap½Z^moO `m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$cm. åhUyZ 26 Owc¡, 1938 À`m H$m±J«og H$m ©H$m[aUrÀ`m dYm©

~¡R>H$sV S>m°. Iao `m§Mm {ZfoY H$aUmam R>amd g§_V H$aÊ`mV Amcm. S>m°. Iao `m§À`mda Ë`mgmR>r

{eñV §JmMr H$madmB© H$amdr Ago åhQ>co. åhUOoM S>m°. IaoZr Añn¥í`mcm _§{Ì_§S>imV KoÊ`mMr Or

H¥$Vr Ho$cr hmoVr, Vr H¥$Vr åhUOo {eñV §J Amho Ago _. Jm§YrOtMo _V hmoVo Ago S>m°. IaoZr Om{hanUo

ñnîQ> Ho$co hmoVo.

Añn¥í`m§Zm \$ŠV {dYmZ_§S>imV à{V{ZYrËdmMm A{YH$ma Agmdm Ago Zmhr, Va Ë`m§Zm

_§{Ì_§S>imVhr à{V{ZYrËd {_iÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Agmdm Aer S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a Jmoc_oO n[afXoV _mJUr

H$arV hmoVo. H$maU Añn¥í`m§Mr dmB©Q> pñWVr H$m`Xo dmB©Q> AmhoV åhUyZ Zmhr Va Vr àemgZmÀ`m

AmH«$_H$ ÑîQ>rH$moZm_wio dmB©Q> Amho. Ë`mgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ godm Añn¥í`m§àVr H$_r dmB©Q> d A{YH$

CÎmaXm`r ~Z{dÊ`mMm EH$_od _mJ© åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ godm§À`m CÀM nmVirda àemgZmV Añn¥í`m§Zmhr

ñWmZ Agmdo. `mgmR>r 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmV Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr H$s, JìhZ©aZo Amnë`m

_§Ìr_§S>imMr {Z wŠVr H$aVmZm ~hþ_VmMm {dídmg g§nmXZ Ho$coë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m gëë`mZwgma Aem

ì`ŠVtZm _§Ìr åhUyZ {ZdS>mdo H$s Oo gm_y{hH$[aË`m {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m {dídmgmg nmÌ R>aVrc Ago

H$aVmZm eŠ`Vmo _hÎdmÀ`m Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`m§Zm Ë`mV à{V{ZYrËd {_ioc ho nmhÊ`mMo CÎmaXm{`Ëd

JìhZ©a _hmoX`mMo Agoc, Ago àmdYmZ g_m{dîR> Ho$co hmoVo.

H$m`ÚmZo JìhZ©acm {Xcoco ho A{YH$ma H$m±J«ogcm ZH$mo hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr 1935 À`m

H$m`ÚmVrc amÁ`KQ>Zm ZmH$maÊ`mMr Y_H$s {Xcr. `m g§Kfm©V {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Am{U H$m±J«og hm`H$_m§S>

`m§À`mV dmQ>mKmQ>r Pmë`m. `m dmQ>mKmQ>rV JìhZ©acm XoÊ`mV Amcoë`m A{YH$mamMm dmna Vo àm§Vr`

emgZmÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ H$ma^mamV hñVjonmgmR>r H$aUma ZmhrV Agm coIr àcoI {~«{Q>e emgZmH$Sy>Z

H$m±J«ogZo KoVcm d `m àcoImMr ì`mßVr JìhZ©aÀ`m _§Ìr_§S>imV Aëng§»`m§H$ à{V{ZYr g_m{dîR> Ho$cm

OmVmo H$s Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mMm A{YH$ma JìhZ©aZr dmnê$ Z o BVH$s dmT>dcr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ

Añn¥í` d AÝ` Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm _§Ìr_§S>imVrc à{V{ZYrËdmnmgyZ H$m±J«ogZo ~mOycm R>odco.

VgoM H$m±J«ogZo H$m±J«og_Ü o AgUmè`m Añn¥í`m§da H$R>moa njr` {eñVrMo ~§YZ KmVco. ho

Añn¥í` gXñ` H$m±J«og njmÀ`m H$m ©H$m[aUrÀ`m {Z §ÌUmV hmoVo. H$m ©H$m[aUrcm Z AmdS>Umao àíZ

gwÜXm Vo {dMmê$ eH$V ZìhVo. BVHo$M H$m` Amnë`m _Ouà_mUo Vo _Vhr XoD$ eH$V ZìhVo. Ë`m§Zm

86<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

`mo½` dmQ>oc Vo ~mocVmhr oV ZìhVo. BVH$s Añn¥í` H$m±J«og à{V{ZYtMr AdñWm H$m±J«ogZo {~H$Q> Ho$cr

hmoVr.

gÚH$mcrZ amOH$maUmVhr Ama{jV OmJm§da {ZdSy>Z oUmè`m Añn¥í` à{V{ZYrMr AdñWm

`mnojm doJir Zmhr. H$moUË`mhr amOH$s` njmÀ`m {V{H$Q>mda {ZdSy>Z Amcocm Añn¥í` à{V{ZYr hm

Ë`m-Ë`m amOH$s` njmMrM ^mfm ~mocVmo, Ë`m§À`m H$m ©H«$_merM àm_m{UH$ AgVmo, nj gm§Joc VgoM

àñVmd _m§S>Vmo, nj gm§Joc Ë`mcmM _V XoVmo d nj gm§Joc Ë`m nÜXVrZoM ~mocVmo. n[aUm_r

Añn¥í`m§Zm amOH$s` AmajU XoÊ`mnmR>r_mJMm _w»` hoVy Ë`m§Zr {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m g^mJ¥hmMm dmna

H$ê$Z Añn¥í`m§À`m ì`Wm-doXZm ì`ŠV H$amì`mV, Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`m{damoYmV XmX Ë`m§Zr

_mJmdr d Añn¥í`mdarc AÝ`m`mMo-AË`mMmamMo n[a_mO©Z H$amdo. Añn¥í`m§Mo Xþ:I ZîQ> H$ê$Z, Ë`m§Mm

{dH$mg gmYUmè`m Cnm``moOZm _m§S>mì`mV. Ë`m {dYmZ_§S>imV nmg H$ê$Z KoD$Z Vgo H$m`Xo V`ma

H$amdoV Aer Iè`m Añn¥í` à{V{ZYtH$Sy>Z Anojm hmoVr.

nU nwUo H$amam_wio ~hþg§»` qhXÿÀ`m _Vmda {ZdSy>Z `mdo cmJV Agë`m_wio Añn¥í` à{V{ZYr

_Vo {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r d njr` {ZîR>oÀ`m AmoÂ`mImcr Añn¥í`m§À`m Iè`m àíZmnmgyZ Xÿa Jococo {XgVmV.

1937 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m {dícofUmZ§Va S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr nwUo H$amamMm d Ë`mVyZ Amcoë`m g§ wŠV

_VXma g§KmMm {YŠH$ma Ho$cm hmoVm. H$maU g§ wŠV _VXma g§KmVyZ Añn¥í`m§Mo IaoIwao à{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z

oV ZmhrV. Va àñWm{nV amOH$s` njm§Zr V`ma Ho$coco Ë`m§À`m {dMmam§Mo Añn¥í` {ZdSy>Z oVmV.

^maVr` amOH$maUmVrc `m Añn¥í` à{V{ZYtÀ`m pñWVrMr AcmoMZm _m. H$m§eram_Or `m§Zr "M_Mm

wJ' Aer Ho$cr Amho. ho Añn¥í` à{V{ZYr Amnë`m g_wXm`mer {ZîR>mdmZ d àm_m{UH$ Z amhVm Á`m

àñWm{nV amOH$s` njmZo {V{H$Q> {Xco. Ë`m§À`mer àm_m{UH$ amhÊ`mV d Ë`m§À`mer {ZîR>m ~miJÊ`mV

ñdV:cm AÝ` _mZVmV. hr M_Mm wJmMr gwê$dmV nwUo H$amamVrc g§ wŠV _VXma g§Km_wio Pmcr. `m

M_Mm wJmMm eodQ> H$aÊ`mMm _mJ© _mÌ gmnS>V Zmhr. X{cV ZoV¥Ëd Iè`m à{V{ZYrËdmgmR>r ñdV§Ì

_VXmag§KmMr _mJUr H$aÊ`mÀ`m V`marV Zmhr. Va Xþgè`m ~mOycm AmajU gmoSy>Z XoD$Z amOH$maUmÀ`m

_¡XmZmV CVaë`mg {dO` {_ioc `mMr ImÌr Zmhr. H$maU AOyZ Ver g_Vm{YîR>rV gm_m{OH$

_mZ{gH$Vm V`ma Pmcocr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Xmocm`_mZ pñWVrVrc X{cVm§À`m amOH$maUmZo Ë`m§Mo ñdV§Ì

ApñVËd amOH$maUmV {XgV Zmhr.



1. nwUo H$amamZ§Va _VXmag§KmMo {ZpíMVrH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVr H${_Q>r Zo_cr hmoVr?

2. nwUo H$amamÀ`m A§_c~OmdUr~m~V gdU© qhXÿ S>md-à{VS>md H$m H$arV hmoVo?

87<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

3. 1937 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sV H$m±J«ogZo Añn¥í`m§À`m Ama{jV OmJm§n¡H$s {H$Vr OmJmqOH$ë`m?

4. 1937 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sZ§Va H$m±J«ogZo Añn¥í`m§da Xþgam H$moUVm _moR>m AmKmVHo$cm?

5. Iè`m Añn¥í` à{V{ZYrH$Sy>Z H$moUVr Anojm hmoVr?

2.3 gmam§e

ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mcI§S>mV S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a ^maVmVrc doJdoJiçm Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`mÀ`m

amOH$s` à{V{ZYrËdmgmR>r AmajUmMr _mJUr H$arV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma ì`mnH$ nm`mda

{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$co. Jmoc_oO n[afXo_Ü o Añn¥í`m§Mo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a

gh^mJr Pmco. `m n[afXoV ^maVmÀ`m ^mdr amÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü o Añn¥í`m§gmR>r H$moUË`m amOZ¡{VH$ A{YH$mam§Mr

VaVyX H$amdr `mMm AmamIS>m S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Jmoc_oO n[afXog_moa R>odcm hmoVm.

nU Jmoc_oO n[afXoVrc Aëng§»`mH$ g{_Vr ^maVmVrc gd© Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`mMo g_mYmZ

H$aoc Agm VmoS>Jm qH$dm g_PmoVm V`ma H$ê$ eH$cr Zmhr. `mcm _. Jm§YrOtMr y{_H$mhr H$maUr yV

Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. nU Jmoc_oO n[afXoÀ`m Xþgè`m A{YdoeZmZ§Va {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr 17 Am°JñQ>,

1932 amoOr "OmVr` {ZdmS>m' à{gÜX Ho$cm. Omo ^maVmVrc OmVr`VoÀ`m g_ñ odarc Cnm` hmoVm.

Á`m_Ü o Añn¥í`m§Zm {d^ŠV _VXmag§KmMr VaVyV H$ê$Z, Ë`m§Mo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amco

hmoVo. {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zm {Xcoë`m coIr g§_VrZwgma hm OmVr` {ZdmS>m ñdrH$maUo ^maVmVrc gd©

à{V{ZYtda ~§YZH$maH$ hmoVoo.

nU OmVr` {ZdmS>m à{gÜX Pmcm Am{U _. Jm§YrOtZr Ë`mcm {damoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am_aU

CnmofUmMo AñÌ Cngco. `m OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZo ^maVmVrc gd©M Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm {d^ŠV qH$dm ñdV§Ì

_VXmag§K XoÊ`mV Amco hmoVo. nU _. Jm§YrOtZr Ë`mVrc \$ŠV Añn¥í`m§Zm {_imcoë`m ñdV§Ì

_VXmag§KmÀ`m A{YH$mamcm {damoY Ho$cm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Am_aU CnmofU Ho$co. Ë`mVyZ _mJ©

H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r nwUo H$ama H$aÊ`mV Amcm. nU nwUo H$amamZo Añn¥í`m§Zm Iao à{V{ZYrËd ~hmc

H$aÊ`mEdoOr H$m±J«ogÀ`m \$m`ÚmMr aMZm ApñVËdmV AmUcr.

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm A{^àoV Agcoco AmajUmÀ`m à{H«$ oVrc "Iao d nwaogo à{V{ZYrËd'

Añn¥í`m§À`m dmQ>çmcm AmcoM Zmhr. Ë`m_wio nwUo H$amamZo Añn¥í`m§Mo àíZ gmoS>{dUmao, Ë`m§À`mer

{ZîR>m AgUmao à{V{ZYr H$m`Xo_§S>imV à{V{ZYr åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z Amco ZmhrV. Va Vo H$moUË`mVar

àñWm{nV amOH$s` njmÀ`m {dMmaYmaoMo nmB©H$ ~ZyZ, Añn¥í`m§Mo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ H$m`Xo_§S>imV ~gco.

88<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Ë`m_wio AmajUmMm _yi hoVy gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aUo hm gj_nUo g_mOmV V`ma hmoV Zmhr

Ago {XgVo.


1. _hÎm_ : OmñVrVOmñV.

2. à{VH¥$Vr : à{Vq~~.

3. {Z~ªY : ~§YZo KmcUo.

4. Añn¥í`Vm : {d{eîQ> cmoH$g_wXm`mMm ñne© ZmH$maUmar àWm.

5. AmhþVr : AmË_g_n©U.

6. ^«_ : H$ënZm/H$mën{ZH$.

7. {Zdm©MZ : {ZdS>UyH$.

8. {dH$ën : n`m©`.

9. _hËà`mg : A{Ve` H${R>U n[apñWVrV à`ËZ H$ê$Z Ho$coco H$m`©.

10. Cnojm : d§{MV R>odUo.

11. Ý yZV_ : H$_rVH$_r.

12. n[a_mO©Z : ZîQ> H$aUo.

13. VmdS>rVyZ : {di»`mVyZ.

14. M_Mm wJ : Á`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmV Ë`m§À`mer EH${ZîR> Z amhUmè`m à{V{ZYtgmR>r

dmnacocr g§km.


❏ ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ-1 Mr CÎmao

1. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m {ZdS>rda C_oXdmamÀ`m OmVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$

XOm©Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

89<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

2. S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m _Vo, ñdamÁ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r àË oH$ ì`ŠVrg _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma

{_imcm nm{hOo. VgoM {ZdS>UyH$sÀ`m nÜXVrZo g§» oÀ`m d JaOoÀ`m à_mUmV OmVdma

à{V{ZYrËd {Xco nm{hOo.

3. g_mZm§Zm-g_VoZo d Ag_mZm§Zm-AgVoZo dmJ{dUo åhUOo g_Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo hr S>m°.

Am§~oS>H$am§À`m AmajU _mJUrMr g¡ÜXm§{VH$ ~¡R>H$ Amho.

4. Añn¥í`m§Zm qhXÿ nmgyZ doJio H$ê$Z S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zm ~«måhÊ`mda _mam H$amd`mMm

hmoVm. ~«måhÊ` ZîQ> H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm g§nyU© XoÊ`mMr ~«måhÊ`mÀ`m VmdS>rVyZ gwQ>H$m H$amd`mMr

hmoVr.

5. ñdamÁ`mV Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm gÎmm {Xcr Zmhr Va g§nÎmr, {ejU d gm_m{OH$ XOm© àmßV

AgUmè`m ga§Om_Xmam§À`m hmVr gd© gÎmm OmB©c Ago S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Mo _V hmoVo.


1. 12 Zmoìh|~a, 1930 amoOr n{hcr Jmoc_oO n[afX gwê$ Pmcr.

2. Jmoc_oO n[afXoV (1) S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a d (2) {XdmU ~hmXÿa Ama. lr. {ZdmgZ

ho Añn¥í`m§Mo XmoZ à{V{ZYr hmoVo.

3. {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr OmVr` {ZdmS>m 17 Am°JñQ>, 1932 amoOr à{gÜX Ho$cm.

4. _. Jm§YrOtZr H$m±J«og \$ŠV _wgc_mZ d erI `m§Zm Omo g_PmoVm _mÝ` Agoc Ë`mMm

ñdrH$ma H$aoc Ago ñnîQ> Ho$co.

5. _. Jm§YrOtZr ga g°å wc hmoAa `m§Zm nmR>{dcoë`m 11 _mM© 1932 À`m nÌmV

Añn¥í`m§gmR>r ñdV§Ì {ZdS>UyH$m§Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm Va Ë`mcm {damoY H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am_aU

CnmofU H$aÊ`mMm Bemam {Xcm hmoVm.


1. OmVr` {ZdmS>çmZo X{cV dJu` _VXmamcm (1) ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmVrc C_oXdmamcm d

(2) gd©gmYmaU _VXmag§KmVrc C_oXmdmamcm Aer XmoZ _Vo XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm.

2. Añn¥í`m§Zm Ë`m§Mo IaoIwao à{V{ZYrËd Úmd`mMo Agoc Va ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmMrM

Amdí`H$Vm Amho `mgmR>r {~«{Q>e n§VàYmZm§Zr ñdV§Ì _VXmag§KmMr g§H$ënZm à{VnmXZ

Ho$cr.

90<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

3. OmVr` {ZdmS>çm_Ü o nwUo H$amamZo ~Xc H$aÊ`mV Amcm.

4. OmVr` {ZdmS>çmV Añn¥í`m§gmR>r 78 OmJm {Xë`m hmoË`m.

5. nwUo H$amamZo Añn¥í`m§gmR>r 148 OmJm amIrd R>odë`m hmoË`m.


1. nwUo H$amamZ§Va _VXmag§KmMo {ZpíMVrH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r h°_ÊS> H${_Q>r Zo_cr hmoVr.

2. nwUo H$ama aÔ H$aVm oV Zmhr Va nwUo H$amamZo Añn¥í`m§Zm {Xcoco cm^ Ë`m§Zm {_iUma

ZmhrV Aer ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r gdU© qhXÿ S>md-à{VS>md H$arV hmoVo.

3. 1937 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sV H$m±J«ogZo Añn¥í`m§À`mgmR>r Ama{jV OmJm§n¡H$s 78

OmJm qOH$ë`m.

4. 1937 À`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sZ§Va H$m±J«ogZo Añn¥í`m§da Xþgam _moR>m AmKmV Ho$cm Vmo

åhUOo Añn¥í`m§Zm _§{Ì_§S>im_Ü o H$moUVohr ñWmZ {Xco Zmhr. Ë`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd ZmH$maco

Joco.

5. {dYmZ_§S>imÀ`m g^mJ¥hmMm dmna H$ê$Z Añn¥í`m§À`m ì`Wm-doXZm ì`ŠV H$aUo, Ë`m§À`mda

hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mÀ`m {damoYmV XmX _mJUo d Ë`mMo n[a_mO©ZH$aUo, Añn¥í`m§Mo Xþ:I ZîQ>

H$ê$Z, Ë`m§À`m {dH$mg gmYUmè`m `moOZm V`ma H$aUo, `moOZm {dYmZ_§S>imV nmg H$ê$Z

Ë`m§Mo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va H$aUo, Añn¥í`m§àVr {ZîR>m d àm_m{UH$nUm ~miJUo øm Iè`m

Añn¥í` à{V{ZYrH$Sy>Z Anojm hmoVr.


1. AmajUg§~§YrÀ`m S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mm ÑîQ>rH$moZ ñnîQ> H$am.

2. OmVr` {ZdmS>m Am{U _. Jm§YrOtMr y{_H$m `mMr {M{H$Ëgm H$am.

3. nwUo H$amamÀ`m AmajUmÀ`m amOH$maUmdarc n[aUm_ {dfX H$am.

4. Jmoc_oO n[afXoVrc Añn¥í`m§À`m A{YH$mam§~m~VMr _. Jm§YrOtMr y{_H$m ñnîQ> H$am.

5. Jmoc_oO n[afXoV Añn¥í`m§À`m amOZ¡{VH$ A{YH$mam~m~V S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a `m§Zr _m§S>coë`m

VaVyXr {deX H$am.

91<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>


1. S>m°. ^r_amd am_Or Am§~oS>H$a : H$m±J«og Am{U Jm§YrOr Añn¥í`m§à{V H$m` Ho$co?

2. S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a : nwUo H$ama.

3. A°S>. ~r. gr. H$m§~io : g_J« Am§~oS>H$a M[aÌ : I§S>-9.

4. g§nmXZ : e§H$aamd IamV : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mr nÌo.

5. àXrn Jm`H$dmS> (g§nmXH$) : AmajU-S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mr JmOcocr

^mfUo d coI.

6. S>m°. H¥$îUm {H$adëco : AmajUVÎd dmñVd Am{U {dn`m©g.

7. àm. S>m°. eofamO JO{^ o : S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Mo amOH$s` VÎdkmZ.

❏ ❏ ❏

92<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

KQ>H$-4

AmajU Am{U BVa _mJmgdJu`m§g§~§Yr YmoaUo

AZwH«$_{UH$m

4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 AmajU åhUOo H$m`?

4.2.2 AmajUmMr JaO

4.2.3 AmajUmÀ`m _mJUrMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r

4.2.4 _mJmgd{J© m§g§~§Yr H$mcocH$a Am`moJmMm Ahdmc

4.2.5 _§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer Am{U Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr

4.2.6 BVa _mJmgdJu`m§H$[aVm amÁ` nmVirdarc AmajUmMo YmoaU (_hmamîQ´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$)

4.3 gmam§e

4.4 ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ




4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm,

1. AmajU åhUOo H$m`? `m g§H$ënZoMm AW© ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©c.

2. ^maVmVrc AmajU YmoaUmMm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©c.

3. ^maVmVrc _mJmgOmVtZm AmajUmMr Amdí`H$Vm H$m Amho? `mMr H$maU{__m§gm H$aVm`oB©c.

4. ^maVmVrc Am{U _hmamï´>mVrc AmajUmÀ`m _mJUrMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd© y_r g_OyZ oB©c.

àm.PmH$sahþgoZ hmH$s_ g§Xo/H«$m§{VAJ«Ur OrS>r~mnycmS> _hm{dÚmc`/Hw§$S>c

E_.E.2 : amÁ`emñÌ : gÌ-4 : nona-E40 : Ama{jV YmoaUo Am{U ^maVr` amOH$maU

MA.2 : Politics : Sem-IV : P-E40 : Reservation Policy and Politics in India17

93<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

5. n{hcm _mJmgdJu` H$mcocH$a Am`moJmMm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©c.

6. Xþgam _mJmgdJu` _§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer Am{U A§_c~OmdUrMm gImoc Aä`mgH$aVm oB©c.

7. BVa _mJmgdJu`m§À`m ~m~VrV _hmamîQ´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ `m amÁ`m§À`m Agcoë`m YmoaUm§MmAä`mg H$aVm oB©c.

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

^maV hm AZoH$ OmVr, Y_©, ^mfm, àm§Vm§Mm {_iyZ ~Zcocm ~hþ{OZgr Xoe Amho. Aem gd©

~m~VrV {^ÝZVm Agcr Var amîQ´>r`ËdmÀ`m ~m~VrV _mÌ gd© ^maVr`m§À`m _ZmV EH${OZgrnUm {XgyZ

oVmo. ^maVr` g_mOaMZoMr AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV. Ë`mVrc EH$ åhUOo "OmVrì`dñWm' hmo . ho

^maVr` g_mOmMo EH$ _hÎdnyU© d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. OJmÀ`m nmR>rda Hw$R>ohr ZgVrc EdT>çm OmVr Am{U

nmoQ>OmVr Am{U Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Mo gUdma, CËgd Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVmV. `m OmVrì`dñWoMo AmUIr

EH$ doJionU åhUOo, Ë`m_Ü o Agcocr CÀM{ZÀMVm hmo . ^maVr` g_mO hm n{hë`mnmgyZM

Ag§K{Q>V Am{U {dIwacocm Agë`mZoM AZoH$ naH$s` AmH«$_H$m§Zr ^maVmda AmH«$_Uo Am{U amÁ`

Ho$co.

^maVr` g_mO hOmamo dfm©nmgyZ Mma dUm©V {d^mJcocm Amho. ~«måhU, j{Ì`, d¡í` Am{U jwÐ

ho Vo Mma dU© Am{U Ë`mVhr AZoH$ OmVr Am{U nmoQ>OmVr d Ë`mZwgma Ë`m§Mr gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$,

amOH$s`, e¡j{UH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aer _O~yV VQ>~§Xr Am{U Ë`m AZwf§JmZo {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m

{df_VoV hm g_mO g§Hw${MV Am{U ~§{XñV Pmcocm Amho. n[aUm_r OmVrì`dñWm Am{U Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U

Pmcocr gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Am{U `mM OmVrì`dñWoVyZ Pmcocr XoemMr {nN>ohmQ> ho AmO ^maVmÀ`m

g_mOì`dñWoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoco dmñVd Amho. g_mOmVrc hr {df_Vm ZîQ> H$ê$Z, g_mOmMr gdmªJrU

àJVr H$am`Mr Agë`mg, _mJmg OmVrg_yhm§Zm, Ë`m§À`m àJVrH$[aVm gd© joÌm§_Ü o {deof g§Yr,

dmd qH$dm gdcVr XoUo An[ahm © R>aVo. `mM {dMma_§WZmVyZ ^maVmV "AmajU' `m g§H$ënZoMm OÝ_

Pmcm.

19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmam§Ym©nmgyZ AmO 21 ì`m eVH$mn ªV Á`m {df`mZo g§nyU© ^maVr` amOH$s`

Am{U gm_m{OH$ {díd T>diyZ {ZKmco Amho, Vmo {df` åhUOo "AmajU' hmo . `m AmajU _mJUrMr

dmQ>Mmc àXrK© ñdê$nmMr Amho. _. Omo{Vamd \w$co, amO{f© N>ÌnVr emhÿ _hmamO, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~

Am§~oS>H$a `m§Mo H$m ©, B§J«O amOdQ>rVrc gwYmaUm, H$m`Xo, ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc VaVwXr, n{hcm

_mJmgdJu` H$mcocH$a Am`moJ, Ë`mZ§VaMm _§S>c Am`moJ, KQ>ZoVrc 72 dr d 74 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr

94<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Am{U ^maVmVrc KQ>H$amÁ`m§Zr pñdH$macocr YmoaUo Aem XrK© à{H«$ oVyZ ^maVmVrc AmajU YmoaUmMr

dmQ>Mmc gwê$ Amho.

AcrH$S>rc H$mimV ^maVmVrc AZoH$ Om{Vg_yhm§Zm Amnë`m _mJmgconUmMr OmUrd Pmë`mZo

AmajUmMo cT>o nhmd`mg {_iVmV. _amR>m, _wpñc_, YZJa, OmQ>, nm{Q>Xma, JwÁOa Aem AZoH$

g_wXm`m§Zr AmajU _mJUrMo cT>o, Am§XmocZo C^r Ho$cocr AmhoV d Ë`m_mÜ`_mVyZ Amnë`m {hVg§~§Yr

Om{Vg_yhm§À`m {hVg§dY©ZmgmR>r à`ËZerc Agë`mMo {XgVo. `m g_wXm`m§Zr amOH$s` joÌmVgwÜXm

n[aUm_H$maH$Vm Am{U à^md {gÜX Ho$ë`m_wio O_mVdmXmMo ñdê$n amOH$maUmcm à^m{dV H$aVmZm

{XgVo.

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 AmajU åhUOo H$m`?

^maVr` g_mOm_Ü o Om{Vì`dñWo_wio {Z_m©U Pmcocr namH$moQ>rMr {df_Vm ZîQ> H$ê$Z g_Vm{YpîR>V

g_mO {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo A{^dMZ ^maVr` g§{dYmZ CÔoen{ÌHo$À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm XoVo. ^maVmV

gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, e¡j{UH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, àmXo{eH$, ñÌr-nwéf Aem AZoH$ nmVù`m§da

Agcocr {df_Vm ZîQ> H$ê$Z ^maV EH$ àJV g_mO åhUyZ {dH${gV H$amd`mMm Agë`mg,

g_mOmVrc `m _mJmg g_yhm§Zm àJVrÀ`m àdmhmV AmUÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`m§Mo A§J yV Agcoco kmZ, j_Vm,

à{V^m d¥ÜXtJV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm {dH${gV Am{U à{VpîR>V ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r gd©M joÌm_Ü o Á`m {deof

gdcVr, g§Yr, gmo r CncãY H$amì`m cmJVmV, Ë`mcm gd©gm_mÝ` ^mfoV AmajU åhUVm oB©c.

Reservation `m B§J«Or eãXmcm n`m© r _amR>r eãX åhUOo "AmajU' hmo . AmajU `m

eãXmcm AZoH$ Xoem§_Ü o doJdoJiçm eãXm§_Ü o n[a^m{fV Ho$coco Amho. àmoQ>oŠQ>rd {S>pñH«$_rZoeZ

(Protective discrimination) åhUOo g§ajUmË_H$ {d oXrH$aU qH$dm ajmË_H$ njnmV qH$dm

ajmË_H$ oX^md Agm Ë`mMm AW© hmoVmo. Affermative Action åhUOo gH$mamË_H$ H¥$Vr H$m ©H«$_

VgoM H$mù`m cmoH$m§gmR>r Agcoë`m AmajUmcm Revers Discrimination åhUOo nyduÀ`m nma§nm[aH$

{df_VoÀ`m CcQ> {XeoZo Om{Udnyd©H$ Ho$cocm njnmV qH$dm oX^md hmo . ^maVmVrc AmajU _mÌ

Compencatary Privilages (H$m°noZgoQ>ar {àìhrcoOog) åhUOo ^anmB©XIc {Xcocm {deofm{YH$ma

hmo . darc gd© g§H$ënZm§Mm nam_e© KoVcm AgVm EH$ ~m~ R>gR>erVnUo OmUdVo Vr åhUOo `m gd©

Cnm``moOZm, H¥$Vr H$m ©H«$_ H$aÊ`mnydu BWo Or nyduMr oX^mdmMr ì`dñWm hmoVr, Vr g§ndyZ `m

ì`dñWo_Ü o Á`m g_mOKQ>H$m§Zm gd©M joÌm_Ü o {df_Vo_wio _moR>çm à_mUmV hmZr nmohmoMcr, Á`m

95<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

g_mO KQ>H$m§Mr {nN>ohmQ> Pmcr Vr ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r AmajUmMr ì`dñWm Ho$cocr Amho. na§Vw `m

Zì`mZo Ho$coë`m AmajUmÀ`m H¥$Vr_wio nwÝhm ZdrZ {df_Vm qH$dm oX^md {Z_m©U Pmë`mMr g_OyV

H$mhtZm hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho, Ë`m_wio hm ZdrZ njnmV qH$dm oX^md Agcm Var Vmo Om{Udnyd©H$,

_wÔm_, ^anmB©XmIc H$mhr {d{eîR> qH$dm _`m©{XV H$mcmdYrgmR>r Ho$cocr ì`dñWm AgVo Ago

"AmajU' g§H$ënZo{df`r AmnUm§g åhUVm oB©c.

4.2.2 AmajUmMr JaO

g_mOmVrc {df_Vm ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$coë`m AZoH$ Cnm`m§n¡H$s EH$ Cnm` åhUOo "AmajU'

hmo . AmajU ho _mJmg g_yhm§Zm {dH${gV H$aÊ`mMo H«$m§{VH$mar eñÌ Amho. VargwÜXm Vo eñÌ

n[aUm_H$maH$ dmnaÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar emgZmMr Amho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 340 _Ü o

gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgcoë`m g_yhm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Cnm``moOZm gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r

^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVtZm Am`moJ Zo_Ê`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm Amho. VgoM 1951 À`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZwgma

15ì`m H$c_mV 4 hm AZwÀN>oX I§S> g_m{dîR> H$aÊ`mV Amcm d Ë`mZwgma XoemVrc BVa _mJmgdJu`mVrc

gm_m{OH$ Am{U e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgcoë`m Om{Vg_yhm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Oí`m AZwgy{MV OmVr-

O_mVtZm {deof gmo r-gdcVr, g§Yr CncãY AmhoV. Vem g§Yr BVa _mJmgdJu`m§Zm XoIrc CncãY

H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma emgZmcm {_imcm.

g_Vm{YpîR>V g_mO, H$m`ÚmnwT>rc g_mZVm Am{UH$m`ÚmMo g_mZ g§ajU Aer Acm¡{H$H$ _yë o

^maVr` g§{dYmZmZo Camer ~miJcr AmhoV Am{U Ë`m§À`m à{VnyVuH$[aVm KQ>ZoV AZoH$ H$c_o g_m{dîR>

Ho$cr AmhoV. H$c_ Z§. 15 (4), 16 (4), 46, 164, 243, 335, 340, 341, 342 Aer AZoH$

H$c_o g_mOmVrc gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm H$_Omoa, jrU, Xþ~©c Agcoë`m Om{Vg_yhm§Zm ~i

XoÊ`mgmR>r KQ>ZoV g_m{dîR> Ho$cocr AmhoV. VgoM hr H$c_o Ho$di g_m{dîR> H$ê$Z KQ>Zm Wm§~V Zmhr

Va Ë`mg ^ŠH$_ KQ>ZmË_H$ Am{U Ý`m`mc`rZ g§ajU XoVmZm {XgVo. `m gd© KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXtMm Ñí`

n[aUm_ åhUOo H|$Ð emgZmZo Zo_cocm n{hcm _mJmgdJu` H$mcocH$a Am`moJ d Xþgam _§S>c Am`moJ

hmo . VgoM `mM VaVyXtÀ`m AmYmao _hmamîQ´>mV ~mnQ> Am`moJ, amUo Am`moJ, Jm`H$dmS> Am`moJ Ago

àmXo{eH$ nmVirda H$mhr Aä`mgJQ> d Am`moJ Zo_co AmhoV.

àJV Am{U nwT>macoë`m g_mOmMr JVr gd©M joÌmV A{YH$ AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$

Agcoë`m gmYZm§Mr CncãYVm Am{U à{VîR>m Ë`m§À`mOdi Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr {dH$mgmMr JVr

A{YH$ AgVo. CcQ> _mJmgcoë`m OmVrg_yhm§H$S>o `m gd© JmoîQ>tMm A^md, dUdm Agë`mZo

ñdm^m{dH$nUo Ë`m§Mr {dH$mgmMr JVr AË`ën AgVo. `mVyZM {df_VoMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. `m JVr_mZ

96<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

g_mOmMr JVr _mJmg g_yhm§Zm àmßV hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Om{Udnyd©H$ _wÔm_, H$mhr gmo r-gdcVr,

g§Yr, gyQ>, dmd, n[aàoj, AWm©V AdH$me qH$dm dmVmdaU CncãY H$ê$Z Úmdo cmJVo. `mM gd©

H¥$VtMm Ñí` n[aUm_ åhUOo AmajU hmo . `m_Ü o d`, n¡gm, gmYZo, g§Yr, amIrd OmJm, JwU B.Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo.

AmajUmÀ`m `m KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXrZwgma gÜ`m AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr, BVa _mJmg

dJ©, VgoM A{cH$S>rc 2018 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmg åhUOoM Eg.

B. ~r. gr. BË`mXrMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. AZwgy{MV OmVt_Ü o nydm©ñn¥í` OmVtMm g_mdoe oVmo. Va

AZwgy{MV O_mVrV Am{Xdmgr, ^Q>Š`m g_yhm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Va BVa _mJmgdJ© Am{U Bg. E. ~r.

gr. _Ü o _mJmgdJ© Am`moJm§Zr Á`m g_yhm§Zm gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmg R>adco Amho, Ë`m§Mm

g_mdoe hmoVmo.

4.2.3 AmajUmÀ`m _mJUrMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd© y_r

^maVmVrc AmajU _mJUrMm B{Vhmg hm ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` cT>çmgmaImM AË §V XrK©

ñdê$nmMm Amho. {deof åhUOo ^maVr` ñdmV§Í` cT>m Am{U AmajUmÀ`m _mJUrMm cT>m g_mOmVrc

d g_m§Va nÜXVrZo Mmcy hmoVm. AmajU_mJUrMm B{Vhmg g§H${cV ñdê$nmV BWo _m§S>cocm Amho,

Ë`mVrc à_wI KQ>Zm§Mm CëcoI BWo C{MV R>aoc. ^maVr` _mJmg OmVr g_yhm§Zm, dJmªZm {_imcoco

AmajU ho EH$m àXrK© cT>çmÀ`m n[aUm_ ñdê$n Amho. Ë`m_wio ^maVr` g_mO Am{U amOH$s`

à{H«$ oda Vmo ì`mnH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ R>acm. Ë`mVrc à_wI KQ>Zm nwT>rcà_mUo :-

1. h§Q>a H${_eZ Am{U _. \w$co :-

h§Q>a H${_eZcmM ^maVr` {ejU Am`moJ Ago åhUVmV. VËH$mcrZ JìhZ©a OZac cm°S>© [anZ

`m§Zr 1882 gmcr {d{Z_` h§Q>a `m§Mo AÜ`jVoImcr ^maVr` {ejU Am`moJ Zo_cm. `mcmM h§Q>a

H${_eZ åhUVmV. VËnyduMo JìhZ©a cm°S>© _oH$m°co `m§Zr d[aîR> nmVirdê$Z H${ZîR> OmVrg_yhm§H$S>o kmZ

{PanV OmB©c `m g§H$ënZoMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. na§Vw _. \w$ë`m§Zm _mÌ ho _mÝ` ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio h§Q>a

H${_eZ g_moa gmj XoVmZm _. \w$ë`m§Zr "{PanUmao kmZ' `m g§H$ënZocm {damoY Ho$cm Am{U àemgZmV

AmajUmMr _mJUr Ho$cr. hrM KQ>Zm XoemVrc AmajU _mJUrMr n{hcr nm`ar R>acr.

2. amO{f© emhÿ _hmamO Am{U AmajU :-

AmajUmÀ`m _mJUrÀ`m B{Vhmgm_Ü o gmoZoar Ajam§Zr {chmdo Aer KQ>Zm H$moëhmnyaÀ`m

g§ñWmZmV 1902 amoOr KS>cr. 1901 gmcr {eaJUVr Pmcocr hmoVr, Ë`mZwgma àemgZm_Ü o EH$hr

97<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

~«måhUoÎma ì`ŠVr ZìhVr hr ~m~ amO{f© emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m cjmV Amcr. `m JmoîQ>rMm Imocda n[aUm_

amO{f© emhÿ _hmamOm§À`m _Zmda Pmcm, Ë`m§Zr àemgZm_Ü o _mJmg OmVrg_yhm§Zm AmajU XoÊ`mgmR>r

26 Owc¡, 1902 amoOr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZÀ`m J°PoQ>_Ü o AmajU YmoaU Omhra Ho$co. Ë`mZwgma àemgZmV

50% OmJm _mJmgcoë`m OmVrg_yhm§Zm Úmì`mV Agm {ZU© Omhra Ho$cm. hr KQ>Zm AmajUmÀ`m

_mJUrÀ`m àdmgmVrc _¡cmMm XJS> R>acr.

3. _m±Q>o½`w-Moåg\$moS>©, cm°S¥> gmD$W ã`wamo, Am{U S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a :-

hr KQ>Zm 1919 Mr Amho, Ë`mdoir ^maVmMo ìhm°Bgam° cm°S>© Moåg\$moS>© hmoVo. Ë`m Xaå`mZ

^maVmMm amOH$s` {dH$mg H$gm H$amdm d à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m g§X^m©V YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r _m±Q>o½ w ho

^maVmV Amco hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr ^maV^a {\$ê$Z cmoH$m§Mr y{_H$m Aä`mgcr d B§½c§S>cm {ZKyZ Joco. Ë`mZ§Va

nmc©_|Q>Zo cm°S>© gmD$W ã wamo `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr H${_Q>r Zo_yZ Ahdmc _mJdcm. `m gmD$Wã wamo

H${_Q>rnwT>o gmj XoVmZm S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Añn¥í` Am{U _mJmg OmVrg_yhm§Zm AË §{VH$

JaO Agë`mMo nQ>dyZ {Xco. Ë`m§Mrhr gmj AmajUmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrc _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm R>acr. `m gd©

n[aàojm _Ü oM 1919 gmcr _m±Q>o½ w-Moåg\$moS>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm AmpñVËdmV Amcm.

4. Jmoc_oO n[afXm :-

AmajU _mJUrÀ`m H$mcn[aH«$_o_Ü o Z§VaMr KQ>Zm åhUOo 1930 Vo 1932 Xaå`mZ c§S>Z oWo

VËH$m{cZ n§VàYmZ a°ågo _°H$S>moZmëS> `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr nma nS>coë`m VrZ Jmoc_oO n[afXm hmo .

`m Jmoc_oO n[afXm§Zm ^maV Am{U B§½c§S>_Yrc gd© amOH$s` njmÀ`m à{V{ZYtZm {Z_§{ÌV Ho$co hmoVo.

n{hë`m Jmoc_oO n[afXocm H$m±J«og njmMo H$moUrhr hOa ZìhVo. H$maU Ë`m H$mimV H$m±J«ogMo _. Jm§Ytgh

gd© nwT>mar Vwé§JmV hmoVo. na§Vw `m VrZhr Jmoc_oO n[afXm§Zm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a CnpñWV amhÿZ ^maVr`

OmVrì`dñWm Am{U _mJmg, Añn¥í`m§Zm amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ joÌmV AmajU {_imdo åhUyZ

namH$moQ>rMo à`ËZ H$arV hmoVo. `m gd© Jmoc_oO n[afXm§Mm EH${ÌV n[aUm_ åhUyZ n§VàYmZ a°ågo

_°H$S>moZmëS> `m§Zr "OmVr` {ZdmS>m' à{gÜX Ho$cm. Ë`m_Ü o _mJmgOmVtZm AmajUmMr VaVyX hmoVr. hr

KQ>Zm ^maVmÀ`m AmajU B{VhmgmVrc CëcoIZr` ~m~ R>acr.

5. nwUo H$ama :-

1930 Vo 1932 Xaå`mZ nma nS>coë`m VrZhr Jmoc_oO n[afXm§_Ü o Ama{jV Am{U Iwë`m

OmJm§da VmoS>Jm {ZKmcm Zmhr. n[aUm_r n§VàYmZ a°ågo _°H$S>moZmëS> `m§Zr 17 Am°JñQ> 1932 gmcr

Amncm {ZU© Omhra Ho$cm. `mcmM "OmVr` {ZdmS>m' Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mZwgma Añn¥í`m§Zm amIrd

98<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

_VXma g§K {_iUma hmoVo. VgoM Añn¥í`m§Zm Xþhoar _VXmZmMr VaVyX hmoVr. _. Jm§YtZm hm OmVr`

{ZdmS>m _mÝ` Zmhr. Ë`m{damoYmV Ë`m§Zr nwUo oWrc oadS>m H$mamJ¥hmV Am_aU CnmofU gwê$ Ho$co.

n[aUm_r _. Jm§Yr Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a `m§À`m_Ü o 25 gßQ>|~a 1932 _Ü o Omo H$ama KSy>Z Amcm

Ë`mg "nwUo H$ama' Ago g§~moYVmV. nwUo H$amamZwgma Añn¥í`m§À`m OmJm dmT>ë`m d Ë`m 148 EdT>çm

Pmë`m. AmajUmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrc hm _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm g_Ocm OmVmo.

6. gm`_Z H${_eZ, ñQ>mQ>© H${_Q>r Am{U S>m°. Am§~oS>H$a :-

S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr gwadmVrnmgyZM _mJmg g_yhm§Zm, OmVr-O_mVtZm BVam§À`m ~amo~arZo gÎmoV

dmQ>m {_imdm `mgmR>r à`ËZ Mmcy Ho$co hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr _o 1928 _Ü o gm`_Z H${_eZnwT>o gmj XoVmZm

Añn¥í`m§H$[aVm ñdV§Ì _VXma g§KmMr _mJUr Ho$cr hmoVr. VgoM ñQ>mQ>© H${_Q>rnwT>oXoIrc Añn¥í`,

Am{XdmgtZm àemgZm_Ü o AmajU Agmdo Aer _mJUr Ho$cr hmoVr. n[aUm_r, 1930 cm ñQ>mQ>©

H${_Q>rMm Ahdmc gmXa Ho$cm, Ë`m_Ü o ñQ>mQ>© H${_eZZo AmajUmÀ`m _mJÊ`m§Mr {e\$mag Ho$cr hmoVr.

hr XoIrc ^maVmÀ`m AmajUmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrc _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm åhUmdr cmJoc.

7. 1935 Mm ^maV gaH$maMm H$m`Xm :-

1935 gmcr A§_cmV Amcocm ^maV gaH$maMm H$m`Xm åhUOo Vr EH$ amÁ`KQ>ZmM hmoVr. hm

1935 Mm H$m`Xm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r CnamoŠV gd© KQ>Zm H$maUr yV R>aë`m. h§Q>a H${_eZ, _m±Q>o½ w-

Moåg\$moS>© H$m`Xm, gm`_Z H${_eZ, ñQ>mQ>© H${_Q>rMm Ahdmc, Jmoc_oO n[afXm Am{U a°ågo _°H$S>moZmëS>

`m§Mm OmVr` {ZdmS>m `m gd© KQ>Zm, KS>m_moS>tMm Ñí` n[aUm_ 1935 À`m ^maV gaH$maÀ`m

H$m`ÚmÀ`m ê$nmZo Pmcm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma H|${Ð` H$m`Xo _§S>imMr aMZm {ÛJ¥hr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. d[aîR>

Am{U H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m H$m`Úm_wio AZwgy{MV OmVr, _{hcm d Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm

à{V{ZYrËd {_imco. Aëng§»`m§H$m§Zm 50% OmJm amIrd R>odÊ`mV Amë`m. 1919 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma

OodT>çm gdcVr _mJmg g_yhm§Zm {_iV hmoË`m, Ë`mnojm A{YH$ gdcVr1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma

{_idÊ`mV ^maVr` _mJmg OmVrg_yhm§Zm `e {_imco.

8. KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 340 :-

KQ>Zm n[afXoMo H$m_H$mO Mmcy AgVmZm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr _mJmgdJu`m§gmR>r AmajUmMr VaVyX

H$aUmam _gwXm V`ma Ho$cm. Ë`mVrc H$c_ Z§. 301 Zwgma KQ>Zm A§_cmV Amë`mZ§Va àË oH$ Xhm

dfm©Z§Va _mJmg OmVrMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ H${_eZ Zo_Ê`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mZwgma

^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVrcm àË oH$ Xhm dfmªZr gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ ~m~VrV _mJmgcoë`m OmVr-O_mVtMo

99<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Aä`mg H$ê$Z _mJmgconUmMr H$maUo Am{U Cnm` gwM{dÊ`mgmR>r EH$ H${_eZ Zo_Ê`mMm A{YH$ma

{_imcm. g§{dYmZmcm A§{V_ ñdê$n XoV AgVmZm H$c_ Z§. 301 cm H$c_ Z§. 340 _Ü o ê$nm§V[aV

H$aÊ`mV Amco. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVm_Ü o OodT>o _mJmgdJu` Am`moJ, Aä`mg JQ> ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV

Amco, Vo gd© `mM 340 ì`m H$c_mZwgma Zo_Ê`mV Amco. AmajUmÀ`m _mJUrcm {_imcoco ho àM§S>

`e hmoVo.

9. n{hcm _mJmgdJu` H$mH$m H$mcocH$a Am`moJ :-

KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 340 AÝd o 29 OmZodmar 1953 cm amîQ´>nVtÀ`m AmXoemZo ^maVmVrc n{hcm

_mJmgdJu` Am`moJ Jm§YrdmXr Aä`mgH$ H$mH$m H$mcocH$a `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr Zo_Ê`mV Amcm. `m

Am`moJmZo AË §V Aä`mgnyU© {ZîH$f© _m§S>co. Am`moJmZo 2399 OmVr _mJmg R>adë`m, Ë`mn¡H$s 937

OmVr A{V_mJmg Agë`mMm {ZîH$f© _m§S>cm VgoM gd© pñÌ`m§Mm g_mdoe _mJmgdJm©V Ho$cm d

AmajUmMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr. _mJmg OmVrVrc `mo½` C_oXdmam§Zm Vm§{ÌH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejU

g§ñWm§_Ü o 70% AmajUmMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr, na§Vw EdT>m Aä`mgnyU© Am{U emñÌewÜX

nÜXVrZo V`ma Ho$cocm Ahdmc, Ano{jV {ZîH$f© nyU© H$aV Zgë`mMo VgoM Am`moJmÀ`m gXñ`m§_Ü o

EH$_V Zgë`mMo H$maU gm§JyZ Ahdmc aÔ H$aÊ`mV Amcm d Agm {ZU© KoÊ`mV Amcm H$s,

_mJmgdJu`m§Mr XoenmVirda H$moUVrhr `mXr Z ~ZdVm, amÁ` gaH$mam§Zr Aer gyMZm qH$dm `mXr

~Zdmdr Ago gm§JyZ H|$Ð gaH$ma _moH$io Pmco. darc gd© KQ>ZmH«$_ nyU© hmoÊ`mg 1953 Vo 1961

Agm Odinmg AmR> dfmªMm H$mcmnì`` Pmcm. `m Am`moJmMm Ahdmc Oar H|$Ð gaH$maZo \o$Q>micm

Var `m Am`moJmZo _mJmg OmVrg_yhm§Zm Ho$cocm Aä`mg, JUZm, {ZîH$f© ho AmajUmÀ`m _mJUrcm ~i

XoUmao R>aco.

10. Xþgam _mJmgdJu` Am`moJ-_§S>c Am`moJ :-

{~hmaMo _w»`_§Ìr Am{U g§gX gXñ` Agcoë`m q~Xoídar àgmX _§S>c `m Aä`mgy ZoË`mÀ`m

AÜ`jVoImcr ^maVmMm Xþgam _mJmgdJu` Am`moJ 20 {S>g|~a 1978 cm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm.

Am`moJmZo Amncm Aä`mgnyU© àXrK© Ahdmc 31 {S>g|~a 1980 cm amîQ´>nVtH$S>o gmXa Ho$cm.

VËH$mcrZ AZoH$ amOH$s` KS>m_moS>r, {damoYm^mg, Ý`m`mc`rZ IQ>co nma H$aV 1993 nmgyZ _§S>c

Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer cmJy H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. `m Am`moJmZo Iyn _moR>m Aä`mg Ho$cm. gm_m{OH$,

e¡j{UH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ Ago VrZ àH$maMo {ZH$f {ZpíMV Ho$co. Ë`mZwgma BVa _mJmgdJu`m§Zm 27%

AmajU XoÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amcr. _§S>c Am`moJmMm Ahdmc Am{U {e\$maer AË §V ì`mnH$

à_mUmV hmoË`m. `m AhdmcmZo ^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV Am_ycmJ« ~Xc Pmco d gm_m{OH$ Am{U

100<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

amOH$s` joÌmVrc g_rH$aUo ~Xccr Am{U AmajUmÀ`m _mJUrcm ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV doJio Ago

KQ>ZmË_H$ ñdê$n àmßV Pmco.

11. 73 dr d 74 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr :-

73 dr d 74 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr `m EH$mMdoir Pmcoë`m KQ>ZmXþéñË`m AmhoV. 22 {S>g|~a

1992 amoOr cmoH$g oZo d 23 {S>g|~a 1992 amoOr amÁ`g oZo Ë`mg _§Oyar {Xcr d 24 E{àc 1993

nmgyZ Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr gwê$ Pmcr. 73 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVrZo J«m_rU ^maVmVrc Va 74 ì`m KQ>Zm

XþéñVrZo ZmJar ^maVmVrc ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§_Ü o Agcoë`m AmajUmV Am_ycmJ« ~Xc KS>dyZ

AmUcm. `m XmoÝhr KQ>Zm XþéñË`m§Mm Aä`mg AË §V ì`mnH$ Amho. `m XþéñVr_wio KQ>ZoV Zì`mZo Zddo

n[a{eîR> OmoS>Ê`mV Amco. `m Zdì`m n[a{eîR>mVrc H$c_ Z§. 243 (K) d 243 (Z) Zwgma gd©

ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§_Ü o AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr, BVa _mJmgdJu` VgoM _{hcm§gmR>rMo

AmajU {ZpíMV Ago gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmMo AmajU àmßV Pmco. `m XmoÝhr KQ>ZmXþéñVrMm ^maVmÀ`m

AmajU _mJUrÀ`m B{VhmgmVrc _hÎdnyU© KQ>Zm KS>ë`m.

12. _amR>m d Iwë`m àdJm©Vrc Am{W©H$ Xþ~©cm§gmR>rMo AmajU :-

AmajU _mJUrÀ`m B{VhmgmMr H$mcn[aH«$_m AOyZ g§ncocr Zmhr. gÜ`m ^maVmV AZoH$

OmVrg_yh Zì`mZo AmajUmMr _mJUr H$aVmZm {XgV AmhoV. YZJa, _amR>m, OmQ>, JwÁOa, _wpñc_,

nmQ>rXma ho Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr KQ>H$. _hmamîQ´>m_Ü o amÁ` gaH$maZo _hmamîQ´> A{Y{Z`_ 62 AZwgma 30

Zmoìh|~a 2018 À`m H$m`ÚmÝd o amÁ`mVrc gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgcoë`m _amR>m g_mOmcm

Zì`mZo 16% AmajU àXmZ Ho$co. Ë`m_wio amÁ`mVrc AmajUmMo à_mU AmVm 68% n ªV nmohmoMco

Amho. VgoM H|$ÐgaH$maZo 103 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$m`Xm 2019 nm[aV Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mÛmao KQ>ZoÀ`m

H$c_ 15 d 16 _Ü o gwYmaUm H$ê$Z AZwÀN>oX 15 _Ü o I§S> (6) Mm g_mdoe H$ê$Z Iwë`m

àdJm©Vrc Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm Xþ~©c KQ>H$m§gmR>r 10% AmajU cmJy Ho$co Amho. hm AmajUmÀ`m

_mJUrVrc AmVmn ªVÀ`m eodQ>Mm Q>ßnm Agcm Var ^{dî`H$mimV AmajU _mJUrMo cT>o AmpñVËdmV

AgUmaM AmhoV.

darc gd© KQ>Zm KS>m_moS>tMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ym§S>moim KoVcm AgVm VgoM gÜ`m Zì`mZo hmoV

Agcoë`m AmajUmÀ`m _mJÊ`m `mVyZ EH$ JmoîQ> R>gR>erVnUo {XgVo. àË oH$ Aëng§»`m§H$ d _mJmg

OmVrg_yhm§Zm Amnë`m gdmªJrU àJVrMo ahñ` AmajUmVM XS>coco Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. H$mhrA§er Vo

~amo~a Oar Agco Var `m AmajUmÀ`m _mJÊ`m§_wio g_mO Vi T>diyZ {ZKV Amho. VgoM AmajUmÀ`m

101<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

narKm~mhoa am{hcoë`m OmVrg_yhm§_Ü o {Xdg|{Xdg AñdñWVm Am{U Agwa{jVVm dmT>rg cmJcocr

{XgVo. AemàH$mao ^maVmÀ`m AmO AIoa AmajU _mJUrÀ`m B{VhmgmMm g§H$sU© Am{U g§H${cV

ñdê$n Aä`mg H$aVm òB©c.

❏ Zm°Z {H«$_rcoà åhUOo H$m`?

Zm°Z {H«$_rcoAa cm _amR>r n`m© r eãX åhUOo "CÝZV d àJV JQ>mV _moS>V ZgUo' hmo . ^maVmV

H|$Ð emgZmZo _hmamîQ´> amÁ`mH$[aVm H|$Ðr` àdJm©Vrc BVa _mJmgdJu` VgoM _hmamîQ´> emgZmZo {d_wŠV

OmVr, ^Q>Š`m O_mVr, BVa _mJmgdJ© d {deof _mJmg àdJ© ho amÁ` _mJmg dJ©-àdJ© Kmom{fV Ho$co

AmhoV. `m àdJm©Vrc OmVr-O_mVtÀ`m ì`pŠV§Zm R>adyZ {Xcoë`m Am{W©H$ {ZH$fmV ~gV Agë`mg

åhUOoM CÝZV d àJV JQ>m_Ü o _moS>V Zgë`mg AmajUmMo \$m`Xo d gdcVr {_iÊ`mg nmÌ AgVmV.

AZwgy{MV OmVr d AZwgy{MV O_mVtZm ho VÎd cmJy Zmhr.

4.2.4 _mJmgd{J©`m§g§~§Yr H$mcocH$a Am`moJmMm Ahdmc

^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m 340 ì`m H$c_mÝd o Am{U amîQ´>nVtÀ`mAmXoemZo ^maVmVrc n{hcm

_mJmgdJu` Am`moJ Á oîR> Jm§YrdmXr Aä`mgH$, {dMmad§V H$mH$m H$mcocH$a (XÎmmÌ` ~miH¥$îU

H$mcocH$a) `m§À`m ZoV¥ÎmdmImcr Zo_Ê`mV Amcm. ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMm hm n{hcmM _mJmgdJu` Am`moJ

`mÑîQ>rZo `m Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer ^maVr` g_mO Am{U amOH$s` à{H«$ o_Ü o CëcoIZr` R>aë`m.

^maVr` g§gXoMo gm§gX Agcoë`m H$mH$m H$mcocH$a `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr 29 OmZodmar 1953 amoOr

n{hcm _mJmgdJu` Am`moJ ñWmnZ Pmcm.

11 gXñ`r` H$mcocH$a Am`moJm_Ü o Ë`m§À`m~amo~a AéUmjy S>r. ZmamÙ H$mOmoaH$a, {^ŠH$m

^mB©, {edX`mc Mm¡a{g`m, amOoída nQ>oc, AmãXþc AÝgmar, Q>r. _[aAmßnm, cmcm OJÝZmW,

AmË_mqgJ Zm_Ymar, EZ.Ama.E_.ñdm_r Ago cmoH$g^m, {dYmZg oVrc {dÛmZ gXñ` hmoVo. g§nyU©

^maVmMm Xm¡am H$ê$Z 182 àíZm§Mr àíZmdcr V`ma H$ê$Z _m{hVrMr g§H$cZ Ho$co d Ahdmc, {ZîH$f©

V`ma Ho$cm.

H$mcocH$a Am`moJmZo 2399 OmVr _mJmg R>a{dë`m. Ë`mVrc 837 OmVr A{V_mJmg R>a{dë`m.

`m gd© OmVrVrc EHy$U cmoH$g§»`m 70% hmoV hmoVr. VgoM gd© pñÌ`m§Mm g_mdoe _mJmgdJm©V Ho$cm.

H$mcocH$a Am`moJmZo _mJmgdJu`m§Mr Zo_H$s AmoiI hmoÊ`mÀ`mÑîQ>rZo A{Ve` Aä`mgnyU© Am{U

emñÌr` ñdê$nmÀ`m H$gmoQ>çm V`ma Ho$ë`m. _mJmgdJu`m§Mr gm_m{OH$ pñWVr, {ejUmMo à_mU,

ZmoH$arVrc à{V{ZYrËd, ì`mnma, CÚmoJ joÌmVrc à{V{ZYrËd, amhUr_mZ, Amamo½` Aem AË §V

102<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

emñÌmoŠV Am{U à_mUera H$gmoQ>çm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>co Am{U _hÎdnyU© {e\$maer Ho$ë`m

Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo :-

❏ H$mH$m H$mcocH$a Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer :-

1) 1961 À`m OZJUZo_Ü o Om{V{df`H$ Zm|XrMr JUZm H$amdr.

2) nma§nm[aH$ Om{Vì`dñWoÀ`m CVa§S>rÀ`m gm_m{OH$ _mJmgconUm d OmVrcm XoÊ`mV Amcoco

ImcMo ñWmZ `m§Mm g§~§Y Amho.

3) gd© pñÌ`m§Zm "_mJmgdJu`' dJm©V Q>mH$Ê`mV `mdo.

4) _mJmg OmVrVrc `mo½` C_oXdmamgmR>r Vm§{ÌH$ d ì`mdgm{`H$ {ejUg§ñWm§_Ü o 70%

OmJm Ama{jV R>odÊ`mV `mì`mV.

5) gaH$mar godo_Ü o nwT>rc dJ© aMZoZwgma _mJmgdJu`m§gmR>r AmajU Agmdo, àW_ loUrV

25% Xþgè`m loUrV 33.5% Am{U {Vgè`m d Mm¡Ï`m loUrV 40% AmajU Agmdo.

darcà_mUo H$mH$m H$mcocH$a Am`moJmZo AmajUmÀ`m ~m~VrV {e\$maer Ho$ë`m, Ë`mM~amo~a

Am`moJmZo _mJmgdJu`m§H$[aVm Am{W©H$ Am{U amOH$s` joÌmVXoIrc à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMo àm§Oi _V _m§S>co.

J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm, eoVr Am{U eoVrnyaH$ ì`dgm`m§Zm ~i XodyZ J«m_rU AW©ì`dñWm _O~yV H$amdr.

Ë`m§Mo amhUr_mZ, OrdZ_mZ d Amamo½`mÀ`m ~m~tH$S>o cj Úmdo Ago ì`mnH$ {dMma AhdmcmÀ`m

AZwf§JmZo _m§S>co.

H$mcocH$a Am`moJmZo 1955 gmcr Amncm Ahdmc gmXa Ho$cm. 3 gßQ>|~a 1956 gmcr

g§gXoÀ`m nQ>cmda hm Ahdmc R>odÊ`mV Amcm. na§Vw `m Ahdmcmda AZoH$ Amjon, ÌyQ>r Agë`mMo

gm§JyZ hm H$mcocH$a Am`moJmMm Ahdmc g§gXoV \o$Q>miÊ`mV Amcm.

4.2.5 _§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer Am{U Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr

_§S>c Am`moJ hm ^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U amOH$s` ì`dñWoda {MañWm`r n[aUm_ KS>dyZ

AmUUmam R>acm. n{hcm _mJmgdJu` H$mcocH$a Am`moJmMm Ahdmc aÔ~mVc R>a{dë`m_wio BVa

_mJmgdJu` g_mO g_yhm§_Ü o AñdñWVm {Z_m©U Pmcr hmoVr. Amo.~r.gr.§À`m hŠH$m§gmR>r g§nyU© Xoe^a

cT>o C o am{hco hmoVo. àm. lmdU Xodao, no[a`ma am_ñdm_r Zm`H$ma, lr. eã~ra AÝgmar BË`mXtZr

_moR>çm à_mUmV cT>o C o Ho$co. OZOmJ¥Vr Ho$cr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ 20 {S>g|~a 1978 gmcr Á`m

q~Xoídar àgmX _§S>c `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImcr Xþgam _mJmgdJu` Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm Ë`mcmM

_§S>c Am`moJ Ago åhUVmV.

103<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

KQ>ZoMm H$c_ 340(1) Zwgma amîQ´>nVtZr hm Am`moJ BVa _mJmgdJu`m§Mm åhUOo gm_m{OH$ d

e¡j{UH$ joÌmV _mJmgcoë`m g_mOmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zo_Ê`mV Amcm. `m ~hþgXñ`r`Am`moJm_Ü o Ý`m. _§S>c `m§Mo~amo~a Ý`m. Ama. Ama. ^moio, {XdmU _mohZcmc, Ec. Ama. ZmB©H$, Ho$.

gw~«åhÊ`_, Eg.Eg.{Jc Ago Zm_d§V, Aä`mgy gXñ` hmoVo. `m Am`moJmH$S>o gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çmH$maUo emoYyZ Ë`m§À`m CÝZVrgmR>r Cnm` gwM{dUo, H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$maÀ`m ZmoH$è`mV C{MV AmajUmMr

VaVyX H$aUo B. H$m_o gmondcocr hmoVr.

_§S>c Am`moJmZo Amncm Ahdmc V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{Ve` ì`mnH$ Agm Aä`mg, g§emoYZ,AÝdofU Ho$co. 81 àíZm§Mr àíZmdcr ~Zdcr. Vr àíZmdcr 1 cmI 11 hOma 872 cmoH$m§Zr ^ê$Z

nmR>dcr. H|$Ð gaH$ma, amÁ` gaH$ma, {Oëhm n[afXm, ehao, IoS>r B.H$Sy>Z _m{hVr g§H${cV H$aÊ`mVAmcr. XoemVrc 405 {OëømVrc XmoZ IoS>o d EH$ eha {ZdSy>Z 100% Z_wZm nmhUr Ho$cr.

Am`moJmÀ`m 171 Am¡nMm[aH$ ~¡R>H$s Pmë`m. 2638 g_mOgodr g§ñWm§Mr {ZdoXZo pñdH$macr. Q>mQ>mg_mO {dkmZ g§ñWm, ^maVr` _mZd {dkmZ g§ñWm, ^maVr` g_mO{dkmZ d g§emoYZ n[afX, l_ ã wamo,

amîQ´>r` l_ g§ñWm, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg g§ñWm, {Xëcr {dÚmnrR> `m§À`m AWH$ à`ËZmZo _§S>c Am`moJmMmAhdmc V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm.

_§S>c Am`moJmZo dñVw{ZîR> Aä`mg ìhmdm åhUyZ VrZ àH$maMo {ZH$f qH$dm H$gmoQ>çm R>a{dë`m.gm_m{OH$ {ZH$f, e¡j{UH$ {ZH$f, Am{W©H$ {ZH$f. `m H$gmoQ>çm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AË §V gyú_ Am{U

Aä`mgnyU© Ahdmc V`ma Ho$cm d BVa _mJmgdJu`m§H$[aVm nwT>rcà_mUo {e\$maer Ho$ë`m.

1) gaH$mar d AZwXm{ZV godm§_Ü`o AmajU :-

emgH$s`, {Z_emgH$s` d gaH$maH$Sy>Z àË`j-AàË`j _XV, AZwXmZ KoUmè`m godm§_Ü o BVa

_mJmgdJu`m§Zm AmajU Úmdo. {~Ja qhXÿgh AÝ` _mJmgdJu`m§Mo cmoH$g§» oVrc à_mU 52% Amho.darc gd© joÌm§_Ü o `m g_mOmcm 27% AmajU Úmdo.

2) e¡j{UH$ joÌm{df`r {e\$mag :-

emgH$s`, {Z_emgH$s` ZmoH$è`m§~amo~aM e¡j{UH$ joÌmV gwÜXm BVa _mJmgdJu`m§Zm AmajU

Úmdo. e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm {_idyZgwÜXm H$mhrdoim ZmoH$ar {_iV Zmhr. Voìhm `m {dÚmÏ`mªZm ì`mdgm{`H$,Vm§{ÌH$ d H$mam{Jam§Mo {ejUgwÜXm Úmdo. Ë`mgmR>r gd© e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§_Ü o 27% AmajU R>odmdo.

3. amOH$s` joÌm{df`r {e\$maer :-

amOH$s` joÌ ho _§S>c Am`moJmMo Aä`mg joÌ ZìhVo; na§Vw Am`moJmÀ`m Aä`mgmcm dÁ © XoIrc

ZìhVo. gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s` joÌ A§VJ©V Jw§VmJw§VrMo AgVo. _mJmg g_mOmcm amOH$s`

104<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

AmpñVËd, Apñ_Vm {_iÊ`mg Ë`m§Mm amOH$s` gh^mJ dmT>Vmo. amOH$s` joÌmVgwÜXm à{VîR>m {_iVo.

Ë`m§À`mVrc AñdñWVm, Z¡amí`, Am¡Xm{gÝ` ZîR> hmodyZ Vo amîQ´>mÀ`m _w»` àdmhmV oVmV. Ë`m§ZmamOH$s` AmajU Zgë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd AË`ën Amho. Ë`mgmR>r _§S>c Am`moJmZo amIrd

_VXmag§KmMr {e\$mag Ho$cr Amho.

4. BVa joÌm{df`r {e\$maer :-

_§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m Aä`mgmMr ì`mßVr àM§S> hmoVr. Am`moJmZo \$ŠV g§K{Q>V joÌmnwaË`mM{e\$maer Ho$ë`m ZmhrV Va Ag§K{Q>V joÌmgmR>r XoIrc {e\$maer Ho$ë`m. _mJmgdJu` {dH$mg

_hm_§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$amdr, Ë`m§À`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì ImVo {Z_m©U H$amdo, H|$Ð d amÁ`mZo Ë`m§À`m{dH$mgmgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm nwaogm {ZYr Úmdm, ghH$mar J¥h {Z_m©U g§ñWm ñWmnZ

H$aÊ`mgmR>r yI§S> Am{U Aënì`mO XamZo H$O} ÚmdrV, ZJanm{cH$m d BVa g§ñWm§Zr ~m§Ycoë`m em°ntJg|Q>a_Ü o AÝ` _mJmgdJu`m§gmR>r OmJm amIyZ R>odmì`mV, Ë`m§Mm gm_m{OH$ ñVa, à{VîR>m, Ë`m§Mo

amhUr_mZ, OrdZ_mZ, Amamo½`, Ë`m§Mo ñW¡ © `m ~m~VrV XoIrc _§S>i Am`moJmZo {e\$maer Ho$ë`m.

Aem àH$mao _§S>c Am`moJmZo AË §V ì`mnH$ à_mUmV {e\$maer Ho$ë`m. Ë`m gd© BWo g§H${cVñdê$nmV _m§S>coë`m AmhoV.

❏ _§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maetMr A§_c~OmdUr :-

H|$Ð gaH$maZo Oar _§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer pñdH$maë`mVar Ë`mMr g§nyU©nUo A§_c~OmdUrH$aUo AË §V pŠcîQ> Am{U Jw§VmJw§VrMo hmoVo. na§Vw VargwÜXm n§VàYmZ ìhr. nr. qgJ `m§Zr Am`moJmZo

{e\$mag Ho$coë`m gd©M joÌmV VmVS>rZo 27% AmajU Kmo{fV Ho$co d Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr Ëd[aVMmcy Ho$cr. `m ì`{V[aŠV BVa Á`m {e\$maer Ho$ë`m hmoË`m, Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr hiyhiy H|$Ð Am{U

amÁ` gaH$mao H$aVmZm {XgV AmhoV.

4.2.6 BVa _mJmgdJu`m§H$[aVm amÁ` nmVirdarc AmajUmMo YmoaU (_hmamîQ>Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$)

1978 gmcr ñWmnZ Pmcoë`m _§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maetMr A§_c~OmdUr hmoÊ`mgmR>r 1993

gmc COmS>co. gmYmaU 15 dfmªMm H$mcmnì``, AZoH$ AS>MUr, amOH$maU, Ý`m`mc`rZ cT>o nma

H$aV hm Am`moJ ^maVr`m§Zm {_imcm. gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUOo _§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer pñdH$maUmam

_hmamîQ´> ho n{hco amÁ` hmoVo. amÁ` gaH$maZo CXma A§VH$aUmZo, ì`mnH$ ÑîQ>rZo amÁ`mVrc BVa

_mJmgdJu`m§H$[aVm Ho$coë`m _§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer pñdH$maë`m. VgoM `m g_mOmMm gdmªJrU

{dH$mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ `moOZm, gdcVr CncãY H$arV Amho. _hmamîQ´>m_Ü o BVa _mJmgdJu` VgoM

105<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O_mVr, gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ ~m~VrV _mJmg Agcoë`m dJmªgmR>r

nwT>rcà_mUo AmajUmMo YmoaU am~{dco Amho.

_hmamîQ´>mVrc AmajU YmoaU

H«$. OmVr, O_mVr, àdJ©, dJm©Mo dU©Z AmajUmMo à_mU %

1. AZwgy{MV OmVr 13%

2. AZwgy{MV O_mVr 07%

3. {Za{Ygy{MV O_mVr (A) 03%

4. ^Q>Š`m O_mVr (~) 2.5%

5. ^Q>Š`m O_mVr (H$) 3.5%

6. ^Q>Š`m O_mVr (S>) 02%

7. {deof _mJmg àdJ© 02%

8. BVa _mJmg dJ© 19%

9. gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgcoco 16%

_hmamîQ´>mVrc EHy$U AmajU 68%

❏ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc AmajU YmoaU :-

^maVmVrc àË oH$ amÁ`m_Ü o {d{dY OmVr, O_mVr, dJ© Am{U àdJm©À`m cmoH$g§» oMo à_mU

H$_rOmñV Amho. Ë`m_wio VoWrc AmajUmMo YmoaUXoIrc {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ ñdê$nmMo Agcoco {XgVo.

H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc AZwgy{MV O_mVtMr cmoH$g§»`m _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m VwcZoV H$_r AgcrVar Amo.~r.gr.Mr

g§»`m OmñV Amho. Ë`m_wio H$Zm©Q>H$mV Amo.~r.gr. AmajUmMr Q>ŠHo$dmar _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m VwcZoV A{YH$

Amho. H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo ZmJZJm¡S>m H$_reZ d hmdZya H${_eZ Zo_co hmoVo. VoWo Amo.~r.gr._Ü o

A{V_mJmg, _Ü`_ _mJmg d _mJmg Ago VrZ àdJ© {Z_m©U Ho$co AmhoV d Ë`m§À`m cmooH$g§» oÀ`m

à_mUmV Ë`m§Zm AmajU àXmZ Ho$coco Amho.

H$Zm©Q>H$m_Ü o AZwgy{MV OmVtZm 15% AmajU Amho, Va AZwgy{MV O_mVtZm 05% AmajU

Amho. Va BVa _mJmgdJu`m§Zm (gd© dJ©, àdJ© {_iyZ) 53% AmajU Amho. H$Zm©Q>H$mV EHy$U

AmajUmMo à_mU 73% da nmohmoMco Amho.

106<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

^maVmVrc H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m AmajUmMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y nwT>rc à_mUo :-

H«$. OmVr, O_mVr, àdJ©, dJm©Mo dU©Z AmajUmMo à_mU %

1. AZwgy{MV OmVr 15 %

2. AZwgy{MV O_mVr 7.5 %

3. BVa_mJmg dJ© 27 %

4. Iwë`m dJm©Vrc Am{W©H$ Xþ~©c 10 %

EHy$U 59.5 %

Iwcm dJ© 40.5 %

4.3 gmam§e

^maVmVrc AmajU ì`dñWm àM§S> pŠcîQ> Am{U Jw§VmJw§VrMr Amho. OJmVrc ~hþYm H$moUË`mhr

XoemV EdT>r O{Q>c AmajU ì`dñWm Zgoc. AmajU _mJUrÀ`m B{VhmgmMr gwadmV Oa AmnU h§Q>a

H$_reZ 1882 nmgyZ Ho$cr Va AmO `m cT>çmcm 125 df} CcQy>Z Joë`mMr {XgVmV, VargwÜXm

AOyZhr H$mhr g_mO KQ>H$ AmajUmÀ`m _mJUrgmR>r g§Kf© H$arV AmhoV. åhUOo AmO AIoan ªV

gwÜXm gaH$maZo Ho$coë`m AmajUmÀ`m AmH¥$Vr~§Ymda g_mOmVrc H$mhr KQ>H$ Ag§VwîR> Agë`mMo {XgyZ

oVo. VargwÜXm AmajUmMm B{Vhmg Aä`mgVmZm ^maVr` _mJmg g_mOmZo d Ë`m§À`m ZoV¥ÎdmZo Omo {MdQ>

Am{U gmVË`mZo cT>m {Xcm Ë`mMo \$cñdê$n åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm `m AmajUmMo cm^ {_iV Amho. ñdmV§Í`nyd©

Agmo qH$dm ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mi Agmo hm cT>m Ë`mZr {MdQ>nUo, gmVË`mZo cT>cm. `mM H$mimV hmodyZ

Jococo AZoH$ Am`moJ, H${_Q>çm, Aä`mgJQ>m§Zr XoIrc Amnë`m Ahdmcm§_Ü o _mJmgconUmMo dñVw{ZîR>

{MÌU Ho$ë`m_wioM AmajUmMm hm cT>m BW§n ªV nmohmoMcm.

4.4 ñd §-AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

~) `mo½` OmJr eãX {chm.

1. ............ `m§Zr h§Q>a H${_eZ nwT>o gmj {Xcr.

2. Jmoc_oO n[afXm ............... `oWo nma nS>ë`m.

3. 1902 gmcr .............. `m§Zr H$moëhmnya g§ñWmZmV AmajUmMr gwadmV Ho$cr.

4. _m±Q>o½ w-Moåg\$moS>© H$m`Xm .............. gmcr A§_cmV Amcm.

107<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

5. n{hcm _mJmgdJu` Am`moJ .............. `m§Mo AÜ`jVoImcr ñWmnZ Pmcm.

6. Xþgè`m _mJmgdJu` Am`moJ ............. `m§Mo AÜ`jVoImcr ñWmnZ Pmcm.

7. _hmamîQ´>m_Ü o 2018 gmcr gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$ joÌmV _mJmgcoë`m§Zm .............EdT>o AmajU {Xco Joco.


A) 1. _hmË_m \w$co.

2. c§S>Z.

3. amO{f© emhÿ _hmamO.

4. 1919.

5. H$mH$m H$mcocH$a.

6. Ý`m. ~r. nr. _§S>c.

7. 16%.


❏ cKwÎmar àíZ gmoS>dm.

1. AmajU åhUOo H$m`?

2. AmajUmMr Amdí`H$Vm ñnîQ> H$am.

3. Zm°Z {H«$_rcoAa åhUOo H$m`?

4. 73 dr d 74 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr.

❏ XrKm}Îmar àíZ gmoS>dm.

1. AmajU åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ AmajUmMr JaO ñnîQ> H$am.

2. ^maVmVrc AmajU _mJUrÀ`m B{VhmgmMr _m{hVr Úm.

3. H$mH$m H$mcocH$a Am`moJ Ahdmc ñnîQ> H$am.

4. _hmamîQ´>mVrc AmajUmMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y ñnîQ> H$am.

5. _§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer ñnîQ> H$am.

108<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>


1. dmUr, àH$me O. (2013) : ""Zm°Z {H«$_rcoAa : gm_m{OH$ H¥$Vr g§ñWm'', OiJm§d.

2. S>m°. ^UJo, a.nm§. (2016) : ""AmajUmMr dmQ>Mmc Am{U Amo~rgr AmajU'',S>m`_§S> npãcHo$eZ, nwUo.

3. S>m°. g§Xo PoS>. EM. (2015) : ""nrEM.S>r.à~§Y : X{jU _hmamîQ´>mVrc ñWm{ZH$ñdamÁ` g§ñWm_Ü o CX`mg Amcoë`m _wpñc_ ZoV¥ËdmMm Aä`mg'', {edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya.

4. _wagc hþ_m yZ (2016) : ""H$m|S>r AmajUmMr Am{U _wpñc_m§Mr'', gmogm`Q>r \$m°a_wpñcåg gmo{e`c M|O, H$moëhmnya.

5. Prasad Anirudha (1991) : "Reservation Policy its relevance in modrn

India, A means to an End", New Delhi.

6. Samujh Ram (2005) : "Reservation Policy its relevance in modrn India",

Samrudha Bharat Public, Mumbai.

❏ ❏ ❏

m. a. ii ps p. e40 res. poli and politics title 2019/m... · 2020. 3. 20. · {edmor {dÚmnrr>,...

Documents