m. muruganandam

International conference on Recent Trends in Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization 22 Aug 2019

Vitamin E and C effect on Immune responses against Staphylococcus aureus

M.Muruganandam 1 Bobin .M.Varghese2,Veeraye Kanna2,Maheswari.M2.and

Dhyaneswari.G 2.

1.Department of Zoology,

Syed Ammal Arts and Science college,

Ramanathapuram-623504.

2.Department of Biotechnology,

St.Micheal College of Engg&tech,

Kalayar kovil.

Abstract

Two vitamins (vitamin E and C) were provided to separate group of albino rats . Then

inactivated staphylococcus aureus cells were injected to all the albino rats. At the end of the

experiment blood sample were collected to all the albino rats for immune haematological

analysis..In this attempts two vitamins treatment shows more or less equal immunological

responses against staphylococcus aureus.

Keywords: Vitamin E and C, staphylococcus aureus, Immune responses.

Introduction

Vitamins are generally required in relatively small amounts in the diet and if present

inadequate amounts, may result in nutrition related disease poor growth or increased

susceptibility to infection (De Silva and Anderson, 1995) vitamin A play an important role

against cancer cell. The high levels of vitamin A in a cell could complete against

carcinogens it is protective agent against tumours and it acts as a chemoprevention strategy

( Sporn et al, 1976.) Every vitamin has special function. Vitamin E is a good

Immunostimulant. It prevents oxidative diathesis in chicks and white muscle disease in fish

(poston et al 1976)

Vitamin C is necessary for the production and maintenance of intracellular substance

involved in wound repair (pinkeston, 1977; Lim and Lovell, 1978, Janancey et al; 1985) It

is also involved in inducing normal growth and immune responses. In the present study

vitamin, E and C were provided to separate group of albino rats. After that inactivated staph

cells were injected to all the albino rats and studied the immune responses.


Materials and Methods

For this study two vitamins immunostimulants were selected (vitamin E and C ) These

vitamins were separately provided ( Vitamin C 250mg and vitamin E 250mg) to two

different group of albino rats One control treatment was also ,maintained. After one week,

inactivated staphylococcus aureus (10-5) cells were injected to all the albino rats. After two

weeks samples were collected for Analysis After one week from the first sample second

blood sample also collected.

Results

Vitamin C and E act as antioxidant and also act as good immunostimulants. In this study, In

this study, Vitamin C and Vitamin E were provided to different group of albino rates..After

that, inactivated staphylococcus aureus was injected to all the treatment including control

group. The vitamin C and E produces equal level of immune responses But control group

has lesser level of immune response compared to other treatments..Vitamin C is a water

soluble vitamin, If add excess level of vitamin C ,it will excreted through urine. But vitamin

E is a fat soluble vitamin, If add excess amount ,it will deposited in body fat tissues,finally it

will develop a dis ease condition .So compared to Vitamin E and C is best to use in loach

feed.

Discussion

Vitamin C plays a important role in inducing immune responses and growth

(Muruganandam, 2013). Optimum level of vitamin E also require for growth and normal

physiology of animals (Muruganandam, 2006) vitamin E also induce immune responses

against disease causing agents. Here comparative study of three vitamin immunostimulants

efficacy against inactivated staph vaccine was studied. In the presence study more or less

equal responses was observed in all treatments. So these a;; vitamins are recommended to

use as bio-adjuvant which is help to enhance the efficacy of vaccines otherwise if use more

quantity of immunostimulants it may suppress the immune function. But during stress and

disease condition the requirement level may increased. So the optimization is essential

step because it determines the functional state of immunesystem.


Reference

1.De Silva ,s .s and .A Anderson (1995) fish nutrition in aquaculture pub. By Chapman and

Hall, London, pp.87

2. Sporn,M.B.N.mDonlop, D.L Newton and J.M.Smith Fed proc .Fed Am SocExpBial 35

1332 (1976)

3.Poston H.A, Combs, G.F and Lbovitz.l. 1976) vitamin E and selenium interactions in the

atlanticsolmon gross histological, Biochemical deficiency signs J,Nutri. 106: 892-904.

4.Pinkerton.H. (1977)vitamins and deficiency disease In pathologh (eds Anderson W.A.D)

and kissane J.M) C.V morocco. saint lousi, Missouri pp. 623-639.

5.Juancey K, solaman A and Roberts R.J.Laps (1985) Ascorbic acid requirements in relation

to wound healing in the cultural Tilapia oreochromis niloticus (Trewanas) Aqua cult fish

Manuel 16 , 139-149.

6. Lim.C and Lovell .R(1978).Pathology of Vitamin C deficiency Syndrome in channel

catfish Nutri.103,134-138.

7. Muruganandam.M (2006) Fat soluble vitamins toxicity and deficiency signs in fishes Aqua

Tech.Vol 6 Issue 5.pp70-72.

8. Muruganandam.M (2013) Ascorbic acid in Aqua Nutrition.-book p 104.

Table-1 Vitamin E and C effect on immune response against Staphylococcus aureus

S.No Parameters Control

Sample I II

Vitamin C(250 mg)

I II

Vitamin-E (250 mg )

I II

1 RBC

count(millions)

4.4

3.9

3.0

3.3

3.3

3.6

2 WBC total

count(Cells/Cu

mm)

6,200

4,500

6,900

5,100

6,800

4,900

3 Polymorphic

Neutrophils

Count (%)

54

56

65

70

64

66

4 PCV (%) 36 34 38 33 35 40

5 Haemoglobin

(gm %)

11

10.4

12.0

10.3

10.2

10.1

6 Antibody titre 5 6 8 8 7 7


COLORECTAL CANCER VACCINE WITH GRADED LEVEL OF DIETARY

VITAMIN A EFFECT ON IMMUNE RESPONCES

M.Muruganandam

Department of Zoology,

Syed Ammal College of Arts and Science,


Abstract

Vitamin A is an immunostimulants and naturally it has a property of suppressing

cancer formation. In the present study anti-idiotype vaccine was prepared for colorectal

Cancer and injected group of albino rats. Graded level of vitamin was provided to all the

groups. Later cancer cells were injected than blood sample were collected for analysis. The

maximum immune responses were observed in25, 000 IU vitamin A treatment.

Key words Vitamin A, Vaccine, Cancer,

Introduction

Vitamin A is a essential nutrient for maintaining normal growth and health. The

lower level of vitamin A in diet immune exhibited in poor growth, low feed efficiency and

high mortality rate in fishes. More, quantity vitamin A in diet shows signs in metabolic

distortion and hyper vitaminosis and also suppressed growth rates1,2,3 .In this study anti-

idio type vaccine for colorectal cancer with graded level of supplementary vitamin A was

provided to albino rats and find out optimum dose for produce higher immune responses

were studied.

Material and methods

Colorectal cancer tissue was collected from cancer diagnostic lab in

local hospital. The Cancer tissue (grade-I) split into cells by using trypsin solution, then it is

used to prepare colorectal anti-idiotype vaccine and it was injected to albino rates for study

immune responses.. Graded level of vitamin A (retinal) 0,,25,000, 50,000,75,000,1,00,000,

1,25,000Iu)was provided to different group of vaccinated albino rats at two times with one

week interval. After appropriate time interval inactivated cancer cells (10-4) were injected to

all the albino rats. At the end of the experiment blood samples were collected for analysis.


Result

Vitamin A naturally has an antitumor activity. In this study, graded level of vitamin A with

cancer vaccine was provided to different group of albino rats and immune responses was

recorded. The WBC count, polymorphic Neutrophils count, and Antibody titre was increased

in 25,000 IU treatment, .after that it was slowly decreased when increasing supplementation

level of vitamin A. The RBC and Haemoglobin ranges are more or less similar in all the

treatment. The immunity range is maximum in 25,000IU treatment compared to all other

treatments. So it is optimum range, this level is suitable to induce maximum immunity with

vaccine treatment.

Discussion

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the world

colorectal cancer deaths increased exponentially between ten to thirty five years of age group

Large doses of vitamin A inhibit the development of some tumours in higher animal’s

colorectal cancer vaccine A against tumours and it acts as a chemoprevention strategy. In

the present study first anti-idiotype vaccine was developed against colorectal cancer. This

vaccine with graded level of vitamin A provided to albino rats. The highest leucocyte

count was observed in 25,000 Iu treatment compared to other treatments. The highest levels

of antibody level and polymorphic neurotrophil counts were also observed in the same

treatment. So it is concluded that a25, 000IU treatment is best to use as bio-adjuvant with

colorectal cancer vaccine.

References

1.Shim, K.F. andC.H. (1990) The dictary requirement of vitaminA in guppy

(poecccliarericulate peters).The current status of fish nutrition in Aguaculture the proceeding

of the third international symposim of feeding and nutrition in fish, Aug-28-Sep1., 1989

(Toba- Japan, Taleda,m.,Watonabe Teds) pp: 133-140.

2 Soleh.G.Eleraky, W.Gropp, J.M. (1995) A short note on the effects of vitamin A hyper

vitamins on health and growth ofTilapia (oreochromisniloticus)

J.Apl.Ichthyic.Z.AngenIchtayal., 11 (304) 382-386.

3. Muruganandam.M.(2005) vitamin requirement in an airbreathing fish Ph.D thesis

M.S.UniversityThirunelvi South Indiap 176.


Table-1.colorectal cancer vaccine with Graded level of vitamin A influence on immune

response in Albino rates.

S.No Parameters Vitamin A(IU)

0 25,000 50,000 75,000 1,00,000 1,25,000

1 RBC

Count(millions)

3.8 3.6 3.5 2.9 4.2 3.9

2 WBC Total

count (cells/cu

mm)

4,200 6,200 3,500 3,200 4,400 4,300

3 Polymorphic

neutrophils l

count (%)

71 75 69 71 52 67

4 Lymphocyte

count (%)

29 25 39 29 48 33

5 Haemoglobin

(gm. %)

11 11.2 10.5 5.5 12.5 11.5

6 Antibody Titer 9 11 10 9 9 9


Radiation Stress effect on Survival rate of Pathogenic Bacteria

M.Muruganandam,

Dept. of Zoology,

Syed Ammal arts and Science College,

Ramanathapuram-623513

Abstract

U.V radiation destroys the structure of DNA and other essential components of cell. In this

study, U.V radiation effect on growth and survival of bacteria were studied. First Spread

plates of bacteria were prepared and exposed to U.V radiation with different time intervals (0,

2, 4, 6, and 8 minutes), then they are incubated at 37 o c for 24 hours. After incubation

number of colonies was calculated. If increase the exposure time, the colony numbers were

slowly decreased. In 8 minutes treatment 104 colonies were observed. In the control

treatment(-0 minutes time exposed has 1236 colonies),2 minutes (456 colonies),4

minutes(281 colonies),6 minutes(167 colonies) and 8 minutes (104 colonies) exposure reduce

the colony number slowly. This bacterium has more resistant to U.V radiation.

Key words: U.V radiation, DNA, Mutant, Bacteria.

Introduction

Many physical factors provide physiological stress to the living cells. The U.V radiation is

one among them .The U.V radiation mainly damage DNA and causes genetic mutation.1 The

U.V radiation also alter the growth, virulence and physiology of microorganism. Our

previous lab studies prove that U.V radiation mainly produces mutation in bacterial cells. 2, 3,

4.The exposure of U.V radiation is a major risk for most skin cancers in human beings. It is

very harmful. However it is used to treat some diseases such as rickets, psoriasis, eczema and

jaundice.

The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus causes food borne diseases. The food borne diseases are

major concern worldwide. .Nearly around 250different food borne diseases has been

described and bacteria are the important causative agents. The Staphylococcus aureus is a

leading cause of gastroenteritis resulting from consumption of contaminated food .The

symptoms of food borne diseases are very widely, depending on the etiological agents .The


common symptoms of food borne diseases are Diarrhea and Vomiting 5. In this study, U.V

radiation on the growth and survival of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was studied.


The bacterial pathogen was collected from patients in local hospital and it was cultured in

Lab. The pathogen was confirmed by regular microbiological and biochemical tests. First

bacterial spread plates were prepared .After that it was exposed to U.V radiation, at various

time intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 minutes and these plates were incubated at 37 o C. After 24

hours the plates were taken and colonies were counted with the help of colony counter.

Results

Ultra violet radiation slowly damages various molecules of the cell. It mainly damage DNA

molecules. The U.V resistant is an important character. In the study, If increase the duration

of U.V treatment, the bacterial cell was slowly lose their survival rate. It is clearly shows

that the number of colony was decreased during increasing exposure of U.V radiation .In 8

minute treatment 104 colonies were developed..In control treatment,(0 minute exposure

treatment has 1236 colonies),2 minutes (456 colonies),4minutes (281 colonies), 6

minutes(167 colonies) and 8 minutes 9104 colonies) exposure shows reduced the numbers of

colonies.

Discussion

U.V radiation produce mutation and sometimes ,it produce to increase virulence due to

genetic change. The best mutant strains were used to prepare inactivated vaccines 2, 3.During

increase the U.V radiation at certain limit, it produce mutation .These mutation leads to

produce virulence. These virulence strains induce more immune response to host. The

previous studies proves that six minute U.V treated mutant strains produce good immune

response 4.In the present study, if increase the duration of U.V exposure time, thebacterial

population slowly decreased .The eight minute treatment has lesser number of colonies

compared to other treatment. In the other hand, the best mutant strains only survive against

U.V radiation. The non-mutant strains lose their survival. The bacteria have more resistant to

U.V radiation.


Reference

1. Narayanan.D.L, Saladi.R.N,Fox.J.L (2010) Ultraviolet radiation and Skin cancer. The

Int.nat.Soc. Der.010 sep.49 (9):978-86.

2. Muruganandam.M, J.E. John Solomon and Mahesh.S.Kini (2010).Mutant Strain vaccine

for Typhoid.Env&Eco.28 (2B) 1414-1415.

3. Muruganandam.M and J.Jana (2016). Ultraviolet radiation alters the virulence of

pathogenic Bacteria.Proce. Seminar Global warming and Climate changes held on 19 the

Aug.2016.

4. Muruganandam.M and K.N.Veerayeekanna (2010) Mutant strain vaccine for

Staphylococcus aureus.J.currt.Sci.15 (10):229-32.

5. Yues Leloir, Florence Baron and Michel Gautier (2003) Staphylococcus aureus and Food

Poisoning.Gen.Mol.Res.vol.2. pp. 63-76.

1236

456

281167

104

0 2 4 6 8

Time (minutes)

Fig 1.Ultraviolet radiation influence on Staphylococcus aureus Colonies


COLORECTAL CANCER VACCINE WITH DIETARY VITAMIN E INFLUENCE ON

IMMUNE RESPONSES

M.Muruganandam,


Syed Ammal Arts and Science and College,


Abstract

Nowadays colorectal cancer occurs in adolescents and young adults in most parts of

the world . Vitamin E is a good anti oxidant and Immunostimulant. it stimulate

nonspecific immunity. In this study anti-idiotype colorectal cancer vaccine first developed.

It was provided to all the albino rats. The end of the experiments blood samples were

collected in all the albino rats for analysis. In this study,200mg vitamin E treatment is

acted as optimum dose which is induce higher level of immunity against colorectal cancer

cells.

Key words: Vitamin E,, cancer vaccine, colorectal cancer cells.

Introduction

Vitamin E act as an extra intra-cellular anti-oxidants to maintain homeostasis and also

metabolites in the cells and tissue plasma (Halver, 1980) . It is essential for growth

and reproductive performance .The tocopheral prevents oxidative diathesis in chicks,

white muscle disease in fish ( poston et al 1976) and liver necrosis in rats .IN this study

colorectal cancer vaccine with graded level of vitamin E was provided to various group

off albino rats . The optimum dose which induces maximum immune responses was studied.


Colorectal cancer cell are collected from local hospital lab. Anti-idiotype vaccine was

prepared .This anti-idiotype vaccine with graded level of Vitamin E (α-tocopheral ) 0, 200,

400, 600 , 800 and 100mg) was provided to various group of albino rats. After two weeks,

Inactivated cancer cells (10-4) were prepared and injected to all the albino rat. At the end of

the experiment, blood samples were collected for analysis.


Results

Graded level of Vitamin E supplementation with colorectal cancer vaccine was provided to

different group of albino rats, then immune response of all the treatment was analysed. The

RBC and Haemoglobin levels are more or less equal range in all the treatment. after control

treatment, the WBC count was slightly increased in 200mg vitamin E supplementary

treatment then it was decreased. Polymorphic neutrophils count. Antibody levels and

lymphocyte count was slightly increased in 200 mg treatment then these were

decreased..Based on this study, It is concluded that 200mg vitamin E treatment is best to use

with colorectal cancer vaccine.

Discussion

Vitamin E is essential to maintain cell growth and physiology. The deficiency of Vitamin

E affects the functions of cell. The testicular degradation has been observed due to

vitamin E deficiency in dogs , Monkey, pigs, rabbits, rats, cockerels, and fish (mason.

1954) But it has certain saturation limit . If provide more than that limit, it affect the

normal physiology of the cell. In this study maximum leukocyte total count and

polymorphic neutrophils count was observed in 200mg treatment, compared to other

treatments. The highest antibody levels one also observed in the same treatment after that

the immunological responses are slowly decreased. Based on this experiment it is

concluded that 200mg treatment is best to use as adjuvant for colorectal cancer

vaccine.

Reference

1.Ha;ver.J.E,(1980) The vitamins Fish feed Technology FAO rome pp 65-103

2.Mason KE (1954) In the vitamin vol3 vii (school with who and harris R ,s, eds )

Academic pres Newyork 524.p

3. Poston H.A, combs G, F and LEbovitz .L (1976) vitamin E and selenium interactions in

the Atlantic Salmon grass Histological and biochemical deficiency signs. Inutr.106: 892-

904.


Table-1 Colorectal cancer vaccine with graded level of Vitamin E effects on immune

responses in Albino rats.

Vitamin E Doses (mg)

S.No Parameters 0 200 400 600 800 1000

1 RBC Count

(cells/millions)

5.0

3.2

3.4

4.2

4.5

4.8

2 WBC Total

count (cells/

Cu mm)

6100

6500

4750

4800

4200

4100

3 Polymorphic

Neutrophils

count (%)

67

76

76

68

75

70

4 Lymphocyte

Count (%)

18

30

23

21

25

26

5 Haemoglobin

(gm%)

12

10

10.5

12.5

13.5

11.5

6 Antibody Titre

(Well no)

8

11

10

9

8

8


PEPTIDE IMMUNOGENS FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

M.Muruganandam,




Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Vaccine saves our people from various infectious diseases. In current vaccine

development Research different types of Immunogens are used. The antigenic peptides are

the group of Immunogens which has various immunological efficiency. But they are

effective Immunogens. The production cost is not much more level. So it is highly suitable

for developing countries. If use various peptide immunogen based on their efficacy, we will

develop many vaccines against various infectious diseases.

Keywords: Peptide vaccines, Antigenic peptides, Heat stress protein.

Introduction

Vaccines save millions of young generations and women in developing countries

from many dangerous infectious diseases. Now developing countries need highly effective

vaccines..with low production cost and they need short duration for vaccine development.

Immunogens are different types of subunits used in vaccine development such as, genomic

DNA, Plasmid DNA, Polysaccharides, Peptides, etc. The Peptides are one among them and

they stimulate very effective immunity. There are different types of Antigenic peptides

present in pathogens. During vaccine preparation, various useful Antigenic peptides are

isolated them used to prepare effective Immunogens. Sometimes used single Antigenic

peptides or use more than one peptides used to improve the efficacy of vaccine. Based on the

efficacy and develop vaccine for many dangerous infectious diseases

Whole Cell proteins

Whole cell protein produces good immunity. In our lab trial, various cell components are

isolated and used as Antigens, during Aeromonas Hydrophila vaccine development at that

time the whole cell proteins produces good immunity compared to nucleotide sub ujits

Because it contains many antigenic proteins, It is also suitable for vaccine development .


The main advantages of this vaccine is it cannot produce disease. However it produced good

immunity short duration.

Toxoid proteins

Many bacteria produces toxic Compounds, These toxic compounds produces illness and

damage tissues But the inactivated toxic compounds are used in vaccine for induce immunity.

In our lab trial toxins of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and inactivates and used as

vaccine candidate.. It induces good immunity at certain level. It is suitable to induce

individually or sometimes it is used to mix other vaccine compounds for produce higher level

of immunity.

Heat stress protein (HSP)

HSP has major antigens in many pathogens including a wide variety of bacteria and

parasites. During unfavourable conditions like heat stress a small number of specific genes

will be expressed for save the life of those organisms. Jacoby et al.,(1997) found that most of

the HSP genes exhibited maximal responses at 20 minutes which declined by 30 minutes and

approached in active levels by 140 minutes. In our lab trial 55”C 10 minutes treatment

produced HSP that induce a maximum immune response in the host hence it is also

recommended that these HSP is suitable to staph vaccine development.

Surface Antigenic peptides

Pathogens surface antigenic proteins are portent to produce immunity in the host. These

proteins are highly suitable for produce higher level of immune response and vaccine

development of bacteria and parasites. The antigenic peptides induce immunity at short

duration. Mostly bacteria outer coat polysaccharides are poor immunogenic. So if is linking

to outer coat proteins when the vaccine preparation. The immune system can be led to

recognize the polysaccrides as if it was a protein antigen.

Synthetic peptides

Synthetic peptides are used in vaccine development. Synthetic peptide can be easily

synthesized where the nucleic acid sequence of the gene coding for the relevant protein is

known. The vaccines may stimulate only a humoral response. Many times, the synthetic

peptide mat have weak efficacy at that time, for improve the efficacy; it is linked with

suitable strong adjuvant. The advantages of peptide vaccine are possible to identify crucial


epitope on all viruses. In the case of viruses, monoclonal antibodies help to identify different

proteins which inducing protective immunity.

Anti-idiotype peptides

Anti-idiotype vaccine induces immunity against viruses, bacteria and protozoan. It also

induce both humoral and cellular mediate immunity. They have no nucleic acid or

undesirable proteins and that would increase the safety of the vaccine. Usually anti-idiotype

vaccine prepared when the antigen is difficult to grow or hazardous. Anti-idiotype vaccine

was capable of stimulating an immune response in newborns. The Anti-idiotype vaccine

produces new hope to prepare cancer vaccine development research.

Mixer vaccine

More than one best peptide vaccine candidate were identify first then. One or more

antigens are mixed based on their efficacy at various ranges. These mixtures will be test

again once again. Based on the needs, vaccine will be developed. Usually, the peptide

Immunogens like with nucleotides produce more efficacy. The mixer vaccine to be solve

many problems such as children, vaccine, old age people vaccine, water borne disease

vaccine, food borne disease vaccine etc.

Conclusion

There are many antigenic peptides available in pathogens. First identify best peptides

based on their efficacy then develop vaccine based on the needs. These peptide vaccines are

effective, production cost is cheap and highly suitable to developing countries.

Bibliography

1. Muruganandam. M (2019). Anti-idiotype vaccine development for colorectal cancer. Int.

J. Adv. Innov. Res. (2278-7844)/ VOL.8: Issue . IPP:1-2.

2. Muruanandam.M. (2017). Current trends in vaccine Biotechnology-book-p.62.

3. Muruganandam. M.(2013) Engineened plasmid DNA vaccine for staphylococcus aureus-

book p:101

4. Muruganandam. M. (2016) Thermal shocks alter the growth physiological pattern of yeast.

Saccharomyces cervisiae proceeding of the seminor on Global warming and climatic changes

held on 19th August 2016. PP: 55-58


5. Muruganandam. M and K.N. Veerayeekanna (2009). Heat stress protein vaccine

development for staphyloccus aureus J,NAT /Con 21(2) 331-334

6. Jacoby T.H., Flanngan.A faykin A.Gseto-c Mattison and I ota (1997) Two porotein

Tyrasine phosphyateses in active the osmatic stress response pathway in yeast by targeting

the mitogen activated protein kinase J.Bio che 272 17749-17755

7 Starpe A.H. Gaulion, G.N Mcdade fields B.N., Greene M.I ., Syngenicmoniclonal anti-

idiotyope Coninduce cellular immunity ro covirus J.exp med 1984, 160; 1195-1205.

8 Gellp G.h MossP.H production of cell mediated immune response to therps simplex by

iummunization with antiidiotype hetaro-antisera J.Gen vial 1965 66 1801-1804.

9 SteinK.E, Soder sesrtrum T. Neonateal administration of of anti idiotype i9f anti idiotype

primers for production against Es cherichia coli: in mice J. exp med 1084: 160-1001 to

1011,

10 Renga Sammi (2003) Fish Biotechnology book _chap- Biotechnology in Health

management for Aquaculture pub Agrobios India.

11. www. Bio informatics Centre.org

12. www.wikipedia.com.

http://www.wikipedia.com/


FARM MADE SUPPLEMENTARY FEED DEVELOPMENT FOR

SMALL SCALE FISH FARMERS

M.Muruganandam,





Abstract

Supplementary feed is additional feed apart from normal feeding schedule. But it

reduces the total expenses of feed cost, regular feed consumption level; enhance growth rate,

survival and immunity of the fish during culture. The supplementary feed ingredients are low

cost, commonly available and the feed preparation methodology is easy. The production cost

also low, but it helps to enhance the profits of fish farmers.

Keywords: Farm made feed, supplementary feed Fish culture.

Introduction

Aquaculture is an important alternative source of protein production in growing

population in developing countries. The small scale fish farms or Integrated farms increases

the self employment and enhance the economic status of rural people. Small scale fish farm

needs low investment and manpower. Many people doing as part-time job in rural area. In

the village area many agriculture by products are available with low cost. These low cost

ingredients are best for produce form made feed. The supplementary farm made feed help to

enhance the profit of fish farmers.

Pellet Fish feed

Feed has major cost in all aqua culture operation. If reduces the feed cost with the help

supplementary feed it will produce more profit to small scale farmers many low cost but

good ingredients available in market many bio waste are suitable to use as ingredients in fish

feed and sometimes they will also be directly use as supplementary feed. During

supplementary feed preparation first collect ingredients and study the bio chemical values


based on the protein nature of the ingredients the appropriate level will be mixed and feed

will be prepared.

All the ingredients are powdered first then mixed well low level of water after that the

mixture will the boiled with the help of pressure cooker. After reach the cool condition 1%

of vitamin Mix well, then added appropriate special ingredients (eg. Probiotics,

Immunostimulant, medicines, etc) with suitable binder (eg Topiaco flour and antibiotics -----

-minimum level). These mixer are put in the hand pelletizer, pellets will be produced on

small net for dry. After dry condition these pellets are stored in dry plastic container. These

supplementary feed will be provided individually or mix with regular feed .

Natural Feed Sources

Weed plants used as supplementary feed for herbivorous and omnivorous fishes. In collect

suitable Aquatic plants it will be provided as supplementary feed it leads to reduced feed cost

of fish culture operations. The plants provided vitamins minerals and fibre contents to fish.

It also produces good immunity and growth to fish . The important Aquatic weed plants are

Azolla, Lemna, Pistea, Icornia Hydrilla, etc and terrestrial weed plants also used. They used

as such natural condition or it is dried and powered which will be mixed during artificial

supplementary pellet feed preparation.

Growth Enhancer feed

The micronutrients level may be reduced in artificial feed because during processing and

storage, they will denature. At the time of culture we will develop farm made supplementary

feed with more vitamins and minerals. These feed will be provided as supplementary feed or

mixed with main feed. It will increase the growth rate of fish. Another thing is probiotics

feed. If use lactobacillus and yeast in feed, it will also induce growth and immune status of

fish. It may be mixed with regular feed or used separately many supplementary protein

ingredients available in least cost If use these ingredients of prepare supplementary feed , It is

also good It enhance growth rate at maximum level.

Stress Reduces Feed

In more stocking density of fish leads t0o increase more biological stress condition. Usually

antioxidants reduce the stress level. So in supplementary feed, the antioxidant level will be

increase, it will reduce the stress condition in cultural operations. Based on the available low


cost ingredients we will prepare supplementary feed with higher level of antioxidants. These

antioxidants reduces the stress and also increases the growth rate more stresses always

reduced the growth rate. If minimize the stress level it will always produce good health

immunity survival and Growth rate.

Immunostimulant Feed

Many Natural components act as immunostimulants and also many nutritional factors such as

vitamin, A, and E etc. Act as good immunostimulants and antioxidants. Based on these

materials we will easily prepare farmmade Immunostimulant feed. It will strengthen immune

system and enhance the no-specific immunity; It will always boost up the immunity which

will avoid pathogenic invasion. However If add more than optimum level it leads to suppress

the immune system of the fish But based on the available ingredients we will prepare low

cost and effective immunostimulants supplementary feed.

Brood fish need more nutrients to development good quality of gametes for breeding. The

brood fish population needs stress reducer supplementary feed and also they need gamete

quality enhancer feed. First prepare supplementary pellet feed with more micro nutrients.

These micronutrients levels always low in stored feed because due to denaturing properties.

If add more micronutrients in diet leads to enhance the ripening of gametes and also produce

good quality of gametes. It will be provided individually or mixed with main feed. In low

budget the supplementary brood fish diet was easily prepared with locally available

ingredients.

Supplementary Protein Feed

Proteins are mainly used to construct muscles of fish and it also essential to normal;

metabolism.. A part from regular pellet feed, fresh protein sources to prepare supplementary

feed. It will enhance the growth rate of culture fish population and it leads to attain more

profit. Many animals and plants bio waste are cheap source of proteins If use in

supplementary diet it reduces the food preparation cost. But it will help to enhance the

profit..


Medicinal Supplementary Feed

The probiotic supplementary feed reduces the pathogen load in fish, In the Natural herbal

Immunostimulant based supplementary feed also reduces the disease conditions and

pathogenic bacteria load in culture operations..More herbal items. If incorporate in

supplementary feed it enhances the immunity and reduces the pathogen invasion without side

effects compared to chemical drugs . These medicinal feeds provide individually or mixed

with main feed and reduce the disease condition.

Conclusion

The different types of supplementary feed enhance the growth immunity and survival of fish

in culture. If develop supplementary farm made feed it will enhance the profit cost of small

scale farmers.

Bibliography

1. Muruganandam.M . Jesu Arokiaraj, A., Marimuthu K and Haniffa M.A, (2003)

supplementaryeffect of dietary tocopheral on the growth and survival of channa striatus

Envi & Eco 21 (1) : 131-132.

2. Muruganandam .M., Jesu Arockiaraj.A Marimuthu,K., and Haniffa.M.A (2000) Larval

rearingOF COMMON CARP GYPRINUS CAR PIO IN FORMULATED DIETS, Indian

Env Sci 4(1) 73-78

3. Muruganandam .M., Jesu Arockiaraj.A Marimuthu,K., and Haniffa.M.A (2000 )EFFECT

OF DIETARY VALINE ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF

CHANNASTRIATUs Fry J.Nat .Con 12(2): 195-196.

4. Jesu Arockia Raj, A. Muruganandam, M., Marimuthu.K, and Haniffa.M.A (2001)

Infleuence of Aquatic weed Lemna Minor on growth and survival of the Finger lings

channastriantus J. Inland Fish soc. India 33 (1) 59-64.

5. Muruganandam. M., Jesu Arokiyafraj A Marimuthu.K and Haniffa M.A (2001)

supplementary effect of mationine of the growth and survival of channastriatus Fry J.Exp

Zoo India 4(1 71-72.

6. Muruganandam.M Jesu Arokia raj Marimuthu.K., amd Haniffa .M.a (2002)

Supplementary effect of dietary riboflavin on the growth and surviral of channa stratus

Fry Aquacult Vol.3 (1).


7. 2002) Marimuthu Muruganandam .M., Jesu ArockiaRaj and Haniffa M.A.,

(supplementary affect of Dietary glutamic ancide on the growth and survival of

channastriatus fry Aquacult vol.3 (2) 135-136

8. Muruganandam . M., Jesu Aro kiaRaj Marimuannastriatus Fry thu and Haniffa.. (2002) .

Dietary effect phenyl lanine on the growth and survival of Channastriatus fry Aqua

cult vol.3(2) 115-116.

9. Muruganandam . M., Jesu Aro kiaRaj Marimuannastriatus Fry thu and Haniffa .A

Supplementary effect of diatary Folic acid on the growth and survival of channastriatus

Fry Envi & Eco 20 (3) 725-726

10. Muruganandam . M., Jesu Aro kiaRaj Marimuannastriatus Fry thu and Haniffa .A

Supplementary effect of dietary effect of Ascorbic acid with different stocking density on

growth of leidocepalus thermals .Aqua cult vol,3 (2) 37-45.

11. Muruganazndam .., Striped murrel culture through farm raised fry and feed Fishing

chimes vol.23 (7) 23-25.

12. Muruganandam.M., Nagarajan.M and Raja perumalsamy.P., 2004 Supplemenatry effect

of vitamin A on growth performance of catlacatla fly Envir ND 22 (SPOL.2) : 239-241.

13. Muruganandam.M., Geetha,R., and Rama Krishnan .P 2004 Effect of suypplementary

ascorbic abcud ib growth oerfirnabce of tukaoua Coreochromimossamnbicus Juveniles

Environment aand Wcology 22(1) 188-191

14. Muruganandam .M,m (2005) uses of Aquatic weeds in fish nutrition Aquatech May

p.p65-67.

15. Muruganandam.M Nagarajan.N., Rajperumalsamy.P(2005) Supplementary effect of

Vitamin on growth and survival of catla catla Fry aEnvir & Eco 23(4) 753-754.


SKIN CANCER

M.Muruganandam,

Department of zoology,

Syed Ammal College Arts and Science,



Abstract

Global warming rise the temperature and ozone layer depletion increases Ultraviolet radiation

in sunlight. There arte many factors produce skin cancer, U.V radiation is one among them.

It is a major cause for skin cancer. The peak sunlight and U.V radiation present only in day

time at that time better to avoid unnecessary movement in out side the world However many

people day time life is present in outside world ie) they are exposed to direct sunlight at long

time for their survival. So bin that condition, maximum try to follow all the precaution

methods and avoid exposure of sunlight which help to present skin cancer.

Keywords: Skin cancer, Ultraviolet radiations carcinoma

Introduction

Cancer is a danger disease. It is the common cause of death in the developed countries. In

Europe approximately one in five people die in cancer. Cancer is term used for disease in

which abnormal cell divine without control and are able to invade other tissues. Growth of

cancer cells leads to formation of a tumour. There are two types of turn our one is benign

tumour and on is malignant tumour. The benign tumour will not spread to other part of the

body. But malignrent tumour spread other parts of the body, it is very dangerous one. The

common types of cancers are carcinoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, Breast cancer

colorectal cancer and lung cancer. The carcinoma is reported in first place. It is an epithelial

cancer. The skin cancer comes under carcinoma.

Skin cancer

Continues exposure of sunlight for several years leads to damage the Skin . If has on increase

chance of developing one the forms of skin cancer,. Mainly exposure to ultraviolet radiation

increases the risk of developing these cancers while the exact relation ship is not 100%

defined it appears that inter mitten exposure and exposure during childhood and adolescence

are likely important predictors for basal cell carcinoma and Cutaneous malignrent melanoma


High levels of chronic exposure such as working out doors, its more often associated with

squamous cell tumours.

People who are work long time in direct sunlight exposure they may affected by skin cancer.

The important people under the risk of skin cancer is Agricultural workers, military person,

fisherman /athletes, pipeline, workers police man Brick Manson, Gardeners, life Guards, oil

field workers, sailors, construction workers etc.

Spreading Nature

Three differ3ebnt types of skin cancer are linked to sunlight exposure such as Basal cell

cancer squamous cell cancer and malignant melanoma. The Basal cell carcinoma tend to

grow slowly. It is very rare for a basal cell cancer to spread to other parts of the body. But if

a basal cell cancer is left untreated it can grow into nearby areas and invade the bone or other

tissues beneath the skin squamous cell cancers are more likely to grow into deeper layers of

skin and spread to other parts of the body than basal cell cancers. Melanomas are much less

common than basal and squamous cell cancers but they are more likely to grow and spread if

left untreated.

Genetic basis of cancer

Ultraviolet rays damage the DNA of the skin cells. Some of the genes that help cell grow

divided and stay alive which are called proto-oncogene. This proto/Oncogene mutated and

became Oncogene. Genes that keep cell growth in check by slowing down cell divisions or

causing cells to die at the right time are called tumour suppress or genes Cancers can be

caused by DNA damage that turn on Oncogene and turn off tumour suppress or genes.

Usually the tumour suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle and proto apoptosis

The genes most often altered in squamous cell cancers is called Tp53 This tumour suppressor

gene normally cause cells with damaged DNA to die when Tp53 is altered these abnormal

cells may live longer and perhaps go on to become cancerous. A gene often mutated in basal

cell cancers is the PTCH1 gene, which is part of the hadgeohog signalling pathway inside the

cells. The PTHC1 is a tumour suppressor gene that normally helps, cell growth check, so

changes in this gene can allow cells to grow out of control. People have based cell nervous

syndrome (Gorlin syndrome) which is often inherited from a parent and results in getting

many basal cell cancers which have an altered PTCH1 gene is all the cells of their body.


Symptoms

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Based cell carcinoma usually develops on areas exposed to the sun, especially the face,

head, and neck but they can occur anywhere on the body. These cancers can appear ass flat

firm pale or yellow areas, similar to a scar. raised reddish patches that might be itchy small

punk or red, translucent, shiny, pearly bumps which might have blue, brown or black areas

pink out growths with raised edges and a lower area in their centre which weight contain

abnormal blood vessels spreading out like spokes of a tire. Open sores which may have

oozing or crazed areas) that don’t heal or that heal then come back

Squamous Cell carcinomas

Squamous cell cancers tend to occur on sun exposed areas of the body such as the face ear,

neck lip and back of the hands less often they form in the skin of the genital area. They can

also develop in scars or skin in sores elsewhere. These cancers can appear as Rough or scaly

red patches which might crust or bleed raised growth or lumps, sometimes with a lower areas

in the centre. Sometimes It is wart like growths.

Malignant Melanoma:

Malignant melanoma although rare it is the most serious of the skin cancer . If oten shows

itself as a mole or pigment spot that begins to bleed, grow or change its colour shape or

texture.

Diagnosis

Physical examination is commonly followed If any small tumour are present, different types

of biopsy techniques are used. There are three important types of skin biopsy followed such

as shave biopsy pang biopsy and Incisional and Excisional biopsies, based on the nature of

tumour biopsy techniques will be selected and used . Apart from these biopsy techniques in

some cases fine needle aspiration biopsy and surgical lymph nodded biopsy followed Based

on these techniques skin cancer will be confirmed.

Treatment

Many types of therapy used in skin cancer treatment Commonly followed methods are

surgery , chemotherapy and Radio therapy. In radio therapy laser is used. In rare case signal


target therapy and Immunotherapy are used, In chemotherapy , chemical peeling is used

nature of tumour The important surgery techniques are excision curettage and Electro

discat, Mohs surgery Lymph node surgery, skin grafting and reconstructive surgery .

Prevention

For the prevention ,first Best to reduce the exposure time of sunlight with U.V.

radiation. Avoid harmful chemicals such as arsenic, Pesticides, Herbicides, etc. Check skin

regularly by self exam and with the help of health care professionals. Always keep good

strength of immune system.

Conclusion

Sunlight U.V. radiation is a major cause for skin cancer. So Best to avoid unnecessary

movement in outside world at 10.00am to 4.00p.m. Because these time U.V. radiation is

more, suppose if spend more time at the outside world use precautions like apply body

lotions, body will be covered fully, use sun creams and use cooling glass for protection of eye

etc. The pre cautions measures help to avoid skin cancer.

Bibliography

Web reference

1 Canadian centre for occupational Health and safety-1997-2016

2 conquer cancer foundation of American society of clinical on cology 2005-2016.

3 The International society of Dermatology -2010

4 American cancer society-2016. WWW.Cancer.org.


Supplementary effect of Riboflavin on growth performance of

Japanese quail.

Muruganandam M,


Syed Ammal Arts and Science college,

Ramanathapuram-623513,


Abstract

Japanese Quail is one of the important poultry bird in small scale farmers. It is highly

nutritious but the cost is low which is suitable for poor people. In this study, graded level of

riboflavin was provided to Japanese quail and growth performance was analyzed. The

optimum range is 10mg/ kg riboflavin supplementation for induce maximum growth. If

provide more than that optimum range supplementation is not advisable to poultry farmers.

Keywords: Japanese quail, growth, Riboflavin.

Introduction

Japanese Quail is a small bird, which is rearing all over the country for meat purpose.

It is highly suitable for poor people because it is low cost and highly protein content. In

commercial poultry feed, vitamins looses their efficacy due to storage, riboflavin is stable in

dry multi vitamin premixes and other feed ingredients processing losses of 26% have been

reported for expended pet food(NRC,1983). Riboflavin was first isolated by Warburg and

Christian in 1932 from yeast as yellow enzymes. This enzyme was named as riboflavin

(Goyal, 2001). This riboflavin is a yellow brown crystalline pigment. It is strongly soluble in

water but soluble in alkali (Halver, 1980). It is an essential water soluble vitamin which is

necessary for growth and survival of fish and other domestic animals (Muruganandam, 2006).

In this attempt, graded level of riboflavin provided to Japanese Quail and optimum range for

maximum growth was studied.


Japanese Quail rearing industry is a growing area in rural villages. In this study,

graded level of dietary supplementation of riboflavin effects on growth was observed sin

Japanese Quail. The Japanese Quail 140 gm size was purchased in market. In each

supplementary treatment, three birds are used. They were individually kept in cages,

mailto:[email protected]


commercial feed and water was provided twice a day. Additionally graded level of

supplementary riboflavin (Table-1) was regularly mixed with feed. In every end of the week

all the cages were cleaned. Before introduce the birds , initial weight was recorded. This

feeding experiment conducted up to three weeks. At the end of the experiment, weight was

recorded in all the treatments.

Results

The highest weight and weight gain was observed in 10mg/kg treatment. After that it

was slowly decreased. So riboflavin induce growth at particular limit, then it suppress growth

performance. The optimum range for maximum growth was 10mg/kg riboflavin treatment. If

add more range it act as negative effect on growth performance. The 50 mg/kg and 100mg\kg

treatment. Completely reduces the weight and weight gain compared to other treatments. The

100mg/kg treatment highly suppress growth rate compared to all the treatment.

Table: 1Dietary riboflavin effect on weight and weight gain of Japanese Quail.

S.No Riboflavin

Dosage(mg)

Initial

average

Weight(gm)

Final

weight

(gm)

Weight

gain

(gm)

1 0 143 185 42

2 5 143 190 47

3 10 143 195 52

4 15 143 170 27

5 20 143 167 24

6 25 143 163 20

7 50 143 150 07

8 100 143 145 02

Discussion

The riboflavin requirement for maximum growth studies is essential in all birds of poultry.

Riboflavin act as co-enzyme in the transfer of electrons in several –oxidation reduction

reactions and plays a vital role in energy metabolism (McCormick 1994) It is also involve in

tissue respiration . It functions inflavo protein enzymes and is present in prosthetic group of

many enzymes (Tillotson and Saubrtich 1974) In the present study supplementary riboflavin

effect on growth performance was studied.


The maximum weight and weight gain was observed in 10mg\kg riboflavin treatment.

After this optimum level growth was decreased. If provide more supplementation of

riboflavin in feed, leads to suppress growth of the Japanese Quail Riboflavin supplementation

reduced muscle lipid level and it also influence on maximal utilization of lipid energy

(Bronzed et al., 2002) leads to reduce the total weight Based on this study It is concluded that

the optimum range 10mg \kg Riboflavin supplementation treatment is best for produce

maximum growth in Japanese Quail If provide more than that limit leads to negative growth

results.

Reference

1.Goyal.G.C(2001) Vitamins for Natural Healings Diamond pocket books (P) LTd

NewDelhi.

2.Halver.J.E. (1980) The Vitamins Lactunes presented at the FAO/UWDP training course in

fish Feed Technoogy Washinton USA, FAO Rome Italy pp 65-103.

3.C Comic D.B (1994) Ribiflavin in modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (Shils M.E

Olison J.A and Shika M.E.D.S ) 8th Edin pp 366-375

4.Muruganandam (2006) Riboflavin Requirement levels and deficiency signs in fishes Aqua

tech vol.5 Issue 3, pp 75-76.

5.NRC (1983) Nutrient requirement of trout salmon and catfish Nutrient requirement of

Domestic animals ser.H. National Research Council 56p .

6. Tillotson J.A and saubrtich H.E (1971) JNUt. 101, 1459-1466.


MARINE FISH PROTEIN PROFILE INFLUENCES ON BIOMASS

PRODUCTION OF YEAST

.Muruganandam M,


Syed Ammal Arts and Science College,


Abstract

Yeast has many economic important in various industries. The enhancement of biomassw I

production of yeast researches are going on in and around the world. In this study five

different marine dry fishes were collected. All the fish were completely washed with distilled

water and fish muscle aqueous extract were prepared individually. These aqueous extract

was mixed with yeast culture medium and yeast was incubated at 37”C at two days after that

biomass production was studied. The least production was observes in control and Callyodon

fish extract treatment. Based on this study it is concluded that the protein and amino acid

profile of Leiognathus is best source to produce more yeast biomass production.

Keywords: Marine fishes, yeast, protein

Introduction

Yeast is a probiotic organism. So it is used in fish feed industry. It produces two enzymes

which are helpful in digestion. It is also immune stimulant. Several studies were performed

on the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae as immunostimulants and if add these yeast to the

common fish diet activates phagocytic activity and phagocytic index (Ortuno et al., 2002 and

Abdel Taw web et al., 2008). In our lab previous work, various compounds effect on yeast

biomass production was studies such as various carbohydrates sources (Muruganandam

etal.,,,2018) Oil sources (Muruganandam and Tamilzhahagan 2019) Insect proteins

(Muruganandam et al., (2018) etc Marine fish muscle have highest protein with variety of

amino acid profile various fish profile induces various ranges of biomass production of yeast

. In the present study different marine fishes muscle proteins effect on biomass production of

yeast was studied.


Material and Methods

Fish muscles have more protein and different amino acid compositions. In the present study

five marine dry fishes were collected from local ln market. They were sardenella (Common

sardine) callyoden, Engraulida, stollephours and Leiognathus (Sliver belly) After clearly

wash with distilled water then1 gm tissue were taken from each fish and 8ml distilled water

was added to individually. All these muscles are individually grand with mortar and pestle,

then take 1ml of aqueous extract from each fish for yeast growth study take 1ml of aquaous

fish muscle extract with 8lml of sterilized 3%^ peptone water and 1ml of yeast 48 hours

culture . These test yeast cultures were kept in 37”C incubation for 245 hours after that based

on the weight, biomass production on yeast was calculated.

Results

The amino acid profile of fish muscle proteins may vary in different species of fish Based on

the various compositions of amino acids and peptides influence on yeast biomass production

will be very . In this study maximum production observed in Leiognathus fish (Karal)

(350mg) and second maximum biomass production observed in sardenella (Saudi) fish

(220mg) The Callyodon move or less level. Engraulida (Nethili) and stollephours

(Nagarai ) fish aqueous extract has more or less same values (150 and 110 mg) The callyoden

fish muscle aqueous extract has very lesser effect to induce biomass production of yeast

Based on this study Leiognathus has good proteins which induce maximum cells

multiplication of yeast .

Table:1 Marine fish aqueous extract effect on biomass production of yeast.

S.NO Fish

Tamil

Name

Scientific Name Biomass

production

of

yeast(mg)

1 Control ------------------ 95

2 Karal Leiognathus 350

3 Nagarai Stollephours 110

4 Nethili Engraulidge 150

5 Saudi Sardenella 220

6 Kelli Callyodon 90


Discussion

The production of yeast depends many factors. The yeast uses in many industries It’s

application are well known. protein and based on its economic value our lab trials help to

develop biomass production of yeast with low cost but highly effective methods marine fish

muscle Amino acid profile are vary in different fishes. If leads to produce taste and economic

values various protein and Amino acid profile induces various level of biomass production of

yeast. In our previous studies proves that various stress treatment (Muruganandam 2018

Muruganandam 2016) and nutrients (Muruganandam 2018, Muruganandam and Tamizhagan

2019) enhance the biomass productions of yeast. In this study commonly available marine

fish muscle protein effect on biomass production was studies. The maximum influence

observed in fish Leiognathus muscle protein. Traditionally people prepare suop from this

fish and provided to weaker women at the time delivery. So it has rich in nutrients. Based

on the observation of the study this fish is good to produce higher biomass production of

yeast.

Reference

1.Muruganandam .M ., K.Kaveri and Ramya (2018) various carbohydrate source influence on

yeast biomass production Proceeding of the National seminar on Marine Fisheries and

Aquaculture held on sep-20-2018 pp: 100-102.

2. Muruganandam .M end V.Tamilzhagan (2019) different vegetable Oil sources effect on

.Biomass production of Yeast.

3. Ortuno.J, Cueta.A, Esteban.M.A and Mesague,J (2002) Oral administration of yeast

enhance the cellular immune response of gilthead sea bream (Sarus aurata.L)Veterinary

immunology and immunopathology,85:41-50

4. Abdel-Toweb Motsen,Azzam. Abdel-Rahuman and Nahbla.E.M, Ismael (2008) Evaluation

of commercial live baker’s yeast Saccromyces cerevisiae as a growth and immunity promoter

for fry Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus(L) challenged insitu with Aeromonas

hydrophila,Aquaculture.pp 51.

5. Muruganandam.M, Durgadevi and M.Sowmiya (2018) Insect Protein sources effect on

Biomass Production of Yeast-Proceeding of the national Seminar on Marine Fisheries and

Aquaculture held on Sep-20-2018 pp 116-118.

6. Muruganandam.M (2016 a)Thermal shocks after the growth physiological pattern of yeast

Saccromyces cerevisiae—Proceedings of seminar on Global warming and climatic changes-

19 th Aug 2016 pp55-58.


7. . Muruganandam.M and J.Jana (2016 b) Ultraviolet radiation alter the virulence of

pathogenic bacteria-Proceeding of Seminar on Global warming and Climatic changes—19 th

Aug 2016. Pp75-77.

8. . Muruganandam.M (2018) Ultrasonic vibration treatment effect on Biomass production of

yeast Int.Nat.J.Adv and Innov.Res.Vol.7, Issue:11;pp1-2.


DIETARY EFFECT OF VITAMIN E ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE

OF JUVENILE FISH LOACH LEPIDOCEPHALUS THERMALIS

Muruganandam M,


Syed Ammal Arts and Science College,


Email:[email protected]

Abstract

Vitamin E is essential for normal growth and survival. In this study graded level of

vitamin E was provided to different group of fish loach. This experiment conducted

240days. At the end of the experiment growth performance was analyzed in all the

treatment. Maximum growth was observed in 40 mg/100mg vitamin E treatment. After that

growth was decreased. So this recommend to fish farmers who develop own farm made feed.

Keywords: Vitamin E Loach, Fish nutrition.

Introduction

Vitamin E act as growth promoter that inhibits lipid end fatty acid oxidation (Bell and

cowey, 1985 Lall et al., 1988) peroxide haemolysis of erythrocytes also determine vitamin

E deficiency in gold fish (Hung et al, 1981) and carp ( Watanabe.et.al., 1970) Vitamin E

deficiency has been implicated in steatites or yellow fat disease in which there are deposits

of yellow globular material in the subcutaneous and adipose tissues (Wallach, 1971)

Testicular degradation has been observed due to vitamin deficiency in dogs, monkeys, pigs,

rabbits, rats, cockerels and fish (Marson,1954) In this study graded level of vitamin E was

given to different of group of Loach and growth performance were analysed..


The feeding experiments were conducted in plastic troughs (15L capacity) filled with well

water . Each trough contained 10 fishes and replicated were maintained for each treatment,

the water was changed daily. The fish was collected from river tembiraparani Tirunelveli

Tamilnadu, After tbe week acclamentation fishes introduced in experimental setup. For this

experiment (USP-12 for mineral supplementation and H440 for vitamin supplementation

formula were used Before introduce the fishes weight lf individual fish was recorded..Test


fishes were fed once a day (8.00Am) at 5%of their body weight. The unfed were

regularly collected. The fish weight was recorded once in 60days and feeding ratio was

adjusted accordingly. In this study graded semi purified diet was prepared (Table1) and

graded level of vitamin E was provided to different group of fishes. The duration of the

experiment 240days.

Results

Vitamin E is essential nutrient for growth and immunity of the fish..In the present study,

graded levels of vitamin E were provided to different group of albino rats. and groeth

performance was studied..In this work, weight, weight gain, SGR and ADG was slowly

increased up to 40mg/100mg treatment after that these are decreased. The minimum FCR

was also observed in 40mg vitamin E dietary treatment. The control diet has lesser growth

rate compared to other treatments. Based on this study, it is concluded that,40mg/100mg

vitamin E supplementation is best to prepare loach feed.

Discussion

Dietary vitamin E level greater than 53mg/kg diet are needed to support maximum growth

and survival of Chinook salmon in Sea water.( Thorarinsson et al., 1994).The minimum

dietary requirement of Vitamin E for Chinook salmon (wood et al.,1964) and Atlantic salmon

(Lall et al., 1988) are reported to be 30mg/kg diet. In the presence of selenium vitamin e

requirement for growth are 30-80mg/kg diet for carp. In this study, 400mg/kg vitamin E

supplementation produces maximum growth rate compared to other treatment. The growth

rate was slowly increased up to optimum level then it was decreased. Similar trend was also

observed in Channa striates fry.(Muruganandam et al.,2003).The vitamin E status in most

tissue are mainly depends on dietary supplementation( Frigg et al.,1990,Hardie et

al.,1990,Waagbo et al.,1991).

Reference

1.Bell.J.G and Cowey.C.B.(1985) Role of vitamin E and Selenium in the prevention of

pathologies related to fatty acid oxidation in salmonids. In cavey.C.B.,Mackie, A.M. and

Bell.J.G (eds) Nutrition and Feeding in fish.Acad.Press.London PP:333-347.

2.Lall.S.P.,Oliver.,G.Hines,J.A and Ferguson,H.W.,(1988) The role of vitamin E in nutrition

and immune response of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmosolar).Bull.Aquacult.Assoer.can.88:76-78.


3. Watanabe.T.,Takashima,F.,C. and Hibiya.T (1970) Bull.Jap.Soc.Set.fish.36:p 972

4.Wallach .J.B.(1971a)Management and Medical care of Gold Fish.J.Ani.Med.Ass.

1959:583-595.

5.. Wallach .J.B.(1971b) Environmental and Nurtitional diseases of capitive reptiles

.J.Am.Vet.Med.Ass.1959:1632-1643.

6.Waagbo.R.,Sandnes,K,Sandwin.A and Lie (1991)Feeding three levels of n-3

polyunsaturated fatty acdis at two levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids at two levels of

vitamin to Atlandic salmon (Salmo salar).Growth and chemical

composition.Fiskeridirectoratets. Skrifter sere emerging 4.:51-63

7 Frigg.M.,Prabuki.A.L. and Rubdel.E.V.(1990).Effect of dietary Vitamin E levels

onOxidative Stability of trout fillets .Aquaculture.84:145-148.

8Hung.S.S.U.,Cho.C.Y.,and Slinger.S.L. (1981) J.Nut.648-657.

9.Hardiil.L.J.,Flletcher.T.C and secombes.C.J.(1990) The effect of vitamin E the immune

response of the Atlandic Salmon (Salmo salar) Aquacult.7:1-13.

10.Muruganandam.M ,A.Jesu Arrokia raj,K.Marimuhu,and M.A. Hanifa

(2003)Supplementary effect of dietary Alfa-tocopheral on the growth and survival of fish

Channa sriatus fry.Env.&Eco.21(1):131-132.

11.Mason.K.E.(1954).In .the vitamin vol:3 part-III.(sechcell.W.T and

Harris.R.S.eds).Academic press Newyork.514.P.

12. Thorarinsson.l and Olt.V.L,Elitt.D.G.Ras cho .R.J and Hardy.R.W (1994).Effect of

dietary vitamin E and selenium on growth ,Survival and prevalence of Rani bacterium

salmoriariarium infection in Chinook salmon Aquaculture:121:343-358.


Table-1 Experimental feed composition.

S.No Feed Ingredients Weight(gm)

1 Fish meal 55

2 Rice bran 10

3 Ground nut oil cake 22

4 Topiaco flour 10

5 Cod liver oil 1ml

6 Vitamin mix (H440) 1

7 Mineral Mix (USP 12) 1

Proximate Composition

8

Protein

45%

9 Lipid 7.3%

10 Carbohydrate 9.6%

11 Grass Energy (Kcal/g) 2.98


Table-2 Weight, Weight gain, SGR,FCR and ADG of L.thermalis fed diets with

different levels of vitamin E.

S.No Parameters Diet (vitamin E.mg/100 gm)

0 10 20 30 40 50

1 Initial weight

(mg)

108 108 108 108 108 108

2 Final

Weight(mg)

806 839 863 924 1021 932

3 Weight

gain(mg)

697 730 754 815 868 823

4 Specific

Growth rate(%)

0.84 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.93 0.89

5 Food

conversion

ratio

2.06 1.95 3.08 3.28 1.7 4.01

6 Average daily

growth(mg/day)

2.90 3.04 3.19 3.4 3.80 3.43