m. sc. in geology faculty of science third semester · pdf filein geology faculty of science...
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M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
M. Sc. In GEOLOGY FACULTY OF SCIENCE
THIRD SEMESTER (ODD SEMESTER)
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
(QUALIFYIN
G EXAMS)
COURSE CODE
COURSE TYPE
COURSE (PAPER/SUBJECTS) CREDITS CONTACT HOURS PER WEEK
EOSE DURATION
(HRS.)
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MSG301 CCC
ORE GEOLOGY AND MINERAL
EXPLORATION 5 4 2 00 3 0
MSG302 CCC MINING GEOLOGY 6 4 3 00 3 0
MSG303 CCC HYDROGEOLOGY 5 4 2 00 3 0
MSG311 CCC
ORE GEOLOGY AND MINERAL
EXPLORATION -LABORATORY WORK 2 00 2 3 0 3
MSG313 CCC HYDROGEOLOGY – LABORATORY WORK 2 00 2 3 3 3
MSGS02 OSC
INTELECTUAL PROPERTY, HUMAN RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENT : BASIC
6 4 3 00 3 0
MSGC01 ECC/CB TRIBAL STUDIES
6 4 3 00 3 00
MSGC02 ECC/CB
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND
GEOLOGICAL HAZARDOUS
MSGC03 ECC/CB
COAL GEOLOGY
MSGC04 ECC/CB
NUCLEAR GEOLOGY
TOTA =
32
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
M.Sc (GEOLOGY) 3rd
SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: MSG301 COURSE TYPE: CCC
COURSE TITLE: ORE GEOLOGY AND MINERAL EXPLORATION
CREDIT: 7 HOURS:135
THEORY: 5 PRACTICAL: 2 THEORY:90 PRACTICAL: 45
MARKS
THEORY: 100(30+70) PRACTICAL:50
OBJECTIVE: This course is aimed towards generating fundamental knowledge, concepts and dimensions of
Ore Geology And Mineral Exploration.
UN
IT-
1
18 H
ou
rs Unit-1
Modern concepts of ore genesis. Spatial and temporal distribution of ore deposits - Global
perspective. Concept of ore bearing fluids, their origin and migration. Fluid inclusion in ores – limitations and applications.Texture, papargensis and zoning in ores.Wall rock alteration. Structural,
physico-chemical and stratigraphic controls of ore localization.
UN
IT-2
-
18H
ou
rs Unit-2
Orthomagmatic ores of mafic-ultramafic association - Diamonds in Kimberlites, REE in Carbonatite,
Ti -V Ores, Chromite and PGE, Ni Ores. Cyprus type Cu-Zn Ores. Ores of Silicic igneous rocks - Kiruna type Fe-P. Pegmatoids, Greisen and Skarn deposits. Porphyry associations – Kuroko type Zn-
Pb-Cu, Malanjkhand Type Cu-Mo deposits. Stratiform and Stratabound ore deposits. (Fe, Mn, non
ferrous). Placers and paleoplacers. Ores of Metamorphic affiliations. Metamorphism of ores and metamorphogenic ores.
Ores related to weathered surfaces – Bauxite, Ni and Au laterite.
UN
IT-3
-
18 H
ou
rs Unit-3
Prospecting & Exploration: Definition and characteristic features. Reconnaissance. Preliminary and
detailed investigation, surface and subsurface methods. Guides to ore search: global, regional and
local guides, detailed study of regional physiographic, stratigraphic, lithological, mineralogical and structural guides. Persistence of ore in depth. Drilling: Type of drills, Diamond drilling, Drilling
records and logs. Sampling: General principles, various methods and procedures, Average
assays,weighting of samples, salting. Precautions.
UN
IT-4
-
18
Ho
urs
Unit-4
Calculating grade and tonnage of ore: Average grade, volume, specific gravity, tonnage factor,
calculations from data obtained from bore holes, prospecting pits, trenches, ore blocks, geological
maps and sections. Geochemical cycle, Forms of primary and secondary dispersion of elements. Secondary dispersion processes and anomalies. Factors affecting dispersion patterns. Main types of
geochemical surveys. Methods of lithogeochemical and pedogeochemical surveys. Methods of
hydro-geochemical, atmogeochemical and biogeochemical surveys. Borehole logging: Principles of various borehole-logging methods, Interpretation
of data
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
UN
IT-5
-
18
Ho
urs
Unit-5
Gravity Method of prospecting: Basic principles of gravimeter. Gravity field surveys. Various types
of corrections applied to gravity data. Preparation of gravity anomaly maps. And their interpretation
in terms of shape size and depth. Magnetic method of prospecting: Magnetic properties. Magnetic anomaly. Magnetometer. Field survey and data reduction. Preparation of magnetic anomaly maps.
Aeromagnetic surveys. Seismic prospecting: Fundamentals of seismic wave propagation, Methods of
seismic prospecting and interpretation of seismic data. Basic principles of resistivity method.
Resistivity survey. Application and interpretation of resistivity data. S. P. Method and interpretation of data obtained by S. P. Method. Radiometric prospecting and Borehole Logging. Radiometric
survey, Application and interpretation of data.
LA
B O
RA
TO
RY
WO
RK
(MS
G3
11
)
1) Megascopic study of metallic and nonmetallic economic minerals.
2) Description and identification, uses and distribution in India.
3) Description and identification of ore minerals in polished section of ores.
4) Study of ore textures and structure under the microscope. 5) Paragenetic study of ore minerals and construction of Paragenetic diagrams.
6) Location of important metallic and non-metallic mineral compels in a map of India.
7) Calculation of ore reserves and assay values. 8) Study and interpretations of Isopach and Isograde maps.
9) Evaluation of simple mining plans.
10) Interpretation of Geophysical and geochemical anomaly maps.
11) Numerical problems based on Geophysical and geochemical data.
SU
GG
ES
TE
D
RE
AD
ING
S
1. Arogyaswami, R.P.N. (1996): Courses in Mining Geology, Oxford and IBH Publ.
2. Bagchi, T.C., Sengupta, D.K., Rao, S.V.L.N. (1979): Elements of Prospecting and
Exploration, Kalyani Publ. 3. Banerjee , P.K. and Ghosh, S. (1997): Elements of Prospecting for Non-fuel Mineral
deposits, Allied Publ.
4. Chaussier, Jean – Bernard and Morer, J. (1987): Mineral Prospecting Manual., North Oxford
Academic. 5. Dhanraju, R. (2005): Radioactive Minerals, Geol. Soc. India, Bangalore.
6. Rajendran, S. (2007): Mineral Exploration: Recent Strategies.
7. Sinha, R.K. and Sharma, N.L. (1976): Mineral economics, Oxford and IBH Publ
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
M.Sc (GEOLOGY) 3rd
SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: MSG302 COURSE TYPE: CCC
COURSE TITLE: MINING GEOLOGY
CREDIT: 6 HOURS:90
THEORY: 6 PRACTICAL: 00 THEORY:90 PRACTICAL: 00
MARKS
THEORY: 100(70+30) PRACTICAL:00
OBJECTIVE: This course is aimed towards generating fundamental knowledge, concepts and dimensions of
Mining Geology for Industries suitability.
UN
IT-
1
18
Hou
rs Unit-1
Definition of mining terms: pitting, trenching, panning, adits, tunnels, and shafts. Role of geologist in mining industry. Strata control in different rocks and structures. Geological structures of ore
deposits and choice of mining methods.
UN
IT-2
-
18H
ou
rs Unit-2
Open pit mining- geologic and geomorphic conditions, different methods of opencast mining,
advantages and limitations. Underground mining methods- gophering, shrinkage, stoping, caving
and slicing sublevel, over hand, under hand methods
UN
IT-3
-
18 H
ou
rs Unit-3
Coal mining methods, long wall, board and pillar. Subsidence and rock bursts, mine supports,
Ventilation and drainage. .
UN
IT-4
-
18H
ou
rs Unit-4
Surface mining - alluvial, mineral sand, open pit and open cast mining. Mine valuation methods.
UN
IT-5
-
18H
ou
rs Unit-5
Mine planning : introduction and preparation of mine plan. Computer application in mining.
SU
GG
ES
TE
D
RE
AD
ING
S
1. Arogyaswami, R.P.N. (1996): Courses in Mining Geology, Oxford and IBH Publ. 2. Bagchi, T.C., Sengupta, D.K., Rao, S.V.L.N. (1979): Elements of Prospecting and
Exploration, Kalyani Publ.
3. Banerjee , P.K. and Ghosh, S. (1997): Elements of Prospecting for Non-fuel Mineral deposits, Allied Publ.
4. Chaussier, Jean – Bernard and Morer, J. (1987): Mineral Prospecting Manual., North Oxford
Academic. 5. Industrial Minerals and Rocks of India by S.Deb
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
M.Sc (GEOLOGY) 3rd
SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: MSG303 COURSE TYPE: CCC
COURSE TITLE: HYDROGEOLOGY
CREDIT: 7 HOURS:135
THEORY: 5 PRACTICAL: 2 THEORY:90 PRACTICAL: 45
MARKS
THEORY: 100(70+30) PRACTICAL:50
OBJECTIVE: This course is aimed towards generating fundamental knowledge, concepts and dimensions of
Hydrogeology for Water Resource Development.
UN
IT-
1
18
Hou
rs Unit-1
Scope of hydrogeology and its relation with hydrology, meteorology and their uses in the
Hydrogeological investigation. Hydrologic cycle. Role of groundwater in the hydrologic
cycle.Hydrograph, data collection and analysis. Water table and piezometric surface. Water table fluctuation. Water table contour maps, interpretation and uses.
UN
IT-2
-
18H
ou
rs Unit-2
Water bearing formation types - aquifers, aquitard. aquiclude, aquifuse. Aquifer types: perched, unconfined, semi-confined and unconfined, isotropic, anisotropic. Porosity, permeability. Ground water
movement: Darcy’s law and its applications. Specific yield and specific retention. Storativity and
transmissivity. Steady and unsteady flow, leaky aquifers. Groundwater flow near aquifer bundaries.
UN
IT-3
-
18
Hou
rs Unit-3
Bounded aquifers. Image wells. Wells and their types. Construction of wells. Well Development and
completion. Pumping test and Yield of wells
UN
IT-
4-
18H
ou
r
s
Unit-4
Geological and Hydrogeological methods of groundwater exploration. Geophysical methods – Electrical
resistivity method for groundwater exploration. Application of remote sensing in groundwater exploration. Basin wise development of groundwater with special reference to Chhattisgarh region.
UN
IT-5
-
18H
ou
rs
Unit-5
Groundwater provinces of India. Sources of dissolved constituents in groundwater. Groundwater quality standardsdrinking,
domestic, agriculture and industry. Groundwater pollution. Groundwater management. Safe yield,
overdraft and spacing of wells. Conservation of Groundwater; conjunctive use of water. Artificial
recharge.
LA
B
OR
AT
OR
Y
WO
RK
(MS
G3
13
)
1. Hydrogeological properties of rocks.
2. interpretation of water table maps.
3. Computation of pumping test data. 4. Interpretation of Hydrogeochemical data and their plotting in different diagrams.
5. Sieve analysis and screen gravel pack design.
6. Plotting of groundwater provinces on an outline map of India.
7. Computation of Resistivity (VES) data.
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
SU
GG
ES
TE
D
RE
AD
ING
S
1. C.F. Tolman (1937): Groundwater, McGraw Hill , New York and London.
2. D.K. Todd (1995): Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley and Sons.
3. F.G. Driscoll (1988): Groundwater and Wells, UOP, Johnson Div.St.Paul. Min. USA. 4. H.M. Raghunath (1990): Groundwater, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
5. H.S. Nagabhushaniah (2001): Groundwater in Hydrosphere (Groundwater hydrology), CBS
Publ.. 6. K. R. Karanth (1989): Hydrogeology, Tata McGraw Hill Publ..
7. S.N. Davies and R.J.N. De Wiest (1966): Hydrogeology, John Wiley and Sons, New York
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
M.Sc (GEOLOGY) 3rd
SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: MSG S02 COURSE TYPE : OSC
COURSE TITLE: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS &
ENVIRONMENT: BASICS
CREDIT: 06
THEORY: 06
HOURS : 90
THEORY: 90
MARKS : 100
THEORY: 70 CCA : 30
OBJECTIVE:
- Understands the concept and place of research in concerned subject
- Gets acquainted with various resources for research
- Becomes familiar with various tools of research
- Gets conversant with sampling techniques, methods of research and techniques of analysis of
data.
UN
IT -
1
12 H
rs
Patents :- Introduction & concepts, Historical Overview.
Subject matter of patent.
Kinds of Patents.
Development of Law of Patents through international treaties and conventions including
TRIPS Agreement.
Procedure for grant of patents & term of Patent.
Surrender, revocation and restoration of patent.
Rights and obligations of Patentee
Grant of compulsory licenses
Infringement of Patent and legal remedies
Offences and penalties
Discussion on leading cases.
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
UN
IT -
2
24 H
rs
Meaning of Copyright, Historical Evolution,
Subject matter of copyright.
Literary works
Dramatic Works & Musical Works
Computer Programme
Cinematographic films
Registration of Copyrights
Term of Copyright and Ownership of Copyrights
Neighboring Rights
Rights of Performers & Broadcasters
Assignment of Copyright.
Author’s Special Rights (Moral Rights)
Infringement of Copyrights and defenses
Remedies against infringement (Jurisdiction of Courts and penalties)
International Conventions including TRIPS Agreement WIPO, UCC, Paris Union, Berne
Convention, UNESCO.
Discussion on leading cases.
UN
IT -
3
10 H
rs
Rights: Meaning
Human Rights- Meaning & Essentials
Human Rights Kinds
Rights related to Life, Liberty, Equals & Disable
UN
IT -
4
2
4 H
rs
National Human Rights Commission
State Human Rights Commission
High Court
Regional Court
Procedure & Functions of High & Regional Court.
UN
IT -
5
20 H
rs
Right to Environment as Human Right
International Humanitarian Law and Environment
Environment and Conflict Management
Nature and Origin of International Environmental Organisations (IEOs)
Introduction to Sustainable Development and Environment
Sustainable Development and Environmental Governance
SU
GG
ES
TE
D R
EA
DIN
GS
1. G.B.Reddy, Intellectual Property Rights and Law, Gogia Law Agency, Hyderabad.
2. S.R.Myneni, Intellectual Property Law, Eastern Law House, Calcutta
3. P Narayanan Intellectual Property Rights and Law (1999), Eastern Law House,
Calcutta, India
4. Vikas Vashistha, Law and Practice of Intellectual Property,(1999) Bharat Law House,
New Delhi.
5. Comish W.R Intellectual Property,3rd
ed, (1996), Sweet and Maxwell
6. P.S. Sangal and Kishor Singh, Indian Patent System and Paris Convention,
7. Comish W.R Intellectual Property, Patents, Copyrights and Allied Rights, (2005)
8. Bibeck Debroy, Intellectual Property Rights, (1998), Rajiv Gandhi Foundation.
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
M.Sc (GEOLOGY) 3rd
SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: MSG C01 COURSE TYPE : ECC
COURSE TITLE: TRIBAL STUDIES
CREDIT: 06
THEORY: 06
HOURS : 90
THEORY: 90
MARKS : 100
THEORY: 70 CCA : 30
OBJECTIVE:
- Understands the concept and place of research in concerned subject
- Gets acquainted with various resources for research
- Becomes familiar with various tools of research
- Gets conversant with sampling techniques, methods of research and techniques of analysis of
data
- Achieves skills in various research writings
- Gets acquainted with computer Fundamentals and Office Software Package .
UN
IT -
1
12 H
rs
Tribal Studies : Meaning, Nature, Scope, Need & importance of tribal studies. Meaning,
Definition & characteristics of Tribe, Caste & Race.
UN
IT -
2
24 H
rs
Scheduled Tribe in India : Population Composition of tribal, classification of Indian Tribe –
Racial, Lingual, Geographical, Cultural.
Some Major Tribes in India : Santhal, Khasi, Munda, Bhils.
Some Major Tribes in Central India : Gond, Baiga, Bharia, Korkus.
UN
IT -
3
1
0 H
rs
Iliteracy :Poverty, Indebt ness, Unemployment, migration & Exploitation Environmental &
Degradation.
Problem of Health and sanitation :
Prostitution, Culture Decay due to assimilation. Replacement & Rehabilitation of Tribal
population.
UN
IT -
4
2
4 H
rs
Welfare-Concept, Characteristics: Tribal Welfare in post independence period. Constitutional
provision & safe guard after independence, Legislation & Reservation Policy.
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
UN
IT -
5
20 H
rs
Tribal Development Programs for Scheduled Tribes : Medical, Education, Economy,
Employment & Agriculture Evaluation of Programs
Tribal Welfare & Advisory Agencies in India : Role of NGO’s in tribal development, Role of
Christian missionaries in tribal welfare & development. Tribal Welfare Administration.
SU
GG
ES
TE
D
RE
AD
ING
S
Tribal Development In India (Orissa) by Dr. Taradutt
Books on Tribal studies by PK Bhowmik
Books on 'Tribal Studies' by W.G. Archer
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
M.Sc (GEOLOGY) 3rd
SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: MSGC02 COURSE TYPE: ECC
COURSE TITLE: ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND GEOLOGICAL HAZARDOUS
CREDIT: 6 HOURS:90
THEORY: 6 PRACTICAL: 00 THEORY:90 PRACTICAL:00
MARKS
THEORY: 100(70+30) PRACTICAL:00
OBJECTIVE: This course is aimed towards generating fundamental knowledge, concepts and dimensions of
Environmental Geology for Geological Hazardous mitigation and management.
UN
IT-
1
18
Hou
rs Unit-1
Introduction: Introduction to environmental geology. Management of natural resources.
UN
IT-2
-
18H
ou
rs Unit - 2
Environment and climate: Air pollution and global climate changes. Environmental controls for
erosion, desertification and coastaldegradation
UN
IT-3
-
18 H
ou
rs Unit - 3
Geological hazards and environment : Geological hazards such as floods, landslides, earthquakes,
volcanoes, glaciers and shoreline processes, their remedial
measures.
UN
IT-4
-
18H
ou
rs Unit - 4
Environmental impact of mining, dams, reservoirs, highways, their assessment and controls. Cleaner sources of energy.
UN
IT-5
-
18H
ou
rs Unit – 5
Man and environment :Industrial pollution, waste disposal, groundwater contaminations,river lake
and marine pollution and their impact on human health.Geological aspects of human health. Trace elements and healthhazards.
SU
GG
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TE
D R
EA
DIN
GS
1. Aharma, V. K., (1986) Geomorphology Earth surface processes and form McGraw Hill
2. Chorley, R. J., (1984) Geomorphology Methuen. 3. Drury, S. A., 1986, Image Interpretation in Geology Allen & Unwin Inc U K
4. Selby, M.J. (1996) Earths Changing Surface. Oxford University Press UK
5. Thornbury w. D., (199J) Principles of Geomorphology Wiley Eastern Ltd., NewDelhi
6. Valdiya, K. S (1987) Environmental Geology - Indian Context. Tata McGraw Hill new Delhi.
7. Keller, E.A., (2000) Environmental Geology latest Ed., 'Shales E. Merril Publishing
Co.,Columbus, Ohio. 8. Montgomery, C, (1984) Environmental Geology John Wiley and Sons, London.
9. Bird, Eric (2000) Coastal Geomorphology: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Singapore. 10. Hails, John R. (1977) Applied Geomorphology. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.New
York.
11. Liu, B.C. (1981) Earthquake Risk and Damage Westview.
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
M.Sc (GEOLOGY) 3rd
SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: MSGC03 COURSE TYPE: ECC
COURSE TITLE: COAL GEOLOGY
CREDIT: 6 HOURS:90
THEORY: 6 PRACTICAL: 00 THEORY:90 PRACTICAL: 00
MARKS
THEORY: 100(70+30) PRACTICAL:00
OBJECTIVE: This course is aimed towards generating fundamental knowledge,concepts of conventional coal
energy conservation.
UN
IT-
1
18
Hou
rs Unit-1
Origin of Coal: Origin and mode of occurrence of coal, chemical and physical constituents of coal.
Factor affecting coalification.
UN
IT-2
-
18H
ou
rs Unit-2
Classification of Coal: Classification of coal, structural features of coal seams. Definition and origin
of Kerogene and coal. Chemical characterization of coal Proximate and Ultimate analysis.
UN
IT-3
-
18 H
ou
rs Unit-3
Mining of coal. Sampling of coal in mines and in the laboratory: prospecting for coal, methods of
coal mining, washing and briquoting, utilization of coal, coal as a source of petroleum
UN
IT-4
-
18H
ou
rs Unit-4
Study of Indian coals : A detailed study of Indian coal fields with reference to geology, grade of
coal, economic reserves and future prospects, problems of the coal industry and its future prospects.
UN
IT-5
-
18
Hou
rs Unit-5
Coal bed methane. Rank, Grade and type of coal. Microscopic constituents of coal. Industrial
application of coal petrology.
SU
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AD
ING
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1. Chandra, D., Singh, R.M. Singh, M.P. (2000): Textbook of Coal (Indian context), TaraBook
Agency, Varanasi.
2. Singh, M.P. (1998): Coal and organic Petrology, Hindustan Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
3. Texbook of Coal petrology, GebruderBorntraeger, Stuttgart.
4. Van Krevelen, D. W. (1993): Coal :Typology-Physics-Chemistry-Constitution), Elsevier Science, Netherlands
5. Courses in Mining Geology by R.N.P Arogyaswaml
6. Industrial Minerals and Rocks of India by S.Deb
M.Sc Geology/ 3rd SEMESTER/SU
M.Sc (GEOLOGY) 3rd
SEMESTER
COURSE CODE: MSGC04 COURSE TYPE: ECC
COURSE TITLE: NUCLEAR GEOLOGY
CREDIT: 6 HOURS:90
THEORY: 6 PRACTICAL: 00 THEORY:90 PRACTICAL: 00
MARKS
THEORY: 100(70+30) PRACTICAL:00
OBJECTIVE: This course is aimed towards generating fundamental knowledge, concepts and dimensions of
Nuclear Science.
UN
IT-
1
18 H
ou
rs Unit-1
Introduction of radioactivity and radiation : stable and unstable nuclei, interaction of radiation with
matter: types of radioactivity and rays, their properties, qualitative discussion on the decay theories,
artificial radioactivity, nuclear acceleration, nulear reactions and nuclear energy.
UN
IT-2
-
18H
ou
rs Unit-2
Distribution of potassium, uranium and thorium in various rock types: radioactive methods of age determination of rocks. Isotopes geochemistry.
UN
IT-3
-
18 H
ou
rs Unit-3
Detection and measurement of radioactivity: application and principles of portable radiometers,
Geiger counter and scintillometers. Radioactive well-logging.
UN
IT-4
-
18H
ou
rs Unit-4
Introduction to nuclear geophysics: principles of gamma and neutron methods and their utility in
geophysical investigations – Gamma-gamma method, X-ray fluorescence method, gamma-neutron method and neutron – neutron method and interpretation of these survey results.
UN
IT-5
-
18
Hou
rs Unit-5
Detailed study of their minerals of Uranium, thorium, beryllium and the rare earth’s with reference
to their composition, properties, origin, mode of occurrence and distributions in India.
SU
GG
ES
TE
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AD
ING
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1. Faure, Gunter (1998) Principals and Applications in Geochemistry. Prentice Hall International (U.K.) Ltd., London
2. Jones, P. Meurig (1987) Applied Mineralogy a quantitative approach. Graham and Trotman,
U.K.
3. Mason, Brian & Moore, Carleton B. (1982) Principals of Geochemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Singapore.
4. Werk, Hans‐Rudolf and Bulakh, Andrei (2004) Minerals their constitution and Origin.
Cambridge University Press, U.K. 5. Willard, Merritt & Dean, Instrumental Methods of Analysis.
6. Rollinson, H., (1994) Using Geochemical Data. Longman.