I,. status ,as of 1950. Data collet

derived from t` Censuses ofPoguLatibn, as well gas frOm'Vdocuments. State agencies we,mental disorder. Variablesfamily income; (2) incomemanufacturing (initial st(percent of residents emp(6) rate of mental disorthese diiensions and(6)that alternations in tsocial patterits and hadisorganizatiOn and pSiiff-employment exce

disorder in rin at,he Area ofocch

ED 110 24&

AUTHOHTITLE

:1

DOCUMENT RESUME,. ,

BC 008 696

I

' Snigp, C.' MatthewNonmetropolitan Industrial Location and the Incidencef Mental'Disorder. Center of Applied Sodiology,

/ .

W'Orking Paper RID 75.8.INSTITUTION. Zigconsin Univ., Madison. Center of Applied,

SoCidlOgy.SPONS AGPWCY,

REPO T NOPUB JA ENQ; E

EDRS PRI EDESCRIPTO S

ABSTRACT

North ',Central Regional Center for Rural Development,'Ames, Iowa.; Wisconsin Univ., Madison. Coll. ofAgricultural and Life Sciences.RID-75.824 Aug 75'.57p.. Paper prepared for the annual meeting Of theRural Sociological Society, San Francisco,California, August `21 -24, 1975

M1'-$0.76HC-$3.32 PLUS POSTAGEAgriculture; Census Figures; *Correlation; Education;Employment Patterns; Family Income: Females; Income;*Industry; 'Longitudinal Studies; Males; *MentalIllness; Occupations; *Rural Areas;° *Social Change;Sutveys

, The relationshipand the incidence of mdhtal diso,regional sample of U.S. cduntie

etween the rate of social change'der Was analyzed for a 10 percent(N=279) with a non - metropolitan..

ed in 1950,/1960, and 1970 wereovernment, Manufacturers, and

ital Statistics' and other government,.e surveyed for data on the incidence 'of

nder study were changes in: (1) mediannespality; (3) median education; (4) !,

tus.v.s post industry) ; (5) occupationsoyed in agriculture and percent self and

er. It was theorized that alterations inrate of mental disorder. It was theorized

se dimensIons basic'realgnment ofits with an increaseftpotential for social

thology. Analysis indicated that ;changes,ted, were conducive to increased kevels ofral areas. These' structural changes, especiallytional change, were.found to be "powerfully"

t,trel ted to changes 4n manufacturing; however, it was4urmiSed that' since interpretatidn of social, change is difficult at best, therelationship between industry and mental disorder is less thahsimgle. (JC) e.

s

4

P

rsity of isc nsin 'so^-1`

' tis DEPARTMNi OF HEALTH.

A.

EDUCATIO L WELFARE

NAT / I 0 NEV.cNASIIIIDTHU 1 E

REPRO

,NI, MAN A5 RECEIVEDBEEN

ATINO IT

000RpANIZATIONORIGIN

NYSNOEcVIEW OROPINIONSVCE

THE P

stftAT OP, AA,SiAATIONALINSTITUTE V

SIM EO

EPOCA-41POSkTION OR POLICE

NONMETWOLITIONDOSTRIAL

THE INCIDENCE Of MENTAL DISORDER, "

C. Matthew Snipp °A

- University of WieconOin-Madison A

t.

Working Paper:-RID'75:E

This :faixtz. was prepabed for the annual meeting of the Rural: SOciolOg4cal. ,

Society, San Francisco, August 21 -24,' +1975. Compilation and analysis'of datafrom the National Sample of CoUnties-was supported.by44e:.;CoilegeArAl ,--4f--Agricultural and Life Sciences, UniVersity of Wisconsilijgreldirion and 3i-atL"i,North Central Regional Center for Rural, Development Res chtGradVp nelF.e

,.kei 1....%;, , ,

'4F.i,k

, 4 -, c

st!=lers, Principal.investigator,

.I, '

CaorkleraproAitOnsibes proliorarnsUr 1*.erstifotoillidispeOisin-iimiiiiiiion

.

COAFAilvint of,Rbrallociglogy611die of AriculturaVar)il life Science's

000 900 0001'2'3454784222341.100999999,999

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A debt of gratitude is 6464 to-PrOfessor4Gene F. Symmeis.for the

many helpful i*IglastionsAm*- criticisms of4his paper" Professor

William H. Sewell.and-Profetaor,Archibal0 d. Haller must also be

thanked for their guidance".)1Atly, thisipapeir would have never beeppreOareiEwereit not forliPincial assseente from the AmericanSociological Association:and the Ford,Ppunclition. As usual, the author

assumes responsibility for allOpinions'andlorrors of omission and_ .

commission.

4'

'0003Yi

;*

V

1 '

I-

a

°

4

a

S.

I

.,v.

\ t

, ,

population. Industriaptizatron is likely to cause greatr changes on an,'..i' F. 1 V./

'.Indian reservation thapi4 aluburb of a large city. Likewise, s he t

-,demOnds.made by indust;19 maybe mare difficult to accommodate,for the1,, .

2 ,`'

.reservation than the suburb: .

to

...t . J

The question is whAt:are theSe demands and 'what are the ramifica- ,

tionseof inducing,change)nto theteXf:ting order? In a'rural community,

, dr.6

with a mainly agricultural economy; one might expiict,f,tpe skill level

, r , . .,._.

relatively low. What,one Would probably find isA, preponderance :/

of farmer,

farm laborers, and farm related business activities (for

example, coope Ives, equipment companies, and feed, seed\

and supply

'dealers). The intro 'ction of industry necessarily changes ,this arrange -'

ment to alloW for 'die .dive sity of activities found' in a manufacturin'

plant. The usual effect of th' -accommodation isa dealini i

cultural actisittlei-"th favo of a MOvement toward manufacturing em,)

ment (Andrews; et 1959; Andrews and Bauder,-1968; Beck and-SUTmers:'

1973) ,Wilbert Moore (1'966Yhasalso considered the effects of indus-

triali/ zation on the occupational-structure. Some of the ch ngessthat_

ha-notes:are:a genera) movement from

A -

specialization of work activities,

agricultural toIndust?-)al actiNities,

Cr upgrading Of ,sk 1 11 categories

/tincrease,of the proportion of wage and salary workers. These,

- Q,

-r

not surprising considering the increased djversity of embioy-t ..tsi... J f , ,

itquIrIng new and perhaps more advanced levels of

l $ I%

tan at thdrse poSitions offer a.charme- for

ed Ilfe,

ste. One finding, is

,i to and con

Se

4.

,

population. Industri4Aiiatron is likely to cause greater chanles on an,'\,,,;

.;--' !- ,

-

. tv

.,Indian reservation than suburb of a large city. Likewise, the,

,..

,

-40mands.made by industry maybe more difficuit to accommodate,for theI

2Iceservation than the suburb:

1

The question is what :are the4 demands and What are

tionse induci4 ng.changet intO'the,eX4ting order? In a'

with a, mainly agricultural economy; one might,expectAe!

. ,

the ramifica=

rural community

skill levL,

relatively low. WhatNone Would probably find is .4 preponderance :

farm laborers, and farm related business activities (for .of farmer

example, coope ives, equipment compinies, and feed, seed and supply

dealers). The intro ctiOn of industry necessarily changes Xhisarrange-

ment to allot,/ forl veiiedi sity of a d'activities found as manufacturin'

plant. The usual effect of th -accommodation isa decline inis j

,cultural actisittiet-i'h favor of a mo ement toward manufacturing em.

ment (Andrews; et al., 1959; Andrews and Bauder,-1968; Beck and-Summers,

1973). Wilbert Moore (1966)jsas also contidered the effects of Indus-/

s'trial1zationon the occupational_ structure. Some of the ch nges.that-

O

he-notes:area genera) movement from agricultural toLln4uitHal aottvities, L,

4;

.specialization of work activities, the upgrading of,skill categort61

agd ai Olt

tincreaseof the pioportion of wage and salary workers. TWese,

.,,;'x- .

not surprising considering the increased d)versity, of emPloy-. , J

y. :4tk.1

, ment opportu tequiring new and perhaps more advanced levels of. %,

I.,

skill,' 'Even Mdre imp tan at thete potitions offer, a,chance for,.,

.,,

changes ar

er improed life stile. One finIding, is

that.the ita and con ncome associated

(1

e

`w th industrialization

t!.

4

;"tif'

.

.

(Andrews, ,et al.; 1959; Kuzhets, 4960, .196)

The trend toward dif erentiation and specialization in the occu-,

. a\pational structure has tmpliCations for changes in other dimensint .f the-1 4

,,,,

psissocial structure. One Important change is,found in a shift of *sis

, .

from'iascribeeto Achieved staius\Smelser'and Upset, 1966). As riptive

itatuS is the status bequ thed to done as result of social or' Ins , '

\0, r .

viddniabilities (ivalastoga,-1965). 'The ffect of i

. , ..

this is to ,enhance the lmpOrtanceof the family and tradi Iona' institr,

. 4

tions to the indiiidel as ,source of social ,,status. owever, for

indivIduals_ok,

groups'low on ascribed status,the im ortance Of'these

institutions may be lesNi'dear; or they may remain

is reasons. Nevertheless, It may be less diffiN

tai6 groups Ao make the transition fromasc

-buse t y have comparatively lelss-tolos

r'-As'a community becomes more special'

differentiation leads to additiohal ;v1

to Move withto which heretofore had b

.role ke414abie new opportuniti

groups leading to,a-ti

rnp9rtant for intrin-

/

utt for,these low

bed to achieved status

(Zaltman, 1973).

4

ed, the process of social 'N

i

s and t statuses >citAl poputra ion\

en relatively stable. Thetaddit ono]

s to alter the social position of

time of flux and change wiihin the

prevlouslyvtata 9r er.ii The si ificanceotihese changes for non

AA

metrOpoiltan AmeilCan,life are asily surmised. In a rural area where one

scture of status may have beenf.

i.n the fOrm: of fiornlci(-21ma I

44,

family in the communityi'th

bill-ties for achievement

from the association with''family wealth

business or the social PosOtion of the

,

introduction of industry open's new possi-

.'' /,

ng propertyless individuals as well

0 Op F

F

e

to,

I, kft,

.0

\

5

O , o'

. ., , ..

. . ,

pephaps discounting the importance 9f traditional status syirlols. Anew ..

,

set of statuses are introduced that may compete-or supercede oldetqstatusps .i

i 0 ;''. ' i; 4:1

If

gseiciated ith family prestige or wealth. The distinctionbetwe.n "new

i ,

'money" and " ld money' can be seen as an attempt to preserve gltitus dif-.

ferenceS along traditional lines (Warner, 1963).

-An importanCelementinachievedstatusts the dimenS&d1 :4f 'ducation..

iY

In communities where achievement is the main Source of status,'education :

, , c, : 4 .4

serves as an important means of r 1 ng one's position in,_the yociel struc-

ture (Svalastoga, 1965; Blau and D'uncan, 196,6; Sewell anCl'Hauser, 1'75).. .

)

.

lt,is not unreasonable towpect that as the emphasis is shifted to!,, rd.

';'"'..*-

sr^4

achieved status and ascribed OiAius'lecomes even less important, the ecessi-. e ,.,

1'4.,"Z"..^ 4'

..

NI'ty of education will lead to garns in/the educational level of the population.

The differentiatio of bccuPational 'activitits and the inEreased levels

of'skill,necessary for

munity to participate

industrial employment meang thatifor a rural com-..

. ,,, ,..

in these activities, it is necessary that additional;,; . If fe

/ schooling over and Ve that necessary for farm activities be secured,./ . . ), ,

. -HoweVer, this is noyhec,only way that indUstry influences.the educational.. .

e,i'level'in a c4 tunity. iAnother factor is that a community oriented more

,---- ---,----:° industry has leis need for child labor. Therefore, children are

t

,

more 1 ely to stay in -School longer than if they were needed to worklInt

the fields (Treiman, 1970). Hoselitz notes that changes in the'insti- -..,,.

to tonal order (e.g.'education) and skilled workers are necessariJor the

!evelopment of industry. Additionally, increasing education and a widening ,

diistrtbution of education implies that some persons.will be disadvantaged"-

t

eand possibly displaced as a community becomes oriented toward industrial pur-v .1,-

lzutts and the necessary skills to perform thed. Educatlonalcattainment is

,43

ono'?

0

an advantage to thdse who possess iii and a disadvantage tp those who 0 not.

This point has broader implications for he effective maintenance of socialV

order and organization. An example is when a-farm labor force,,displaced

by industry-and unable,to secure industrial employment in any large scale, .

must"turn to the state for aid and assistance ,or migrate to Other areas.

For those unable to migrate, public assistance may be the only alternative.

The transition and disintegration of traditional social relations also .

means changes,i% the institutional arrangements of the community. Where

ce .family, friends, and neighbors played a centraphrole in communito

'fare and control, industrialization and its concomitant effects ofte0,

render primary groups ineffective. The result is floatroduce changes'that

specialized formal organizations now assume dutiei previousp performed by

informal

locus of

,t.places

friends,

the

t,-, ;

groUps, This change has been characterizedas a "shift in the,-,;-- i-

(Smelser and Lipset, ow The*Ofess,ional firefighter rcontr pa

the volunteer fireman, the welfar

and more importantly for this paper,

genclie4aces:fami4V and

ntaldtpspital replaces

family in assuming responsibility for-pe

In summary, the.intrOduction of

for several kinds of change. Perhaps

tion of4social relations. The new posit

I untoward character.

rural community makes

ortant is the differenira-.

rdedby industrial location

and a new manner of11%

opeWnew 1)64Vib411 ties for achievement .-,c, ,staidSes

tivina. This Changei may be facilitated changes, !':

,.:,, . . w .

tional str)ucture, the Income structure;-e4the;r1sing importance-ofr, v.

4;

in the occupa-

or througkp,,new system of values that rearrange the 'order

sons, 'classify themselves.

education,

by which per-4

Thus far, we have dealt with a numbeif outgrowth, s,that are. the

result of Industrial location in rura areas.. What has not been dealt with

ci8ti

6

.

\

.

is Oe ultimate consequences that- these changes have for the organization

and ordert'of the commudity. There appears to be a,dearth of information .

. ..;

for

.

the assessment of the "human" costs of industrial location. The majority

.of studies that make some attempt to determine the effect that industriald

location on the quality of life attend to variables like community particil.

pation; satisfaction with local industry and so forth. Other studies have

concerned themselves with the'effects thatparticular' variables have on

.

T aspects of the social structure. Without explicitly dealing with the phe-,' .

nomenathls latter group of studies often deals with `constructs that may, .;,ki; \ Ti . .

, .' be diredpy,Telated to industrial location. 01 example, the independent6

variableg'in thesestudies,are frequently changing levels of income, edu-" .,,

. L.,

cation.litibbilety;.zcommunity growth, and occupational structure ,which have.

been shown, by other studies,-to be related to th location of industry.ii'-'

I .

4

M It seems particularly important to discover how theSe variables are linked.% , it 7

to industrial location and what telationship they iihve with vari ous social.-

- *L

/1 ii- k 4` pathologies in order to-better understand

t

the.

-.human "costs" of industry .

\ , ,

.

'.

II. The Social Structure and Social Order-'

,\

i a e .

I% ,The subject of this research istheincidence'of mental disorder

2among local6residents and.the'factors that contribute to this rate. Before

. ..

Oscussing the literature releyant to, this topic, it is perhaps best that: ,

,t

some attention be given to the concept of mental disorder as it is useeWi-, e.

For the purposes of,

this paper, mental, ,disorder is used. to opiratio0at--C - ,, ' '1R, ,

- ize the concept of community organization. One should: note tha/Ogregate

ti measures, i.e. rates of incidence of mentafdisorder are used rather than'

Measures of..the mental disturbance of indWduals. The concern of'this/

0009 .

r

f

.0

a

4

research is not with an epidemeological s?dy of Ilersonal disturbance but

rather with the meaning that rates Ofmental disorder.have for the commun-

ity as a whole.1

The significance of these rates is nested within the

assumption that well ordered communities have relatively low rates of

disorder whereas less cohesive communities with relatively unstable social

relations will exhibit higherftrates of disturbance. It might be argued

y 9

that a community may have relatively high rates of mental disorder yeta

remain cohesive enough to care for these-individuals so that they would

not apped;in the measurement of rates (would not be hospitalized). Or,

%;

the community might, become so OsOrganized that no heed is paid to the

mentally imbalanced and again 'do not show usi in the measurement of rates.,

To the first of these queries,,an assumption of this study1s,hat

thelhental hospital tends to be a place of last resort when all else fails.

Therefore,'when traditional means of coping with untoward behavior sdch as-at --

sanctions from family; friends, and peers0fail or are unavailable, -it' be-

.,

comes the job of the mental hospital to correct or control such conduct.

To the latter argument, it may be the cage that in aredt of intense disor-

ganization, the mentally disturbed are never detected nor inducted for care.

.. r

Yet in the communities used for this study, (noirmetropolitan United States

counties', 1950-1970) it is highly doubtful thatthisisthe case. '

In some cases, the road to the mental hospital is through the criminal

justice system, but even here to escape one's crime vi;a' the asylum other

S. ,

bizarre behaviors must be exhfbited 1,,n the form Of viblating informal codes

of behaving to ,corroborate one's insanity. lt may welt be that ,there are

_many different types ofrtocial esorganization in bo0 the formal and,

. .i. ;

informal spheres' of.control. A society whose formatly ordered politica ...---,

.

'' ;- N t. .

,

, 00 1.1) ,141 ,4:.

0

-8-

F

structure (for example .a coalition government) has broken down may be able

c

to keep iqformal organization such as the family or clan structure irftact.-.

This is often the case in developing countries where the future of

political organization-As frequently more tenuous and unstable than tra-

ditional family and tribal structures. The opposite could-be said of

many western industrialized nations. The don' of informal norma-

tive relations is a much greater pgoblem evidenced by the num s-formal

.:,

organizations designed to-assume such. responsibilities: The we

o'''

agency is a classic example. Studies of modernization and technological1,

change in developing societies has noted that one effect of;westernization"mt,

is a shift in thel"locus of control" or importance from informal to formal

institutions. (Smelser and Lipsey, 1966)3. This mean that as a society

becomes increasingly rationalized, many of the functions previously per- .

formed by informal groups are now assumed by formally organized institutions

designed for the performance of specialized tasks.

Several studies have been addressed to the effects,of rUctural.

change on.the social °relatiOns'of the community. 1 n investigation'of

the relationship between several typesvf me al disorderand community

growth, Wechsler (1961) found a posit association, for depressive dis-'

_ ,

orders and community growth. His xplanation of the-Rhentimena was that.

.

stable communities with close interper-seiations foster inter-.

dependency, will exhibit high rates of depression when rapid change-thgete

to after their social organization.,Another s-Aidy -of severe types_Of-

f-'

communities found the highet rate olimental-4 sorder in a rapi.city growing

\-11-`11"

suburban county. (Gordon and Gordon, 1960). Although they do not pre-

cisely define a "rapidly. growing suburb" norls the probable source of

0011

0

-9-

?-,

t.

e0,t \

gr*h Indic ted, itXis possible that its growth was due to industrial lo-'

:cation It has been found that a process of growth IS usUfilyasAociated

with indU try location in rural areas. (Merrill And Ryther, 1961; 'Stuart,

:19711 Summem et al,%1979)., .

- In a study of the rates 6f mental disorder byadmissionS to. pubLic men,

tat hoipitals, Brenner (1973). discovered a strong negaVvOLassociation

for admissions to public mental hospitals and manuflturin4 employment;

he chose to callethe latter the economy". This mean's that changes, in-

A

manufacturing employment and possibly, related changes in dimensfOns sufh

as income will have an effect on the rate of mental disorder, in the communi

ty. Depending on the direction of chair the effect may retard or1

'Ice rates. Perhaps more interesting is the fact 'hat hiacce e

found,that the rela nsh'p obtained for both organic and functional; dls-

orders. His exp

traditional meth

or alcoholic f

finanCial

f.this is that in difficult economic conditions,

of c ring e.g. the fAviLly) for a tenile,, retar460Y

y/menrc tend t break down because of additional

d/or psychological burdens c

Bre Is correct, the thordy problem of s

diag Si s becomes superf 1 uc us fpi- the study

This i so because one mig t expect changes in aikeateg

ted by economic prOblems. If

el* ng adMissioris by .-

of socle disOitanization.

ies of admisSJoh:

rather than in any single one.

B enner's work cover only one asect of social diviniegr

kArtuations in the economy or manufacturing_emPlp n .. James tot

approached this problem more generally and off getheoreppal xpl atior

;

for the process of societal- disorganizatigh (196i)% He disCifsse

)

o

Ion; fluc-'ma has

t

trends toward disorgbniuzation; first is the spebl.ayiaitem of locals

CI 1 2 ,

8`

c

',

L.

1

'4' " \ \89 thls, he means that as a commUnity becomes increpsingly diversified,

4/

i

*X t.nerels'a tendency toward fragmentation and Mobility. Some of the re-

stilts of.this trend are that children and,parenr affiliate legs, local'

institutionshavea lessening importanCe JW'crimunity life, and there is an.-..k.,

increased dependence on mass communicailbn;. The interdependency of corn-,

,, f i.

munity social relations becomes tenuous as social differentiation, increases.

O

1.

Paraphrasing Coleman!s theory, to place it in the perspective of this

researdh, industrialization creates and diversifies-the number avail-

able occupational and social roles. This differentiation and specialization

tends to reduce the number of common interestsl,in,the community thereby

redUcing the number of social relationships and mutual ties. This creates7

a net,reduction of interestin.coniunitlife and a lessening importance

of primary TelationOas a source of mutual aid,--t-anctions and referents

f . of,behavior. When /hii,occurs, formal /inititutions such as the mental

'hotpttal,:assuMe the resPonsibilit fOruncontr'ollable individuals. The

(

qlistory and'develOpment.of /he mental hospital has been largely the result

-

..bf attemOtin0ocope- with eviant behavior.in,a society growing ever/.

''Slarger and imperAohallilo hMan,*:071). It aito.may be that one reason4

that the individual bec s Uncontrollable is that sanctions and referents.

i.'. .

ofr

behavior iare.i.navailble or,superfluous in a relatively atomistic

society. *# -

4- . 1

The .second

Ns/

P

rend-that Coleman describes refers to the transition

rom(a'set of camparativel traditional orms and behaviors to a more

rational way oftdoing things. Rapid so ial change, introduced by industry,

f

-

`fflaYliike old nortms: andtbehaviors useletS and hence new courses of action

Must be Ipprlovised and developed. Coleman states, that:

0 0 1 a ,r; 1

.2

"since the industrial revolution, new changes haVe followed quicklyprevious ones. Such continual change tends-to keevcommunityorganization at a low level - for the.existing,norms,.customs,and authority structure are undergoiftg(continual erosion, as theybecome irrelevant for the new conditions.0(p. 594).,

Thus, there may arise a lack,of community Fonsensus about what is proper',

leading to a breakdown in social relations. This can be seen in small

college towns where there is a breach between the older residents adhering

to "traditional" standards of propriety and."progressive" students. There

is also an implicitly psycholepgical facet of the absence of behavioral

siOpostd; that it is stressful. Thus a amid of social norms, of itself,

might be expected to generate Mental imbalance. However, this isot to4.. (

imply that this study will be able to,tesi such an idea regarding either

the causes of psychological stress or the effects of normlessness. 'This is

predented as one possible explanation fo(r what is occurring on the level.

'.).11*

of analysis below the one on which we are working.

)

To briefly summarize, onemight expect that the industrialization of, 0

, .

rural communities will'introduce salehttchange's inthe social structure.(- (

There changes will be most discernable ill the distribution of income,''-

occupatiohs and education. Therefore, the expectation is that changes7 ,

in these diver0ii9ns,,,caused by industrial locaiione will in some measure,

4, .., ! o -

be disruptive of the social relations of the community. The e)Itent to.., t

which these disrupted relations become dIsfunctional and disintegrateda

.should be reflected in .the level of local mental disorder; ,in this case,.. f.

first admissions to public mental hospitals. This in someMeasure should

give an indication of the "costs" of industi-lal locatiOn inhuman terms:

Much has been said of the effects of industrial location on the social

structure and what, effects thatstructural characteristics have on social.

(1014c

. ,

^

,.) ''fik.:

'F 1

0

-tg-

,

,

°pathologies but what are the linkages between these sets of variableS? 1,

.. a

Hopefutlyi this study and the analysis to follow will provide a first es -'

,..

4 `The design of this study does not allow any strict extrapolation to

lan\individual levelof analysis'so we are limited to making inferences at

only the level of the community: However, other research has giv'en a clue

to the possible composition of rates of mental disturbance; though they

have small bearing on this research becausepof differences in the levels

;.of analysis.

A review by Bean, Bonjean, and Burton (1974) relates that changes in

social results in mental,iiness,..the, iweakening of family ties,

P

and co nifest anxiety, psychosomatic symptoms and decreased

social pAY icipation. They also noted that another line of research has

not found these effects but tend to,emlihasize.the positivejbenefitsof social

mobility. Their4Own research found that alienation is an inverse fait-m.6°n

Ift

of mobility but they were not prepared to conclude that mobility has no14

adverse effects.

The implication of this research is that structural changes somehow

affelOthe social relations in the community. When mobility rates- within'

1 .

an area increase,.then this increase in the orate is certain to have some

effeitton.the local residents at a personal level. The design of this . l A(

study does not allow,a strict extrapolation that^ would say that individual

,mobitity is disruptive of the soclarnetworks at 4 community, level. However,

one can speculate that, large wholesale Changes in the social structure as

a result of Inddstrialization is likely to create such phenpmena at the ,

individual level. kesearch'into the effects of mobility on individuals

I t 0 01 5

-13r ,

,'

gives:some clue to what is occurring when one observes the relationship k

between mental disorder, manufacturing, and changes in the social structure.'

This betomes more clear.when one considers the finding that rugal,Itndus-et...-..

trialiocation often provides a means of upward mobility by cfeating-job.

opportunities that provide a higher incomelevel, changes for achieving a

, : higher.occupational status, and employment fdr the Younger, better educated,-, ,

mobile,portion of the population that are most likely to become, upwardly i

(Andrews, et. al:, 1959; Andrews and tiauder, 1968; Brihkman, 1973).

Overconformity, lower levels of family cohesion and a belief in ari

open class structure have also been described as consequences of mobilityo

(Tumin, 1987). in an empirical test of the effects of occupational mobklfty,

-.:it was found that upward mobility tends to produce a decreasing level of If,

participation In primary group relations (Kessin, 1971). The author adds.,, ,,,r .,.

, (,,,,.;,

.that mobility has its greatest effect where mobility is infrequent or whei.,..,

, fmore than one stratum is crossed. s

In a more general study,14i-Eilved social change Waslound to be linked

4.0 with psychological stress (Laucit., 19744.',0 this study, subjdtts were. 0

, i,.\ ,,k . ,

,,

asked to assess the ratelof Sotcial .charigen'ands were then tested /for Soc.iall.

.

414/r

stress. The results showed a complicated relationship where-the effect, It

v.,

change depended on the'-,perceived rate of change and the 'perceived desire-.

bi 1 ity of th,aMge..s

111. Method.

The data were collect frail a ten percent regional sample of United

States counties with a non-metropolitan status in 1950 giving a total ° N. of

279. From this total, it.was necessary to remove three of the counties

0'164 , *

'I

i,\14

, 14

4o,

from the sample because in'two cases, "independent cities' ' were formed 'within.,

4.

.

- countY(boundaries making it impogsible to secure comparable data at the..

,'city and.county,level. It was necessary to eliminate a third county because . .

8-

. ..

it:hel4 an SMSA status in'195,0 and was included in the sample Ift mistake..

., .

.

N,,, Altogether, this means thaethere IS a non-respOnseerror inAhe Initialft ''

1,1 's ..',.) . r1 i 1

0. sample of,approximate one percent. -.

. t

1

8 4k ''

. ,z,... a . '

The sources of daii are several. Most of the data Wore collected at,..

N,

three points in time, 1950, 1960, d 1t 97Q fYom the Censuse% of Government,

Manufacturers and Population ;as well as .e Vital, Statistics and other

government documents.' The 0oblem,of samplin error within such sources

// tends to be minimal but it occasionally creates p oblemi. For example, it

was necessary to eliminate a fourth county that appear d as an extreme

outlying Value .This was_ for the percentage of self-employe

J-- r

i the labor force where a (,111Ue of 128% was observed; The source 'of error/ \/

seems to be in the sampling procedures used by theensUs of.PopulatrOn. For

'

/orkers in

the,occupational ipayacteristics of the population, a 20% sample was dra

and' then inflated to meet population proportiong. In ,thi insta ce,more "-. .

workers were, .

self-employed workee reported than were members of the labor..

orce. ,14. ,

.,

lo.othereaseslike thig "appeared in the data used for analysis and h pe-

this,is an isolated instance.

Th data,on the incidence of mental disorder-was gathered by surveying,

tate agenciesin charge of maintaining statistics on mental health care.t o

It was, not possible to'secure dataon the incrdence Of mental disorder for

every County- in thtiample. In some cases, It was necessary to use the

,)1

fiscal year instead of the calendar year and in oth r casesya firoximalr ,

/ 1

1 'year was used as4:: surrogate. In no instance was/a prdxjqi year'used. if...

, c''')..;7-'*4

.

I

(fl) 7.-

. .. 1 ,; ....H

1st I

(if.were more. than three years from the time of the dita collection. pr .

the necessary recoids were ndf kept and thesome counties,

unavail4ble,

1970, 75.1% df

° Since the

In sum, the total Lalfable data for 1960 is° -

the data are present.

emph sis of this paper is on he proceileof social 'change, .

the independent variables are indicative Of change from*one time to another.'

However, independent mental disorder is measured as an absolute level., The

data is simply

54.5% and for

rationale for this is that we are concerned.withhow,much mentalisorder,

is generated by certain kinds of social change rather than how much change

is created in the' rate ofeentadisturbance by changes in, the social'r , .,-

structure. Thus, the social structure variables are'forchange from 1950,

to 1960, 1960 to 1970 and 19504to 1970 which are given by or differences:;

I.-(1) (760 - 1950), (11) (1970 - 1960), (1970-1450) . At might be argued

that the t4me.lags are too long to effectively measure the effect of social

change. Yet Brenner (1973) found the optimum time lag to be seven to

eleven years. ,Moreover, in some counties, the change be rapid and early

.In the decade; in others, the'change will come late in the decade. In

still 'others, the change may occur evenly, either slowly or rapidly,' across

-the ten years. With these variations in Changer4 -teems prudent co

%.

.

a process o ,ran

,u

v faomization foe the possibilities of change and assume the, .

k

V''' ,..

4xpected lag for the,ten year periods as five, years (the mid-point).and ten,

years for the twenty' year lag. This is not to say that the actual lag4 .

,.

periods are five and ten years but instead are the average oe expected lag. -. .

.

times.

There are several' methods used ,.td- measure the changes-in the dimensidOs4.°

of education, income, and occupation!- To'study changee.in education,,

variations in the.me' education of males f'and o males.are used as, .

0 1 8

., .

i pin at the lower income leveld would amount toa much lard- gain-in con-I .

!

'suma6le income at the higher income levels under the assumption o comr.:

-16-fA

the operational" indicators. Var ions in the local income structure

are.indicatedly two measures. he firs s change-ih median 'family in-,

come and the second it change-in the Gini coef ient of income concentra-..

tion,;- Changes in the median f'amil'y income show how a olute levels of

family income Nary over tim4 e whereas the Gini coefficient indicative of

changes in income shares wAblh the c() ty;, measure of income inequality._

7 \..._.. ' 4

It has been pointed out thet-,'Gini coefficiOts tend to be deceptive of

"red l" Changes in income:4cl lity in terms of buyin9 power. (Haller,

1970), The pioblem appears;

to be that-these coef 'c s underestimate or

.hide the degree to which inequal.Tty exists. -1xample, an apparent smelt

. 1stant Gini coefficient. !Litt due consideratton to this problem, it mightr.,- i .

. . ,.'- .

cs, ;

. be argued that since the G.in4 is an underettimate, it is also a conservative. ,. .

.,

estimate. Therefore, whatever changes do occur, may be that income in-.,.

.

equalities are ActLia clly greater and large anges in.the Gin'. most Certainly,,-..

reflect largefchanges in incoMe.inequallty.

Two major effeels f industry on the occupational structure of rural

areas is the shift away from agricultural activities and the bureaucrati-.

zatisin of the labor force.- (Moore, 1966). By bureaucratization, Moore.

vl.r.means that there is an increase in the number of wage and salary workers.A'

;To measure these Changes; variations in the percent of the labor force in

agriculture, forestry, and fishery industries and the percent of the labor

force that is seli'-employed are used to*gauge the shifts in these diens, 0.

0.

I V . . The liodel.

nthe measurement of social change, it has been, 'pointed Out that

a() 94 et

c

Yr.

,

-17-

it is Impckapt to account for initia status as a determinate of potential

ctiang-(11i ley and Harnischfeger, 1973; ale ck, 1969)r X1 represents the

initial status of manufacturing prior to the t atment of time.

Figure 1. about here

Initial status was included throughout the model since change tn the

endogenous variable are directly or indirectly linked to ,change in manu-

facturing; X2, they are also indirectly, linked to the initial status of

manufacturing. Hence, the inclusion of initial stalitior each variable. ,

Would lead to an inefficient'and redundant model beCausethaRge ih the en-,

dogenous variables i,s in some sense conneqted with change in manufacturing

,,,and by extension, with the initial level of manufacturing . By including

X I; some of the initial status is explained for a1.1 the variables.-

'X3

is the Gini coefficient of income concentration at the time of ini-.

,

tialOggservation. ,ii-was indicated earlier that social change (in this

case) technological chOnge mplified by=change in manufacturing) js more4

and adherence to traditionaleasily accomplished Where resistance to, c

values are_low.' That is, in the relative absende of eliteswho tend

cling to traditional values and often exercise a great deal of sotlal' and

'political power.' Therefore, one would.expect that an area with large in

. ,

equalities in income, giving an indication of the presence of:41ites, would

be more resistant to the.location of manufacturing and potential social

changes than an area with a,population of relative equals. The, exception

to this might-be'in the case of the existence of business,elites,who might,

attempt to indUce industrial location In order to bolter the local

economy.

.0020

An- iMportant-retult of industrial locattOg is the effect that if has

he labor force; paPticularly with respect to shifts from agriculture,

to bureaucratizedbureaucratized forms of employment. X4 represents the change in the

_.pecent of residents employed in agriculture, forestry_and fishery industry.

vl',4. Lts expected that changes, especially large positive' ones will Mean a

1pdline.or negative gain: in this variable. Similarly, positive changes

.4n;tHe 1e1,o manUfacturingfmay produce like changes...in the percent <of the

residents who are 59ff-employed (X5). The marginal businessMan or.the

.subsistence farmer, who bydefinition are both self-employed; may take the

. *,opportunity to become more securely occupied in a relatively stable manu-

: facturfng ftem. However, studies have Shown tilat industry also.brings. _ . ,

.

, . .

. ebonofnic -gains to retail enterprise (Andrews ad Bauder, 1960- so it Nay/. .- ,

ay . .

140+ be that industrial locaellan will haveeagreater effect on the deciine'of-- 41-..0,7..--

.. ',,

agrtculturat, forestry'and fishe 1strUes than on the self-emplOyed' '=.

:// ..population as a whole:

1' "'llieid4esS to say,,thanges. in the occupational structure.of a coMMunity

=. V. Allg.

.

mean changgi in other characteristics of-the social tructure,. Its.has beenl

.

., shownthat.industrialization often means a polkivegain inIonsumer income, ,

(Andrews, et..al.i 1959; Kuznets, 1960, 1963; Biliaman, 1973). The measure

,... . ... .. -

.

. o. . ,

./ .

Of 4th1 i,"4-ai. or Change- in income is X6; the change in median family income.

The larger the dhanges_fh th0evel of manufacturing (percent of the .labor. , , ,,

, '.

force IA durable and non-durable manufactdritig industries, X2) .the. greater

the gains that will'occur tnmedtan family income. $\,

A.-Wated,-.*OSuft-.of increates,in meitjan.family income might be changes

n ilfelltstbution. of Income. The'introduction of industry means additional

,:47.i.=*-

opportunity-for upwaw.mobitity for segments of the population that may have

,

s _

0021t . ,25, ,7 .

.

V

'Se

'

1.

..

been forced ,to either ou,t7migrate 40, remalW in relative ow status posi-

t ions. Additionally, the exPlicit positIon'orthe federii-goverhment in

,.,

off ring subsidies for :lira) industriaiJocation is to provide employmentst 4 4-

opirrtunftlas tb.traditionally:disadvOtaged groups although tireffective-e, . P , - % 4 1 P

(' mess of thii approach seems douhtfufASupmers, et. at., 1970. ''However,-

. 0k , . .

what might be expeOted it thatt

t*e*R tansion of opportutikties

t

- ? .,.--

and the,rise of family incomes.wiNead,to a decline inAncome *quality... .,

. ,, , , , .

yet the extent bf this decline I' sI4tp. X7°

is the 'Change in the-,,

F

4

-; a , ,,Gini coeff.icient of income conCentkattbiy4_-, -- ..

k.-=

- 7

The Gihi coefficient (arso called the Gini cohient6ition 4tio) is

, S .

, '0

,1--,,,

5 'given by` the formula: .-ii.

..,r.

+.1.

n n P , ,

Gi = ( XiYi;+ 1) ( t-A

i=1 im*.,

, ' -. .

- -,where'yj js the cumulative percqotadii'ofMncome shares.!and Xi is the: cumu--- ,

, .,,-..f, ,-?.-,,

lative, percentage of the population. This- statistic iv.a measure.bf the( ...

sts ,

area between the diagonal of caqttSTWabordinates and llhe.described by.. - -c' -.7- "24, -

! ,---......,;:q,;- -.-F3z,. ,

. ',

a torenzcurve (Shyrock and SiegW** Therefore tie smaller the

.'.:i - , ?.coefficient, the more equally ihae4pCoMiAs distributed. The, postulate._ ., .

, --.

is that positiverchangesln manufactUringkwill teddCe,the inequaikty of

income and,therefore, is negatively olated to the pifircoefficient and

tends'to create negative gain10 inco0 tne4ualitys.

A third result may occur where changes in the oc upational structure

oducechangesinthelevoOf educatiorvAn the popu4tion. ,56ecitlized

j s in manufacturing necessitate higher levelsof s4gancithe Competi-

0114

tio for these occupations might be' expected to raise the level of education

, .

ii; t e community. This may occur:through-in-migration, incentives for

completion., or, even adult,educatioe, Xs is th, median eduction'i.

,....

. i

school.k .

44

,\,

, '1,i it,

le V--20 y

, / f.i

t

Vs . t - s

for males or,for females (see figure title). It is recognized tha.; miO 0 1

4bI .

recognized. ' .

..,educat '-n is 'not a direct measure of skill leVel f examplerit does roof

,k-'

4f,,,- ,.

take.accoun of job experience or job trainin. ole it !s obi

of skill which is,easilY m easured and quantified. .,

lif _,

Lastly X9. is the .rte mental disorder measuredby the rate of in-cl. 0S; , ''i , d.

I ,icidence per,1000 populat o n. The rate of mental disturbance is t4e result

., ..1

. fiof the direct and indirect effects of the variables X1 through X The f'

direct effect' of manufacturing probably will be`°gmall since much f its'

effect ismediated through

the Inte" i" variable's )(through )(8. )(. andX1

.

4 4,X3 are indirectlyocausally related * 1 disorder insofar as they

are.the variables of initial status which. predetermine the amount of cha4 lt

1, f

tn manufacturing and begin the causal chain that results in a weakenir1C6'f

the social order. . ,,,

.

4X4 and X5 'are both directly and indirectly teTated to mental disorder.

. .

The shifts in the occupational structure from fa'rmko non-farm activities,4

I 1 ;....''

and from employer to employee means 'a rearraftement of lives.

behavior patterns, attitudes and most,importantly, the'estab

new network of social.relations. This is the!dlrect effect.

variables have on the socialfpathology of a Community. Indirectly, changes

, change

lishmen

that Osese

-;

in the occupational structure affects mental disorder by forcing a re -.

arrangi461 of some of the basic characteristics of the social structure: k it::

that ma hajeolweikening,effect on social relations..

.."'

(

--' The basic characteristics under study here are changes in median family

income inequality, and median education. These variables' are affected

directly by changes in manufacturing and by changes in the occupational

structure. In turn, they directly affect the rate of mental disorder.

ti

on23

.4M1=1111

..`

-21-

Changes in edUcation, income, and income ditAb,gt

in th"cupational structure are changes tha PatWe

structure and the pattern of socia.1, relations., Al

sionsimply, a basic realignment of social patterns and habits with an in-

creased potential for social disOrganization and Pathology.

Ion aloft-With changes.

et tthe core ,of the social

terations In these dimen-

The coefficient, used in this model are standardized path coefficients.,

derived from the basic theorem of path analysis (Duncan, 1966):46,

n

.'li j"kPikrki..

'The** ral equations fair the model are the following:

I.

.,

0)21, 1 t-P23x3.4P2aa

40

X4P41X1 4.-P42X P43X3 434111)

.p51X1 +_252X2 + p53X3 +,p5cc.

X6 a p61X1 +11362)(2 + P6X3 P64X4 p65X5 p6dd

*re$

P72X2 p73X3 P74X4 P705 4.-P7ee.

c.

p32X2 + p33X3 + 1)304 ± 145X5 + p8ff

p95X5 P906

I 0024

f,

V. Findings.

The structural eqdati-Onshowing,the effects of the level of manufac-

-turing and'ofnint toncentration on change in the percent of the resident

/'

labor forCe emp o Win manufac uring is:

X2 -.025,x1 + .185X3 for 1950 to 1960

X2 si .099X1 + .508X3,for 1960 to 70 and..

X2 1.1 -458X1 + .412X3 for 1950 to 19706

Changes in the level of manufacturing appear to beftonly slightly effected6

0

by the initial amount of industrial activity. Thel-esults'are fiirther con-0

founded by changes in the sign of the coefficients yet it seems Cafe to

say that the small sAze of the coefficients renders such shifts refativz/

meaningless.

The effects of income concentration on changesin the evel of,

manufacturing,are somewhat more clear. The posfiiv signs of the coeffi-

cients indicate thbt the more that income i oncentrated, that is, more

unequally AiStributed, the greater wi -T be the change, in:manufacturing

activity. This tends to_viola e the original assumption concentrations

of elites would attempt to-discourage industrial lOcatiOn. Of, course,

there,.was the alternative explanation that elites, espelally bysi4ss. _

. i

,- -

,

elites,, might attempt to encourage industrial; location ft:4 the benefit

. il, l. i 1 ';`that might accrue fo,ffie local economy. However, a thie&exp anation'ib

apparent in the pattern exhibited by the path coefficients! filiie, 04ecade.

I :,

l'aU1950to 19f60 shows a relatively small value (.185) whili(the-decadePu'irk-

1960 to 1970 ;gives a much larger, term (.508). Con tderinl tttr bovernmeoi; ,

.

. ''. : 1 V1,

.

-. ,

programs of the 1960's designed to assist, areas wit.

conceitrations of ,i %.

'low incomes this,result is not surprising. Areaswith large numbers of.

on25.

-23- ,

low income persons are more llily to becomplargets for industrial loci--..,

i , *tion 'because of government subsidies offered to firMs't0,1ocate in such\ ., 1

;.\ .

area:....

\ 'The *t.set of var

cupational truCture Ind

of.the reside} labocIfo

Beginning wih4, Changes In the percent of the labor force in/

..:/ 4

agriculture*. forestry and_fi hery, the structural ,equations are:/

.

X4 - .061(, 4467X2,,---651XJ.for 1950 to 1960.,...,/

,.. !

././X4 .020 1 - .226X2 , .563X for 1960 to 1970.

./ Xe go *7077if - ..473X2 - .496X3 for 4950 to 1970,,-

.

This a i/n shows that the initial statusA

of .,e----

able in the causal' chain are changes in theik.k

,

cated by changi,nq revels of-self17,employmet'a

.

ce in agriculture; forestry and fishery.

uni rtant as aLdeterminant osocial change.

1.

acturing is relaiiively

--.

ver, the level of income concentration again appears as a'tig-.

3 ' 3..,

nificani factor in'changes in agricultural, foi-estry and fishery activity./

,I

,signs

.',The negative ,of the coefficients can be Interpreted to mean that" :

'J. .,

. .

.4

the more that inco'4,, s equally' distributed., the more change there' will*

,

. be in,extraCtive Industrie ,,. But there is another consideration to he .

.

taken account of. This is the

whether chagge means declines; garthis questten definitively since some, counties may sho4 gains and '

ature of the chAge We are speaking of;! ,

ns or -both. it is -(14fficult, tohanswer

others will show declines yet a clue lo he geneial nature of changeis

. \, . ..

i-rby the mean-of all changes:'

.

The pe cent of the resident llbor Y. ... .

ins riculture, forestry and fishery had an average decline of 13.23% for

19'0 is 1960 and 8.83 %; for 1960 to.1970,',1 ,

Assuming that changegic-in the negative directiOn,.it Can be said

that the-more equally that income is distributec6hb'greater-the decline

0026

..

in agritultUrerfbrestry and fishery.- One,probable reason for this is

i :

that en equal income distribution precludes the existence of large,

, , .. C

holdings.by a small group of individuals. This leaves a group of small,, ,

marginal operators, who are more likely to be bankrupted or -to change

'--', .

ottugations; ',

V. A' caveat mu, t be added to this interpretation. In this case, ai

mean or expected.changells used-to translate the meaning of the slope

,i- ,-

. , i

q.--,of a regression line-which is not' unlike uiing oranges to describe apples.

. Y'

4. i

More strict knterpretation-is simply thardnequal distributions of in-> . .

..

,.

come tends to discourage changes in agritulture activities. In this in-.,. .

*`,tance, theeffected change is a decline;

...

,.1. ''

(,, Keepinl:this in'mindi the other major determinant of changes'in

-Agriculture; forestry sand fishery (hentiforth referred to as agriculture)

i

As changes in the percent Of the resident labor force in manufacturing.

Large positive changes 'in the level of manufacturing prodUce,small

.(chanies in agricultitral activity.. One interpretation might be that the

increase of manufacturing rends the Alihe of agriculture.

2.

-24-

However, put in the coniiict of other research (Beck and Summers',

1923) it may 1,-that industry retards the growth of agriculture. It Wes'

<,Ibund that' in one coUniy,experIenzing industrial growth, a decline in

agriculture-resulted.while similar nop*-industriaped.counties ex- ,

'perienced gr9kh in the agriculturar:4qtor. The interpretation of

"change" varlables'Is more=han perplexing but previous research and

common sense would tend to support,the'propositn that positive changes

Iwinanufacturingis a.tdeterrent to agricul,

The other dimensiOnlof changes in'the occupational structure is the

cbartilain.ihe resident-labor force, who are self-eMployed. Examining the

0027

a.0

-25-

/ k .

./means, we find that the changes in this geoup are not nearly as dramatic

as those linegriculture. In. the decade of 1950 to 19',0, there was a .

mean decline of 6.9% among self-employed residents. However, the decline

in '1960 to 1970 is only .537i, cane half of one percent. One probable

reason or this miniscule. decline in 1960 to 1970 is that the definition

of self-employedt,wOrkee was re-defLined by the Census Bureau in 1970:

Allocordingly:the coefficients fr 1950to 1960 are much more

powerful than the coefficientIVOor 1960 to 1970. Unfortunately, the dif-

ferences between these coefficients are probably more artifactual than

real; however, the 'signs are both negatlye. The structural equations for

changes in the percent of the self-employed labor force are:

X5 . -.104X1 - .370X2 - :500X3 for1950 to 1900.,I

X5 - -.464X1 - .01=2 =4 .950X, foe 4960 to 1970 and,

X5 - -.326X1 -.340It'27.455X3 for 1950 to 1970. *.

Much of the same interpretation given to the results-for changes-in

agriculture might be also given for changes in self-employment.

Large inequalities in the distribution,of income tends to produce

small changes in the number of self-employed residents. One possible reason

for this relation is.that an area with a largely unequal income

rtribution may have fewer self- employed persons available for occupational

changes. The converse is that a community with many local4e.pirepreneurs

.

will be more-equal in terms of wealtivand will also.have more opportunities

to lose and gain persons in the self-employed sector of the labor force.;

It was argued that changes in, the level of maqufacturing may actually

'retard the growth of agriculture rather than stem the decline of employment

opportunities. Since the size and sign of the coefficients of the-change

+0,04

(1028

Ns.

-26-

,e1

in.manufacturi on agriculture and on self-employment are much\the same,

the same ir might also be made for the relationship between changes.t

in-self-empl ent and changing levels of manufacturing. 'Other res'arch

(Beck and Summeis, 1973)also supports this concluilon. The findi go'

'was, that wage-and salary workers increasedn the industrialized area-whereas

. the opposite was true in non-industrial control areas.

The initial, status of the level of manufacturing appears to be much

more stronglyrelated to changes in self-employMent than to changes in

agriCultural activity. The inverse relationship of the 'percent of resi-

dents in man4facturing wiachanges in the percent of self-employed resi-,

dents means that low levels of manufactUring activity are likely to result

ii

in greater amounts of change among the self-employed. A further inter-1- .

.

pretation is that areas with low levels of manufacturing are more likely

to have greater numbers of self-employed residents available for shifts

in occupation and vice versa.

Flowing from the changes in ,the occupational structure are changes

in median family income (X6), changes in the gini coefficient of income con-

. centration (X7) and changes in median education (Xn). Thestructural

Uequations for changes in median family ,income,atieQ

X.6 =

,X6=

X6

.2131X1

.317X1

.278X1

- .126X2

+: .057X

+ .018X2

- .414X3

- .341X3

- .327X

- .106X4 = ,013X5 for 1950 to 1960,

- .143X4 5+ 1082X' for 1960 to 1970 and,

+ .290X4

- .206X5for'1950 to 1970.

The' shifting values ,and, signsof the coefficients make interpretation of'

the results somewhat confusing. One probable explanation for these -shaky

results is that they are the product of perticular.!Mstorica1 conditions

affecting the eeonomY'and- median family income and 'also from;lpng run trends

(such as Inflation). These factors tend to minimize. the importance of,,Some

007.9

1

variables in one decade and maximize them in another.

One particularly stable relationship is-between median family income

and the level of manufacturing. The result Is a positive relation which

is in accordance with what was expected. The greater the .level of manu-

:.facturing, the larOer.the change in median family income. The.more involved

that a community is in manufacturing,'the greater the.posstbility of

'unionization or cost orliving raises to avoid unionization.. Therefore,

not only does manufacturing bring higher wages b4 it also produces changes

16 family earnings faster than An lesser industrialized counties.a

The Gini coefficient of income concentration ls;a1.,sO stably related

to.changes in median family income;- however the relationship is'an in-.

Verse one. This simply says'thaf the more unequal the distribution of

income, the less likely there are to be any changes in family earnings. The

1,

coefficient for 1960 to 1970 is someWhit less than the term for.1950,to.

1960. At is possible that this is due to programs developed to,alleviate

poverty and'thus, the'Originai distribution of income'had less to do with

changes in family income in 60 to 70 than 50 to 60.

The two decades of 50, to 60 and'60 to 70 had relatively stable coeffi7t

ft

dents for the relationship'between the occupational structure and median

family income. There is a negative association between changes in median,

tfamily income and changes in the percent of the labor force in agt:icplture.

This may be.due to small and middle sized operators who are forced out of',

business by economic conditions and must take-a decrease in income prior to,

-thefallure of thejr operation and while Chinging occupations; This is

one possibility-but there Is no hard evidence to support this.. aisertion.

inthe long run, it turns out that changes in agriculture is.a profitable

experience insofar as the coefficient for the Period.of 1950 t6,1970

0 0 3 0

0 more substantial (- .206). This ihOcates that changes in self-employment

-28-

..,.

- , ,is pOsitive .29g. Thus, over a longer periotkof ttme, changes in agricul-'

,_. -

tural activities lead to like an§es ih'Median family income.

The effect of changes insekf-employment over each of the two decades

on family'income appear negligible. It may be that the ten year period-Ts

not sufficienttime for such changes to have an effeCt since the:Coefficient

for changes in self-employment over the twenty years (1950-1970) is much

r f

are inversely associated with family income. 'A stable occupational structure

1s more likely to produce ChangeS in median family income and what was

said earlier about changes in agriculture and changes in family income are

also applicable here.

The instability of the coefficients for changeS'Ip manufacturing and..

changes in family income make any interpretationdifficult. it might be

said that in 1950 to 1960, the negative association_ shows a kind of mar-

ginal 'relationship between family income and changes in manufacturing.

Large shiftsAnindustry tend to produce smaller shifts in family income

because of the lower income positio6s in secOndary,and tertiary, ctivities

that accompany large industrial growth. The,Opposite is true.when

trialloCation is slight and the associated, change family earnings is

greater.The relationship does not appear to hOld for 140 to 1970 or 1950

to 1970. Ih.fact, the coefficients are so small, the influence they exert

is negligible.

Another measure of change in income is the change in the Gin! co.?

. .efficient of income concentration. This is a measure of the'change in

the concentration of income created' by shifts in the occupational structure

'which in turn have been produced bychanges in manufacturing.. The, .

in01., , ,.

I

.

S

'297

dr.

;) A'

4-o

0 tAstimated structural equation's for changes in the Gini are:

L 4, ;

X -.249X1 + .191X2 - 401X3 + .037X5

for 190 to lip6o,. 7.

'y

%)(7 1

- - .I46X2

.637X3*- '.343X "4, ."0-1- 061X

5for 1960 to 1970 -and,

. .

Xi .. -,.232X1 - .162X2 - .781X3 1256.X4' + .167X5 for 1950 to 1970.i')

f

.1

1

1. .

%.r,,Again, the same instability in theocoefficients appears over time

. I)

for perhaps the same-reasons that affected changes in median family income.. " :

The strangest effect

the Or4tnal. status

on changes in the Gini coefficient isnot,surprisingiy,

ncome, concentration., The 'relationship is such

. , 1 S: 4 4,4)1

that large inequalities in the distribution of income tend to discourage

changeS in the Gini over titne:

Another fairly stable association is. between the percent ofthe resi-

dent labor force in manufacturing and changes in_pe Gini: The negativeNM

relaticaship between these 'variables indicates that small numbers in the _

percent of the labor-force.in manufacturing is -likely to produce large

changei in the concentration of income. Conversely, a high level of '

manufacturing is not _likely taiwroduce large changes-In 'Wane inequality.0

One indication of why this is so it-given by thezeFO*der4orrelatian.

between the level oemanufacturing and the Gini coefficient. In 1950,

the correlation is -.268 and -.240 in 1960; or the more manufacturing, the .

more equally income witbe distributed. Therefore, an area with a!large

amount of manufacturing is'likely to have a relatively equal- income dis-

in the dispersion ofwealth.

..*

ih-self-employment on4'.,. .

tribution which will disallowany. great changes

The coefficients for the effect of4changes_45

changes In-,the Gini are'smali and: Instable in. sign. Because of their

small stia, hOwever, the switch'of.sign is,not especially disconcerting.

, -In fact, it appears that-the ten year (Mernyear time'lag) period is not

sufficient to allow the association. This 4s clear after lo oking at the

4111, 0resin-

.

-30-

J

,: taenty-year period which gives a.larger coefficient of .167. This shows

. .r.

.that changes in the percent of self-employed residep makes a contribution, .

'to changes in the distribution of ;wane albeit a s 11 one. It mIgh.also

be notedthat the expected changelh.the tncome Vstributton is toward a et , tr,;. /

more equal arrangement. The Gini coefficient shOwed a mean declfhe of .013 "-

, from 1150 -to 1960 and .010 from 1960 to 1970. Therefore, the expected de-

cliiles in self-employment might also be expected to establish a more equalA

.)ncome- distribution. t:

Changes in the level of manufacturing and changes in agriculture yield;

coefficients whose behavior is quite difficult to interpret. In the decade

of 1950 to .1960, both variables show a positive relationship`with.changes

in the Gini coefficientyet in'1950 to 1970, and 1960 to 1970t, he associa-

. .1

'flail does an nd beCOmes -negatively related. The reasons for.

this are difficult to establish; perhaps particular historical conditions,

changing census procedures' or, measurement error are responsible: It is

. sufficient to say that in 1950 to 1960, changes in manufacturing and in

agriculture were positively' associated with changes in the distribution/of

_-income. 'Ln the next decade and o er the entire twenty year period of study,

Xa-..large changes in agriculture and in nufacturing resulted,in only modest

alterations of the'lnoome distribution. One could speculate: by this is so

''but the apparent unreliability'of the'Oarameters makes it a risky business

and probibly not worthwhile.

The last important intervening variable netween manufacturing and '

_..".

. ..

'YMental disorder is.

the change in median education for males or for females..,., ..-,.

(X8, see figure title). For males; the structural.equations 'are:

)(am = -.028X1 =.380X2 - .110X3 -.195)(4 + .014X5 for 1550 td, 1960,

XeaX. .039X1 = .21X2 + .146X4 -..163X5 for 1960, to 1970, and

+ .059X3 tf. .295X4 - .368X5 for 1950 to.1970..

0033

;

fThe structural equations for, the,me,dian education of females are:

Xef = - .019X1 7

.244X

X8 .1611:1

..1.01X3 - ,101x4 + 7023X5_for 1950 to 1966,

.090X2 ..271,X3 .040X4 .085X5 for 1660.to 1970,end,4

.217X .232X3.+ .00gX4 .011X5for1950. tc 1970.

qntrary tplexpeciation, the effects of the level of manufacturing

has 41.); a modest effect on thb educational level of MaleswKile'its con-'

tqbrtion'tb the Median education' Of females is somewhat more sUbstantial.

Among males, the size of the coefficient's- is relatively stable.yet for

females, the .level of manufacturing had herdly no effect in 1950 tp 1960I

wassmore potent in 1960 to 197(5. The iata give inditat °FL,Why this, 6

. is so; Perhaps thii=-4 reflective of the rapidly'dhanging rOle,of women 1,n .

society.

In 1950 to 1960,\changing levels of manofacturfng had a SUbstantil

%

,impact on'the median education of both men and, women. But unexpectedly,

the relapionship is such that. the more change one finds in manufacturing,

the less change. titre will be in education. One,possibleZreason fot this.1 0

. ,

is that.the majorityPlaf industry' ocated in the sample is nondurable

(paper, textiles, food processing, etc.) The level of skill necessary for 2

sr

'I -

these. jobs is low, unskilled and semi-skilled; lower than that necessary

for durable industry: Thus,' nom-durable manufacturing opens opportunities

for the lowly educated ,and offers no Incentives to those in school to

complete thelt,education. The net result of this is to lower the educa-

tional 'level of the entire community. Other research-has come to similar

conclusions (Thompson and Matilla, 1973). P

The contribution that, -the concentration of income makei to median

education is not clear, pecialiy for females.: id decade 1950 to 1960,

theassociation.ls negat and not especially poWertu Vior either men or

4t

.0)34 f4

'4

women. -The interpretati6n of this could simplybe'that the more

,concentrated,'the less change there will be inedian education.

-may oweto the fact.that;a highly concentrated income distribution probably:. _

indicates a large puipbe!r of low income persons with fewer opportunitiet

income is

is

for education, ,a

in.

the decade 1960 to 1970, the association further deteriorates with

respect to men ,leffor women "the relationship,reverses'sign and becomess

stronger. Could it iiithat the emphasis on education for womenn

stronger among the wealthy in 1960 to 1970?

. As-eipeCted,tWeffects of changes' in the occupational structure are0 4

.

rf. _much-strengei-foe.menTtarlior women. 6 fact, such changes-have almost no

. ..,

. 7_,.... . .- .

effect on'waitent-VidueStional level...... -,....., ,,,t. .. However for men this is not true...,. - - ,

--

..:.-

in 1950-to-,960-,,,f re ,molt:

became

,

-ture:was Changes inliieOpeCeni of

i

gribution-of-changetAp,the,selfreMpl ed-resident labor force is negli-,,*

1 .37

?gible in this decade.--Horedver, the' association between thinges in agri-

.

. ., -.1,,,

culture and changiiiiethe median education of males is negitive. This

tial change in the occupational stmsc-

idents in'agriculture. The con-

t-means that smallchangesAn agriculture will result in large changes'. in

education.

This ,fi not-;:the-Case-,in )960 tO:1970 when- targe changes in agricuitura

,

are expected to prodadeleme changes in-edUcation. Since the change in

agricuttore ,isA).-robably-a decline and the change in education-an increase,

It ids. nf.:kunlikaly-thatas:predicted, declines in 'agriculture brotight'on

6y m niifiCturiOg- result,ln-gains.in.the educational level of men. This

also,eppeaio_be true over the-long run since the strongett association

was Pos.itive,:of/er the twenty year'Period.'

:::Theblong 4ngeeffect of changes in self-employment appears to have a

(101,35

'337,

;...,..1;

ret-rding effect on changetin median eduoition. ,Why this is so is'not. .;,, . ..

f

. ..,

-

.' ,' T IoilikAs-

..

somecleir. it may be that shifts1

to and fram:SUrigpycritized labor has some ef-.

feet on'the educational aspirations and of community residents

but the data do not allowluTther investigation of this problem=,\

-What all of this hai been leading tons an investigation of the ef-

fects' of industrial location on the social structure and ultimately its

effect on social disorgaililation indiCated by%the incidence of mental dis-

Order. Usifig the median education of males,as XG, the itructural:equations

used to estimate the effects of social-change.on mental disorder are

X9 = -.036)(3 + .251X4 - .137X5 + .29i% + :162X7 + .030X8 for 1950 to

r .

'1960,

X9= -.041X + :.198X4 - .192X5

0+ .213X, +-.063X 7 :+ .001X8 for 196 to, k

1970, and

X9 in 018X3 + 232X4 224)(5 + 0197X 139X7 .031X8 for 4958 fio

1970.

Using the median, education oft females for X8, the structural equations are:I .

.111(0..319% + .156X7 -;.08/1X8 for 1910X9 ,-,Of.59X.,*+4

tO 1960,

X9 = -.40442+,.198Xh.., -,

to 1970, And., ,

= 3X3 + tp3X4

-!

-

-,,

,.192 (5'

,..231X5

. i

+ .213X6

+ .218%1

1970.

+ .963x7 7 .055X8 for 1960 .,

1

-1-.124X7.- .079X8 for 1950 to

el, 1

Inspection of the equations show that the resulting relationships are.

remarkable stable over time and,excePt for small changes in the numbers,

_reliable between males and temal,es,',47hoeffectsof changei in manufacturing,t . 4

are negative, but are so small aslO'Ne, This was expicted since,

00:164

0.

-34-

much of,the explained variance in mental disorder is attributable to changes

in other dimensions. One dimension,however, that does not appear to be t.>

especially important is median education.

The relationship between the incidence of.mental disorder and the

median education of males is positive. to that changes in the median education

0

of males increase the likelihood of the incidence of mental disorder. The

600Osite is true for changes in the median education of females. Neverthe-

less the size of the coefficients are so small as to have only a modest, if

any,! effect.

The two most important variables contributing to the incidence of mental

3

Rdisorder are changes in the resident labor force in agriculture and changes in:40

median family income. The association between;mental disorder and changes

in family income and with changes in agriculture is positive so that'these

shifts are quite conducive to the liCidence bf mental disorder.

Another variable that makes a contribution to the social disorganization

'of th e community is changes in the-distribufion'of income. Shifts in the

concentration of income are positively related to the incidente Of,mental

disorder: The larger the Changes in the distribution of income,.the

a the changes in the rate of mental, disorder.

A Contrary to expectation, mental disOrder:is negatiyely related to

changes in the self-employed resident labor force. Any explanation -of this

,,tte

Phenomena is precluded by the natureof the data. it may be that some

measure of security' -is afforded by working for stable wage's or salaries

that are not obtained through living 'by one's wits. to

tn.summary, changes in the social structuve, with the exception of.

,.

. ..i

i,changes in self-employmen are conducive, to increasing the level of mental. \

.^ r

4.2g,er9^

A 4:3 .

1

. 1 -;

i'l s.q

-35- :f.- I.

7 ."

e V )Z''' t.i. '2'

: c .'

disorder n the community. These structural changes, especialyi the,r ; A .4 i ,.

cupational structur are powerfully related to changei inpal,

aid,,.

c ,

facturing and,other: re-existing social conditions. Yet bedauselof the

difficulty in interp eting the meaning and nature ofsocjAl change, the*

1. ,../%.

total eff_ ma ufacturing are not as clear as might noped for and

the relationship between manufacturing and mental disorder is,not a simple

\

one.',:'

.-,

',

VI. Conclusion.. . 4.

,

Perhaps the best of all worlds for policy makers an*otheri) who must,

----,

.,..._ ,

;,' make decisions about the need or necessity of industrial-locatio, wouldt.

1 .. . ..,

be a dollars and Cents analysis of the human costs of manufacturing ex-.

.'. f,.i.,-.

perience. This kind of presentation wouldirender, Oalack and white ex-, ?

c, ,,,I..plication'of what is good and what,is-bod about induttrial jodition in rural

. ., ',,..

-.

.

areas; much like comparing prices In a supermarket. ,:ilowever, h4man social

.

life is not so simple as to be readily presented iniflack and white and4_4

the social analytt is often case into the posit* of'cOmparing nearly

identical shades of gray; trying to say which is lighterand: which is'darker:

'-t1 , .

Some of the benefits likely to accrue from the locatidn (of,

industryA 1

A

,,,

are a more equitable income,dlstribution, an inclated.family income, and

. ,pdtsibly increased job opportunities', although the latter'is less'certain

(Summers, et. al., 1975). These,are4enefits that arise because some of. . 1

-/ . .0',c,.,

the most basic.characteristics in the social structure are.changed, most

.. ...4.;,:

notably in the occupational composition of "the community.

These are.also the moseeasily identLfied-and agreed Upon torts Of,

benefits because they are easily cast into ajmonajiliquars better life

perspective. Perhapi5one reason that up until the present the benefits

00:18

-36-

of industrial location have been much touted while discuss on o.*the dls-

advantages has been neglected is that the benefits re more easily set'

into dollars and'cents.while many, of the disadvanta es are not.

One such disadvantage is the disorganizing eff ct that Ind strial 10-

cation poses for the rural community. Changes in he occupational structure

is one result of industrial location that it str ly related othe

cadence of mental diSOrder. Why this is so might entaii.anin th social ).

cts of Changes at bothpsychological study that takes accoqnt of the,ef

the societal and especially the individual leyel

Changes in the occupational composition of a comm

lyss.

y may occur from

locaal residents shiftini_from_one_sector_to_another_oinflux

tn-migrantslooking for new kinds of employment offered .by Ind stry. In

the former, the inCrease in'mental disorder might.arise from a tug shifts

and adjustments,necessary to move from one kind of employment to another.6 .

This seems especially difficult for those in agricultural employment but, In

Any even;,, this'is Just the opposite for people in self-employment. In the

latter instance, the process of inmigration may in itself.be a disorganizing

process with the introduction of new individuals without any strong at-

tachment to their new community or residence.

Changes in the occupational structure are not the only kinds of changes

that contribute to the incidence of mental disorder. ..Changes in the median

family income and in the Gini coefficient of income distribution were alsO

found to be positively related to mental disorder. Also,'the median

education of.males but to a much lesser extent. The expected changes in'4

,family income and income distribution is toward an increase in familyncome

and a,imore equal distribution of income. This is an anomalous finding ,o

. JWe find a.deCided benefitmlling a disadvantage.

!

e

-37-

t b . i

4 ..,.

The greater'the Increases in family income and in equaflty of the/. .

. .

, income.distribution, the higher the level' of mental disorder The

,problem is how do we choose between the two alternatieil

A Alain, we re-

3

,Zi.../

,

turn to the basic assuMption that more Money, e equail,tY.equals a

,- better way -of' life.- The pUrposp of this scussion is not4o,,argue i-

gainstthisassumption'but rather make the point that the quality of

, 4 `

Sfb

life is not entirely measures e in terms of dollars and cents. As we have/.,

seen,./ one way of ;nip Ging, thestandard of living has ramif'tc ions for

othetl, less") ousanetess measurable, dimensions of th0 quality oflife.,

This is not to say unequivocally that industrial location SeC

O

avoided' because of its disorganizing impact. Rather, it seems quite possible

that'industrial.locaticm could'be accomplished with a minim4 of dis-

*ruption to_the_sociat_relations of the."Immu ity. Of necessity, this

action requires planning, careful study and close monitoring. -Also,. close 4p4

4

consideration of the social composition of the community must be taken

into accou,nt;,, Foriexample, some indUstries locating on or.hear Indialr

reservations have found that absenteeism becomes much leis of a problem''rafter organizing production around elements of Indian culture, such as

ceremonies; holidays, etc. Zt

The relationship between the industry. and the community can be a

cooperative one. Marx chOse to- emphasize the antagonism betweenjactory

owners and factory workers mainly because the organizatiOn. of the,factory

was exploitative and.existed onrirfor the benefit of the ()Wiley,,

/hereA) h, A

are perhaps still such Similar relationships between comMunitfieS%and

qtf

manufacturers. Communities that go to great expense be aCcomodate in-_

dustry and receive nothing in return are an example. But this need not be

,-the case. Rather, the close and cautious. accounting of the costs of' , . ® . _

4. .

00400-

4

1 -indstriallzation in_both financial and human terms can make the arrange-

,

ment_protitable--fortheindcis-t-ry,--theTworkers and:the community-as a-whole.

'Finally, this study has served as only a,beginning for the assessment

of the:effects of industry, in non-monetary term's.. As i beginning, many'

important considerations and_vriableshave been omitted. Variables such'

as populationgr1owth,.in-Migra.tiOn, dispersion' in the distribution of educa--

might also bye very important;as agents of disorganization. In ad-.

dition, it probably would be usefu4 to understand the relationship that

-other variables of disorganization,such as divorce,-suicide and homitide-

.have with a changing social structure and with themselves. After this,

perhaps we can be,more secure in our statements, prand con, about the

-human costs of industrial locat160.

7'

041

(

V

FDOTHOTES

1. An account of early ideas,(17th century) about the nature dfmental disorder can befound in.Michel Foucault's Madness andCi4llization, (1965).

,

2.. An assumption of this paper is that.the mental hospital is as_.

much an institution of containment as a plice of 'rehabilitation.Even so. rehabilitation can be seen' as a forM of contrOrsinceWis designed to eiiminate undesirablefbehagibrs by.teiching theindividual self-control. Nevertheless,,!the mental hospitalhas often beenequally, if not more ctincei-ned. with custod=ial-care than with a rehabilitation to-xeturn'theindlvidual tosociety. This point is discussed in detail in David J. Rothman'sDiscovefy of the Asylum (1971). '

3. Mach of the'work concerning the effects of usirjatization hascome fromstudies of under-develoked or dev Ing*countriesi,the so-called "modernization" literature. The objectsof studyfor this research are rural American communities or mdre properly,counties. It should be apparent that much of the modernizationliterature is not entirely appliOable to the present investigation,'especially in detail. However, many Of the findings seemgineral.enough that it would be amistake to dismiss them simplybecause of theirlocation.

4

J

C

0042

TABLE 1.

,ZEA9.01RDER CORRELATION .MATRIX FOR

THE,DECADE)OF'1950(TO 1960

- -

-

-.

.4`

MPG 50

GIN 50

CMG 65

CAG 65

CSE 65

CMI 65

CG 65

°

CEM 65

CEF65. -

-

MD 60

.

MFG

50;

N.,,

1.000

.77o

--)

GIN 50

- .268

1.000

CMG 65

- .144

.210

1.000

CAG 65

'.157

-7

- :594

1.000

CSE 65

.083

- .550

- .460

.749

1.000

CMI 65

.395

- .465

.197

.287

.243

1.000

="

CG 65,

.150

.365

.0/5

.218

.182

- .454

1.000

CEM 65

.027

.066

.290

A107

.101'

.412

- .288-

1.000

3"'

CIa

,CEP 65.

.025

.089

.182

.104

.099

.251

.166

.303

1.000

MD 60

.231

.251

.176(

.292

.171

.275

.049

..126

- .007_

1.000

MFG 50:

GIN 50:

CMG 65:

k:-.4.:.75---11101 65:

CMI 65:

CG 65:

CEM 65:

CEF 65:

MD 60:

Percent of residents in-manufacturing, 1950

Gini coefficient of income concentration, 1950

-

Change in the percent of residents in

Change in. the percent of residents in

agriCulturp, forestry and fishery.

Chapge in the percent of residents self-employed.

Change in median family income

Change ilirtheeGini coefficient of income concentration

"ange

in the median education of males

,Cgange in the median education of females

Iildence of mental disorder per 1000 population, 1960

o

<m

g

TABLE 2.

ZERO ORDER CORRELATION MATRIXFOR THE DECADE OF 1960 TO 1970

MFG 60

GIN 60

CMG 76

CAG 76

CSE 76

CMI 76

CG 76

MFG 60

GIN 60

1.000

.240

1.000..

VII

CMG 761

.023

.484

1.000

-

CAG 76

.160

.678,

- .501

1.000

ICSE '76

.379

- .199

.345

1.000

CMI 76

.343

- .313 ..- .060

'.138

.011

1.000

CG 76

.103

- .6

- .444

.455

.330

- .189

1.000

OEM 76

.144

- .146' - - .197 -

= .205

- .085

.334

.074

'417.

CEF 76

.148,

.150

`"'.027

- .094

.067

.184

- .135

.,

MD 60

.115,

-= .201

.1f7

.217

- .093

.223

.076

V. -

,.-.-

MFG 604

Percent of residents in manufacturing, 1960 '

GIN 60:

Gini coefficient of income concentration, 1960

CMG 76:

Change in the percent of residants.in Manufacturing

CAG 76;

Change in the percent of residentS in agriculture, forestry, fishery

CSE 76:

Change in the percent of residents self-eMployed

-CHI 76:

Change in median family income

CG 76:

Change in the Gini coefficient of income concentration

CEM 76.4-Change in the median education of males

CEF 76:

Change in the median education of females

MD 60:

Incidence of mental disorder per 1000 population, -1960

CEM 76

CEF 76 '

p MD 60

1.000

.336

1.000

.140

- .031

1.000

.TABLE 3.

ZERWORDER CORRELATION MATRIX FOR

THE DECADES OF 1951T0197

.

mtp.so

,cp4so,

_CMG 75

CAG

pg 75

CMI 75: .V75

CEM

75

CEF 75

MD 70

-

'C.n.

1....

MFG 50 tom` 1.000'

GIN 50

- .268

CMG 75

-t .168

).

CAG 75"

.289

CSE 75

=. '".144

CMI 75

.476,

CG 75

- .094

CEM '75 -

.207

CEF 75

.136

, \MD 70

,

.182 ,

1,000

..427

--.719

- .5

21- .495

- .691

- .141

,.085

- .226

1.000

- .698

-.499

- 6268

- .361

- .411

4, .156

.184

,

.

1.000

.650

.459

.460

.305

.046

,.263'

1.000

.104

.4522

- .004

- .020

.029

1.000 1

.

- .063

.408

.175

.289

/

-

. 1..000

-- .067

- .125

.121

1.000,

'.399 ...

.181,

1.000

- .033.

1.000°

.

',.

1MPG:50:

Percent of residents in manufacturing, 1950

,GIN 50:

Ginilcoefficient of income concentration, 1950

CMG 15: .Chango,in the,percent of 'residents inmanufacturing,

.

-CAG 75:' Change in the percent ofesidentin

agriculture, forestry and fishery

CSE.75:

Change in the percent of residents self-employed_

,CMI 75:

Change in median.famillincome,-

'CG 75;

.Change in the Gini coefficient of income concentration

CEM 75:

C1iai4teln `the

`

diu

cation of males

CEF 75:

Change in the

ian education of females

MD 70:

Incidence ofmental disorder per 1000 population, 1970

o

6.

1.

-)

.TABLE 4.

11EANS4ANB,STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR 1950 TO 1960, 1960 TO 1870 AND 195010 1970

'

Selltiegend'for.Vaxiable'-Description

/

116.

1950 -1960

1960-4970

....

is.d.

tit

X'

.gA

L,i

re-

s.d.

i

::

J.13.35%

10.92

16.89%

*

11.32

3.54%

.,

4.93

''''

3.98%

6.34

7.52%

8.84

:

1.

:,406

.056

.392

..053

,*

.

*

' -:

-13.23%

.8.17

- 8.83%

.7.47

2206%

-13.00

'-. 6.90%

.6.76

i&:537%

7.94

'

1:44%

11.5

$1824.30

6i0.84

$3138.40

702.71

$4963.10

1043:6.

,

.0113

.030

,-

.010

.031

023

.036

--,-;

.759 yrs.

.604

1.47 yrs.

.i53._

2.23 yrs.

.961

-

.918 yrs.

.582

1.16 yrs.

.668,-:1-

'-' 2.08yrs.

,.b84

...-

*.

*i

32.67

36.46

67.80

.54.83

.v

1950-1970

\

a

,._

,-.x

----.

.1

X2

.

X..a.

'

7

(males)X8

1

fwmalas)

X8

-,..

X9

*Was not-included since the variable was not usedin the analysis. oZ72

..i

.c)-

.,

-

.1.

') ir A '71 . 1

1.EGEND

.

X1 percent of'residents in manufacturing

X2 : change in the percent of residents in manufaCturing

X3

: Gini coefficient of income concentration'

X : change in the percent of residents in' agriculture, forestry,and fishery _ .

X5

7- change in the percent. of self-employed residents

Xb : change 41 median fami,Pvincome

change in the Gini coefficient of income concentration

X8 :. change in median education, mates or females, see figure label

. '

X9 .incidence of mental' disorder per 1000 population'.9

047

a

ti

'

k.

Figure 1.

Causal model of the effects of4industrial.loCation

on the incidence of mental disorder

in public mental hospitald and selected interveneing variables.

-See legend for description'

'

of variables

-

fi

-

a*.

.a:.-

1011

4.3,

-

a

1

./";%

../,

xis

07

2

)Q.;,

;,7--

`--/

-

------- 06

0> X

5

-.26

8

.295

":16

169

.

v.v.

/>

X /-7

9

s),

Figure 2. Causal model

forthe-,effects df industrial location on the incidence of mental disorder

in public Mental hOspitals and 'selected interveneing variables.

Includes the median

education of males, ^%,Seb legend ;.

for

complete description of variables

1950

-197

0.

.5

bc

3.6411

.77,4

.211.7%..:-57>f

7

oa

g

.929.

104,

tbV

1 '

P--

,

-.232

206:

-1

5

,73

o

:ilia

7 :7'7 I%

/901.6

1-6

//r.

.*.r

.4t 81

-

.\218

.926

-

.ry

fXc

-,

--7

,,e-.

..--

,...

.---

y,.

rat

..

411

, \--.*`

-.231

r.

161

295

,,

1r9

.41

.41

.7 4

- .574-_ f

.203

Vx

;-/ .

-9

.232

-.. 133

..

Figur3 :, Causal model for the,effects of induatrii.i location on the'incidence of mental disorder

-in 'public- mental hospitals. and selected interveneing variables.

Includes the median-

,education of females. See legend for, complete _description of- variables 1950-1970.

/4

a*,

a91

300

.#

,000

0t

0 7.26

*V

0

1

a

.-

x-

1

.7

.?m

4

.18

-.12

.01

.028 "?..73Ci

7>

-)c4

.25-4.401.1-\

.>J

028

fix*

"'

:251

.-.

1.95 .0

1

-

)X8

.0

rl.

.9;0

.8p2 .

.8

bd

f

X3

*/Figure

4.Causal model for theeffects of industrial location care;tfie incidence of mental disorder

in publiC'imental hospitals and selected interveneing

Includes. the median

education of males. :See legend for complete deebriptftzzo 'variables

1950

-196

0

.973

I

.268

ti

ifX -

----

Xe

9

r.

.28

/ y01

4"-.

126

--

/7

91.4

- :1

.06

-

/v

7.>437

"'61

04.

>x

-

7,55

1I4

O1

-:10

1

-

x7

°

.520

.2

r*--

*.1

8

.7.1

.6s

a__

- b

498

,,--1

-1-A

2--

i'" V-t.

,--41

Figure

taiisalmode%

for

t4e- effectS,,,,,,ofigndu.strigi locatiOn on the incidence of mental disorder

in public mental' hospitals

aniV

elde

ted

interveneing variables.

Includes the raedian:;4

education of 'females: See legend for cOrrolete description of variables

1950

-196

0,-

..

- -5-

-4-

: 80F

148

:2

Figure 6. Causal model for the-effects of industrial location on the incidence of mental disorder.

in public mental hospitals and selected interveneing variables.

Includes the median

'

education of Males. -.See legend for complete description of variables.

- 1960-1970

P' //

:87o

\.2

4o

4

X7 t.

.017

**-1228

114

143

446-

7z

099\

°

x5

.244

:090

..> X9

.\

2.T

98.2

68X- c

.),X

89

457V

olt

899

e

92°6

.-

l'igure

7.Causal model for the - effects tof industrial location on the

in,gidence of mental disorder

in public mental hospitals.. and selected intervening variables.

Includes theMedian

education of.females.rSge legend eor complete degcriptipn

or"varia.bles.

°00

1960

-197

0

0:1

.

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