ma ment of the sustainable cities of the future · develo p ment of the sustainable cities of the...
TRANSCRIPT
Dev
elop
men
t of t
he
Dev
elop
men
t of t
he
ppS
usta
inab
le C
ities
of t
he
Sus
tain
able
Citi
es o
f the
Fu
ture
Futu
reW
ater
/Ene
rgy
Nex
us a
nd In
tern
atio
nal C
oope
ratio
nW
ater
/Ene
rgy
Nex
us a
nd In
tern
atio
nal C
oope
ratio
n
Vlad
imir
Nov
otny
Vlad
imir
Nov
otny
Nth
tU
iit
Bt
/AN
Ltd
Nt
MA
Nth
tU
iit
Bt
/AN
Ltd
Nt
MA
Nor
thea
ster
nU
nive
rsity
Bos
ton/
Aqu
aNov
a,Lt
d,N
ewto
n,M
AN
orth
east
ern
Uni
vers
ityB
osto
n/A
quaN
ova,
Ltd,
New
ton,
MA
Lect
ure
supp
orte
d by
JIC
ALe
ctur
e su
ppor
ted
by J
ICA
July
6, 2
010
July
6, 2
010
Uni
vers
ity o
f Tok
yo
Uni
vers
ity o
f Tok
yo
© V
. Nov
otny
© V
. Nov
otny
Sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
tS
usta
inab
le d
evel
opm
ent
ppD
efin
ed a
s on
e th
at m
eets
the
need
s of
the
pres
ent
Def
ined
as
one
that
mee
ts th
e ne
eds
of th
e pr
esen
t w
ithou
t com
prom
isin
g fu
ture
gen
erat
ions
.w
ithou
t com
prom
isin
g fu
ture
gen
erat
ions
.
Urb
an s
usta
inab
ility
is c
ompr
omis
ed b
yU
rban
sus
tain
abilit
y is
com
prom
ised
by
Pl
tii
di
tiP
lti
id
iti
––P
opul
atio
nin
crea
ses
and
mig
ratio
nP
opul
atio
nin
crea
ses
and
mig
ratio
nIn
the
next
50
year
s th
e w
orld
pop
ulat
ion
is
In th
e ne
xt 5
0 ye
ars
the
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n is
ex
pect
edto
incr
ease
50%
and
the
US
popu
latio
nex
pect
edto
incr
ease
50%
and
the
US
popu
latio
nex
pect
edto
incr
ease
50%
and
the
US
popu
latio
nex
pect
edto
incr
ease
50%
and
the
US
popu
latio
nby
30
by 3
0--40
%. T
he la
rges
t inc
reas
es w
ill oc
cur i
n 40
%. T
he la
rges
t inc
reas
es w
ill oc
cur i
n ur
ban
area
s.ur
ban
area
s.––
Unb
alan
ced
hydr
olog
yU
nbal
ance
d hy
drol
ogy
Incr
easi
ng im
perv
ious
ness
of w
ater
shed
s, m
ore
pollu
ted
Incr
easi
ng im
perv
ious
ness
of w
ater
shed
s, m
ore
pollu
ted
runo
ffru
noff
runo
ffru
noff
Fast
con
veya
nce
drai
nage
mos
tly u
nder
grou
nd a
nd
Fast
con
veya
nce
drai
nage
mos
tly u
nder
grou
nd a
nd
vuln
erab
le to
ext
rem
e ev
ents
vuln
erab
le to
ext
rem
e ev
ents
Exc
essi
veus
eof
wat
erE
xces
sive
use
ofw
ater
Exc
essi
veus
eof
wat
erE
xces
sive
use
ofw
ater
––E
nerg
y de
man
d an
d G
HG
em
issi
ons
E
nerg
y de
man
d an
d G
HG
em
issi
ons
Trin
ityof
sust
aina
bilit
yTr
inity
ofsu
stai
nabi
lity
Trin
ityof
sust
aina
bilit
yTr
inity
ofsu
stai
nabi
lity Ec
onom
ySo
ciet
yEc
onom
y
(Infr
astr
uctu
re)
Soci
ety
Dom
estic
use
basi
c
HYD
RO
POLI
TIC
AL
Indu
stria
l and
co
mm
erci
al u
se o
f
use,
basi
cfo
odpr
oduc
tion
OO
CD
ISC
OU
RSE
wat
er a
nd w
ater
re
sour
ces,
land
de
velo
pmen
t,
Glo
bal w
arm
ing
Sust
aina
bilit
y is
ach
ieve
d w
hen
outc
omes
whi
char
e
p,
tran
spor
tatio
n
Envi
ronm
ent
wat
eran
dai
r
whe
nou
tcom
esw
hich
are
soci
ally
, eco
nom
ical
ly a
nd
envi
ronm
enta
lly s
usta
inab
le,
fll
td
di
wat
eran
dai
rar
e su
cces
sful
ly c
onte
nded
inth
e ite
rgen
erat
iona
l con
text
PA
RA
DIG
MP
AR
AD
IGM
PA
RA
DIG
MP
AR
AD
IGM
A m
odel
and
a s
et o
f rul
es h
ow id
eas
are
linke
d to
geth
er
A m
odel
and
a s
et o
f rul
es h
ow id
eas
are
linke
d to
geth
er
and
form
a c
once
ptua
l fra
mew
ork
by w
hich
peo
ple
build
an
d fo
rm a
con
cept
ual f
ram
ewor
k by
whi
ch p
eopl
e bu
ild
and
oper
ate
the
citie
san
dm
anag
eth
eirw
ater
reso
urce
san
dop
erat
eth
eci
ties
and
man
age
thei
rwat
erre
sour
ces
and
oper
ate
the
citie
san
dm
anag
eth
eirw
ater
reso
urce
san
dop
erat
eth
eci
ties
and
man
age
thei
rwat
erre
sour
ces
It is
bas
ed o
n lo
gic,
com
mon
sen
se, g
ener
atio
nal
It is
bas
ed o
n lo
gic,
com
mon
sen
se, g
ener
atio
nal
expe
rienc
e, a
nd la
ter,
scie
ntifi
c kn
owle
dge
expe
rienc
e, a
nd la
ter,
scie
ntifi
c kn
owle
dge
pg
pg
It is
der
ived
by
a di
scou
rse
in th
e po
litic
al d
omai
n; s
cien
ce
It is
der
ived
by
a di
scou
rse
in th
e po
litic
al d
omai
n; s
cien
ce
or g
ood
engi
neer
ing
alon
e m
ay n
ot b
e th
e pr
imar
y or
goo
d en
gine
erin
g al
one
may
not
be
the
prim
ary
dete
rmin
anto
fapa
radi
gmde
term
inan
tofa
para
digm
dete
rmin
anto
fapa
radi
gmde
term
inan
tofa
para
digm
A w
rong
or o
utda
ted
para
digm
may
per
sist
bec
ause
of
A w
rong
or o
utda
ted
para
digm
may
per
sist
bec
ause
of
tradi
tion,
lack
ofin
form
atio
nab
outt
hepr
osan
dco
nsof
the
tradi
tion,
lack
ofin
form
atio
nab
outt
hepr
osan
dco
nsof
the
tradi
tion,
lack
ofin
form
atio
nab
outt
hepr
osan
dco
nsof
the
tradi
tion,
lack
ofin
form
atio
nab
outt
hepr
osan
dco
nsof
the
outd
ated
par
adig
m o
r lac
k of
reso
urce
s to
cha
nge
itou
tdat
ed p
arad
igm
or l
ack
of re
sour
ces
to c
hang
e it
His
toric
cha
nges
His
toric
cha
nges
of t
he p
arad
igm
to
of th
e pa
radi
gm to
gg
pg
pg
urba
n w
ater
sus
tain
abili
tyur
ban
wat
er s
usta
inab
ility
SoSo
SoEc
EcEc
III
III
BC
TIL
L
RO
ME
RO
ME
AN
D
MID
DLE
IND
UST
RIA
LPE
RIO
D
EnEn
En
PAR
AD
IGM
SO
F
AG
ES
SoSo
EcEc
PAR
AD
IGM
SO
FU
RB
AN
WAT
ER
MA
NA
GEM
ENT
VIV
CW
A PA
SSA
GE
TILL
TO
DAY
CIT
IES
OF
THE
FUTU
RE
EnEn
Firs
tFi
rst p
arad
igm
of u
rban
pa
radi
gm o
f urb
an
wat
er/s
torm
wat
eran
dus
edw
ater
wat
er/s
torm
wat
eran
dus
edw
ater
wat
er/s
torm
wat
eran
dus
edw
ater
wat
er/s
torm
wat
eran
dus
edw
ater
man
agem
ent
man
agem
ent
gg
Dra
inag
e of
Ago
ra in
Ath
ens
In P
ompe
ii in
Ital
y th
e st
reet
was
the
drai
nage
Wel
ls fo
r wat
er s
uppl
y , s
tree
ts fo
r dra
inag
e, n
ight
soi
l dis
posa
l
II.Lo
ng d
ista
nce
wat
er
fd
tran
sfer
s an
d st
orm
wat
er
with
som
e se
wag
e dr
aine
d by
sew
ers
Rai
nwat
er h
arve
stin
g an
d st
orag
e ha
s be
en u
sed
for
thou
sand
s ye
ars
Pont
du
Gar
d6t
hce
ntur
y w
ater
cis
tern
in Is
tanb
ul
Par
adig
ms
of u
rban
dra
inag
e ha
ve
Par
adig
ms
of u
rban
dra
inag
e ha
ve
gg
gg
chan
ged
over
mill
enni
a ch
ange
d ov
er m
illen
nia
--Par
adig
m II
P
arad
igm
II
Lon
g d
ista
nce
wat
er t
ran
sfer
s an
d
stor
m w
ater
wit
h s
ome
sew
age
dra
ined
by
sew
ers
dra
ined
by
sew
ers
Pont
duG
ard
Pont
duG
ard
Ld
(R)
Lead
(Rom
e)an
d wo
od p
ipes
Ano
ther
aqu
educ
t in
Fran
ceFr
ance
Rom
an se
wer
Clo
aka
Max
ima
33thth
Par
adig
mP
arad
igmgg
(Indu
stria
l age
)(In
dust
rial a
ge)
Sur
face
stre
ams
Sur
face
stre
ams
Su
ace
stea
sS
uac
est
eas
disa
ppea
red
from
the
disa
ppea
red
from
the
surfa
cesu
rface
and
wer
e an
d w
ere
conv
erte
d to
com
bine
d co
nver
ted
to c
ombi
ned
sew
ers
sew
ers
Mill
Cre
ek in
Phi
lade
lphi
a
Phi
lade
lphi
aS
tony
Bro
ok ,
Bos
ton
Cre
dit H
isto
ric A
rchi
ves
of th
e P
hila
delp
hia
Wat
er D
epar
tmen
t
Cuya
hoga
Rive
r in
Clev
eland
on
fire
Sim
ple
treat
men
t plan
tsp
pw
ere
built
in th
e fir
st h
alf
of th
e 20
thce
ntur
y
Gul
f of M
exic
o on
fire
in M
ay 2
010
Cou
rtesy
Cle
vela
nd P
ress
col
lect
ion
at C
leve
land
S
tate
Uni
vers
ity a
nd Io
wa
DN
R
From
Cle
an W
ater
Act
Ena
ctm
ent
Fast
con
veya
nce
Fast
con
veya
nce
––en
den
d--ofof
--pip
epi
pee
de
doo
ppe
ppe
treat
men
ttre
atm
ent
Milw
auke
eha
sbu
ild4
mill
ion
m3
Milw
auke
eha
sbu
ild4
milli
onm
3un
derg
roun
d tu
nnel
to s
tore
CS
Os
and
by-p
asse
s fro
m s
anita
ry
sew
ers
The
tunn
elre
duce
dth
ese
wer
s.Th
etu
nnel
redu
ced
the
frequ
ency
of o
verfl
ows
from
abo
ut
40/y
ear t
o 2/
year
. Th
e ta
rget
fre
quen
cyw
asor
dere
dby
aco
urt
frequ
ency
was
orde
red
bya
cour
t.
The
tunn
el w
as d
rille
d 10
0 m
eter
b
lf
ih
dl
ibe
low
sur
face
in th
edo
lom
itefo
rmat
ion
(sof
t roc
k).
Wal
l of t
he
tunn
el w
ere
grou
ted
by e
poxy
gr
out t
o m
inim
ize
grou
ndw
ater
in
filtra
tion.
33rdrd
an 4
an 4
ththP
arad
igm
Par
adig
mggre
sulte
d in
a p
erfe
ct
resu
lted
in a
per
fect
de
liver
yof
deliv
ery
ofde
liver
yof
deliv
ery
ofpo
lluta
nts
to
pollu
tant
s to
M
ilwau
kee
(WI-
US,
199
0)
rece
ivin
g w
ater
sre
ceiv
ing
wat
ers
Beiji
ng 2
007
PR
OB
LE
MS
WIT
H T
HE
4th
PAR
AD
IGM
PR
OB
LE
MS
WIT
H T
HE
4th
PAR
AD
IGM
Nat
ural
hyd
rolo
gic
stat
us o
f urb
an w
ater
bod
ies
and
Nat
ural
hyd
rolo
gic
stat
us o
f urb
an w
ater
bod
ies
and
wat
ersh
eds
has
been
mod
ified
by
impe
rvio
usne
ss,
wat
ersh
eds
has
been
mod
ified
by
impe
rvio
usne
ss,
build
ing
sew
ers
and
stre
am m
odifi
catio
ns w
ith th
e bu
ildin
g se
wer
s an
d st
ream
mod
ifica
tions
with
the
impa
cts
onim
pact
s on
pp Stre
ams
Stre
ams
Incr
ease
d hi
gh fl
ows
(mor
e flo
odin
g).
Incr
ease
d hi
gh fl
ows
(mor
e flo
odin
g).
Peak
flo
ws
incr
ease
by
a fa
ctor
of 4
to 1
0Pe
ak f
low
s in
crea
se b
y a
fact
or o
f 4 to
10
yyLe
ss b
ase
flow
Le
ss b
ase
flow
--no
t eno
ugh
base
flow
not e
noug
h ba
se fl
ow
to
sus
tain
via
ble
fish
popu
latio
nto
sus
tain
via
ble
fish
popu
latio
nIn
crea
sed
varia
bilit
y (fl
ow, t
empe
ratu
re, D
O)
Incr
ease
d va
riabi
lity
(flow
, tem
pera
ture
, DO
) I
dt
bk
iI
dt
bk
iW
h(
dit
Incr
ease
d st
ream
bank
ero
sion
Incr
ease
d st
ream
bank
ero
sion
Gro
undw
ater
rech
arge
is d
imin
ishe
d G
roun
dwat
er re
char
ge is
dim
inis
hed
Effe
ct o
n fo
unda
tions
(Bos
ton,
Ven
ice,
Mex
ico
City
, Ef
fect
on
foun
datio
ns (B
osto
n, V
enic
e, M
exic
o C
ity,
Phila
delp
hia
Phila
delp
hia
Wu
han
(cre
dit
:P
rof
Yin
)
Phila
delp
hia
Phila
delp
hia
Dim
inis
hing
gro
undw
ater
sup
ply
Dim
inis
hing
gro
undw
ater
sup
ply
Dim
inis
h ba
se fl
ow in
rive
r D
imin
ish
base
flow
in ri
ver
The
goal
s of
the
Cle
an W
ater
Act
and
OPL
goa
ls
The
goal
s of
the
Cle
an W
ater
Act
and
OPL
goa
ls
tbtt
id
ith
IVth
ditb
tti
di
thIV
thdi
cann
otbe
atta
ined
usi
ngth
eIV
th p
arad
igm
cann
otbe
atta
ined
usi
ngth
eIV
th p
arad
igm
infr
astr
uctu
re h
eavy
and
ene
rgy
dem
andi
ng
infr
astr
uctu
re h
eavy
and
ene
rgy
dem
andi
ng
conc
epts
conc
epts
Mex
ico
Cit
y su
bsi
den
ce
New
Thr
eats
to W
ater
Sup
plie
sN
ew T
hrea
ts to
Wat
er S
uppl
ies
ppppan
d E
colo
gyan
d E
colo
gyH
yper
troph
icw
ater
bodi
esH
yper
troph
icw
ater
bodi
esH
yper
troph
icw
ater
bodi
esH
yper
troph
icw
ater
bodi
es(to
o m
uch
nutri
ent d
isch
arge
(to
o m
uch
nutri
ent d
isch
arge
ca
usin
gex
trem
eal
gal
caus
ing
extre
me
alga
lca
usin
gex
trem
eal
gal
caus
ing
extre
me
alga
lin
fest
atio
nin
fest
atio
n ––
alga
l blo
om)
alga
l blo
om)
––To
xins
Toxi
ns––
Loss
of o
xyge
n an
d bi
ota
Loss
of o
xyge
n an
d bi
ota
––Lo
ss o
f rec
reat
ion
Loss
of r
ecre
atio
n
Nh
il
lN
hi
ll
Urb
an p
ond
in C
hina
New
che
mic
als
accu
mul
ate
New
che
mic
als
accu
mul
ate
in th
e en
viro
nmen
tin
the
envi
ronm
ent
End
ocrin
edi
srup
tors
End
ocrin
edi
srup
tors
––E
ndoc
rine
disr
upto
rsE
ndoc
rine
disr
upto
rs––
Pha
rmac
eutic
alP
harm
aceu
tical
Ant
ibio
tics
Ant
ibio
tics
––N
anop
artic
les
Nan
opar
ticle
sR
eser
voir
supp
lyin
g w
ater
for P
ragu
e
Urb
anM
etab
olis
mU
rban
Met
abol
ism
Urb
anM
etab
olis
mU
rban
Met
abol
ism A
Line
arA
Line
ar
BC
yclic
yor H
ybrid
Hyb
rid
Cur
rent
urb
an s
yste
ms
are
mos
tly li
near
Cur
rent
urb
an s
yste
ms
are
mos
tly li
near
––E
xces
sive
wat
er v
olum
es a
re w
ithdr
awn
from
E
xces
sive
wat
er v
olum
es a
re w
ithdr
awn
from
m
ostly
dis
tant
sur
face
and
gro
undw
ater
sou
rces
mos
tly d
ista
nt s
urfa
ce a
nd g
roun
dwat
er s
ourc
esIn
side
the
com
mun
ity w
ater
is u
sed
only
onc
e an
d In
side
the
com
mun
ity w
ater
is u
sed
only
onc
e an
d w
aste
fully
, e.g
., tre
ated
drin
king
wat
er is
use
d in
w
aste
fully
, e.g
., tre
ated
drin
king
wat
er is
use
d in
la
ndsc
ape
irrig
atio
nfo
rgro
win
ggr
ass
land
scap
eirr
igat
ion
forg
row
ing
gras
sla
ndsc
ape
irrig
atio
nfo
rgro
win
ggr
ass
land
scap
eirr
igat
ion
forg
row
ing
gras
sG
reat
loss
es o
f wat
er b
y le
aks
and
Gre
at lo
sses
of w
ater
by
leak
s an
d ev
apot
rans
pira
tion
evap
otra
nspi
ratio
nev
apot
rans
pira
tion
evap
otra
nspi
ratio
n––
Wat
er is
tran
sfer
red
unde
rgro
und
to d
ista
nt
Wat
er is
tran
sfer
red
unde
rgro
und
to d
ista
nt
larg
ew
aste
wat
ertre
atm
entp
lant
sla
rge
was
tew
ater
treat
men
tpla
nts
larg
ew
aste
wat
ertre
atm
entp
lant
sla
rge
was
tew
ater
treat
men
tpla
nts
The
WTP
use
a lo
t of e
nerg
y an
d em
it ca
rbon
and
Th
e W
TP u
se a
lot o
f ene
rgy
and
emit
carb
on a
nd
ofte
nm
etha
new
hich
are
gree
nho
use
gase
sof
ten
met
hane
whi
char
egr
een
hous
ega
ses
ofte
nm
etha
new
hich
are
gree
nho
use
gase
sof
ten
met
hane
whi
char
egr
een
hous
ega
ses
The
rece
ivin
g w
ater
bod
ies
beco
me
efflu
ent
The
rece
ivin
g w
ater
bod
ies
beco
me
efflu
ent
dom
inat
edaf
terd
isch
arge
dom
inat
edaf
terd
isch
arge
dom
inat
edaf
terd
isch
arge
dom
inat
edaf
terd
isch
arge
Foot
prin
tsFo
otpr
ints
Foot
prin
tsFo
otpr
ints
A “f
ootp
rint”
is a
qua
ntita
tive
mea
sure
A
“foo
tprin
t” is
a q
uant
itativ
e m
easu
re
pq
pq
show
ing
the
appr
opria
tion
of n
atur
al
show
ing
the
appr
opria
tion
of n
atur
al
reso
urce
sby
hum
anbe
ings
reso
urce
sby
hum
anbe
ings
reso
urce
sby
hum
anbe
ings
reso
urce
sby
hum
anbe
ings
––E
colo
gica
l E
colo
gica
l --a
mea
sure
of t
he u
se o
f bio
a m
easu
re o
f the
use
of b
io--p
rodu
ctiv
epr
oduc
tive
spac
e(e
ghe
ctar
es(a
cres
)ofp
rodu
ctiv
ela
ndne
eded
spac
e(e
ghe
ctar
es(a
cres
)ofp
rodu
ctiv
ela
ndne
eded
spac
e(e
.g.,
hect
ares
(acr
es)o
fpro
duct
ive
land
need
edsp
ace
(e.g
.,he
ctar
es(a
cres
)ofp
rodu
ctiv
ela
ndne
eded
to s
uppo
rt li
fe in
the
citie
s), i
nclu
ding
was
te a
ssim
ilatio
n
to s
uppo
rt li
fe in
the
citie
s), i
nclu
ding
was
te a
ssim
ilatio
n
––W
ater
Wat
er --
mea
sure
s th
e to
tal w
ater
use
on
site
and
als
o m
easu
res
the
tota
l wat
er u
se o
n si
te a
nd a
lso
virtu
al w
ater
(usu
ally
exp
ress
ed p
er c
apita
)vi
rtual
wat
er (u
sual
ly e
xpre
ssed
per
cap
ita)
––C
arbo
n C
arbo
n --i
s a
mea
sure
of t
he im
pact
that
hum
an
is a
mea
sure
of t
he im
pact
that
hum
an
activ
ities
hav
e on
the
envi
ronm
ent i
n te
rms
of th
e ac
tiviti
es h
ave
on th
e en
viro
nmen
t in
term
s of
the
amou
nt o
f GH
G e
mis
sion
s m
easu
red
in u
nits
of c
arbo
n am
ount
of G
HG
em
issi
ons
mea
sure
d in
uni
ts o
f car
bon
diox
ide
diox
ide
Eco
logi
cal f
ootp
rint
Eco
logi
cal f
ootp
rint
gp
gp
Year
Wor
ld
Popu
latio
nAv
aila
ble
prod
uctiv
e la
ndH
a/pe
rson
Ac/
pers
onp
p19
95<
6 bi
llion
1.5
3.6
2040
10 b
illio
n<<
12
Cur
rent
eco
logi
cal
foot
prin
tC
ount
ries
with
1 h
a/pe
rson
or l
ess
Mos
t citi
es in
und
evel
oped
cou
ntrie
s
Cou
ntrie
s w
ith 2
-3 h
a/pe
rson
Japa
n an
d R
epub
lic o
f Kor
ea
(dem
ocra
tic)
Cou
ntrie
sw
ith3
4ha
/per
son
Aus
tria
Bel
gium
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Cou
ntrie
sw
ith3-
4ha
/per
son
Aus
tria,
Bel
gium
,Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
,D
enm
ark,
Fra
nce,
Ger
man
y,
Net
herla
nds,
Sw
itzer
land
Cou
ntrie
s w
ith 4
-5 h
a/pe
rson
Aus
tralia
, Can
ada
and
US
A
Ifth
itii
thtl
idl
dl
iti
(Chi
Idi
Bil)
Ifth
e ci
ties
inth
e cu
rren
tly ra
pidl
yde
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s(C
hina
,Ind
ia,B
razi
l)try
to re
ach
the
sam
e re
sour
ce u
se a
s th
at in
dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries,
con
flict
s m
ay e
nsue
Eco
logi
calF
ootp
rint(
Loca
l)E
colo
gica
lFoo
tprin
t(Lo
cal)
Eco
logi
calF
ootp
rint(
Loca
l)E
colo
gica
lFoo
tprin
t(Lo
cal)
Urb
an w
ater
way
s an
d im
poun
dmen
tsU
rban
wat
erw
ays
and
impo
undm
ents
––R
espo
nsib
le n
utrie
nt m
anag
emen
tR
espo
nsib
le n
utrie
nt m
anag
emen
t––
New
and
trad
ition
al to
xic
pollu
tant
sN
ew a
nd tr
aditi
onal
toxi
c po
lluta
nts
Tota
lMax
imum
Dai
lyLo
adA
sses
smen
tTo
talM
axim
umD
aily
Load
Ass
essm
ent
Tota
lMax
imum
Dai
lyLo
adA
sses
smen
tTo
talM
axim
umD
aily
Load
Ass
essm
ent
Eco
logi
cal c
orrid
ors
and
open
spa
ceE
colo
gica
l cor
ridor
s an
d op
en s
pace
––H
ealth
and
exte
ntof
ripar
ian
corr
idor
sH
ealth
and
exte
ntof
ripar
ian
corr
idor
sH
ealth
and
exte
ntof
ripar
ian
corr
idor
sH
ealth
and
exte
ntof
ripar
ian
corr
idor
s––
% s
tream
cha
nnel
izat
ion
(sur
face
and
und
ergr
ound
) %
stre
am c
hann
eliz
atio
n (s
urfa
ce a
nd u
nder
grou
nd)
––C
onne
ctiv
ity/fr
agm
enta
tion
Con
nect
ivity
/frag
men
tatio
n––
Nat
ural
are
a/pe
rson
Nat
ural
are
a/pe
rson
Urb
an h
ydro
logy
(res
ilienc
e to
ext
rem
e ev
ents
)U
rban
hyd
rolo
gy (r
esilie
nce
to e
xtre
me
even
ts)
––Fr
eque
ncy
and
exte
nt o
f im
pact
s of
ext
rem
e ev
ents
Freq
uenc
y an
d ex
tent
of i
mpa
cts
of e
xtre
me
even
ts––
Dev
iatio
n fro
m n
atur
al (p
rede
velo
pmen
t) hy
drol
ogic
cyc
leD
evia
tion
from
nat
ural
(pre
deve
lopm
ent)
hydr
olog
ic c
ycle
––P
erce
ntan
dty
peof
impe
rvio
usar
eaP
erce
ntan
dty
peof
impe
rvio
usar
ea––
Per
cent
and
type
ofim
perv
ious
area
Per
cent
and
type
ofim
perv
ious
area
Wat
erfo
otpr
int
Wat
erfo
otpr
int
Wat
erfo
otpr
int
Wat
erfo
otpr
int
On
On--
site
wat
er u
sesi
te w
ater
use
––D
omes
ticD
omes
ticD
omes
ticD
omes
ticIn
door
Indo
orO
utdo
or(ir
rigat
ion)
Out
door
(irrig
atio
n)O
utdo
or(ir
rigat
ion)
Out
door
(irrig
atio
n)––
Com
mer
cial
Com
mer
cial
(f)
(f)
––P
ublic
(fire
, par
ks)
Pub
lic(fi
re, p
arks
)V
irtua
lV
irtua
lS
ourc
e H
oeks
tra (2
008)
––A
ll w
ater
use
d in
pro
duct
ion
in im
porte
d fo
od
All
wat
er u
sed
in p
rodu
ctio
n in
impo
rted
food
an
dm
ater
ials
need
edin
the
city
and
mat
eria
lsne
eded
inth
eci
tyan
dm
ater
ials
need
edin
the
city
and
mat
eria
lsne
eded
inth
eci
ty
Wat
erus
ein
som
eci
ties
Wat
erus
ein
som
eci
ties
Wat
erus
ein
som
eci
ties
Wat
erus
ein
som
eci
ties
VIR
TUA
L W
ATER
l/cap
-day
Food
1928
Food
1928
Ele
ctric
ity 5
3-73
liter
/kg
liter
/kg
Bee
f 15
,500
C
orn
900
Milk
1,00
0D
iffer
ence
M
ilk1,
000
betw
een
tota
l on
site
and
do
mes
tic u
ses
1 ga
llon=
3.78
lite
rs1
kg =
2.2
lbs
GH
G (c
arbo
n) E
mis
sion
by
GH
G (c
arbo
n) E
mis
sion
by
Citi
esC
ities
Top
ten
coun
tries
in th
e C
O2
emis
sion
s in
tons
/per
son-
year
in 2
0061
Qat
arU
AE
Kuw
ait
Bah
rain
Aru
baLu
xem
bour
gU
SAA
ustra
liaC
anad
aSa
udi A
rabi
a
56.2
32.8
31.8
28.8
23.3
22.4
19.1
18.8
17.4
15.8
Sele
cted
wor
ld c
ities
tota
l em
issi
ons o
f CO
2eq
uiva
lent
in to
ns/p
erso
n-ye
ar2
Was
hing
ton
DC
Gla
sgow
UK
Toro
nto
CA
Shan
ghai
,C
hina
New
Yor
k C
ityB
eijin
g C
hina
Lond
onU
KTo
kyo
Japa
nSe
oul
Kor
eaB
arce
lona
Spai
n
19.7
8.4
8.2
8.1
7.1
6.9
6.2
4.8
3.8
3.4
Sele
cted
US
citie
s dom
estic
em
issi
ons o
f CO
2eq
uiva
lent
in to
ns/p
erso
n-ye
ar3
San
Die
go C
ASa
nFr
anci
sco
Bos
ton
MA
Portl
and
OR
Chi
cago
ILTa
mpa
FL
Atla
nta
GA
Tuls a OK
Aus
tin T
XM
emph
is
TNO
K
7.2
4.5
8.7
8.9
9.3
9.3
10.4
9.9
12.6
11.0
6
1 Wik
iped
ia (2
009)
; 2
Dod
man
(200
9) ;
3 Gle
aser
and
Kah
n (2
008)
2,
3Va
lues
incl
ude
trans
porta
tion
heat
ing
and
elec
trici
ty,
Valu
esin
clud
etra
nspo
rtatio
n,he
atin
g,an
del
ectri
city
GH
G =
Gre
en H
ouse
Gas
es (C
O2,
met
hane
, nitr
ogen
oxi
des
and
othe
r gas
es)
Vis
ion
ofth
eC
ities
ofth
eFu
ture
Vis
ion
ofth
eC
ities
ofth
eFu
ture
Vis
ion
ofth
eC
ities
ofth
eFu
ture
Vis
ion
ofth
eC
ities
ofth
eFu
ture
Def
initi
on/V
isio
nof
anE
coci
ty:
Anecocity
isacityorapartthereofthatbalances
social,economicand
itlf
t(tilbtt
li)t
hitibl
dl
tA
Def
initi
on/V
isio
nof
anE
coci
ty:
environmentalfactors(triplebottomline)toachievesustainabledevelopment.A
sustainablecity
orecocity
isacity
designed
with
considerationof
environmentalimpact,inhabitedby
people
dedicatedto
minimizationof
requiredinputsofenergy
waterandfood
andwasteoutputofheat
air
requiredinputsofenergy,waterandfood,andwasteoutputofheat,air
pollution-CO2,methane,andwaterpollution.Ideally,asustainablecitypowers
itselfwith
renewable
sourcesof
energy,createsthesmallest
possible
ecologicalfootprintandproducesthelowestquantityofpollutionpossibleIt
ecologicalfootprint,andproducesthelowestquantityofpollutionpossible.It
alsouseslandefficiently;compostsusedmaterials,recycleorconvertwaste-
to-energy.Ifsuch
practices
areadapted,overallcontributionofthecityto
climatechange
willbe
none
orminimalbelowtheresiliencythresholdUrban
climatechange
willbe
none
orminimalbelowtheresiliencythreshold.Urban
(green)infrastructure,resilientandhydrologicallyandecologicallyfunctioning
landscape,andwaterresourceswillconstituteonesystem
AdaptedfromR.RegisterUC-Berkeley
Driv
ing
Forc
es to
war
ds
Driv
ing
Forc
es to
war
ds
gg Sus
tain
abili
tyS
usta
inab
ility
Ii
tit
ifl
did
Ii
tit
ifl
did
Incr
easi
ng w
ater
sca
rcity
, exc
essi
veflo
odin
g a
ndIn
crea
sing
wat
er s
carc
ity, e
xces
sive
flood
ing
and
conv
ersi
on in
to e
fflue
nt d
omin
ated
wat
ers
will
requ
ire
conv
ersi
on in
to e
fflue
nt d
omin
ated
wat
ers
will
requ
ire
man
a gem
ent o
f the
tota
l urb
an w
ater
hyd
rolo
gica
l cyc
le a
nd
man
agem
ent o
f the
tota
l urb
an w
ater
hyd
rolo
gica
l cyc
le a
nd
gy
gy
gy
gy
dece
ntra
lizat
ion
of th
e ur
ban
sew
erag
e
de
cent
raliz
atio
n of
the
urba
n se
wer
age
Goa
ls o
f ach
ievi
ng g
ood
ecol
ogic
al s
tatu
s an
d in
tegr
ity a
re
Goa
ls o
f ach
ievi
ng g
ood
ecol
ogic
al s
tatu
s an
d in
tegr
ity a
re
dt
db
Cl
Wt
Ati
US
dW
tF
kd
td
bC
lW
tA
tiU
Sd
Wt
Fk
man
date
dby
Cle
anW
ater
Act
inU
S a
ndW
ater
Fram
ewor
km
anda
ted
byC
lean
Wat
erA
ctin
US
and
Wat
erFr
amew
ork
Dire
ctiv
e in
EU
and
des
ired
by p
ublic
Dire
ctiv
e in
EU
and
des
ired
by p
ublic
Lim
itsha
vebe
enre
ache
dan
dso
met
hing
has
tobe
done
Lim
itsha
vebe
enre
ache
dan
dso
met
hing
has
tobe
done
Lim
itsha
vebe
enre
ache
dan
dso
met
hing
has
tobe
done
Lim
itsha
vebe
enre
ache
dan
dso
met
hing
has
tobe
done
Citi
es a
re ra
pidl
y ex
pand
ing
and
new
larg
e ci
ties
have
to b
e C
ities
are
rapi
dly
expa
ndin
g an
d ne
w la
rge
citie
s ha
ve to
be
build
to a
ccom
mod
ate
popu
latio
ngr
owth
and
mov
emen
t bu
ild to
acc
omm
odat
e po
pula
tion
grow
th a
nd m
ovem
ent
pp
gp
pg
from
rura
l to
urba
n fro
m ru
ral t
o ur
ban
area
sar
eas
Sev
ere
prob
lem
s w
ith g
loba
l war
min
g ca
used
by
GH
G
Sev
ere
prob
lem
s w
ith g
loba
l war
min
g ca
used
by
GH
G
emis
sion
sar
eex
pect
edan
dw
illen
sue
unle
ssso
met
hing
isem
issi
ons
are
expe
cted
and
will
ensu
eun
less
som
ethi
ngis
emis
sion
sar
eex
pect
edan
dw
illen
sue
unle
ssso
met
hing
isem
issi
ons
are
expe
cted
and
will
ensu
eun
less
som
ethi
ngis
done
glo
bally
done
glo
bally
Tow
ards
clo
sed
or h
ybrid
met
abol
ism
Tow
ards
clo
sed
or h
ybrid
met
abol
ism
yyby
reso
urce
reco
very
and
con
serv
atio
nby
reso
urce
reco
very
and
con
serv
atio
nW
ater
con
serv
atio
n an
d re
clam
atio
n an
d re
use
of u
sed
Wat
er c
onse
rvat
ion
and
recl
amat
ion
and
reus
e of
use
d w
ater
wat
erE
id
lti
fi
Ei
dl
tif
iE
nerg
y us
e sa
ving
s an
d re
clam
atio
nfro
m v
ario
us s
ourc
es,
Ene
rgy
use
savi
ngs
and
recl
amat
ion
from
var
ious
sou
rces
, su
ch a
s he
at, e
lect
ricity
, met
hane
reco
very
from
su
ch a
s he
at, e
lect
ricity
, met
hane
reco
very
from
w
aste
wat
eran
dor
gani
cw
aste
san
dre
new
able
win
dw
aste
wat
eran
dor
gani
cw
aste
san
dre
new
able
win
dw
aste
wat
eran
dor
gani
cw
aste
s,an
dre
new
able
win
d,w
aste
wat
eran
dor
gani
cw
aste
s,an
dre
new
able
win
d,so
lar,
and
geot
herm
al p
ower
sou
rces
sola
r, an
d ge
othe
rmal
pow
er s
ourc
esR
ecyc
ling
ofor
gani
cso
lid w
aste
(slu
dge,
veg
etat
ion,
food
Rec
yclin
gof
orga
nic
solid
was
te(s
ludg
e, v
eget
atio
n, fo
odec
ycg
oo
gac
sod
ase
(sud
ge,
ege
ao
,oo
dec
ycg
oo
gac
sod
ase
(sud
ge,
ege
ao
,oo
dw
aste
, etc
.) w
aste
, etc
.) ––
pow
er g
ener
atio
n by
inci
nera
tion,
met
hane
bio
gas
and
hydr
ogen
po
wer
gen
erat
ion
by in
cine
ratio
n, m
etha
ne b
ioga
s an
d hy
drog
en
prod
uctio
n, c
onsi
derin
g al
so c
arbo
n se
ques
terin
gpr
oduc
tion,
con
side
ring
also
car
bon
sequ
este
ring
––R
ecyc
led
prod
ucts
(pap
er, c
ardb
oard
, con
stru
ctio
n m
ater
ials
Rec
ycle
d pr
oduc
ts (p
aper
, car
dboa
rd, c
onst
ruct
ion
mat
eria
ls
Rec
yclin
gof
inor
gani
cw
aste
from
met
alas
phal
tgl
ass
Rec
yclin
gof
inor
gani
cw
aste
from
met
alas
phal
tgl
ass
Rec
yclin
gof
inor
gani
cw
aste
from
met
al,a
spha
lt,gl
ass,
Rec
yclin
gof
inor
gani
cw
aste
from
met
al,a
spha
lt,gl
ass,
insu
latio
n, a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
mat
eria
lsin
sula
tion,
and
con
stru
ctio
n m
ater
ials
Wha
tis
aW
ater
Cen
tric
Eco
city
?W
hati
sa
Wat
erC
entri
cE
coci
ty?
Wat
erco
nser
vatio
nW
ater
cons
erva
tion
Hea
t and
ene
rgy
Hea
t and
ene
rgy
reco
very
reco
very
Wha
tis
aW
ater
Cen
tric
Eco
city
?W
hati
sa
Wat
erC
entri
cE
coci
ty?
Wat
erco
nser
vatio
nW
ater
cons
erva
tion
Dis
trib
uted
sto
rmw
ater
D
istr
ibut
ed s
torm
wat
er
man
agem
ent (
surf
ace)
man
agem
ent (
surf
ace)
reco
very
reco
very
Org
anic
sol
ids
Org
anic
sol
ids
man
agem
ent f
or e
nerg
y m
anag
emen
t for
ene
rgy
reco
erre
coer
Dis
trib
uted
wat
er
Dis
trib
uted
wat
er
trea
tmen
ttr
eatm
ent
Wat
erre
clam
atio
nan
dW
ater
recl
amat
ion
and
reco
very
reco
very
Sour
ce s
epar
atio
nSo
urce
sep
arat
ion
Nut
rient
reco
very
Nut
rient
reco
very
Wat
erre
clam
atio
nan
dW
ater
recl
amat
ion
and
reus
e in
bui
ldin
gs,
reus
e in
bui
ldin
gs,
irrig
atio
n an
d fo
r eco
logi
c irr
igat
ion
and
for e
colo
gic
stre
amflo
wst
ream
flow
Nut
rient
reco
very
Nut
rient
reco
very
•R
enew
able
ener
gyso
urce
stre
amflo
wst
ream
flow
Infil
trat
ion
and
repa
ir of
In
filtr
atio
n an
d re
pair
of
hydr
olog
yhy
drol
ogy
•R
enew
able
ener
gyso
urce
(sol
ar, w
ind,
hyd
ropo
wer
)•
Sust
aina
ble
low
carb
onSt
ream
rest
orat
ion
Stre
am re
stor
atio
n ––
mul
tim
ulti--
func
tiona
l wat
er
func
tiona
l wat
er
bodi
es a
re a
life
line
of
bodi
es a
re a
life
line
of
Sust
aina
ble
low
carb
ontr
affic
em
issi
ons
•R
ecre
atio
n, w
alki
ng, b
ikin
gth
e ec
ocity
the
ecoc
ity•
Subu
rban
org
anic
ag
ricul
ture
Mic
rosc
ale
Ass
essm
ent
Mic
rosc
ale
Ass
essm
ent
Mic
rosc
ale
Ass
essm
ent
Mic
rosc
ale
Ass
essm
ent
Mic
rosc
ale
(bui
ldin
gs, n
eigh
borh
oods
,M
icro
scal
e(b
uild
ings
, nei
ghbo
rhoo
ds,
(g
g(
gg
subd
ivis
ion
subd
ivis
ion
––Le
ader
ship
in E
nerg
y an
d E
nviro
nmen
tal D
esig
nLe
ader
ship
in E
nerg
y an
d E
nviro
nmen
tal D
esig
n--LE
ED
LEE
DLE
ED
LEE
DS
usta
inab
ility
of th
e si
te
Sus
tain
abilit
y of
the
site
––sm
art l
ocat
ion
smar
t loc
atio
nG
reen
desi
gnG
reen
desi
gnG
reen
desi
gnG
reen
desi
gnE
nerg
y ef
ficie
ncy
Ene
rgy
effic
ienc
yIn
door
envi
ronm
enta
lqua
lity
Indo
oren
viro
nmen
talq
ualit
ydo
oe
oe
aqu
ay
doo
eo
ea
qua
yIn
nova
tion
and
desi
gnIn
nova
tion
and
desi
gnN
eigh
borh
ood
patte
rns,
etc
. N
eigh
borh
ood
patte
rns,
etc
. ––
Low
Impa
ct D
evel
opm
ent (
LID
)Lo
w Im
pact
Dev
elop
men
t (LI
D)
Cap
ture
, sto
rage
and
infil
tratio
n of
pre
cipi
tatio
n,
Cap
ture
, sto
rage
and
infil
tratio
n of
pre
cipi
tatio
n,
mim
icki
ngpr
edev
elop
men
thyd
rolo
gym
imic
king
pred
evel
opm
enth
ydro
logy
mim
icki
ngpr
edev
elop
men
thyd
rolo
gym
imic
king
pred
evel
opm
enth
ydro
logy
Mis
sing
link
inth
eas
sess
men
tM
issi
nglin
kin
the
asse
ssm
ent
Mis
sing
link
inth
eas
sess
men
tM
issi
nglin
kin
the
asse
ssm
ent
Fuzz
y im
pact
of L
EED
and
sim
ilar c
riter
ia o
nFu
zzy
impa
ct o
f LEE
D a
nd s
imila
r crit
eria
on
––Su
stai
nabi
lity
of w
ater
reso
urce
s, th
eir w
ater
qua
lity
and
Sust
aina
bilit
y of
wat
er re
sour
ces,
thei
r wat
er q
ualit
y an
d in
tegr
ityin
tegr
ityin
tegr
ityin
tegr
ity––
Impr
ovin
g re
silie
nce
agai
nst t
he im
pact
of e
xtre
me
even
tsIm
prov
ing
resi
lienc
e ag
ains
t the
impa
ct o
f ext
rem
e ev
ents
––Pr
otec
tion
and
enha
ncem
ent o
f urb
an n
atur
al re
sour
ces
Prot
ectio
n an
d en
hanc
emen
t of u
rban
nat
ural
reso
urce
s (n
atur
epr
eser
ves
orpa
rks)
(nat
ure
pres
erve
sor
park
s)(n
atur
epr
eser
ves
orpa
rks)
(nat
ure
pres
erve
sor
park
s)––
Acc
ess
of p
eopl
e to
recr
eatio
nA
cces
s of
peo
ple
to re
crea
tion
Con
vers
ion
to o
r bui
ldin
g ec
ociti
es, r
equi
res
a C
onve
rsio
n to
or b
uild
ing
ecoc
ities
, req
uire
s a
g,
qg
,q
com
preh
ensi
ve a
nd h
iera
rchi
cal m
acro
scal
e co
mpr
ehen
sive
and
hie
rarc
hica
l mac
rosc
ale
appr
oach
to th
e m
icro
scal
e an
d of
ten
frag
men
ted
appr
oach
to th
e m
icro
scal
e an
d of
ten
frag
men
ted
piec
emea
ltra
nsfo
rmat
ion
piec
emea
ltra
nsfo
rmat
ion
Low
dens
itypi
ecem
ealt
rans
form
atio
npi
ecem
ealt
rans
form
atio
nSu
stai
nabi
lity
mea
ns th
at fu
ture
dev
elop
men
ts a
nd
Sust
aina
bilit
y m
eans
that
futu
re d
evel
opm
ents
and
ci
ty re
trof
its a
ddre
ss th
e so
ciet
al, e
nviro
nmen
tal a
nd
city
retr
ofits
add
ress
the
soci
etal
, env
ironm
enta
l and
ode
sty
subd
ivis
ions
y,
y,
econ
omic
con
cern
s an
d go
als
econ
omic
con
cern
s an
d go
als
CITY
OF
THE
FU
TURE
CITY
OF
THE
FU
TURE
BU
ILD
ING
S A
ND
“N
EIG
HB
OR
HO
OD
S” C
ON
FOR
MIN
G
TO L
EED
CR
ITER
IA C
ON
NEC
TED
TO
SU
STA
INA
BLE
SU
RFA
CE
DR
AIN
AG
EP
OTE
NTI
AL
PR
OB
LEM
LEE
Dt
(l
ti
PO
TEN
TIA
L P
RO
BLE
M
LID
dt
idb
ii
LEE
D w
ater
(rec
lam
atio
n,co
nser
vatio
n an
d st
orm
wat
er
man
agem
ent )
crit
eria
repr
esen
t les
s
LID
do n
ot c
onsi
der c
arbo
n em
issi
onre
duct
ion
they
are
stri
ctly
focu
sed
on
wat
er a
nd p
ollu
tion
th
an 1
5 %
of t
he T
otal
LE
ED
inde
xS
ome
carb
on e
mis
sion
con
trols
are
im
plic
itly
cons
ider
d
(LE
ED
and
LID
are
sm
all (
mic
rosc
ale)
m
easu
res.
impl
icitl
yco
nsid
erd
Cour
tesy
Aqu
aTex
, Vict
oria,
Brit
ish C
olum
bia
One
Pla
netL
ivin
g(W
WF)
One
Pla
netL
ivin
g(W
WF)
One
Pla
netL
ivin
g(W
WF)
One
Pla
netL
ivin
g(W
WF)
zero
net
car
bon
emis
sion
sze
ro n
et c
arbo
n em
issi
ons--
100%
of t
he e
nerg
y fro
m
100%
of t
he e
nerg
y fro
m
rene
wab
lere
sour
ces;
rene
wab
lere
sour
ces;
rene
wab
lere
sour
ces;
rene
wab
lere
sour
ces;
zero
sol
id w
aste
zero
sol
id w
aste
sust
aina
ble
trans
porta
tion
with
zer
o ca
rbon
em
issi
on in
the
sust
aina
ble
trans
porta
tion
with
zer
o ca
rbon
em
issi
on in
the
ppci
ty;
city
;lo
cal a
nd s
usta
inab
le m
ater
ials
use
d th
roug
hout
the
loca
l and
sus
tain
able
mat
eria
ls u
sed
thro
ugho
ut th
e co
nstru
ctio
n;co
nstru
ctio
n;co
nstru
ctio
n;co
nstru
ctio
n;su
stai
nabl
e fo
ods,
out
lets
pro
vidi
ng o
rgan
ic a
nd o
r fai
r su
stai
nabl
e fo
ods,
out
lets
pro
vidi
ng o
rgan
ic a
nd o
r fai
r tra
de p
rodu
cts;
tra
de p
rodu
cts;
50
%d
tii
tf
thti
l50
%d
tii
tf
thti
l50
% re
duct
ion
in w
ater
use
from
the
natio
nal a
vera
ge;
50%
redu
ctio
nin
wat
er u
se fr
omth
e na
tiona
l ave
rage
;na
tura
l hab
itat a
nd w
ildlif
e pr
otec
tion
and
pres
erva
tion;
na
tura
l hab
itat a
nd w
ildlif
e pr
otec
tion
and
pres
erva
tion;
pr
eser
vatio
nof
loca
lcul
ture
and
herit
age
;pr
eser
vatio
nof
loca
lcul
ture
and
herit
age
;pr
eser
vatio
nof
loca
lcul
ture
and
herit
age
;pr
eser
vatio
nof
loca
lcul
ture
and
herit
age
;eq
uity
and
fair
trade
with
wag
es a
nd w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
; eq
uity
and
fair
trade
with
wag
es a
nd w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
; an
dan
dhe
alth
and
hap
pine
ss fo
r eve
ry d
emog
raph
ic g
roup
.he
alth
and
hap
pine
ss fo
r eve
ry d
emog
raph
ic g
roup
.
Bes
t Man
agem
ent P
ract
ices
are
an
Bes
t Man
agem
ent P
ract
ices
are
an
ggin
tegr
al p
art o
f the
CO
Fs
inte
gral
par
t of t
he C
OFs
G
reen
Roo
fs
Sav
e en
ergy
and
tt
stor
e w
ater
Rai
ngar
dern
s
Infil
trate
and
Infil
trate
and
treat
runo
ff
Por
ous
pave
men
t
Infil
trate
, sto
rean
d tre
at ru
noff
Pon
ds a
nd
wet
land
s
Sto
re, t
reat
and
So
e,ea
ad
infil
trate
runo
ff
Urb
an w
ater
bod
y re
stor
atio
n an
d U
rban
wat
er b
ody
rest
orat
ion
and
yyda
ylig
htin
g is
impo
rtant
da
ylig
htin
g is
impo
rtant
Linc
oln
Cre
ek in
Milw
auke
eZh
uan
Riv
er in
Bei
jing
Kal
long
Riv
er in
Sin
gapo
re
DA
YLI
GTH
ING
DA
YLI
GTH
ING
With
the
high
deg
ree
of tr
eatm
ent r
equi
red
in th
e ne
w c
ities
W
ith th
e hi
gh d
egre
e of
trea
tmen
t req
uire
d in
the
new
citi
es
it do
es n
ot m
ake
sens
e to
use
sew
ers
for c
onve
yanc
e; th
ey
it do
es n
ot m
ake
sens
e to
use
sew
ers
for c
onve
yanc
e; th
ey
it
dd
df
fhi
hlll
td
it
dd
df
fhi
hlll
td
wer
ein
vent
ed a
nd u
sed
for c
onve
yanc
e of
high
ly p
ollu
ted
wer
ein
vent
ed a
nd u
sed
for c
onve
yanc
e of
high
ly p
ollu
ted
urba
n w
aste
wat
er a
nd u
rban
run
off
urba
n w
aste
wat
er a
nd u
rban
run
off
Stre
ams
cove
red
conv
erte
dto
culv
erts
orco
mbi
ned
sew
ers
Stre
ams
cove
red
conv
erte
dto
culv
erts
orco
mbi
ned
sew
ers
Stre
ams
cove
red,
conv
erte
dto
culv
erts
orco
mbi
ned
sew
ers
Stre
ams
cove
red,
conv
erte
dto
culv
erts
orco
mbi
ned
sew
ers
can
be b
roug
ht to
the
surfa
ceca
n be
bro
ught
to th
e su
rface
A ne
w s
tream
can
be
recr
eate
d in
a p
lace
whe
re th
e ol
d A
new
stre
am c
an b
e re
crea
ted
in a
pla
ce w
here
the
old
stre
am is
irre
vers
ibly
lost
stre
am is
irre
vers
ibly
lost
1890
1935
1985
KIT
AZA
WA
STR
EAM
IN T
OK
YO
•Flo
w in
the
“upp
er”
stre
am is
pr
ovid
edby
ahi
ghly
trea
ted
prov
ided
bya
high
lytr
eate
def
fluen
t fro
m a
nea
rby
trea
tmen
t pl
ant
•Fis
h is
livi
ng in
the
stre
am a
nd
look
s he
alth
yy
Che
ongG
yeC
heon
(Seo
ulK
R)
Che
ongG
yeC
heon
(Seo
ulK
R)
Che
ongG
yeC
heon
(Seo
ul,K
R)
Che
ongG
yeC
heon
(Seo
ul,K
R)
Ben
efit
s +
++
+
Cit
y re
vita
lizat
ion
, Aes
thet
ic
Flo
od c
ontr
ol, E
colo
gy
Sust
ain
abili
ty
-
No
wat
er r
ecla
mat
ion
, wat
er is
p
um
ped
fro
m a
larg
er r
iver
d
own
stre
am, c
arb
on n
egat
ive
Und
erth
ene
wpa
radi
gmth
ere
Und
erth
ene
wpa
radi
gmth
ere
isno
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Und
erth
ene
wpa
radi
gmth
ere
Und
erth
ene
wpa
radi
gmth
ere
isno
isno
was
tew
aste
––ne
w s
usta
inab
ility
term
inol
ogy
new
sus
tain
abili
ty te
rmin
olog
yW
aste
wat
er
Was
te w
ater
U
sed
wat
erU
sed
wat
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eate
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aste
wat
er th
at m
eets
sta
ndar
ds fo
r Tr
eate
d w
aste
wat
er th
at m
eets
sta
ndar
ds fo
r di
scha
rge
into
rece
ivin
g w
ater
s an
d ot
her
disc
harg
e in
to re
ceiv
ing
wat
ers
and
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r no
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able
use
s no
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able
use
s R
ecla
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wat
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wat
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wat
er tr
eate
d to
pot
able
wat
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ualit
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ater
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gapo
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Wat
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rmin
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rmin
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aste
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lant
with
reco
very
of
Was
ter w
ater
trea
tmen
t pla
nt w
ith re
cove
ry o
f bi
ogas
, ene
rgy,
nut
rient
s, e
tc.
biog
as, e
nerg
y, n
utrie
nts,
etc
. In
tegr
ated
Inte
grat
edre
sour
ce re
cove
ry fa
cilit
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sour
ce re
cove
ry fa
cilit
y
Rai
nwat
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arve
stin
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quire
sR
ainw
ater
har
vest
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ires
gq
gq
min
imum
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min
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Roo
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O
rang
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lust
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and
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lust
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and
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bloc
ksA
clu
ster
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bloc
k) is
a s
emia
uton
omou
s pa
rt of
the
city
A
clu
ster
(Eco
bloc
k) is
a s
emia
uton
omou
s pa
rt of
the
city
th
at,
for m
ost p
art,
has
its
own
that
, fo
r mos
t par
t, h
as it
s ow
n w
ater
/sto
rmw
ater
/was
tew
ater
man
a gem
ent
wat
er/s
torm
wat
er/w
aste
wat
er m
anag
emen
tgg
––C
lust
er m
ay ra
nge
in s
ize
from
a h
igh
Clu
ster
may
rang
e in
siz
e fro
m a
hig
h--ris
e bu
ildin
g to
a s
ubdi
visi
on
rise
build
ing
to a
sub
divi
sion
or
a s
ectio
n of
the
city
with
thou
sand
s of
inha
bita
nts
or a
sec
tion
of th
e ci
ty w
ith th
ousa
nds
of in
habi
tant
s––
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ster
infra
stru
ctur
eC
lust
er in
frast
ruct
ure
Dis
tribu
tes
wat
er a
nd p
ract
ices
wat
er c
onse
rvat
ion
and
reus
eD
istri
bute
s w
ater
and
pra
ctic
es w
ater
con
serv
atio
n an
d re
use
Impl
emen
ts e
nerg
y sa
ving
in b
uild
ings
(e.g
., gr
een
roof
s, s
olar
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plem
ents
ene
rgy
savi
ng in
bui
ldin
gs (e
.g.,
gree
n ro
ofs,
sol
ar
ener
gy)
ener
gy)
gy)
gy)
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vide
s st
orm
wat
er c
onve
yanc
e (m
ostly
sur
face
), st
orag
e an
d P
rovi
des
stor
mw
ater
con
veya
nce
(mos
tly s
urfa
ce),
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age
and
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tratio
n (g
roun
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er re
char
ge) a
nd n
atur
e m
imic
king
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infil
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char
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imic
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Wat
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clam
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WT)
Wat
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clam
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its (h
igh
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WT)
(g
y)
(g
y)
Ene
rgy
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very
from
was
tew
ater
Ene
rgy
reco
very
from
was
tew
ater
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entra
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or d
istri
bute
d bi
ogas
/Ene
rgy
reco
very
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traliz
ed o
r dis
tribu
ted
biog
as/E
nerg
y re
cove
ryE
colo
gica
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dhy
drol
ogic
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func
tioni
ngla
ndsc
ape
Eco
logi
cally
and
hydr
olog
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lyfu
nctio
ning
land
scap
e––
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logi
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and
hydr
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nctio
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colo
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tioni
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Clu
ster
s ar
e in
terc
onne
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ncre
ased
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lienc
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lust
ers
are
inte
rcon
nect
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r inc
reas
ed re
silie
ncy
A w
ater
recl
amat
ion
plan
t doe
s no
t A
wat
er re
clam
atio
n pl
ant d
oes
not
ppha
ve to
be
far f
rom
the
com
mun
ityha
ve to
be
far f
rom
the
com
mun
ityD
istri
bute
d(c
lust
er)
wat
er
lti
recl
amat
ion
plan
ts a
re
need
ed to
pr
ovid
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ater
for
prov
ide
wat
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ron
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use
s su
ch
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rtesy
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toria
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Sev
enE
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Rev
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Sev
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coci
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out
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ater
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Dom
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ater
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Mic
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alfu
el c
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robi
alfu
el c
ell
Typ
es o
f gas
Bio
gas
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ouse
hol
dw
aste
Bio
gas
2Agri
food
indust
ryN
atura
l gas
d w
aste
indust
ry
Com
posi
tion
60%
CH
433 %
CO
21%
N2
0%
O2
6%
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68%
CH
426 %
CO
21%
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5 %
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97.0
% C
H4
2.2
% C
O2
0.4
% N
20.4
% o
ther
Ener
gy
conte
nt
kWh/m
36.1
7.5
11.3
Exa
mpl
esof
new
tech
nolo
gies
Exa
mpl
esof
new
tech
nolo
gies
Exa
mpl
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gies
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mpl
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new
tech
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gies
UA
SB R
eact
orH
ydro
gen
fuel
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l with
M
icro
bial
fuel
cel
l (Lo
gan
2008
)•0
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CH
4/g
CO
D
rem
oved
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kW-h
r/m3
of
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as re
form
ing
•Con
verts
met
hane
into
hy
drog
en a
nd e
lect
ricity
2008
)•C
onve
rt or
gani
c bi
omas
s di
rect
ly in
to e
lect
ricity
or
hd
•9.2
kW-h
r/mof
met
hane
yg
y
•Gre
ater
effi
cien
cy th
an
met
hane
com
bust
ion
hydr
ogen
SM
R =
Ste
am m
etha
ne re
form
ing
Hyd
roge
nFu
elC
ell
Hyd
roge
nFu
elC
ell
Inst
alle
d in
Gla
shus
ett
iH
bS
jöt
din
Ham
mar
byS
jöst
ad
Con
verts
bio
gas
to
elec
trici
ty
Inte
grat
ed R
esou
rce
Rec
over
y Fa
cilit
yIn
tegr
ated
Res
ourc
e R
ecov
ery
Faci
lity
gy
yg
yy
Rec
over
s:
Wat
er
Ele
ctric
ity
Ht
Hea
t
Stru
vite
(N+P
)
Org
anic
solid
sO
rgan
icso
lids
Bio
gas
Hyd
roge
nH
ydro
gen
SM
R =
ste
am
met
hane
fi
refo
rmin
g
CO
NC
LUS
ION
SO
NE
CO
CIT
IES
CO
NC
LUS
ION
SO
NE
CO
CIT
IES
CO
NC
LUS
ION
SO
NE
CO
CIT
IES
CO
NC
LUS
ION
SO
NE
CO
CIT
IES
Eco
citie
s ar
e em
ergi
ng a
nd w
ill b
e te
sted
Eco
citie
s ar
e em
ergi
ng a
nd w
ill b
e te
sted
gg
gg
A c
ompl
ete
chan
ge o
f the
par
adig
mA
com
plet
e ch
ange
of t
he p
arad
igm
Clo
sed
hydr
olog
ic c
ycle
(reu
se, r
ecyc
le),
surfa
ce d
rain
age
Clo
sed
hydr
olog
ic c
ycle
(reu
se, r
ecyc
le),
surfa
ce d
rain
age
Zero
or m
inim
al c
arbo
n im
prin
tZe
ro o
r min
imal
car
bon
impr
int
Ene
rgy
reco
very
from
was
tew
ater
Ene
rgy
reco
very
from
was
tew
ater
Dis
tribu
ted
reso
urce
reco
very
min
imum
sew
ers
Dis
tribu
ted
reso
urce
reco
very
min
imum
sew
ers
Dis
tribu
ted
reso
urce
reco
very
,min
imum
sew
ers
Dis
tribu
ted
reso
urce
reco
very
,min
imum
sew
ers
Alte
rnat
e en
ergy
sou
rces
Alte
rnat
e en
ergy
sou
rces
Car
bon
sequ
este
ring
Car
bon
sequ
este
ring
Tifi
bli
tt
tilk
id
biki
Tifi
bli
tt
tilk
id
biki
Terr
ific
publ
ictra
nspo
rtatio
n, w
alki
ng a
ndbi
king
Terr
ific
publ
ictra
nspo
rtatio
n, w
alki
ng a
ndbi
king
Alte
rnat
e en
ergy
sou
rces
Alte
rnat
e en
ergy
sou
rces
St
tti
dt
tif
tS
tt
tid
tti
ft
Stre
am re
stor
atio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
of e
cosy
stem
sS
tream
rest
orat
ion
and
prot
ectio
n of
eco
syst
ems
Leis
ure
and
recr
eatio
nLe
isur
e an
d re
crea
tion
Hge
nein
frast
rct
reb
sine
sspo
tent
ial
Hge
nein
frast
rct
reb
sine
sspo
tent
ial
Hug
ene
win
frast
ruct
ure
busi
ness
pote
ntia
lH
uge
new
infra
stru
ctur
ebu
sine
sspo
tent
ial
Con
clus
ions
Con
clus
ions
Co
cus
os
Co
cus
os
US
has
one
of t
he h
ighe
st p
er c
apita
foot
prin
tU
S h
as o
ne o
f the
hig
hest
per
cap
ita fo
otpr
int
––Lo
w d
ensi
ty u
rban
cen
ters
Low
den
sity
urb
an c
ente
rsH
ih
tbi
lH
ih
tbi
l––
Hig
h au
tom
obile
use
Hig
h au
tom
obile
use
––G
reat
relia
nce
on fo
ssil
fuel
(prim
arily
coa
l) po
wer
pro
duct
ion
Gre
at re
lianc
e on
foss
il fu
el (p
rimar
ily c
oal)
pow
er p
rodu
ctio
nA
dopt
ing
and
adap
ting
the
ecoc
itygu
idel
ines
is In
crea
sing
Ado
ptin
g an
d ad
aptin
g th
e ec
ocity
guid
elin
es is
Incr
easi
ngp
gp
gy
gg
pg
pg
yg
gsi
gnifi
cant
ly p
rodu
ctio
n fro
m re
new
able
car
bon
free
sign
ifica
ntly
pro
duct
ion
from
rene
wab
le c
arbo
n fre
e so
urce
sso
urce
s––
Wat
erco
nser
vatio
nis
effe
ctiv
eW
ater
cons
erva
tion
isef
fect
ive
Wat
erco
nser
vatio
nis
effe
ctiv
eW
ater
cons
erva
tion
isef
fect
ive
––B
ioga
s co
nver
sion
to e
lect
ricity
or h
ydro
gen
with
car
bon
Bio
gas
conv
ersi
on to
ele
ctric
ity o
r hyd
roge
n w
ith c
arbo
n se
ques
terin
g is
effe
ctiv
ese
ques
terin
g is
effe
ctiv
e––
Win
dtu
rbin
eson
each
bloc
kW
ind
turb
ines
onea
chbl
ock
Win
dtu
rbin
eson
each
bloc
kW
ind
turb
ines
onea
chbl
ock
––La
rge
incl
usio
n of
sol
ar p
ower
Larg
e in
clus
ion
of s
olar
pow
er––
Lim
iting
aut
omob
ile u
se, h
ybrid
s an
d el
ectri
c pu
gLi
miti
ng a
utom
obile
use
, hyb
rids
and
elec
tric
pug--
ins
are
very
in
s ar
e ve
ry
effe
ctiv
eef
fect
ive
effe
ctiv
e
effe
ctiv
e
––H
eat r
ecov
ery
from
use
d w
ater
Hea
t rec
over
y fro
m u
sed
wat
er––
Mor
e ef
ficie
nt a
pplia
nces
and
hea
ting
(e.g
., he
at p
umps
) M
ore
effic
ient
app
lianc
es a
nd h
eatin
g (e
.g.,
heat
pum
ps)
The
goal
ofne
tzer
oca
rbon
foot
prin
tis
achi
evab
leby
The
goal
ofne
tzer
oca
rbon
foot
prin
tis
achi
evab
leby
The
goal
ofne
tzer
oca
rbon
foot
prin
tis
achi
evab
leby
The
goal
ofne
tzer
oca
rbon
foot
prin
tis
achi
evab
leby
2030
eve
n in
the
US
2030
eve
n in
the
US
Wor
ldw
ide
Initi
ativ
e W
orld
wid
e In
itiat
ive
––Citi
es o
f the
C
ities
of t
he
Futu
reFu
ture
Beg
inni
ngin
US
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inni
ngin
US
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gspr
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prea
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hop
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egin
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inga
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rnat
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eek
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vent
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gapo
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tern
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ater
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onve
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IWA
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ajor
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ajor
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initi
ativ
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mitt
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form
edB
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g C
onfe
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eijin
g C
onfe
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Nov
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r 200
9N
ovem
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jg
jg
WE
F/IW
A C
onfe
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arch
201
0 W
EF/
IWA
Con
fere
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Mar
ch 2
010
––B
osto
nB
osto
nS
inga
pore
Inte
rnat
iona
l Wat
er W
eek
Sin
gapo
re In
tern
atio
nal W
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Wee
k ––
June
June
--Jul
y 20
10Ju
ly 2
010
IWA
Wld
Wt
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2010
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lM
tl
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gres
s20
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orld
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erC
ongr
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2010
--Mon
treal
Mon
treal
IWA
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F C
onfe
renc
e 20
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IWA
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F C
onfe
renc
e 20
11 ––
Sto
ckho
lmS
tock
holm
IWA
Con
fere
nce
2011
IWA
Con
fere
nce
2011
––X
i’an
Xi’a
n(C
hina
)(C
hina
)IW
AC
onfe
renc
e20
11IW
AC
onfe
renc
e20
11––
Xia
nX
ian
(Chi
na)
(Chi
na)
WE
F/IW
A C
onfe
renc
e 20
12
WE
F/IW
A C
onfe
renc
e 20
12
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