A Pakistani bride signing a marriagecertificate

Marriage in IslamIn Islam marriage (Arabic romanized Nikāḥ) is a legal contractbetween a man and a woman Both the groom and the bride are toconsent to the marriage of their own free wills A formal bindingcontract ndash verbal or on paper[1] ndash is considered integral to a religiouslyvalid Islamic marriage and outlines the rights and responsibilities ofthe groom and bride Divorce in Islam can take a variety of formssome executed by a husband personally and some executed by areligious court on behalf of a plaintiff wife who is successful in herlegal divorce petition for valid cause

In addition to the usual marriage until death or divorce there is adifferent fixed-term marriage known as zawāj al-mutʻah (pleasuremarriage)[2](p1045) permitted only by the Twelver branch of ShiiteIslam for a pre-fixed period[3][4](p242)[5] There is also Nikah Misyara non-temporary marriage with the removal of some conditions suchas living together permitted by some Sunni scholars[6][7][8]

TerminologyHistoryReforms with IslamConditions

PrerequisitesRights and obligations of spousesMahr dowry and gifts

Marriage contracts and forced un-consented marriagesInternational human rights responses

DivorceProhibited marriages

Prohibitions based on consanguinityProhibitions based on sucklingProhibitions based on marriageProhibition based on religionProhibited marriage partners

PolygamySororal polygyny

IddahModern implementationsSee also

Contents

ReferencesFurther readingExternal links

In Islamic law marriage ndash or more specifically the marriage contract ndash is called nikah an Arabic word whoseoriginal literal meaning was sexual intercourse but which already in the Quran is used exclusively to refer tothe contract of marriage[9][10][11] In the Wehr-Cowan Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic nikah is definedas marriage marriage contract matrimony wedlock[12] (At least in some marriages in some Muslimcultures such as Pakistan there may be a delay between the nikkah and the rukhsati -- when the husbandhaving obtained a good job and home has the wife move in with him)[13]

In Arabic-speaking countries marriage is commonly called zawāj (Arabic from the Quranic term zawj(Arabic ) referring to a member of a pair) and this term has recently gained currency among Muslimspeakers of other languages as well The marriage contract is known by different names Literary Arabic ʿaqd al-qirān matrimony contract Urdu ALA-LC Nikāḥ-nāmah Bengali আকদ

romanized akd Persian ezdevāj marriage and or (sǎnǎde ezdevāj aqd nāmeh)for the certificate The marriage celebration may be called ʿurs zawāj (Arabic ) ezdewajarusi(Persian) shaadi (Urdu) biyebiya (Bengali) or duumlğuumln (Turkish)[11]

In Arabia before the advent of Islam in the 7th century CE a variety of different marriage practices existedThe most common and recognized types of marriage at this time consisted of marriage by agreement marriageby capture marriage by mahr marriage by inheritance and Mota or temporary marriage[14] InMesopotamia marriages were generally monogamous except among royalty who would have haremsconsisting of wives and concubines The Sasanian society followed Zoroastrianism which viewed women tobe possessions in marriage although consent was required in both marriage and divorce[15]

According to Islamic sources most women in pre-7th century Arabia had little control over their marriagesThey were rarely bound by contract for marriage or custody of children and their consent was rarely soughtWomen were seldom allowed to divorce their husbands and their view was not regarded for either a marriageor divorce[16] However in the transitional age from non-Islamic to Islamic society elite women could divorceand remarry without stigma They were given the power to negotiate the terms of their marriage contract andcould even initiate divorce[15]

Muhammad had reformed the laws and procedures of the common marriage practices that existed during hisprophethood The rules of marriage by agreement (marriage through consent) was reformed and a strict setof rules and regulations were put in place The practices of marriage by inheritance was forbidden Severalchapters and verses from the Quran were revealed which banned such practices[17]

Under the Arabian Jahiliyyah law Islamic sources allege that no limitations were set on mens rights to marryor to obtain a divorce[18] Islamic law limited men to four wives at one time not including concubines([Quran 43 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D43Averse3D3)])[19] The institution of marriage was refinedinto one in which the woman was somewhat of an interested partner For example the dowry previously

Terminology

History

Reforms with Islam

regarded as a bride-price paid to the father became a nuptial gift retained by the wife as part of her personalproperty[18][19] Under Islamic law marriage was no longer viewed as a status but rather as a contractThe essential elements of the marriage contract were now an offer by the man an acceptance by the womanand the performance of such conditions as the payment of dowry The womans consent given either activelyor by silence was required Furthermore the offer and acceptance had to be made in the presence of at leasttwo witnesses[18][19][20] A married woman had the right to be given food and clothes by her husband thoughher husband had more rights over her I enjoin good treatment of women for they are prisoners with you andyou have no right to treat them otherwise unless they commit clear indecency If they do that then forsakethem in their beds and hit them but without causing injury or leaving a mark If they obey you then do notseek means of annoyance against them You have rights over your women and your women have rights overyou Your rights over your women are that they are not to allow anyone whom you dislike to tread on yourbedding (furniture) nor allow anyone whom you dislike to enter your houses And their right over you are thatyou should treat them kindly with regard to their clothing and food[21]

Islamic marriages require acceptance in Arabic qubūl of the groom the bride[22][23] and the consent of

the custodian (wali) of the bride The wali of the bride is normally a male relative of the bride preferably herfather The wali can only be a free Muslim unless the bride is of the Christian or Jewish faith in such cases thebride should be given away by someone from her religious background[24] The bride is normally present atthe signing of the marriage contract

The Walī mujbir (

) is a technical term of Islamic law which denotes the guardian of a bride Intraditional Islam the literal definition of wali which means custodian or protector is used In thiscontext it is meant that the silence of the bride is considered consent In most schools of Islamic law only thefather or the paternal grandfather of the bride can be wali mujbir[24]

If the conditions are met and a mahr and contract are agreed upon an Islamic marriage ceremony or weddingcan take place The marital contract is also often signed by the bride The consent of the bride is mandatoryThe Islamic marriage is then declared publicly in iʿlān (Arabic ) by a responsible person afterdelivering a sermon to counsel and guide the couple It is not required though customary that the personmarrying the couple should be religiously well-founded in knowledge The bridegroom can deliver the sermonhimself in the presence of representatives of both sides if he is religiously educated as the story goes aboutImam Muhammad bin Ali around 829 AD It is typically followed by a celebratory reception in line with thecouples or local customs which could either last a couple of hours or precede the wedding and concludeseveral days after the ceremony

The Quran tells believers that even if they are poor they should marry to protect themselves fromimmorality[25][Quran 2433 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D243Averse3D33)] The Quran asserts that marriage is a legitimate way to satisfy ones sexual desire[26] Islamrecognizes the value of sex and companionship and advocates marriage as the foundation for families andchanneling the fulfillment of a base need Marriage is highly valued and regarded as being half of ones faithaccording to a saying of Muhammad Whether marriage is obligatory or merely allowed has been explored byseveral scholars and agreed that If a person has the means to marry and has no fear of mistreating his wife orof committing the unlawful if he does marry then marriage in his case is mustahabb (preferred)[27]

The Quran outlines some conditions for a marriage to take place[Quran 424 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D43Averse3D24)]

Conditions

Prerequisites

A marriage should be conducted through a contract and a mandatory sum of wealth provided tothe bride which here refers to the mahr Once a mahr has been ascertained with the realizationthat it is an obligation of a Muslim husband the groom is required to pay it to the bride at thetime of marriage unless he and his bride can mutually agree to delay the time of some of itspayment In 2003 Rubya Mehdi published an article in which the culture of mahr amongMuslims was thoroughly reviewed There is no concept of dowry[28] as such in Islam A dowryas such is a payment to the groom from the brides family and is not an Islamic custom Brideprices are also expressly prohibitedAnother requisite of marriage is chastity No fornicator has the right to marry a chaste partnerexcept if the two purify themselves of this sin by sincere repentance[29][30]

Marriage is permitted for a man with a chaste woman either Muslim or from the People of theBook (Arabic Ahl al Kitab Jews Sabians and Christians) but not to polytheists (or idolatersYusuf Ali translation or idolatresses Pickthal translation) For women marriage to JewsSabians and Christians and to polytheists (Idolatry) (or idolaters Yusufali translation ordisbelievers Pickthall translation) is prohibited they are only allowed to marryMuslims[31][32] There is no express prohibitionin the Quran or elsewhere about a Muslimwoman marrying a People of the Book However the vast majority of Muslim jurists argued thatsince express permission was given to men by implication women must be prohibited fromdoing the same[33] The movement of Islamic jurists and imams that do not agree on thisinterpretation is growing[34]

Spoken consent of the woman is only required if she is not a virgin and her wali is neither herfather nor her paternal grandfather But a virgin may not be married off without her permission Ifshe is too shy to express her opinion her silence will be considered as implicit agreement [AlBukhari6968][35][36][37] Binti Khudham says that when she became a widow her fathersolemnized her marriage She did not like the decision so she went to Muhammad who gaveher permission to revoke her marriage[38] Hence forced marriages are against Islamicteachings if the woman is a virgin and those forced into marriages before they have come ofage have the right to contest them once they do[39]

The importance of the wali is debated between the different schools of thought To the HanafiSunnis a male guardian is not required for the bride to become married even if it is her firstmarriage Therefore the marriage contract is signed between the bride and the groom not thegroom and the wali To the Hanbali Shafilsquoi and Maliki Sunni schools a wali is required inorder for a virginal woman to marry In these schools if a woman has been divorced shebecomes her own guardian and does not need a wali to sign a marriage contract[40]

According to Islam both men and women have rights over each other when they enter into a marriagecontract[41] with the husband serving as protector and supporter of the family most of the time from hismeans[Quran 434 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D43Averse3D34)] This guardianship has two aspects for both partners

The husband is financially responsible for the welfare and maintenance of his wife or wivesand any children they produce to include at a minimum providing a home food and clothingIn return it is the duty of the wife[42] to safeguard the husbands possessions and protect howwealth is spent If the wife has wealth in her own capacity she is not obliged to spend it uponthe husband or children as she can own property and assets in her own right so the husbandhas no right for her property and assets except by her will A pre-marital agreement of thefinancial expectation from the husband is in the mahr given by him to the wife for her exclusiveuse which is included as part of his financial responsibility

Rights and obligations of spouses

Several commentators have stated that the superiority of a husband over his wife is relative and the obedienceof the wife is also restrictive[43]

Elaine Stokey writing in Scars Across Humanity Understanding And Overcoming Violence Against Womensays both the Quran and Hadiths contain passages which present women as the sexual property of men[44]

Women are also reminded that in case the husband is not fulfilling his responsibilities there is no stigma onthem in seeking divorce[Quran 4128 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D43Averse3D128)] The Quran re-emphasizes that justice for the woman includes emotional supportand reminds men that there can be no taking back of the mahr or bridal gifts given to women unless they arefound guilty of sexual immorality [Quran 419 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D43Averse3D19)] In unfortunate cases where the agreement was to postpone payment of themahr some husbands will bully their wives and insist on the return of what he gave her in order to agree to thedissolution of the marriage this is un-Islamic and cruel Where the husband has been abusive or neglectful ofhis responsibilities he does not have the right to take his wifes property in exchange for her freedom fromhim Unfortunately most couples refuse to go to the judge and binding arbitration for these issues even thoughthe Quran says

And if you fear a breach between them then appoint an arbiter from his folk and an arbiter fromher folk If they (the arbiters) desire reconciliation Allah will affect it between them SurelyAllah is All-Knowing All-Aware [Quran 435 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D43Averse3D35)]

Mahr (donatio propter nuptias)[45] differs from a marriage dowry or gift in that it is mandatory for a Muslimmarriage and is paid by the groom to the bride The amount of money or possessions of the mahr is paid by thegroom to the bride at the time of marriage for her exclusive use[46] The mahr does not have to be money butit must have monetary value Therefore it cannot be love honesty being faithful etc which are anywaytraits of righteous people[47] If the marriage contract fails to contain an exact specified mahr the husbandmust still pay the wife a judicially determined sum[48]

Mahr is mentioned several times in the Quran and Hadith and there is no maximum limit to the amount thegroom may pay as mahr[49] but at a minimum it is an amount that would be sufficient for the woman to beable to survive independently if her husband dies or they divorce

With prior mutual agreement the mahr may also be paid in parts to the bride with an amount given by thegroom to the bride at the signing of the marriage contract also called a muqadamm (in Arabic lit forepart presented) and the later portion postponed to a date during the marriage also called a muakhaar(in Arabic lit delayed) Various Romanized transliterations of muqadamm and muakhaar areaccepted Such an agreement does not make the full amount of the mahr any less legally required nor is thehusbands obligation to fulfill the agreement waived or lessened while he fulfills his obligations to reasonablyhouse feed or cloth the wife (and any children produced from the union) during the marriage[50]

Quran [44] You shall give the women their due dowries equitably[47]

Mahr dowry and gifts

Quran [55] Today all good food is made lawful for you The food of the people of the scripture is lawful foryou Also you may marry the chaste women among the believers as well as the chaste women among thefollowers of previous scripture provided you pay them their due dowries You shall maintain chastity notcommitting adultery nor taking secret lovers Anyone who rejects faith all his work will be in vain and in theHereafter he will be with the losers[47]

Quran [6010] O you who believe when believing women (abandon the enemy and) ask for asylum withyou you shall test them GOD is fully aware of their belief Once you establish that they are believers youshall not return them to the disbelievers They are not lawful to remain married to them nor shall thedisbelievers be allowed to marry them Give back the dowries that the disbelievers have paid You commit noerror by marrying them so long as you pay them their due dowries Do not keep disbelieving wives (if theywish to join the enemy) You may ask them for the dowry you had paid and they may ask for what they paidThis is GODs rule He rules among you GOD is Omniscient Most Wise[47]

The Marriage contract is concluded between the wali (guardian) of the bride and the bridegroom andbrideThe wali of the bride can only be a free Muslim The wali of the bride is normally a male relative of thebride preferably her father If the bride is a virgin the wali mujbir that is her father or paternal grandfathercan not force the bride into the marriage against her proclaimed will according to most scholars According toKhomeini[51] and Ali al-Sistani[52] both Shiite scholars (both having the degrees mujtahid and marja) andalso almost all contemporary scholars the marriage is invalid without brides free consent and no obligationcan make marriage official and legal[53][54][55][56][57][58]

The notable example to this is the Hanafi school (the largest of the four classical schools of Islamic thought)which holds that a brides permission is required if she has reached puberty They also hold that if a bride wasforced into marriage before reaching puberty then upon attaining puberty she has the option to nullify themarriage if she wishes A wali other than the father or the paternal grandfather of the bride then called walimukhtar needs the consent of the bride according to the majority of scholars If the bride is silent about theissue ie her wali expressed his intention to marry her off to a certain man and she did not object to it thenconsent is assumed via her lack of objection[59]

Abu Hurayrah reported that the Prophet said A non-virgin woman may not be married without hercommand and a virgin may not be married without her permission and it is permission enough for her is toremain silent (because of her natural shyness) (Al-Bukhari6455 Muslim amp Others)[60][61]

It is reported in a Hadith that Aishah related that she asked the Prophet In the case of a young girl whoseparents marry her off should her permission be sought or not He replied Yes she must give herpermission She then said But a virgin would be shy O Messenger of Allaah He replied Her silence is[considered as] her permission (Al-Bukhari Muslim amp Others)[62]

Children in some Muslim sub-cultures who defy their parents wishes may in practice suffer penaltiessupported by the community International awareness campaigns and organizations such as the UKs ForcedMarriage Unit (httpwwwfcogovukentravel-and-living-abroadwhen-things-go-wrongforced-marriage)have recognized the severity of this human rights issue and their rescue and support services extend beyondthe borders of UK territories Some countries have instituted prison time for parents who try to coerce theirchildren into such unions[63]

Marriage contracts and forced un-consented marriages

International human rights responses

A bride signing the nikahnama (marriagecertificate)

Divorce in Islam can take a variety of forms some initiated by the husband and some initiated by the wife Thetheory and practice of divorce in the Islamic world have varied according to time and place[64] Historicallythe rules of divorce were governed by the Sharia as interpreted by traditional Islamic jurisprudence and theydiffered depending on the legal school[65] Historical practice sometimes diverged from legal theory[65] Inmodern times as personal status (family) laws were codified they generally remained within the orbit ofIslamic law but control over the norms of divorce shifted from traditional jurists to the state[64]

In certain sections of the Jahiliyyah Arab tradition the son could inherit hisdeceased fathers other wives (ie not his own mother) as a wife The Quranprohibited this practice Marriage between people related in some way is subjectto prohibitions based on three kinds of relationship[66] The followingprohibitions are given from the male perspective for brevity the analogouscounterparts apply from the female perspective eg for aunt read uncle TheQuran states

O ye who believe It is not lawful for you to inherit womenforcefully And do not marry women to whom you father has evermarried except what has passed Indeed it was lewdness disbeliefand a bad way Prohibited to you are your mothers your daughtersyour sisters your paternal aunts your maternal aunts brothersdaughters sisters daughters your mothers that are those whosuckled you your sisters from suckling mothers of your womenyour step-daughters in your guardianship from your women youhave entered upon but if you have not entered upon them then thereis no blame on you women of your sons from your loins and thataddition of two sisters (in a wedlock) except what has passedSurely God is Forgiving Merciful

mdash Al-Quran 419ndash23[67]

Seven relations are prohibited because of consanguinity ie kinship or relationship by blood viz mothersdaughters sisters paternal aunts maternal aunts and nieces (whether sisters or brothers daughters) In thiscase no distinction is made between full and half relations both being equally prohibited Distinction ishowever made with step relations ie where both the biological mother and father of a couple wishing tomarry are separate individuals for both parties in which case it is permitted The word mother also connotesthe fathers mother and mothers mother all the way up Likewise the word daughter also includes thesons daughter and daughters daughter all the way down The sister of the maternal grandfather and of thepaternal grandmother (great aunts) are also included on equal basis in the application of the directive[68]

Divorce

Prohibited marriages

Prohibitions based on consanguinity

Prohibitions based on suckling

Marriage to what are sometimes described as foster relations in English are not permitted although the conceptof fosterage is not the same as is implied by the English word The relationship is that formed by sucklingfrom the breast of a wet nurse This is what is meant by fosterage in Islam in the quotation below In Islamthe infant is regarded as having the same degree of affinity to the wet nurse as in consanguinity so when thechild grows up marriage is prohibited to those related to the wet nurse by the same degree as if to the childsown mother

A hadith (reports) confirm that fosterage does not happen by a chance suckling it refers to the first two yearsof a childs life before it is weaned[69][70][71][72] Islahi writes that this relationship is established only withthe full intent of those involved It only comes into being after it is planned and is well thought of[73]

The daughter-in-law is prohibited for the father and the mother-in-law the wifes daughter the wifes sisterand daughters of the wifes siblings (nieces) the maternal and paternal aunts of the wife are all prohibited forthe husband However these are conditional prohibitions

1 Only the daughter of that wife is prohibited with whom one has had conjugal contact2 Only the daughter-in-law of a real son is prohibited3 The sister of a wife her maternal and paternal aunts and her brothers or sisters daughters

(nieces) are only prohibited if the wife is in wedlock with the husband[74]

The Quran states

Do not marry polytheist woman until she believes a slave believing woman is better thanpolytheist women though she allures you Do not marry (your girls) to polytheist man until hebelieves A man slave who believes is better than an polytheist man even though he allures youThey do (but) beckon you to the Fire But God beckons by His Grace to the Garden (of bliss)and forgiveness and makes His Signs clear to mankind so that they may understand

mdash Quran 2221[75]

O ye who believe When there come to you believing women refugees examine (and test) themGod knows best as to their Faith if ye ascertain that they are Believers then send them not backto the Unbelievers They are not lawful wives for the Unbelievers nor are the Unbelievers lawfulhusbands for them

mdash Quran 6010[76]

It is lawful for Muslim men to marry Jewish or Christian women but not a polytheist woman(Quran 55)[77]

Marriage between people of the same sex

Prohibitions based on marriage

Prohibition based on religion

Prohibited marriage partners

Marriage between a man and his sister half-sister foster sister mother stepmother fostermother wifes mother aunt grandmother great aunt great-grandmother etcMarriage between a woman and her father stepfather husbands biological father unclegrandfather great uncle great-grandfather etcMarriage of a man with women who are sisters or stepsisters or foster sisters of each other(except if marrying one who was separated from her husband by divorce or death)Marriage of a man with women who are sisters or stepsisters or even cousins of his mother orfather

According to the Sharia (Law) Muslims are allowed to practice polygyny According to the Quran a manmay have up to four legal wives only if there is a fear of being unjust to non-married orphan girls Even thenthe husband is required to treat all wives equally If a man fears that he will not be able to meet theseconditions then he is not allowed more than one wife

If he fears that he shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans marry women of your choicetwo or three or four but if he fear that he shall not be able to deal justly (with them) then onlyone or that which your right hands possess That will be more suitable to prevent you fromdoing injustice

mdash Quran 43[78] Yusuf Alis translation

A bride-to-be may include terms in her marriage contract that require monogamy for her husband or requireher consent before he marries another wife Polyandry is forbidden A woman cannot have more than onehusband at a time

Sororal polygyny is forbidden A man cannot marry

two sistersa woman and a descendant of her siblinga woman and sibling of her ancestor

A woman cannot marry after divorce or death of her husband for a certain period This period is known asiddah

A divorcee cannot marry for three menstrual cycles after divorceA divorcee who has no courses cannot marry for three monthsA pregnant woman cannot marry until laying her burdenA widow cannot remarry for four months and ten days

Polygamy

Sororal polygyny

Iddah

Modern implementations

In todays world Muslims practice Islamic marital laws in a multitude of ways all over the globe In the UnitedStates for example 95 of Muslim American couples included in a 2012 study by the Institute for SocialPolicy and Understanding had completed both the Nikkah and had obtained a civil marriage license which isrequired to have a marriage legally recognized in the United States[79] The study also shares that ldquoIn somecases the Islamic marriage contract is completed once the couple has decided to get married but cohabitationoccurs later after the wedding reception In other cases the Islamic marriage contract is completedsimultaneously with the civil marriage and is followed immediately by the wedding receptionrdquo[80]

There is ongoing debate about whether or not Sharia should be recognized in western countries like the UnitedStates and Australia that would allow for the Nikkah to be recognized as a legally valid marriage[81][82] Thereare also other elements to the Islamic marriage rituals that have difficulty being acknowledged in courtsaccording to the study including the Mahr or the dowry Women who are denied their dowry do not have aclear path to legal contestation in either the US or Canada[79]

Studies have also shown that even young Muslim Americans who might describe themselves as not veryreligious embrace the rituals of their faith at important moments of transition ndash birth death and marriage Theseoccasions motivate reaffirmation of emotional and behavioral touchstones even for those who do not practicetheir faith by attending mosque praying or fasting regularly[83]

When it comes to divorce the 2014 study conducted by the Institute for Social Policy and Understandingstates that Two divorce rates commonly cited for American Muslims include 3233 and 213respectively[84] Within the United States and Canada many Muslim couples interviewed in the studymention that they value a religious divorce and its proceedings[85] Some turn to religious figures to help themnavigate the divorce process while many still go through the courts to terminate the civil marriage[85]

Divorced Muslim women today also face the stigmas associated with being divorced within the NorthAmerican Muslim community that can make it difficult for them seek remarriage[86]

Gender roles and ideas about marriage have also shifted since the early onset of Islam when many of the rulesaround marriage were established ISPU reports that the most frequent source of marital conflict in this studywas conflict over changing gender roles and expectations[87] citing a nation-wide increase in women inhigher education and professional jobs over the past three decades and ldquoIn many cases are trying to integratechildrearing and family life with professional goalsrdquo[87]

In March 2017 Salamet Memetimin an ethnic Uyghur and the communist party secretary for Chakatownshiprsquos Bekchan village in Qira County Hotan Prefecture Xinjiang China was relieved of her duties fortaking her nikah marriage vows at her home[88]

Beena marriage a Jahiliyyah form of marriageIslamic adoptional jurisprudenceIslamic marital jurisprudenceIslamic marital practicesIslamic sexual jurisprudenceKafaah compatibility of prospective spousesMa malakat aymanukumMinangkabau marriage marriage practices of West Sumatra IndonesiaNafaqah expense financial obligations of the husbandNikah halala the marriage of a woman to a second man after a triple talaq (divorce)Nikah Ijtimah a Jahiliyyah form of marriage

See also

Nikah Misyar a marriage practice in Sunni Islam

Nikah mutʿah or Zawāj mutʿah pleasure marriage a fixed-term marriage in Shiite Islamalso known as sigeh or sigheh in IranNikah urfi a customary Sunni Muslim marriage contractPolygamy in IslamRada (fiqh) prohibited marriage due to fosterage (Islamic) or sucklingWalima a marriage banquet offered by the groom the day after the signing of the marriagecontractWives of MuhammadWomen in Islam

1 Archived copy (httpsnikah101comgetting_marriedhtml) Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20181004225955httpsnikah101comgetting_marriedhtml) from the original on 2018-10-04 Retrieved 2018-10-04

2 Wehr Hans Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic a compact version of theinternationally recognized fourth edition (httpejtaalnetaahw4=1058ll=2783ls=38la=4127sg=968ha=718pr=145vi=350mgf=779mr=647mn=1306aan=617kz=2459ulq=1576uqa=389uqw=1523umr=1012ums=848umj=778uqq=365bdw=829amr=594asb=911auh=1501dhq=525mht=842msb=221tla=92amj=766ens=287mis=2024br=890) Ed JM Cowan NewYork Spoken Language Services Inc 1994 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20170619052549httpejtaalnetaahw4=1058ll=2783ls=38la=4127sg=968ha=718pr=145vi=350mgf=779mr=647mn=1306aan=617kz=2459ulq=1576uqa=389uqw=1523umr=1012ums=848umj=778uqq=365bdw=829amr=594asb=911auh=1501dhq=525mht=842msb=221tla=92amj=766ens=287mis=2024br=890hw4=1058ll=2783ls=38la=4127sg=968ha=718pr=145vi=350mgf=779mr=647mn=1306aan=617kz=2459ulq=1576uqa=389uqw=1523umr=1012ums=848umj=778uqq=365bdw=829amr=594asb=911auh=1501dhq=525mht=842msb=221tla=92amj=766ens=287mis=2024br=890) 2017-06-19 at the Wayback Machine Print

3 Berg H Method and theory in the study of Islamic origins (httpsbooksgooglecombooksid=SxPyHsFzNMICamppg=PA165ampdq=Mutahamphl=enampsa=Xampei=TOtbUaCjLMjOrQeZ6IHwAwampved=0CDcQ6AEwAgv=snippetampq=Mutah20of20marriageampf=false) Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20160509211138httpsbooksgooglecombooksid=SxPyHsFzNMICamppg=PA165ampdq=Mutahamphl=enampsa=Xampei=TOtbUaCjLMjOrQeZ6IHwAwampved=0CDcQ6AEwAgv=snippetampq=Mutah20of20marriageampf=falsev=snippetampq=Mutah20of20marriageampf=false) 2016-05-09 at the Wayback Machine Brill 2003 ISBN 9004126023 9789004126022 Accessed atGoogle Books 15 March 2014

4 Hughes T A Dictionary of Islam (httpsbooksgooglecombooksid=O84eYLVHvB0Camppg=PA424ampdq=Mutahamphl=enampsa=Xampei=TOtbUaCjLMjOrQeZ6IHwAwampved=0CFkQ6AEwCQv=onepageampq=Mutahampf=false) Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20160423230922httpsbooksgooglecombooksid=O84eYLVHvB0Camppg=PA424ampdq=Mutahamphl=enampsa=Xampei=TOtbUaCjLMjOrQeZ6IHwAwampved=0CFkQ6AEwCQv=onepageampq=Mutahampf=falsev=onepageampq=Mutahampf=false) 2016-04-23 at the Wayback Machine Asian Educational Services 1 December1995 Accessed 15 April 2014

5 Pohl F Muslim world modern Muslim societies (httpsbooksgooglecombooksid=n4Eye4ilLVkCamppg=PA50ampdq=Mutahamphl=enampsa=Xampei=l0VdUeCnM4ajiAfXnoCgCQampved=0CDMQ6AEwATgUv=onepageampq=Mutahampf=false) Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20160624115230httpsbooksgooglecombooksid=n4Eye4ilLVkCamppg=PA50ampdq=Mutahamphl=enampsa=Xampei=l0VdUeCnM4ajiAfXnoCgCQampved=0CDMQ6AEwATgUv=onepageampq=Mutahampf=falsev=onepageampq=Mutahampf=false) 2016-06-24 at the Wayback Machine Marshall Cavendish 2010ISBN 0761479279 1780761479277 pp 47ndash53

References

6 Misyar now a widespread reality (httpswebarchiveorgweb20170218025556httpwwwarabnewscomsaudi-arabianews642991) Arab News Archived from the original (httpwwwarabnewscomsaudi-arabianews642991) on 2017 In a misyar marriage the woman waivessome of the rights she would enjoy in a normal marriage Most misyar brides dont change theirresidences but pursue marriage on a visitation basis

7 Elhadj Elie (2006) The Islamic Shield Arab Resistance to Democratic and Religious ReformsUniversal Publishers p 51 ISBN 978-1599424118

8 Misyar Marriage Al-Raida Beirut University College Institute for Womens Studies in theArab World (92ndash99) 58 2001

9 Schacht J Layish A Shaham R Ansari Ghaus Otto J M Pompe S Knappert J BoydJean (2012) Nikāḥ In Bearman P Bianquis Th Bosworth C E van Donzel E HeinrichsW P (eds) Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed) Brill doi1011631573-3912_islam_COM_0863(httpsdoiorg1011632F1573-3912_islam_COM_0863)

10 al-Hibri Azizah Y Mubarak Hadia (2009) Marriage and Divorce (httpoxfordislamicstudiescomarticleoprt236e0507) In Esposito John L (ed) The Oxford Encyclopedia of the IslamicWorld Oxford Oxford University Press Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20160326090920httpoxfordislamicstudiescomarticleoprt236e0507) from the original on 2016-03-26Retrieved 2019-02-06

11 Vincent J Cornell (2007) Voices of life family home and society p 59ndash60 (Marriage in Islamby Nargis Virani)

12 Hans Wehr J Milton Cowan (1976) A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (3rd ed) SpokenLanguage Services p 997

13 Birjas Yaser How Intimate Can a Couple be Post-Nikkah but Pre-Marriage (httpsmuslimmattersorg20200322podcast-how-intimate-can-a-couple-be-post-nikkah-but-pre-marriage-yaser-birjas) Muslim Matters Retrieved 15 April 2020

14 Shah N (2006) Women The Koran and International Human Rights Law Martinus NijhoffPublishers p 32 ISBN 90-04-15237-7

15 Ahmed Leila (1992) Women and Gender in Islam New Haven amp London Yale UniversityPress pp 76ndash77

16 Esposito John (2002) What Everyone Needs To Know About Islam Oxford Press p 8017 Islams Women - Introduction to Marriage in Islam (httpwwwislamswomencommarriageintr

o_to_marriagephp) islamswomencom Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20151125103005httpislamswomencommarriageintro_to_marriagephp) from the original on 2015-11-25Retrieved 22 September 2015

18 Khadduri (1978)19 Esposito (2005) p 7920 Esposito (2004) p 33921 Sunan Ibn Majah raquo The Chapters on Marriage (httpssunnahcomurn1261680) Archived (http

swebarchiveorgweb20180803195742httpssunnahcomurn1261680) 2018-08-03 at theWayback Machine accessed 22 May 2018

22 Chapter Seeking permission of a previously-married woman in words and of a virgin bysilence (httpsunnahcommuslim1680) Hadith - The Book of Marriage - Sahih Muslimsunnahcom Retrieved 22 September 2015

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63Asura3D243Averse3D32)

27 Same Sex Marriage and Marriage in Islam (httpwwwirfiorgarticlesarticles_151_200same_sex_marriage_and_marriage_ihtm) irfiorg Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20150924040208httpwwwirfiorgarticlesarticles_151_200same_sex_marriage_and_marriage_ihtm)from the original on 2015-09-24 Retrieved 22 September 2015

28 Introduction to Islam by Dr Muhammed Hamidullah29 Quran 243 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A200202000

63Asura3D243Averse3D3)30 Abu Darsquoud Sunan vol 2 227 (nos 2051 (httpsunnahcomabudawud126) Archived (https

webarchiveorgweb20140709115409httpsunnahcomabudawud126) 2014-07-09 at theWayback Machine-2052 (httpsunnahcomabudawud127) Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20140709120305httpsunnahcomabudawud127) 2014-07-09 at the WaybackMachine)

31 Quran 2221 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D23Averse3D221)

32 Quran 6010 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D603Averse3D10)

33 Fatwa by Dr Abou El Fadl On Christian Men marrying Muslim Women (httpwwwscholarofthehouseorgoninmahtml) Scholar of the House Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20150923060236httpwwwscholarofthehouseorgoninmahtml) from the original on 2015-09-23Retrieved 22 September 2015

34 (PDF) Ethical Principles ndash Scottish Committee for Interreligious Dialogue (httpinterreligiousdialogueweeblycomuploads79157915856when_two_faiths__meetpdf) (PDF) Archived(httpswebarchiveorgweb20131029212441httpinterreligiousdialogueweeblycomuploads79157915856when_two_faiths__meetpdf) (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-29Retrieved 2013-08-22

35 Hadith - Book of Tricks - Sahih al-Bukhari (httpsunnahcombukhari9015) sunnahcomArchived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20150730031456httpsunnahcombukhari9015) fromthe original on 2015-07-30 Retrieved 22 September 2015

36 Muslim Al-Jami al-sahih 596 (no 3476)37 Ilyas Aleena (3 Mar 2020) A Virgin Bride in Islam (httpsnikahforevercombloga-virgin-brid

e-in-islam) nikahforever Retrieved 12 Jul 202038 Al-Bukhari Al-Jamilsquo al-sahih 919 (no 5138) (httpsunnahcombukhari6774) Archived (http

swebarchiveorgweb20140528005710httpsunnahcombukhari6774) 2014-05-28 at theWayback Machine

39 Honour killings un-Islamic fatwa declares in wake of Shafia trial (httpswwwtheglobeandmailcomnewsnationalhonour-killings-un-islamic-fatwa-declares-in-wake-of-shafia-trialarticle2326829) The Globe and Mail Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20160304081003httpwwwtheglobeandmailcomnewsnationalhonour-killings-un-islamic-fatwa-declares-in-wake-of-shafia-trialarticle2326829) from the original on 2016-03-04 Retrieved 22 September 2015

40 Saifuddin Ebrahim Marriage without Wali (httpwwwpeopleofsunnahcomindexphpoption=com_contentampview=articleampid=62ampItemid=71) People of Sunnah People of SunnahArchived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20160814061501httpwwwpeopleofsunnahcomindexphpoption=com_contentampview=articleampid=62ampItemid=71) from the original on 2016-08-14Retrieved 29 July 2016

41 Quran 2228 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D23Averse3D228)

42 Keddie Nikki (1992) Women in Middle Eastern History Shifting Boundaries in Sex andGender (httpsbooksgooglecombooksid=FoS-xz192Z4Camppg=PP2ampdq=Women+in+Middle+Eastern+History+Shifting+Boundaries+in+Sex+and+Genderv=onepage) Yale UniversityPress p 8 ISBN 0300157460 Retrieved 20 April 2020

43 Amin Ahsan Islahi Tadabbur-i Quran vol 2 291ndash292

44 Stokey Elaine (2015) Scars Across Humanity Understanding And Overcoming ViolenceAgainst Women (httpsbooksgooglecombooksid=WMRlCwAAQBAJ)ISBN 9780281075096 Retrieved 21 April 2020

45 Donatio Propter Nuptias (httplegaldictionarylawinorgdonatio-propter-nuptias) lawinorgArchived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20150923064836httplegaldictionarylawinorgdonatio-propter-nuptias) from the original on 2015-09-23 Retrieved 22 September 2015

46 Kecia Ali Marriage in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence A Survey of Doctrines in The IslamicMarriage Contract Case Studies in Islamic Family Law 11 19 (Asifa Quraishi amp Frank E Vogeleds 2008)

47 Dowry for Marriage in Quran Submission (Islam) (httpwwwmasjidtucsonorgsubmissionperspectivesmorefamilymarriagedowryhtml) masjidtucsonorg Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20160305014959httpwwwmasjidtucsonorgsubmissionperspectivesmorefamilymarriagedowryhtml) from the original on 2016-03-05 Retrieved 22 September 2015

48 PEARL amp MENSKI supra note 11 para 7ndash16 at 18049 Islams Women - Fiqh of Marriage - Dowry (httpwwwislamswomencommarriagefiqh_of_m

arriage_6php) islamswomencom Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20150914214940httpwwwislamswomencommarriagefiqh_of_marriage_6php) from the original on 2015-09-14Retrieved 22 September 2015

50 (PDF) The Islamic Institution of Mahr and American Law (httpwwwlawgonzagaeduacademic-programFilesGJILVolume4Vol4-TheIslamicInstitutionpdf) by Richard Freeland GonzagaUniversity

51 Risalah-ye Towzihul Masaael-e Imam Khomeini (Persian and Arabic) Title translation ImamKhomeinis Islamic Laws Explanation Book Niloofaraaneh Publications With the cooperationof Mosol Gorgan and Ebadorrahmaan Publications 18th print 2011 ISBN 964-7760-28-0Bibliographical data (httpswwwadinehbookcomgpproduct9647760280ref=sr_1_1000_1)Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20170302030653httpswwwadinehbookcomgpproduct9647760280ref=sr_1_1000_1) 2017-03-02 at the Wayback MachinePages 375 amp 376Marriage Contract Requirements and Conditions Question No 2370 Translation Marriagecontract and marriage agreement have several requirements First Fifth Woman and man[must] be content to the marriage and must be willing for it but if the woman in appearance(apparently) gives permission reluctantly and it is obvious and known that she is content to themarriage inly (= in heart) the contract and agreement are valid

52 httpwwwsistaniorgenglishbook48 See marriage links in the table of contents Permanentversion (httpswebarchiveorgweb20161205145309httpwwwsistaniorgenglishbook48)

53 Resaaleye Daneshjouyi Porsesh-ha va Pasokh-ha Motaabeghe Nazar-e 10 Tan az MaraajeeEzaam

Maaaref Publication

Students Risalah Questions and Answers Compatible with the Fatwa of Ten People ofMarjas ISBN 978-964-531-307-2

54 httpwwwislamawarenessnetMarriagemarriage_article001html Permanent archived link (httpswebarchiveorgweb20160725110919httpwwwislamawarenessnetMarriagemarriage_article001html)

55 httpwwwislamhelplinenetnode7611 Permalink (httpswwwwebcitationorg6odzlfi1surl=httpwwwislamhelplinenetnode7611)

56 httpsworksbepresscomolanikeodewale1download Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20170105235428httpsworksbepresscomolanikeodewale1download) 2017-01-05 at theWayback Machine Permalink (httpsarchiveorgdetailsRequirements_of_a_Valid_Marriage_in_Islam)

57 httpswwwsoundvisioncomarticlean-nikah-the-marriage-covenant Permalink (httpswwwwebcitationorg6odyli3Waurl=httpswwwsoundvisioncomarticlean-nikah-the-marriage-covenant)

58 Marriage (Part I of II) | Islamic Laws | Books on Islam and Muslims | Al-Islamorg (httpswwwal-islamorgislamic-laws-ayatullah-ali-al-husayni-al-sistanimarriage-part-i-ii) Permalink (httpswwwwebcitationorg6odyvs2KBurl=httpswwwal-islamorgislamic-laws-ayatullah-ali-al-husayni-al-sistanimarriage-part-i-ii)

59 Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Leiden 1995 tome 8 page 27 b article Nikāḥ The walican only give the bride in marriage with her consent but in the case of a virgin silent consent issufficient The father or the grandfather however has the right to marry his daughter orgranddaughter against her will as long as she is a virgin (he is therefore called wali mudjbirwali with power to coercion) the exercise of this power is however very strictly regulated in theinterests of the bride

60 Sahih Muslim 16The Book of Marriage Hadith 80 1421 c In-book reference (httpssunnahcommuslim1680) Sunnahcom Retrieved 13 November 2019

61 Abu Amina Elias Hadith on Marriage Wife must consent to her marriage (httpsabuaminaeliascomdailyhadithonline20120915wife-consent-nikah) Abu Amina Elias Retrieved13 November 2019

62 Sahih Bukhari Marriage in Islam (httpwwwsahih-bukharicomPagesBukhari_7_62php)sahih-bukharicom Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20150206084650httpsahih-bukharicomPagesBukhari_7_62php) from the original on 2015-02-06 Retrieved 20 February 2015

63 MP acts against forced marriage (httpwwwstuffconzdominion-postnewspolitics7941539MP-acts-against-forced-marriage) Stuff Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20150924142343httpwwwstuffconzdominion-postnewspolitics7941539MP-acts-against-forced-marriage)from the original on 2015-09-24 Retrieved 22 September 2015

64 Maaike Voorhoeve (2013) Divorce Modern Practice (httpwwwoxfordreferencecomview101093acrefoiso97801997644640010001acref-9780199764464-e-0108) The OxfordEncyclopedia of Islam and Women Oxford Oxford University Pressdoi101093acrefoiso97801997644640010001 (httpsdoiorg1010932Facref3Aoiso2F97801997644640010001) ISBN 9780199764464 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20170204102020httpwwwoxfordreferencecomview101093acrefoiso97801997644640010001acref-9780199764464-e-0108) from the original on 2017-02-04 Retrieved 2017-02-16

65 Maaike Voorhoeve (2013) Divorce Historical Practice (httpwwwoxfordreferencecomview101093acrefoiso97801997644640010001acref-9780199764464-e-0108) The OxfordEncyclopedia of Islam and Women Oxford Oxford University Pressdoi101093acrefoiso97801997644640010001 (httpsdoiorg1010932Facref3Aoiso2F97801997644640010001) ISBN 9780199764464 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20170204102020httpwwwoxfordreferencecomview101093acrefoiso97801997644640010001acref-9780199764464-e-0108) from the original on 2017-02-04 Retrieved 2017-02-16

66 Quran 422 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D43Averse3D22)

67 Quran 4822ndash29 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200063Asura3D483Averse3D22)

68 Ghamidi Javed Ahmad Mizan A Comprehensive Introduction to Islam Lahore Al-Mawrid69 Muslim Al-Jamilsquo al-sahih 616 (no 3590)70 Al-Bukhari Al-Jamilsquo al-sahih 912 (no 5102)71 Muslim Al-Jamilsquo al-sahih 619 (no 3606)72 Every relationship which is prohibited (for marriage) owing to consanguinity is also prohibited

owing to fosterage Malik ibn Anas Al-Mursquoatta 395-396 (no 1887)73 Amin Ahsan Islahi Tadabbur-i Qurrsquoan vol 2 27574 Malik ibn Anas Al-Mursquoattarsquo 341 (no 1600)75 Quran 2221 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A200202000

43Asura3D23Averse3D221) (Translated by Yusuf Ali)

76 Quran 6010 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200043Asura3D603Averse3D10) (Translated by Yusuf Ali)

77 Quran 55 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200043Asura3D53Averse3D5) (Translated by Yusuf Ali)

78 Quran 43 (httpwwwperseustuftseduhoppertextdoc=Perseus3Atext3A20020200043Asura3D43Averse3D3) (Translated by Yusuf Ali)

79 Macfarlane Julie (January 2012) Understanding trends in american mUslim divorce andmarriage A Discussion Guide for Families and Communities (httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU-Report_Marriage-II_Macfarlane_WEBpdf) (PDF) The Institute forSocial Policy and Understanding p 11 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20180314174206httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU-Report_Marriage-II_Macfarlane_WEBpdf) (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-14 Retrieved February 13 2018

80 Macfarelane Julie (January 2012) Understanding trends in American Muslim divorce andmarriage A Discussion Guide for Families and Communities (httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU-Report_Marriage-II_Macfarlane_WEBpdf) (PDF) The Institute forSocial Policy and Understanding p 11 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20180314174206httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU-Report_Marriage-II_Macfarlane_WEBpdf) (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-14 Retrieved February 13 2018

81 Smith David (2018-03-03) Are you concerned by sharia law Trump canvasses supportersfor 2020 (httpswwwtheguardiancomus-news2018mar03trump-campaign-survey-sharia-law-russia-2020) the Guardian Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20180313212311httpswwwtheguardiancomus-news2018mar03trump-campaign-survey-sharia-law-russia-2020)from the original on 2018-03-13 Retrieved 2018-03-14

82 Macfarlane Julie (January 2012) Understanding trends in American Muslim divorce andmarriage A Discussion Guide for Families and Communities (httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU-Report_Marriage-II_Macfarlane_WEBpdf) (PDF) The Institute forSocial Policy and Understanding p 6 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20180314174206httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU-Report_Marriage-II_Macfarlane_WEBpdf) (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-14 Retrieved January 13 2018

83 Killawi Amal Daneshpour Manijeh Elmi Arij Dadras Iman Hamid Hamada (June 2014)Recommendations for Promoting Healthy Marriages amp Preventing Divorce in the AmericanMuslim Community (httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU_Promoting_Healthy_Marriages_and_Preventing_Divorce_in_the_American_Muslim_Communitypdf) (PDF) TheInstitute for Social Policy and Understanding The Institute for Social Policy andUnderstanding p 11 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20161009182759httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU_Promoting_Healthy_Marriages_and_Preventing_Divorce_in_the_American_Muslim_Communitypdf) (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-09Retrieved February 13 2018

84 Killawi Amal Daneshpour Manijeh Elmi Arij Dadras Iman Hamid Hamada (June 2014)Recommendations for Promoting Healthy Marriages amp Preventing Divorce in the AmericanMuslim Community (httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU_Promoting_Healthy_Marriages_and_Preventing_Divorce_in_the_American_Muslim_Communitypdf) (PDF) TheInstitute for Social Policy and Understanding p 7 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20161009182759httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU_Promoting_Healthy_Marriages_and_Preventing_Divorce_in_the_American_Muslim_Communitypdf) (PDF) from theoriginal on 2016-10-09 Retrieved February 13 2018

85 Macfarlane Julie (January 2012) Understanding trends in American Muslim divorce andmarriage A Discussion Guide for Families and Communities (httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU-Report_Marriage-II_Macfarlane_WEBpdf) (PDF) The Institute forSocial Policy and Understanding p 33 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20180314174206httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU-Report_Marriage-II_Macfarlane_WEBpdf) (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-14 Retrieved February 13 2018

Chapman Aliya R Cattaneo Lauren Bennett (2013) American Muslim Marital Quality APreliminary Investigation (httpsquodlibumichedujjmmh103816070007201--american-muslim-marital-quality-a-preliminary-investigationrgn=mainview=fulltext) Journal of MuslimMental Health University of Michigan doi103998jmmh103816070007201 (httpsdoiorg1039982Fjmmh103816070007201)

[httpswwwislamreligionguardiancomchild-marriage-in-islam Child Marriage In Islam(PDF) E-Book Marriage - A form of Ibada (httpwwwislamicbulletinorgfree_downloadsmarriagemarriage_a_form_of_iIbadahpdf)Nikah in Islamic Law (httpwwwreligiousrulescomIslamwomen00tablehtm) Marriage in theQurrsquoan hadith and Islamic jurisprudenceNikah in Islam (httpsnikahcommarriage) Marriage in Islam in light of Sunnah and Hadith[httpswwwislamreligionguardiancomrelationship-of-a-marriage Relationship Of A MarriageFiqh of the family (httpswwwislamqainfoencat343) on IslamQAinfo - a subject-wisecomplete guideline for Islamic marriage and marital lifeThe marriage process in Islam (httpwwwicnaorghadiths-the-marriage-process-in-islam) onICNA website[httpswwwislamreligionguardiancomuk-court-ruling-on-islamic-marriages-divides-muslimsUK Court Ruling On Islamic Marriages Divides Muslims

86 Killawi Amal Daneshpour Manijeh Elmi Arij Dadras Iman Hamid Hamada (June 2014)Recommendations for Promoting Healthy Marriages amp Preventing Divorce in the AmericanMuslim Community (httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU_Promoting_Healthy_Marriages_and_Preventing_Divorce_in_the_American_Muslim_Communitypdf) (PDF) TheInstitute for Social Policy and Understanding pp 9ndash10 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20161009182759httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU_Promoting_Healthy_Marriages_and_Preventing_Divorce_in_the_American_Muslim_Communitypdf) (PDF) from theoriginal on 2016-10-09 Retrieved February 13 2018

87 Macfarlane Julie (January 2012) Understanding trends in American Muslim divorce andmarriage A Discussion Guide for Families and Communities (httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU-Report_Marriage-II_Macfarlane_WEBpdf) (PDF) The Institute forSocial Policy and Understanding p 40 Archived (httpswebarchiveorgweb20180314174206httpwwwispuorgwp-contentuploads201608ISPU-Report_Marriage-II_Macfarlane_WEBpdf) (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-14 Retrieved February 13 2018

88 No Sign of Kazakh Imam Scheduled For Release From Prison in July (httpswwwrfaorgenglishnewschinakazakh-imam-08092017121527html) Radio Free Asia 9 August 2017Retrieved 16 December 2019 In March Xinjiang authorities fired an ethnic Uyghur official forholding her wedding ceremony at home according to Islamic traditions instead of at agovernment-sanctioned venue Salamet Memetimin the communist party secretary for Chakatownshiprsquos Bekchan village in Hotan (in Chinese Hetian) prefecturersquos Chira (Cele) countywas among 97 officials recently charged with disciplinary violations according to an April 10report by the state-run Hotan Daily newspaper Local residents said the woman was relieved ofher duties for taking her nikah marriage vows in her own home I think this may be a localpolicy unique to Xinjiang the source said You have to first apply for a marriage certificateand then carry out the Islamic practice of nikah The imams arent allowed to perform nikah ifthere is no marriage certificate or they will be sent to prison

Further reading

External links

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