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Beispielbild MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks Hans-Christian Halfbrodt Advisor: Pardeep Kumar Proseminar Technische Informatik WS09/10 Freie Universität Berlin

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Page 1: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

Beispielbild

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Hans-Christian Halfbrodt

Advisor: Pardeep Kumar

Proseminar Technische Informatik WS09/10

Freie Universität Berlin

Page 2: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

2FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Contents

Introduction

Protocol Presentation

Compairsion

Conclusion

Referencies

Page 3: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

3FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Use cases

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Page 4: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

4FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks

- Very small units

- Sensor, processor, memory and wireless device on one microchip

- Battery used for power supply

- Typically there are periodically short messages send

- Energy consumption dominated by the radio transmissions

→ Most time spend sleeping with periodically wakeup

Page 5: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

5FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Why not simply use IEEE 802.11 (WLAN)

WLAN:

- Optimized for high speed transmission:

(maximized throughput, very low Latency, high availability)

- Idle listening for reliability

Wireless Sensor Network:

- Optimized for energy saving

- Different structure, short messages expected,

media less frequently used, sleeping schedules energy saving

Page 6: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

6FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

S-MAC

- Ad-Hoc (multi hop)

- Synchronized wakeup (sync via broadcast)

- Virtual carrier sense, virtual clusters, neighbour detection

- Fragmentation support

- Randomized carrier sense time for starvation avoidance

- Adaptive Listening

Page 7: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

7FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

B-MAC

- Ad-Hoc (multi hop)

- Keep it simple

- Low power listening (randomized time added), asynchronous wakeup

- Clear channel assessment

- By default no acknowledgements, no fragmentation

- Configurable by higher layers for application requirements

Page 8: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

8FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

WiseMAC

- Infrastructure network

- Central access point with connection to other network

- Access point has „unlimited“ energy → Idle listen possible

- Asynchronous

- Table with wakeup schedules

Page 9: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

9FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

X-MAC

- Ad-Hoc (multi hop)

- Based on B-MAC

- Strobed announcements including destination address

- Two senders → same target: one announcement + both messages

Page 10: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

10FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

IEEE 802.15.4

- Peer-to-peer and star topology possible

- Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)

- Collision avoidance (CA)

- Full and reduced function nodes

Page 11: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

11FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

S-MAC and B-MAC

Test implementation of both with a 20 nodes network

S-MAC:

- Low Latency with adaptive Listening

- Sync overhead increases with data rate

B-MAC:

- Small implementation

- With default configuration faster than S-MAC

- Uses less energy than S-MAC

Page 12: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

12FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Advantages of X-MAC

- Less overhearing of preamble communication

- Shorter announce time

Page 13: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

13FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

X-MAC and WiseMAC

WiseMAC:

- Based on IEEE 802.15.4

- Overhearing minimized

- No message forwarding by nodes

- Minimized listen / transmission time

X-MAC:

- Self configuring (no central instance)

- Ad-Hoc protocol with low overhearing rate

Page 14: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

14FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Conclusion

- X-MAC and WiseMAC seem to be efficient solutions

- Still optimization possible

- Processor and sensor sleep (better) combined with network sleep

schedules

- Tests of MAC protocols for large networks missing

Page 15: MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks · MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks References W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive

15FU-Berlin, Proseminar Technische Informatik, WS 09/10

MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

References

W. Ye, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 12, no. 3, June 2004

A. El-Hoiydi and J.-D. Decotingie, “WiseMAC: An Ultra Low Power MAC Protocol for the Downlink of Infrastructure Wireless Sensor Networks“, CSEM, Swiss Center of Electronics and Microtechnology, Inc., 2007

J. Polastre, J. Hill and D. Culler, “Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks”, SenSys'04, ACM 1-58113-879-2/04/0011, November 3-5, 2004

M. Buettner, G. Yee, E. Anderson and R. Han,“X-MAC: A Short Preamble MAC Protocol For Duty-Circled Wireless Sensor Networks”, Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO [USA], May 2006