GENERATING STATIONSGENERATING STATIONS

LMF PSLMF PS

3/6/20113/6/2011

GENERATING STATIONSGENERATING STATIONSGENERATING STATIONSGENERATING STATIONS

Thermal Power StationThermal Power Station Hydro Power Station

N l P St ti Nuclear Power Station Diesel Power Station Gas Power Station Combine cycle Power StationCombine cycle Power Station

3/6/20113/6/2011

Electricity GenerationElectricity GenerationElectricity GenerationElectricity Generation

Other Waste

Municipal Solid Waste and Landfill Gas

0.6%WoodNuclear

20%

Hydroelectric7.2%Natural Gas

16%

Wind0.1%

0.1%0.6%Wood

1.0%

Petroleum2.9%

Solar0.02%

Other Gas and G th l

Other2.6%

Coal52%

Waste Heat0.4%

Geothermal0.4%

3/6/20113/6/2011

THERMAL POWER STATIONTHERMAL POWER STATIONTHERMAL POWER STATIONTHERMAL POWER STATION

Def : A generating station which convertsDef : A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion in electrical energyelectrical energy.

3/6/20113/6/2011

Thermal Power PlantThermal Power PlantThermal Power Plant Thermal Power Plant

1) The fuel (pulverized coal, atomized oil or gas) is mixed with pre-heated air and injected into the boiler, where the high temperature ignites the fuelignites the fuel.

2) The fuel burning produces ashes and sulfur dioxide. The ashes are filtered out from the exhaust and washed away by water. The

lf di id i h d b bb P f l h t fsulfur dioxide is washed by scrubbers. Powerful exhaust fans drives the smoke out to the atmosphere through the stack.

3) Pre-heated water is pumped through the tubes covering the boiler ) p p g gwalls. The high heat evaporates the water and generates steam, which is collected in the steam drum.

3/6/20113/6/2011

Thermal Power PlantThermal Power PlantThermal Power Plant Thermal Power Plant

4) The high pressure steam drives the turbine, which has a high pressure and a low pressure stage. For some turbines the steam is re-heated between these two stages.

5) The water-cooled condenser condenses the steam into water. The water is pumped back to the boiler.

6) B th th i d th t h t d t i ffi i6) Both, the air and the water are preheated to increase efficiency.

7) The turbine drives the generator which produces electricity.

3/6/20113/6/2011

Main Components of TPSMain Components of TPSMain Components of TPSMain Components of TPS

Coal & Ash handling plantg p Steam generating plant

Boiler Superheater Economiser

Air preheater Air-preheater Steam turbine Feed waterFeed water Cooling arrangement Electrical apparatus

3/6/20113/6/2011

Electrical apparatus

Choice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site Selection

Availability of WaterAvailability of Water Supply of fuel

T t ti f iliti Transportation facilities Nature & cost of land Distance of populated area Near by load centersNear by load centers

3/6/20113/6/2011

EfficiencyEfficiencyEfficiencyEfficiency

Thermal EfficiencyThermal Efficiency Electrical Efficiency

O ll Effi i Overall Efficiency

3/6/20113/6/2011

Heat equivalent to Mech. EnergyHeat equivalent to Mech. Energy produced at Turbine shaft

THERMAL EFFICIENCY = ---------------------------------------------Heat equivalent to coal combustion

Heat equivalent to Elect. Energy produced at generator terminals

ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCYELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY = ---------------------------------------------Heat equivalent to Mech. Energy

produced at Turbine shaft

Heat equivalent to Elect. Energy produced at generator terminals

OVERALL EFFICIENCY = ---------------------------------------------OVERALL EFFICIENCY = Heat equivalent to coal combustion

OVERALL EFFICIENCY = THERMAL EFFI. * ELECTRICAL EFFI.

3/6/20113/6/2011

Steam turbine and electric Steam turbine and electric generator with excitergenerator with exciter

3/6/20113/6/2011

Flow diagram of a steam boilergHigh-

PressureTurbine

Low-PressureTurbine

Superheater

Exhaust

Feedwater

Electrical Power

SteamDrum

WaterWalls

Generator

Reheater

Exhaust

Burner Feedwaterpump

SteamCondenser

FlueIn

sula

ted

tube

Dow

ncom

ers

pump

Fresh Cooling Water

Fluegas

stack

Induceddraft fan

EconomizerWater heater

Header

Fuel

Air

Ash handling

FuelFuel

pump

Air

Forced

Airheater

Air

SO2 ScrubberPrecipitatorFabric filter

3/6/2011

Forceddraft fan

Feedwater

Cooling towerCooling tower

Vapor Outflow

Baffling

Mechanical FanWater Inflow

Drift

VaporOutflow

AirInflow

AirInflow Baffling

Eliminators

DriftEliminators

WaterReturn

WaterR

AirInflow

AirInflow

Cross-flow induced draft tower

Return

Water Inflow

Hyperbolic natural draft tower

3/6/2011

Electrostatic Precipitator Electrostatic Precipitator pp

3/6/20113/6/2011

Steam TurbineSteam TurbineSteam TurbineSteam Turbine High pressure steam enters

through nozzles. The stationary blades direct

the steam flow towards the moving blades.

The direction of the steam flow changes as it flows through the moving blades.

The change of flow direction generates a force on the moving blades.

This force drives the turbine.

3/6/20113/6/2011

Steam Turbine ConceptSteam Turbine ConceptSteam Turbine ConceptSteam Turbine Concept

MovingBl d

MovingBl d

StationaryBl d

StationaryBl dBlade BladeBlade Blade

N lNozzle

3/6/20113/6/2011

Steam turbine openSteam turbine openSteam turbine openSteam turbine open

High-pressure turbine

Low-pressure turbine

Shaft with moving blades

Middle bearing

Stationary part

3/6/20113/6/2011

Steam Turbine BladesSteam Turbine BladesSteam Turbine BladesSteam Turbine Blades

3/6/20113/6/2011

Generator StatorGenerator Stator

3/6/20113/6/2011

Generator RotorGenerator RotorGenerator RotorGenerator Rotor

3/6/20113/6/2011

Salient Pole Rotor Salient Pole Rotor

NorthPolesPoles

South

Slipi

NorthPolei di

ring

3/6/20113/6/2011

North winding

Generators station connection diagramGenerators station connection diagram

Circuitbreaker

Auxiliary transformer

High-voltage bus

Main transformer

Currenttransformer

Transmissi

Disconnect

Generator

ion Lines

Surgearrester

switch

Voltagetransformer

3/6/2011

Generation StationGeneration StationGeneration StationGeneration Station

3/6/20113/6/2011

HYDRO POWER STATIONHYDRO POWER STATIONHYDRO POWER STATIONHYDRO POWER STATION

Def : A generating station which convertsDef : A generating station which converts potential energy of water in electrical energyenergy.

3/6/20113/6/2011

Main Components of Hydro PlantMain Components of Hydro PlantMain Components of Hydro PlantMain Components of Hydro Plant

Hydrolic Structurey Dam Penstock Surge tank Surge tank Spill ways Head work

W t t bi Water turbines Impulse turbine Reaction turbineReaction turbine

Francis turbine Kaplan turbine

Electrical Apparatus

3/6/20113/6/2011

Electrical Apparatus

Concept of Hydro Power Plantp y

3/6/2011

Hydro Power PlantHydro Power Plant (Power (Power H )H )House)House)

The turbine and generator are connected to a vertical shaft.Th filt d t t th h th t The filtered water enters through the gate.

The water flow is controlled by the wicket gate.

The head (difference between the water (levels) drives the water through the turbine and rotates the runner at a few hundred

3/6/20113/6/2011

rpm.

Hydro power plant with Kaplan TurbineHydro power plant with Kaplan Turbine

3/6/20113/6/2011

The water is stored in the lake, which is at higher ground (Lake Pleasant).g ( )

A canal and pipe system transfer the water to the power house.

The potential energy of the water is transformed to mechanical energy in the turbine.

The turbine drives the generator and converts the water mechanical energy to electrical energy.

3/6/20113/6/2011

Large salient pole Hydro generator under Large salient pole Hydro generator under t tit ticonstructionconstruction

3/6/20113/6/2011

Francis TurbineFrancis TurbineFrancis TurbineFrancis Turbine

3/6/20113/6/2011

High Head Hydro power plantHigh Head Hydro power plant

3/6/20113/6/2011

Pump Storage PlantPump Storage Plant

3/6/2011

Choice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site Selection

Availability of WaterAvailability of Water Storage of water

T t ti f iliti Transportation facilities Nature & cost of land

3/6/20113/6/2011

NUCLEAR POWER STATIONNUCLEAR POWER STATIONNUCLEAR POWER STATIONNUCLEAR POWER STATION

Def : A generating station which convertsDef : A generating station which converts heat energy produced by nuclear materials to electrical energyto electrical energy.

3/6/20113/6/2011

Main Components of Nuclear PlantMain Components of Nuclear PlantMain Components of Nuclear PlantMain Components of Nuclear Plant

Nuclear ReactorNuclear Reactor Heat Exchanger Steam turbineSteam turbine Alternator

3/6/20113/6/2011

Nuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating Station Nuclear Generating Station The nuclear reactor is fueled by uranium dioxide and

moderated by watermoderated by water. The nuclear reaction produces heat. The reaction is controlled

by boron-based rods.Th l t d i t th h th t h th The coolant pump drives water through the reactor, where the nuclear reaction increases the coolant (in most cases water) temperature.

The steam is generated in the heat exchanger/boiler.

The high pressure steam drives the turbine, which in turn drives the generator. (usually at 1800 rpm)the generator. (usually at 1800 rpm)

The condenser condenses the steam to water, which is pumped back into the boiler.

3/6/20113/6/2011

Nuclear VesselNuclear Vessel

3/6/20113/6/2011

Nuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating StationPressurized water reactorPressurized water reactor

3/6/20113/6/2011

Nuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating StationNuclear Generating Station

Cooling towersReactor

containmentb ildi

Turbinegenerator

Cooling pondbuilding

gbuilding

Switchyard

3/6/20113/6/2011

y

Boiling Water ReactorBoiling Water Reactor

3/6/20113/6/2011

Choice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site SelectionChoice of site Selection

Availability of WaterAvailability of Water Transportation facilities

Di l f t Disposal of waste

3/6/20113/6/2011

DIESEL POWER PLANTDIESEL POWER PLANTDIESEL POWER PLANTDIESEL POWER PLANT

Def : A generating station which convertsDef : A generating station which converts heat energy produced by diesel in electrical energyelectrical energy.

Normal generators for hotels & commercial buildingscommercial buildings

3/6/20113/6/2011

Main Components of Diesel PlantMain Components of Diesel PlantMain Components of Diesel PlantMain Components of Diesel Plant

Fuel systemy Air intake system Exhaust system

C li Cooling system Lubricating system Starting arrangement Starting arrangement

3/6/20113/6/2011

GAS POWER PLANTGAS POWER PLANTGAS POWER PLANTGAS POWER PLANT

Def : A generating station which convertsDef : A generating station which converts heat energy produced by gas in electrical energyenergy.

3/6/20113/6/2011

Main Components of Gas PlantMain Components of Gas PlantMain Components of Gas PlantMain Components of Gas Plant

Compressorp Regenerator Combustion Chamber

G T bi Gas Turbine Alternator Starting Motor Starting Motor

3/6/20113/6/2011

COMBINE CYCLE PLANTCOMBINE CYCLE PLANTCOMBINE CYCLE PLANTCOMBINE CYCLE PLANT

Def : A generating station which usesDef : A generating station which uses more than one fuel for the production of electricityelectricity.

3/6/20113/6/2011

REGENERATOR

C

C. C.

COMP STEAM TURCOMP. GAS TUR. STEAM. TUR.BOILER

FPFPF

3/6/20113/6/2011

Combined Cycle Power PlantCombined Cycle Power Plant The plant contains a gas and a steam

turbine. The hot exhaust gases of the gas turbine

feed a steam generator which supplies a steam turbine. The gas turbine is similar t l i ft i

Gas/Oil Fuel

Gas Turbine (Brayton) Cycle

to a large aircraft engine. Both turbines drive a generator and

produce electrical power.

CompressorCombustion

Turbine

Hot

Generator

The plant efficiency is high.

Cooling Tower

ExhaustGases

Air

SteamTurbine

Heat RecoverySteam Generator

Steam Line Generator

Steam (Rankine) Cycle

CondenserFeedwater Pump

WarmExhaustGases

Steam Generator

3/6/2011

Co de seFeedwater Pump

Adv. & DisAdv. & Dis--adv.of combine cycle adv.of combine cycle P Pl tP Pl tPower PlantPower Plant

AdvantagesAdvantages High efficiency

Less cost per unit(KW) Less cost per unit(KW) Dis-advantages

C Complexity Fuel requierement

3/6/20113/6/2011

Generating Station Generating Station ggType of Generation stations Thermal Power Plant. Large plants carry constant load (base

load plant). Smaller plants loads are regulated but they operate continuously. Minimum down time is 20-35 hours.

Nuclear Power Plant. These plants carry constant load and areNuclear Power Plant. These plants carry constant load and are used as base loads plants.

Hydroelectric Plants. These plants are loaded to the maximum capacity because of the low operating cost (Water is free)capacity, because of the low operating cost. (Water is free)

Combined steam and Gas-Turbine Power Plants. High efficiency plants for variable load.

Gas-turbine. Peak load plants, high operating and low investment cost.

Solar Wind Loaded to the maximum capacity when sun or wind

3/6/20113/6/2011

Solar, Wind. Loaded to the maximum capacity when sun or wind power available.

3/6/20113/6/2011