machinists drafts 01 lob b
TRANSCRIPT
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Class
TJ
\s\
Book
.L8
GofpgM
.
COPYRIGHT
DEPOSIT.
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MACHINISTS'
AND
DRAFTSMEN'S
HANDBOOK:
CONTAINING TABLES,
RULES
AND
FORMULAS,
WITH
NUMEROUS
EXAMPLES
EXPLAINING
THE
PRINCIPLES
OF MATHEMATICS
AND MECHANICS AS APPLIED
TO THE
MECHANICAL
TRADES
INTENDED
AS
A
REFERENCE
BOOK
FOR ALL
INTERESTED
IN
MECHANICAL
WORK.
BY
PEDER LOBBEN,
MECHANICAL
ENGINEER.
Member of
the
American Society
of Mechanical
Engineers and
Worcester
County Mechanics Association.
Honorary
Member of the
N.
A.
Stationary Engineers. Non-Resident Member
of
the
Franklin
Institute.
SECOND AND ENLARGED EDITION.
NEW
YORK
D. VAN
NOSTRAND
COMPANY
23
Murray and
27
Warren Streets
IQIO
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cancelling
this
by
five
we have
a
6
oo
iff
=
to
rV
To
Reduce
a
Decimal Fraction
to
a
Given Vulgar
Fraction
of
Approximately the
Same
Value.
Multiply
the
decimal
by
the
number
which
is
denomi-
nator
in
the
fraction
to
which the
decimal
shall
be
reduced,
and
the
product
is the numerator in
the
fraction.
Example.
Reduce
0.484375
to
sixteenths,
thirty-seconds
and
sixty-
fourths.
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14
DECIMALS.
Solution
0.484375
X
16
=
7.75,
gives
,
or
J^.,
approximately.
0.484375
X
32
=
15.5,
gives
^^,
or
i.|,
approximately.
0.484375
X
64
=
31,
gives
1
1
exactly.
If the
result does
not need
to be
very
exact, probably
T
%,
which
is
6
3
too
small, is near enough,
or
the
result,
y
iY%
may
be
called
^,
which
is
-^
too
large.
|f
is
-^
too
small,
therefore
either
]/
or
\\
is
only
x
different from
the true
value.
The
first
is
ef
too
large
and
the last
is
^
too
small,
and which
fraction,
if either,
should
be
preferred,
will
depend entirely
upon
the purpose
for
which
the
problem is
solved.
\\
is
the
exact
value.
Addition
of Decimal Fractions.
In adding
decimal
fractions,
care
should
be taken
to
place
the
decimal
points under
each
other
;
then add
as
if they
were
whole
numbers.
Example.
Solution
Add 50.5
+
5.05
+
0.505
+
0.0505
50.5
5.05
0.505
0.0505
56.1055
To
prevent
mistakes and
mixing up of the
figures
during
addition,
it is
preferable
to
make all the
decimal
fractions
in
the
problem of the same
denomination
by
annexing
ciphers.
Thus
50.5000
5.0500
0.5050
0.0505
56.1055
Subtraction
of Decimal Fractions.
The
decimal
point
in
the
subtrahend must
be
placed
under
that in
the minuend
;
the
fractions are
both
brought to
the
same
denomination
by
annexing ciphers,
then the
subtraction
is
performed
just
as
if they
were
whole numbers,
but
close
attention
must be paid
to
have
the decimal point in
the
same
place
in
the
difference
as it is in the
minuend
and
subtrahend.
Example.
318.05
121.6542
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DECIMALS.
1
Solution 318.0500
Minuend.
121.6542 Subtrahend.
196.3958 Difference.
Hultiplication of
Decimal Fractions.
Multiply
the
factors
as
if
they were
whole
numbers. After
multiplication is
performed,
count
the
number of decimals in
both
multiplier
and
multiplicand and
point off
(from
the
right)
the
same
number of
decimals
in
the product.
If
there
are
not
enough
figures
in
the
product
to
give as
many decimals
as
required, then
prefix ciphers
on
the
left until
the
required number of decimals is obtained.
Example
1.
0.08
X
0.065
0.00520
=
0.0052
In
this
example it
is necessary
after the
multiplication is
performed,
to
prefix
two
ciphers
to
the product
in order
to
obtain the necessary
number
of
decimals,
because
the pro-
duct,
520,
consists of
only
three figures, but the
two
numbers,
0.08
and
0.065,
contain
five decimals.
Example No.
2.
3.1416
X
5
=
15.7080
=
15.708
Example No.
3.
3.1416
X
0.5
=
1.57080
=
1.5708
Division of Decimal
Fractions.
Divide
same
as
in
whole
numbers,
and point
off in
the
quotient
as
many decimals
as
the number of
decimals
in
the
dividend exceeds
the
number
of
decimals in
the divisor.
If
the
divisor contains
more
decimals
than the
dividend,
then before dividing
annex
ciphers
(on
the
right-hand
side)
in
the
dividend until dividend and divisor
are
both
of
the
same
denomination,
then the
quotient will
be
a
whole
number.
Example.
43.62
-f-
0.003
=
14,540
Solution
:
0.003
)
43.620
(
14,540
3
13
12
16
15
12
12
00
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1
RATIO
AND
PROPORTION.
In this
example
the
dividend
consists
of only
two decimals,
but the divisor has three,
therefore
we have
to annex
a
cipher
to the
dividend.
This
brings
divisor
and
dividend
to
the
same
denomination,
and
the
quotient
is
a
whole
number.
Example
2.
43.62
-h
0.3
=
145.4
In
this
example
the
dividend
has
one
decimal
more
than
the divisor,
therefore
the
quotient
has
one decimal.
RATIO.
The
word
ratio
causes
considerable
ambiguity
in
mechani-
cal books, as
it is
frequently
used
with
different
meaning
by
different
writers.
The common understanding
seems to
be that
the
ratio
be-
tween two
quantities is
the quotient
when
the
first
quantity
is
divided
by
the last
quantity
;
for
instance,
the ratio
between
3
and
12
is
%,
but
the
ratio
between
12 and
3
is 4.
The
ratio
be-
tween
the circumference of
a
circle
and
its
diameter
is
tc
or
3.1416,
but the
ratio
between
the
diameter
and
the
circumfer-
ence is
\
or
0.3183,
etc.
This is
the
sense in
which
the word
is
used
in
this book,
as
this seems to
agree with
the
common cus-
tom
with
most
mechanical
writers.
The term
ratio
is
also
sometimes
applied
to
the
difference
of
two
quantities
as
well
as
to their
quotient
;
in which
case the
former
is
called arithmetical
ratio,
and the
latter geometrical
ratio.
(See Progressions,
page
68.)
PROPORTION.
In
simple proportion
there are three
known quantities
by
which
we
are able
to
find
the
fourth
unknown
quantity
;
there-
fore
proportion is also
called
the rule of three ,
and
it is
either
direct
or
inverse
proportion.
It is
called direct
proportion if the
terms
are in such ratio
to
one
another
that if one is doubled
then the other
will
also have
to
be
doubled,
or
if
one is halved
the other must also be
halved.
For instance,
if
50
pounds
of steel cost
$25,
how
much
will
250
pounds
cost?
9^0
V 9^
50
lbs.
cost
$25;
250 must cost
zou
A
zo
=
$125.
50
This
is direct
proportion, because
the
more
steel
we
buy,
the
more
money we
have
to pay.
In
inverse proportion
the terms are
in such
ratio
that
if
one
is
doubled
the
other
is
halved,
or
if
one
is halved the
other
is
doubled.
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proportion.
1
Example.
Eight
men
can finish
a certain work
in
12
days. Howmany
men
are
required
to
do
the
same work
in
3
days
?
Here
we see that
the fewer
days
in
which the
work is
to be
done,
the
more
men are
required.
Therefore,
this example
is
in
inverse
proportion.
In
12
days
the work
was
done
by 8
men
;
therefore, in
order
to
do
the work
in
3
days
it will
require
-
==
32
men.
It
requires
4
times
as
many
men
because
the
work
is
to
be
done in
one
quarter
of the time.
Compound
Proportion.
A
proportion
is
called
compound,
if
to
the
three
terms
there
are
combined
other terms
which must
be taken
into
considera-
tion in
solving
the problem.
A
very easy way
to solve
a
compound
proportion
is
to
(same
as
is
shown in
the following examples)
place
the
con-
ditional
proposition
under the
interrogative
sentence,
term
for
term,
and
write
x
for
the
unknown
quantity
in the
inter-
rogative
sentence
;
draw
a
vertical line
;
place
x at
the
top at the
left-hand side
;
then try
term
for term
and
see
if
they
are
direct
or
inverse
proportionally relative
to
x,
exactly
the
same
way
as
if
each term
in
the
conditional
proposition
and
the
correspond-
ing
term
in the
interrogative sentence were terms in
a
simple
rule-of-three problem.
Arrange each term in the
interrogative
sentence either
on
the
right
or
left of
the
vertical
line,
according
to
whether
it is found
to
be
either
a
multiplier or
a
divisor,
when
the
problem, independent of
the other
terms,
is
considered
as
a
simple
rule-of-three
problem.
After
all the
terms in
the
interrogative
sentence are thus
arranged, place
each
corresponding term
in the
conditional
proposition
on
the opposite
side
of the vertical line.
Then
clear
away
all
fractions
by
reducing
them
to
improper
frac-
tions,
and
let
the
numerator remain
on
the
same
side
of
the
verti-
cal
line
where
it is, but transfer
the denominator to the opposite
side.
Now cancel any
term
with another on
the
opposite
side
of
the vertical
line
;
then
multiply all
the
quantities
on
the
right
side of
the
vertical
line
with
each
other. Also
multiply
all
the
quantities on
the
left side
of
the vertical
line
with each
other.
Divide the product on
the
right side
by
the
product
on
the
left, and the
quotient
is
the answer to
the problem.
Example 1.
A
certain
work
is
executed
by
15
men
in
6
days,
by
work-
ing
8 hours each
day.
How
many
days
would it take
to
do the
same
amount
of
work
if
12
men
are working
7j^
hours
each
dav?
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i8
PROPORTION.
Solution
15
12
1
Men
6
Days
8
Hours.
x
iy
%
W
X?
l
1
n
%
8 Days.
Example 2.
A steam engine
of
25 horse power
is using
1500 pounds
of
coal
in
1 day
of
9*4
working
hours.
How
many
pounds
of
coal
in
the same proportion will
be
required for 2
steam
engines each
having
30
horse
power,
working
6
days of
12%
hours
each
day
?
Solution
1
Machine
25
Hp.
1,500
pounds
1
Day
9%
hours.
2
30
x
6
12%
30
X
1
im
300
2
6
1
P
l
0
6
?
2
1
19
P*
x?%
^
2
l
2
2
28,800
pounds of coal.
Example
3.
A
piece
of composition
metal
which is 12
inches
long,
3J
inches
thick
and
4>
inches
wide,
weighs
45
pounds. How
many
pounds
will
another
piece
of the
same alloy weigh,
if it
meas-
ures
8
inches
long,
1%
inches
thick and
6U
inches wide?
12
long,
sy
thick,
y
wide, 45
pounds.
1*
6^
X
45
n
?
?
$y
m
i
M
PA
P
i
?
i
i
%
i
2 45
22
y
pounds.
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INTEREST.
19
INTEREST.
The
money
paid for
the
use
of borrowed
capital is
called
interest.
It is usually
figured
by
the
year
per 100
of
the
principal.
Simple
Interest.
Simple interest
is
computed
by
multiplying
the
principal
by
the
percentage,
by
the time,
and
dividing
by
100.
What
is
the
interest of
#125,
for
3
years, at
4%
per
year
?
Solution
125
X
4
X
3
100
#15
In
Table
No.
1,
under
the given
rate
per
cent.,
find
the
interest
for the
number
of
years,
months, and days
;
add
these
together,
and multiply
by
the
principal
invested,
and the
product is the
interest.
Example.
What
is
the
interest
of
#600,
invested
at
6%,
in
5
years,
3
months,
and
6
days
?
Solution
#1.00
in
5
years
at
6%
=
0.30
3
months
=
0.015
6 days
=
0.001
0.316
600
=
Principal.
#189.60
=
Interest
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20
INTEREST.
U
a
o
-
c
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o,
&
3>
oo
cc
m
h
55
1-
ti*
(M
o
o
::
c: t-
i< c a
o
m
h
a
r-
i
1
.^
c x
c
(MOariC0005(MOt-OCOO Xi-HTtt-C(NOOOHmOG^lOt-0
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c
ri
h
h
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c:
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;:
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ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
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ir5C5tOiOmC0iC00CiO*00u10
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O00G0ir-t-O^TfCCCC(NC05T-(COOCCXO M^CXO(N-
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INTEREST.
Wi-OMt-OMt-OcOb-
Vs$
1
WOCCOOMC
CO
CO
5N
OOOiOCOHOODOiOttH
1
o
h
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^t
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o
3
i-
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j
ooooooooooo
1
d
o
d o
o
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thCMCO
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2
2
COMPOUND
INTEREST.
Compound
Interest
Computed Annually.
If
the
interest
is
not
withdrawn, but
added
to
the
principal,
so
that it will also draw
interest, it
is
called
compound
interest.
Example.
What
is the
amount
of
#300,
in
3
years,
at
b%
?
The
interest is
added to
the principal
at
the
end
of
each
year.
Solution
Principal
and interest
at
the
end
of
first
year,
105
X
300
100
Principal
and
interest
at
the
end
of
second
year,
105
X
315
=
100
Principal
and
interest
at
the
end
of third
year,
' 5
=
#347.2875,
=
#347.29
=
Amount.
100
When
compound
interest for
a
great
number of
years is
to
be
calculated,
the
above
method of figuring
will
take
too much
time,
and
the
following interest tables, No.
2 and No.
3,
are
computed
in
order
to
facilitate
such
calculations.
In
Table
No.
2,
under
the given rate-per
cent.,
and
opposite
the
given
number
of years,
find
the amount of
one dollar
in-
vested
at
that rate
for
the
time taken. Multiply this
by the
principal
invested
and
the
product
is
the amount.
Example.
#400
is invested
at o%
compound
interest for
17
years,
com-
puted
annually.
What
is
the amount
?
Solution:
In
Table
No.
2,
under
5%,
and
opposite
17
years,
we
find
2.292011.
Multiply
this
by
the
principal.
Thus
2.292011
400
916.8044
=
#916.80
=
Amount.
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COMPOUND
INTEREST.
23
3
C
3
O
a
E
o
c
o
4>
M
o
03
O
u
OOLOHt-^Ot-iO(NHOCOt-t-QOOO(NiOCO(Nt-(M(X)
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qqOHHHH(NW(NMMM
,
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24 COMPOUND INTEREST.
Compound
Interest
Computed
Semi=Annually.
When
compound
interest is
to
be
computed
semi-annually,
use
Table No.
3. Under
the
given
rate and opposite
the
given
number
of
years,
find
the amount
of one dollar
invested
and
interest
computed
semi-annually
for
the time taken.
Multiply
this
by
the principal
invested,
and
the
product
is
the
amount.
Example.
$350
is
put in
a
savings
bank
paying
4%,
computed
semi-
annually.
What
is
the
amount in
10
years
?
Solution
Under
4%,
and
opposite
10 years,
we
find
the number
1.4860. This
we
multiply
by
the
principal
invested.
Thus:
1
.485949
350
520.08215
=
$520.08
=
Amount.
To
compute
compound interest
for
longer
time than
is
given
in
the
tables,
figure
the
amount
for
as
long
a
time
as
the
table
gives ;
then consider
this amount
as
a
new princi-
pal
invested,
and
use
the
table
and
figure
again
for
the
rest of
the
time.
Example.
What
is
the
amount
of
$40,
left in
a
savings
bank 18
years,
at
4%,
and
the
interest computed
semi-annually.
The
table
only
gives
12
years,
therefore
we
will
look opposite
12
years,
under
4%,
and
find the
number 1.608440. This we
multiply
by
the
principal
invested.
Thus:
1.608440
40
64.3376
But now
we
have to
compute
for
6
years
more,
therefore
under
4%,
and
opposite
6
years, we
find
the
number 1.268243.
Multiplying
this by
the
principal,
which
is now
considered
as
being
invested
6
years
more, we
have
:
1.268243
X
64.3376
=
$81.60
=
Amount.
Thus,
$40,
invested
at
4%
interest,
computed
semi-annually,
will,
after 18
years
of
time,
amount to $81.60.
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COMPOUND
INTEREST.
2
5
E
09
a
a
c
3
o
D.
E
o
(A N
o
E
it:
5
*-
1
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26
INTEREST.
Table
No.
4
gives
time in which money will
be
doubled if
it is invested
either
on
simple or compound interest, compounded
annually.
TABLE No.
4.
SIMPLE INTEREST.
COMPOUND INTEREST.
%
Years.
Days.
%
Years.
Days.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
50
40
33
28
25
22
20
16
14
12
11
10
9
8
120
206
80
240
103
180
40
33
120
2
2y
3
3K
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
35
28
23
20
17
15
14
11
10
9
8
7
6
6
1
30
162
54
240
168
75
321
89
2
16
98
231
42
Results
of Saving
Small Amounts
of
Honey.
The
following
shows
how
easy
it
is to
accumulate
a
fortune,
provided proper steps
are
taken.
The table gives the result
of
daily savings,
put
in
a
savings
bank
paying
4
per
cent, per year,
computed
semi-annually
Savings
Savings Amount in Amount in
Amount
in Amount in
Amount
in
perDay.
per Mo.
5
years. 10 years. 15
years.
20 years.
25 years.
.05
$
1.20
$
78.84
$
174.96
$
292.07
$
434.88
$
608.94
.10
2.40
157.68
349.92 584.15 869.76
1,217.88
.25
6.00 394.20 874.80
1,460.37
2,174.40 3,044.74
.50
12.00
788.40 1,749.60
2,920.74 4,348.80 6,089.48
.75
18.00
1,182.60 2,624.40 4,381.11 6,523.20
9,133.22
$1.00
24.00
1,576.80
3,499.20
5,841.48
8,697.60
12,178.96
Nearly
every
person wastes
an
amount
in
twenty
or
thirty-
years,
which,
if
saved
and
carefully
invested,
would
make
a
family quite
independent; but
the
principle
of
small
savings
has
been
lost
sight
of in the
general
desire
to
become
wealthy.
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EQUATION
OF PAYMENTS.
27
EQUATION OF
PAYMENTS.
When
several
debts
are
due
at
different
dates
the
average
time
when
all the
debts are
due
is calculated
by
the
following
rule:
Multiply
each debt
separately
by
the
number
of days
be-
tween
its own date
of
maturity and
the
date
of the debt earliest
due.
Divide
the
sum
of these
products
by
the sum of the
debts
;
the quotient
will
express
the number of
days
subsequent to
the
leading
day
when
the whole
debt
should
be
paid in
one
sum.
Example.
A owed to
B
the
following sums
: $250
due May
12,
$120
due
July
19,
$410
due August
16,
and
$60
due
September
21,
all
in
the
same
year.
When
should
the
whole
sum
be
paid
at
once
in
order that
neither
shall
lose any interest?
Solution
May
12
$250
May
12
to
July
19
is
68
days
;
120
X
68
=
8160
May
12
to
Aug. 16
is
96
days
;
410
X
96
=
39360
May
12
to Sept.
21
is
132
day
s
;
60
X
132
=r
7920
$840
)
55440
=
65.9
66
days
after
May
12
will
be
July
17.
When several
debts are
due
after different
lengths
of time,
the
average
time
is
calculated
by
this
rule:
Multiply
the
debt
by
the
time
;
divide
the sum of the
products
by
the
sum
of
the
debts,
and
the quotient is the time when all
the
debts may
be
considered
due.
Example.
A
owed B
$600,
due in
7
months
;
$200
due
in one
month,
and
$700
due in
3
months. When should
the whole
debt
be paid in
one sum
in
order
that
neither shall
lose
any interest
?
Solution
600
X
7
=
4200
700
X
3
=
2100
200
x
1
=
200
1500
)
6500
=
4^
months.
Note :
If the debts
contain
both
dollars
and
cents the
cents
may,
if
such
refinement
is required,
be
considered
as
deci-
mal parts
of
a
dollar,
but practically
in
such
problems
the
cents
may
be omitted
in
the
calculation.
PARTNERSHIP,
or
calculating
of
proportional
parts,
is
the
calculation
of
the
parts of
a
certain quantity in such
a
way
that
the
ratio
between
the
separate
parts
is equal
to the ratio
of certain given
numbers.
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2
8
partnership.
Example
1.
A
composition
for
welding
cast
steel consists of 9 parts
of
borax and
one
part
of
sal-ammoniac.
.
How
much
of
each,
borax
and
sal-ammoniac,
must
be
taken
for
a
mixture
of
5
lbs.?
Solution
jo
X
5
=
y
lbs. borax.
T
V
X
5
=
Yz
lb. sal-ammoniac.
Example
2.
An
alloy shall
consist
of 160
parts
of copper, 15 parts of
tin
and
5
parts of
zinc. How much of
each
will
be
used
for
a
cast-
ing weighing
360
lbs.?
Solution
160
\%%
X
360
=
320 lbs.
of copper.
15
ro
X
360
=
30
lbs.
of tin.
5
tItt
X
360
=
10 lbs.
of zinc.
180
Example
3.
Four
persons
A,
B,
C
and D,
are
buying
a certain
amount,
of goods
together.
A's part
is
$500,
B's,
$100,
C's,
$250,
and
D's, $150.
On the
undertaking they are clearing a net
profit
of
$120.
How
much
of
this
is
each
to
have?
Solution :
500
A's
Part
=
T%oo
X
120
=
$60
100
B's
=
tVA
X
120
=
12
250 C's
=
T
Voo
X
120
=
30
150
D's
=
tWo
X
120
=
18
$1000
Example 4.
Two
persons
A
and B, are
putting
money
into business,
A,
$2,000
and
B,
$3,000,
but
A
has
his money
invested in
the
busi-
ness 2
years and B
'i]/
years
;
the net
profit of
the
undertaking
is
$2,300.
How much
is
each to
have
of
the
profit ?
Solution:
A,
2000
X
2
=
4000
B, 3000
X
2%
=
7500
11500
A's Part is
T
\%%%
X
2300
=
$
800
B's
TT
5
5oo
X
2300
=
1500
In cases
like this
it must
be
taken into
consideration
that
the
time is
not
equal
;
B has
not
only
had
the
largest capital
in-
vested
but
he
has
also
had the
capital
at
work
in
the
business
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SQUARE
ROOT. 2
9
the
longest time,
namely, 2
l
/
years, while
A has only had
his
capital invested
2 years. The ratio
is,
therefore, not
$2,000
to
$3,000
but
$4,000
to $7,500,
because
$2,000
in
2
years
is
equal
to
$4,000
in one
year, and
$3,000
in
2
l
/
years is
equal
to
$7,500
in
one
vear.
SQUARE
ROOT.
When
the
square
root
is
to be
extracted
the
number
is di-
vided
into
periods
consisting
of
two
figures,
commencing
from
the
extreme
right
if the
number
has
no decimals,
or
from
the
decimal
point
towards the
left for the whole
numbers
and
towards
the
right
for the
decimals. (If
the
last
period of
deci-
mals
should
have
but
one
figure then
annex
a cipher,
so
that
this
period
also
has
two
figures,
but if the period
to
the extreme
left
in the
integer
should happen to have only
one
figure it
makes
no
difference; leave
it
as
it is.) Ascertain
the highest
root
of
the
first
period and
place
it
to
the right of
the
number
as
in
long
division.
Square
this root
and
subtract
the product
of
this
from
the first
period. To
the
remainder
annex
the next
period
of
numbers.
Take
for
divisor
20
times
the
part
of
the
root
already
found*
and
the
quotient
is
the
next figure in
the
root,
if the
product of
this figure and
the
divisor
added
to the
square
of
the
figure
does
not
exceed
the
dividend.
To
the
difference
between
this
sum
and
the
dividend
is annexed
the
next
period of
numbers.
For
divisor
take again
20
times
the
part
of
the root
already found,
etc.
Continue in this
manner
until
the
last
period is
used.
If
there
is any remainder,
and
a
more
exact
root
is
required,
ciphers
may
be
annexed in
pairs and
the operation
continued
until as
many
decimals
in
the
root
are
obtained
as
are wanted.
Example
1.
Extract
the
square root of
271,441.
Solution
V'27
|
14i41
5
2
=
25
[
20
X
5
=
100
)
214
100
X
2
+
2
2
=
204
20
X
52
=
1040
)
1041
1040
X
1
+
I
2
1041
521
0000
Thus:
\/271,441
=
521,
because 521
X
521
=
271,441.
*
If this
divisor
exceeds
the
dividend, write a cipher
in the root; annex
the next
period
of numbers,
calculate a new
divisor,
corresponding
to the increased
root,
and
proceed as
explained.
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30
cube
root.
Example 2.
Extract
the square
root
of
26.6256.
Solution
V26|62:56
5
2
=
25
J
20
X
5
=
100
)
162
100
X
1
+
l
2
=
101
1
20
X
51
=
1020
)
6156
1020
X
6
+
62=
6156
=
5.16
0000
CUBE
ROOT.
Wher the cube
root
is
to be extracted,
the
number
is
divided
into periods
consisting of three figures.
Commencing
from
the extreme right if the
number
has no
decimals,
or
from
the
decimal
point,
toward the left,
for the
whole number,
and
toward
the
right
for the decimals.
(If the
last period
of deci-
mals
should not
have
three
figures,
then
annex
ciphers
until
this
period also has three
figures,
but
if
the
period
to the
extreme
left in
the integer
should happen
to
consist
of
less
than
three
figures it
makes
no difference
;
leave it
as
it is.)
Ascer-
tain
highest cube root
in
the first period
and
place it
to
the
right
of
the number, the same
as
in long
division.
Cube
this
root
and
subtract
the
product from the
first period.
To the
remainder
annex
next period
of numbers.
For
the divisor
in
this
number
take 300 times the square of
the
part
of
the
root
already
found,*
and the quotient is the
next
figure in
the
root,
if
the
product
of this
figure multiplied
by
the
divisor
and
added
to
30
times
the part of the root
already
found,
multiplied
by the
square of
this quotient
and
added to the
cube
of the
quotient,
does
not exceed
this
dividend.
To
the
difference between this
sum and
the
dividend
is
annexed the next
period
of
numbers.
For
divisor take
again
300 times
the
square
of
the part
of
the
root already
found, etc.
Continue in this
manner until
the
last
period
is
used.
If there
is
any
remainder
from last period,
and
a
more
exact root
is required, ciphers
may
be
annexed
three
at
a
time,
and
the operation continued until
as
many decimals
are
obtained
in the
root
as
are
wanted.
*
If
this
divisor exceeds
the dividend, write
a
cipher
in
the
root,
annex
the next
period
of numbers,
calculating a new divisor corresponding to
the increased
root,
and
proceed
as
explained.
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CUBE
ROOT.
31
Example
1.
Extract
the
cube root
of
275,894,451.
Solution
\/275
894
=
216
300
X
6
2
=
10800
)
59894
451
10800
X
5
+
30
X
6
X
5
2
+,
5
3
=
58625
300
X
65
2
=
1267500
)
1269451
1267500
X
1
+
30
X
65
X
l
2
+
l
3
=
1269451
=
651
0000000
Thus
3
_
/275,894,451
=
651,
because
651
X
651
X
651
=
275,894,451.
Example
2
:
Extract
the
cube root
of 551.368.
Solution
3
\/551j
5
=
512
300
X 8
2
=
19200
)
39368
19200
X
2
+
30
X
8
X
2
2
+
2
3
=
39368
=
8.2
00000
The
square
root
of
a
number
consisting
of
two
figures
will
never
consist
of more
than
one figure,
and
the
square
root
of a
number
consisting
of
four
figures will
never
consist
of
more
than
two
figures
;
hence,
the
rule
to divide
numbers
into
periods
consisting
of
two
figures.
The
cube
root
of
a
number
consisting
of
three
figures
will
never
consist
of
more
than one
figure,
and the
cube
root
of
a
number
consisting
of
six
figures
will
never
consist
of more
than
two
figures ;
hence,
the
rule
to
divide
the
numbers into
periods
consisting
of
three figures.
There
will
always
be
one decimal in
the
root for
each
period of
decimals
in the
number
of
which
the root
is
extracted.
This relates to
both
cube
and
square
root.
The
root
of a
fraction
may
be found
by extracting
the
separate
roots
of
numerator and denominator,
or
the
fraction
may be
first
reduced
to a
decimal fraction
before
the
root is
extracted.
The root of
a
mixed number
may
be extracted
by
first
re-
ducing
the
number
to
an
improper
fraction
and
then
extracting
the
separate roots of
numerator
and denominator,
or the
number
may be
first
reduced to consist
of
integer and
decimal fractions,
and
the root
extracted
as
usual.
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32
CUBE
ROOT.
Radical
Quantities
Expressed
without the
Radical
Sign.
The
radical
sign is not
always
used in
signifying
radical
quantities.
Sometimes
a
quantity expressing
a
root
is
written
as a
quantity
to be
raised
into
a
fractional power.
For instance
:
V
16 may be
written
I62.
This is
the same
value
;
thus,
*/W=
4 and
16^
=
4.
3
V
27
may be written,
27^
=
3.
3
3
8$
=
V
8
2
=V
64
=4.
The
denominator
in the exponent always
indicates which
root is
to be
extracted. Thus,
8t
will
be
square
8
and
extract
the
cube
root
from the
product.
Example.
4
4
16l
=
V16
3
=
V4096
=
8.
Thus, cube 16
and
extract
the fourth
root
of the
product.
RECIPROCALS.
The
reciprocal
of
any
number
is the
quotient
which is
ob-
tained
when 1
is
divided
by
the number.
For
instance, the
reciprocal of
4
is
%
0.25
;
the
reciprocal of
16 is
j
1
^
=
0.0625, etc.
Frequently
it is
a
saving
of
time when performing
long
division to
use the reciprocal,
as
multiplying
the
dividend
by
the
reciprocal
of
the
divisor
gives the
quotient.
For
instance,
divide 4
by
758.
In
Table
No.
6
the
reciprocal of
758
is given
as
0.0013193.
Multiplying
0.0013193
by
4
gives
0.0052772,
which
is correct
to six
decimals. When
reducing vulgar frac-
tions
to
decimals the
reciprocal may
be
used with
advantage.
For
instance,
reduce
f
to decimals.
In
Table
No.
6
the
recip-
rocal
of 64
is
given
as
0.015625,
and 15
X
0.015625
==
0.234375,
which
is
the
decimal of
f.
Important.
Whenever
the exact
reciprocal
is
not
ex-
pressible by
decimals
the result obtained
by
its
use,
as explained
above,
is
only
approximate.
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SQUARES,
CUBES,
ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
33
TABLE No.
5.
Giving Squares, Cubes,
Square
Roots,
Cube Roots,
and
Reciprocals
of
Fractions and
nixed
Numbers,
from
^
to
10.
n
;z
2
n
3
\/n
V
'
n
1
n
ft
0.000244 0.0000038
0.125 0.25 64
32
0.000977 0.0000305
0.17678 0.31496
32
3
^4
0.002196
0.000103
0.21651
0.36056
21.3333
1
T6
0.003906
0.000244
0.25
0.39685
16
ft
0.006104
0.000477 0.27951
0.42750
12.8
3
32
0.008789
0.000823 0.30619
0.45428
10.6667
7
6~4
0.011963 0.001308 0.33072
0.47823
9.1428
1
8
0.015625 0.001953
0.35355
0.5
8
ft
0.01977 0.00278
0.375
0.52002 7.1111
ft
0.02441
0.00381 0.39528
0.53861
6.4
1
1
6~4
0.02954
0.00508
0.41458
0.55599
5.8182
ft
0.03516 0.00659
0.43301
0.57236
5.3333
1 3
6~4
0.04126
0.00838
0.45069 0.58783
4.9231
7
~5?
0.04785
0.01047
0.46771
0.60254 4.5714
1 5
6 4
0.05493
0.01287
0.48412
0.61655 4.2666
1
4
0.06250
0.01562
0.5
0.62996
4
1 7
B~4
0.07056
0.01874
0.51539
0.64282
3.7647
3%
0.07910
0.02225
0.53033
0.65519
3.5556
H
0.08813
0.02616
0.54482
0.66709 3.3684
5
T6~
0.09766
0.03052
0.55902
0.67860
3.2
H
0.10766
0.03533
0.57282
0.68973
3.0476
H
0.11816
0.04062
0.58630
0.70051
2.9091
If 0.12915
0.04641
0.59942
0.71097
2.7826
3
8
0.14062
0.05273
0.61237
0.72112
2.6667
II
0.15258
0.05960
0.625
0.73100
2.56
i*
0.16504
0.06705
0.63738
0.74062
2.4615
2
7
64
0.17798 0.07508
0.64952
0.75
2.3703
tV
0.19141 0.08374
0.66144
0.75915
2.2857
2 9
64
0.20522
0.09303
0.67314
0.76808
2.2069
1
5
.32
0.21973
0.10300
0.68465
0.77681 2.1333
64
0.23463
0.11364
0.69597
0.78534
2.0645
1
2
0.25 0.12500
0.70711
0.79370 2
-
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34
SQUARES,
CUBES,
ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
n
n
2
n
3
v?T
3
V
n
1
n
33
64
0.26587
0.13709
0.71807
0.80188
1.9394
1 7
32
0.28225
0.14993
0.72887
0.80990
1.8823
fi
0.29906 0.16356
0.73951
0.81777
1.8286
ft
0.31641
0.17789
0.75000
0.82548
1.7778
3 7
64
0.33423
0.19315
0.76034
0.83306
1.7297
19
32
0.35254
0.20932
0.77055
0.84049
1.6842
II
0.37134
0.22628
0.78062
0.84781
1.6410
5
0.39062
0.24414
0.79057
0.85499
1.6
li
0.41040
0.26291
0.80039
0.86205
1.5610
fi
0.43066
0.28262
0.81009
0.86901 1.5238
43
64
0.45141
0.30330
0.81968
0.87585
1.4884
1
1
TB
0.47266 0.32495
0.82916
0.88259
1.4545
II
0.49438
0.34761
0.83853
0.88922
1.4222
II
0.51660
0.37131
0.84779
0.89576
1.3913
47
64
0.53931
0.39605
0.85696
0.90221
1.3617
1
0.56250
0.42187 0.86603 0.90856
1.3333
If
0.58618
0.44880
0.87500
0.91483
1.3061
1
0.61035
0.47684
0.88388
0.92101
1.2800
51
6~4 0.63501
0.50602
0.89268
0.92711
1.2549
1 3
TB
0.66016
0.53638
0.90139
0.93313
1.2308
53
4
0.68579
0.56792
0.91001
0.93907
1.2075
fi
0.71191
0.60068
0.91856
0.94494
1.1852
M
0.73853
0.63467
0.92702 0.95074
1.1636
f
0.76562 0.66992
0.93541
0.95647
1.1428
57
6~4
0.79321
0.70646 0.94373
0.96213
1.1228
29
32
0.82129
0.74429
0.95197
0.96772
1.1034
II
0.84985
0.78346
0.96014 0.97325
1.0847
11
0.87891
0.82397
0.96825
0.97872
1.0667
fi
0.90845
0.86586
0.97628
0.98412
1.0492
fi
0.93848
0.90915
0.98425
0.98947
1.0323
6
3
B~4
0.96899
0.95385
0.99216
0.99476
1.01587
1
1
1
1
1
1
1*
1.12891 1.19943
1.03078 1.02041
0.94118
1.26562
1.42323
1.06066
1.04004
0.88889
-
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SQUARES,
CUBES,
ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
35
n
n
2
n
3
V
n
v
n
1
n
H
1
5
TB
1.41016
1.67456 1.08965
1.05896 0.84211
1.5625 1.953125
1.11803 1.07722
0.8
1.72266 2.26099 1.14564 1.09488
0.76190
1-3-
1.89062 2.59961 1.17260
1.11199
0.72727
2.06641
2.97046
1.19896
1.12859 0.69565
*i
2.25
3.375
1.22474
1.14471
0.66667
1
9
T(T
2.44141
3.81470
1.25
1.16040
0.64
f
2.640625
4.29102 1.27475
1.17567
0.61539
Hi
2.84766
4.80542
1.29904
1.19055
0.59260
if
3.0625
5.35937
1.32288
1.20507
0.57143
Hf
3.2S516
5.95434 1.34630 1.21925 0.55172
H
3.515625
6.59180 1.36931
1.23311 0.53333
i
3.75391
7.27319
1.39194
1.24666 0.51613
2
4
8
1.41421
1.25992
0.5
2
tV
4.25390 8.77368 1.43614
1.27291
0.48485
2
i
4.515625
9.59582
1.45774 1.28564
0.47059
2
T
3
e
4.78516
10.46753 1.47902 1.29812
0.45714
2
i
5.0625
11.890625
1.5
1.31037
0.44444
2
i%
5.34766
12.36646 1.52069 1.32239
0.43243
2
t
5.640625
13.39648
1.54110
1.33420
0.42105
2
T
7
6
5.94141
14.48217
1.56125
1.34580
0.41026
2
6.25
15.625
1.58114
1.35721
0.4
2
T
9
e
6.56541
16.82641
1.60078
1.36843
0.39024
H
6.890625
18.08789
1.62018
1.37946
0.38095
2
H
7.22266
19.41090
1.63936
1.39032
0.37209
2|
7.5625
20.79687
1.65831
1.40101
0.36364
2
H
7.91016 22.24731 1.67705 1.41155
0.35555
2
i
8.265625
23.76367
1.69558 1.42193
0.34783
91
5
Z
T6
8.62891
25.34724
1.71391
1.43216 0.34042
3
9
27
1.73205
-
1.44225 0.33333
t
9.765625
30.51758
1.76777 1.46201 0.32
4
10.5625
34.32812
1.80278
1.48125 0.3077
H
11.390625
88.44336 1.83712 1.5 0.2963
-
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36
SQUARES,
CUBES,
ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
n
n
2
n
3
V
n
s/ n
1
n
H
12.25
42.875
1.87083
1.51829
0.28571
H
13.140625
47.63476
1.90394
1.53616
0.27586
3|
14.0625
52.73437
1.93649
1.55362
0.26667
n
15.015625
58.18555
1.96850
1.57069 0.25806
4
16
64
2
1.58740
0.25
H
18.0625
76.76562
2.06155
1.61981 0.23529
H
20.25
91.125
2.12132
1.65096 0.22222
*1
22.5625
107.17187
2.17945
1.68099
0.21053
5
25
125
2.23607
1.70998
0.2
5|
27.5625
144.70312
2.291288
1.73801
0.19048
51 30.25
166.375
2.34521
1.76517
0.18182
5|
33.0625
190.10937
2.39792
1.79152
0.17391
6
36
216
2.44949
1.81712
0.16667
i
39.0625
244.140625
2.5
1.84202
0.16
6i
42.25
274.625
2.54951
1.86626
0.15385
6J
45.5625
307.54687
2.59808
1.88988
0.14815
7
49
343
2.64575
1.91293
0.14286
7i
52.5625
381.07812
2.69258
1.93544
0.13793
H
56.25
421.875
2.73861
1.95743
0.13333
?f
60.0625
465.48437
2.78388
1.97895
0.12903
8
64
512
2.82843
2
0.125
Si-
68.0625
561.5156
2.87228
2.02062
0.12121
Si
72.25
614.125
2.91548
2.04083
0.11765
H
76.5625
669.92187
2.95804
2.06064
0.11428
9
81
729 3
2.08008
0.111111
H
85.5625
791.4531
3.04138
2.09917
0.10811
n
90.25
857.375
3.08221
2.11791
0.10526
9|
95.0625
926.8594
3.1225
2.13633 0.10256
10 100
1000
3.16228
2.15443
0.1
-
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SQUARES, CUBES,
ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
37
TABLE No.
6.
Giving
Squares,
Cubes,
Square
Roots,
Cube
Roots,
and
Reciprocals
of
Numbers
from
o.i
to
iooo.
n
2
n
3
V
'
n
3
,
v
n
1
n
10
.1
0.01
0.001 0.31623
0.46416
0.2
0.04
0.008
0.44721
0.58480
5
0.3
0.09
0.027
0.54772 0.66943
3.3333
0.4
0.16
0.064
0.63245
0.73681
2.5
0.5
0.25
0.125
0.70711
0.79370
2
0.6
0.36
0.216
0.774597
0.84343 1.66667
0.7
0.49
0.343
0.83666
0.88790
1.42857
0.8
0.64 0.512
0.89443
0.92832
1.25
0.9
0.81
0.729
0.94868
0.96549 1.11111
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.1
1.21
1.331
1.04881
1.03228
0.909091
1.2
1.44
1.728
1.09545
1.06266
0.833333
1.3
1.69
2.197
1.14018
1.09134 0.769231
1.4
1.96
2.744
1.18322
1.11869
0.714286
1.5
2.25 3.375
1.22475
1.14471
0.666667
1.6
2.56
4.096
1.26491
1.16961 0.625
1.7
2.89
4.913
1.30384
1.19347
0.588235
1.8
3.24 5.832
1.34164
1.21644
0.555556
1.9
3.61
6.859
1.37840
1.23S55
0.526316
2 4 8
1.41421
1.25992
0.5
2.1
4.41
9.261
1.449138
1.28058
0.476190
2.2
4.84
10.648
1.48324
1
30059
0.454545
2.3
5.29
12.167
1.51657
1.32001
0.434783
2.4
5.76
13.824
1.54919
1.33887
0.416667
2.5
6.25 15.625
1.58114
1.35721 0.4
2.6
6.76
17.576
1.61245 1.37508
0.384615
2.7
7.29
19.683
1.64317
1.39248
0.37037
2.8 7.84
21.952
1.67332 1.40946
0.357143
2.9
8.41
24.389
1.70294
1.42604 0.344828
3
9
27
1.73205
1.44225
0.333333
3.2
1Q.24
32.768
1.78885
1.47361
0.3125
3.4 11.56
39.304
1.84391
1.50369
0.294118
3.6
12.96
46.656
1.89737
1.53262
0.277778
3.8
14.44 54.872
1.94936
1.56089
0.263158
4 16 64
2
1.58740
0.25
4.2
17.64 74.088
2.04939 1.61343
0.238095
4.4
19.36 85.184
2.09762
1.63868 0.227273
4.6
21.16
97.336 2.14476
1.66310 0.217391
4.8 23.04 110.592 2.19089
1.68687 0.208333
5
25 125
2.23607
1.70998
0.2
-
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3
SQUARES,
CUBES,
ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
n
n
2
n
3
\f
n
3
*S
n
1
n
6
36
216
2.44949
1.81712
0.1666667
7
49 343
2.64575
1.91293
0.142857
8
64
512
2.82843
2
0.125
9
81 729
3
2.08008 0.111111
10
100
1000
3.16228
2.15443
0.1
11
121
1331
3.31662
2.22398
0.0909091
12
144 1728 3.46410
2.28943
0.0833333
13 169
2197
3.60555 2.35133 0.0769231
14
196
2744
3.74166
2.41014
0.0714286
15
225
3375 3.87298
2.46621
0.0666667
16
256 4096
4
2.51984
0.0625
17
289
4913
4.12311
2.57128
0.0588235
18
324
5832
4.24264
2.62074 0.0555556
19
361
6859
4.35890
2.66840
0.0526316
20
400
8000
4.47214
2.71442
0.05
21
441
9261
4.58258
2.75892 0.0476190
22
484
10648 4.69042
2.80204 0.0454545
23
529
12167
4.79583
2.84387
0.0434783
24
576
13824
4.89898
2.88450
0.0416667
25
625
15625
5
2.92402
0.04
26
676
17576
5.09902
2.96250
0.0384615
27
729
19683
5.19615
3 0.0370370
28
784
21952
5.29150
3.03659
0.0357143
29
841 24389 5.38516
3.07232
0.0344828
30
900
27000
5.47723
3.10723
0.0333333
31
961 29791 5.56776
3.14138
0.0322581
32
1024
32768 5.65685
3,17480
0.03125
33
1089
35937
5.74456
3.20753
0.0303030
34
1156
39304
5.83095
3.23961
0.0294118
35
1225
42875
5.91608
3.27107
0.0285714
36
1296
46656
6
3.30193
0.0277778
37
1369
50653
6.08276
3.33222
0.0270270
38
1444 54872 6.16441
3.36198 0.0263158
39
1521
59319
6.245
3.39121
0.0256410
40
1600
64000
6.32456
3.41995
0.025
41
1681
68921
6.40312
3.44822
0.0243902
42
1764
74088
6.48074 3.47603 0.0238095
43
1849 79507
6.55744
3.50340
0.0232558
44 1936
85184 6.63325
3.53035
0.0227273
-
8/21/2019 Machinists Drafts 01 Lob b
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SQUARES, CUBES,
ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
39
n
n
2
n
3
Vn
V//
1
n
45
2025
91125
6.70820
3.55689
0.0222222
46
2116
97336
6.78233
3.58305
0.0217391
47
2209
103823
6.85565 3.60883
0.0212766
48 2304
110592
6.92820
3.63424
0.0208333
49
2401
117649
7
3.65931
0.0204082
50 2500
125000
7.07107
3.68403
0.02
51
2601
132651
7.14143
3.70843
0.0196078
52
2704
140608
7.21110
3.73251
0.0192308
53 2809
148877 7.28011
3.75629
0.0188679
54
2916
157464
7.34847
3.77976
0.0185185
55
3025 166375
7.41620
3.80295
0.0181818
56 3136 175616
7.48331
3.82586
0.0178571
57
3249 185193
7.54983
3.84852
0.0175439
58 3364
195112
7.61577
3.87088
0.0172414
59
34S1
205379
7.68115
3.89300
0.0169492
60 3600
216000
7.74597
3.91487
0.0166667
61
3721
226981
7.81025
3.93650
0.0163934
62
3844 238328
7.87401
3.95789 0.0161290
63
3969 250047
7.93725 3.97906
0.0158730
64
4096
262144
8
4
0.0156250
65
4225
274625
8.06226
4.02073
0.0153846
66
4356
287496
8.12404 4.04124
0.0151515
67
4489
300763
8.18535
4.06155
0.0149254
68
4624 314432
8.24621
4.08166
0.0147059
69 4761
328509
8.30662 4.10157
0.0144928
70
4900 343000
8.36660
4.12129
0.0142857
71
5041 357911
8.42615
4.14082
0.0140845
72
5184
373248
8.48528
4.16017
0.0138889
73
5329 389017
8.54400
4.17934
0.0136986
74
5476
405224 8.60233
4.19834
0.0135135
75
5625
421875 8.66025
4.21716
0.0133333
76
5776
438976 8.71780
4.23582
0.0131579
77
5929 456533
8.77496 4.25432
0.0129870
78
6084 474552
8.83176
4.27266
0.0128205
79
6241
493039 8.88819
4.29084
0.0126582
80
6400
512000
8.94427
4.30887
0.0125
81
6561
531441
9
4.32675
0.0123457
82
6724
551368
9.05539 4.34448 0.0121951
83
6889
571787 9.11043
4.36207
0.0120482
84
7056 592704 9.16515
4.37952
0.0119048
-
8/21/2019 Machinists Drafts 01 Lob b
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4o
SQUARES,
CUBES,
ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
n n
2
n
3
V
v
n
1
n
85
7225 614125
9.21954 4.39683
0.0117647
86
7396 636056
9.27362
4.414 0.0116279
87
7569 658503
9.32738
4.43105
0.0114943
88
7744 681472
9.38083 4.44797
0.0113636
89
7921
704969
9.43398 4.46475
0.0112360
90
8100
729000
9.48683
4.48140 0.0111111
91
8281
753571
9.53939
4.49794
0.0109890
92
8464
778688
9.59166 4.51436 0.0108696
93
8649
804357
9.64365
4.53065
0.0107527
94
8836 830584
9.69536
4.54684 0.0106383
95
9025
857375
9.74679
4.56290 0.0105263
96
9216
884736
9.79796
4.57886
0.0104167
97
9409
912673
9.84886 4.59470
0.0103093
98
9604 941192
9.89949
4.61044 0.0102041
99
9801
970299
9.94987 4.62607 0.0101010
100 10000
1000000 10
4.64159
0.01
101
10201
1030301
10.04988
4.65701
0.0099010
102
10404
1061208
10.09950 4.67233 0.0098039
103
10609
1092727 10.14889
4.68755
0.0097087
104
10816
1124864
10.19804
4.70267
0.0096154
105
11025
1157625
10.24695
4.71769
0.0095238
106 11236 1191016
10.29563
4.73262
0.0094340
107 11449
1225043 10.34408
4.74746
0.0093458
108
11664
1259712 10.39230
4.76220
0.0092593
109
11881
1295029
10.44031 4.77686
0.0091743
110
12100
1331000
10.48809
4.79142
0.0090909
111
12321
1367631 10.53565
4.80590
0.0090090
112
12544 1404928
10.58301
4.82028
0.0089286
113
12769
1442897
10.63015
4.83459
0.0088496
114
12996
1481544
10.67708
4.84881
0.0087719
115
13225
1520S75
10.72381
4.86294
0.0086957
116
13456
1560896
10.77033
4.877
0.0086207
117
13689
1601613
10.81665
4.89097
0.0085470
118
13924
1643032
10.86278
4.90487
0.00S4746
119
14161
1685159 10.90871
4.91868
0.0084034
120
14400
1728000
10.95445
4.93242
0.0083333
121 14641
1771561
11
4.94609
0.0082645
122
14884
1815848
11.04536
4.95968
0.0081967
123
15129
1860867
11.09054 4.97319
0.0081301
124
15376 1906624
11.13553
4.98663
0.0080645
-
8/21/2019 Machinists Drafts 01 Lob b
61/511
SQUARES,
CUBES,
ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
41
n n
2
;/
3
V
n
*/
n
1
n
125 15625 1953125
11.18034 5
0.008
126
15876 2000376
11.22497 5.01330 0.0079365
127
16129 2048383 11.26943 5.02653 0.0078740
128 16384 2097152
11.31371
5.03968 0.0078125
129
16641
2146689 11.35782
5.05277
0.0077519
130
16900
2197000 11.40175
5.06580
0.0076923
131
17161
2248091 11.44552
5.07875
0.0076336
132
17424
2299968
11.48913
5.09164
0.0075758
133
17689
2352637
11.53256
5.10447 0.0075188
134
17956 2406104
11.57584
5.11723
0.0074627
135 18225
2460375 11.61895 5.12993 0.0074074
136
18496 2515456 11.66190 5.14256
0.0073529
137 18769
2571353
11.70470
5.15514 0.0072993
138 19044
2628072
11.74734
5.16765
0.0072464
139
19321
2685619 11.78983
5.18010
0.0071942
140
19600
2744000
11.83216
5.19249 0.0071429
141
19881
2803221 11.87434 5.20483
0.0070922
142
20164
2863288
11.91638
5.21710 0.0070423
143
20449
2924207
11.95826 5.22932
0.0069930
144
20736
2985984
12
5.24148 0.0069444
145
21025
3048625
12.04159
5.25359
0.0068966
146
21316
3112136 12.08305
5.26564
0.0068493
147
21609
3176523
12.12436
5.27763
0.0068027
148
21904
3241792 12.16553 5.28957 0.0067568
149
22201
3307949
12.20656
5.30146
0.0067114
150
22500
3375000
12.24745 5.31329
0.0066667
151
22801
3442951
12.28821
5.32507
0.0066225
152
23104
3511808 12.32883 5.33680
0.0065789
153
23409
3581577
12.36932 5.34848
0.0065359
154
23716
3652264
12.40967
5.36011
0.0064935
155
24025
3723875
12.44990
5.37169
0.0064516
156
24336
3796416
12.49
5.38321
0.0064103
157
24649
3869893
12.52996
5.39469
0.0063694
158
24964
3944312
12.56981
5.40612
0.0063291
159
25281
4019679
12.60952 5.41750
0.0062893
160
25600
4096000
12.64911 5.42884
0.00625
161
25921
4173281
12,68858
5.44012
0.0062112
162
26244
4251528 12.72792
5.45136
0.0061728
163
26569
4330747
12.76715
5.46256
0.0061350
164
26896
4410944 12.80625
5.47370
0.0060976
-
8/21/2019 Machinists Drafts 01 Lob b
62/511
SQUARES,
CUBES, ROOTS,
AND RECIPROCALS.
n
n
,
n
3
V
n
3
V'
n
1
n
165
27225 4492125
12.84523
5.48481
0.0060606
166 27556
4574296
12.88410 5.49586
0.0060241
167
27889 4657463
12.92285 5.50688
0.0059880
168
28224
4741632
12.96148
5.51785
0.0059524
169
28561
4826809
13
5.52877
0.0059172
170
28900 4913000
13.03840
5.53966
0.0058824
171
29241
5000211
13.07670
5.55050
0.0058480
172
29584 5088448
13.11488
5.56130
0.0058140
173
29929
5177717 13.15295
5.57205
0.0057803
174
30276
5268024
13.19091
5.58277
0.0057471
175
30625 5359375 13.22876
5.59344
0.0057143
176 30976
5451776
13.26650 5.60408
0.0056818
177
31329 5545233
13.30413
5.61467
0.0056497
178
31684 5639752
13.34165
5.62523
0.0056180
179
32041
5735339
13.37909 5.63574
0.0055866
ISO 32400
5832000
13.41641 5.64622
0.0055556
181
32761
5929741
13.45362
5.65665
0.0055249
182
33124 6028568
13.49074 5.66705 0.0054945
183
33489
6128487
13.52775
5.67741
0.0054645
184
33856
6229504
13.56466
5.68773
0.0054348
185 34225
6331625 13.60147 5.69802
0.0054054
186
34596
6434850
13.63818
5.70827
0.0053763
187
34969
6539203
13.67479
5.71848
0.0053476
188
35344
6644672
13.71131
5.72865 0.0053191
189
35721
6751269 13.74773 5.73879
0.0052910
190 36100
6859000
13.13405
5.74890 0.0052632
191 36481 6967871
13.82028
5.75897
0.0052356
192
36864
7077888
13.85641
5.769
0.0052083
193
37249
7189057
13.89244
5.779
0.0051813
194
37636
7301384 13.92839
5.78896
0.0051546
195
38025 7414875
13.96424
5.79889
0.0051282
196 38416 7529536
14 5.80879
0.0051020
197
38809
7645373
14.03567 5.81865
0.0050761
198 39204
7762392 14.07125
5.82848
0.0050505
199
39601
7880599
14.10674 5.83827
0.0050251
200
40000
8000000
14.14214
5.84804
0.005
201
40401
8120601
14.17745
5.85777
0.0049751
202 40804
8242408
14.21267
5.86747
0.0049505
203
41209 8365427 14.24781
5.87713
0.0049261
204
41616 8489664
14.28286
5.88677
0.0049020
-
8/21/2019 Machinists Drafts 01 Lob b
63/511
SQUARES,
CUBES,
ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
43
n
205
W
2
n
3
V
n
v
n
1
n
42025
8615125
14.31782
5.89637
0.0048781
20(3
42436
8741816
14.35270
5.90594
0.0048544
207
42849 8869743
14.38749
5.91548
0.0048309
208
43264
8998912 14.42221
5.92499
0.0048077
209
43681
9129320
14.45683
5.93447
0.0047847
210
44100
9261000
14.49138
5.94392
0.0047619
211
44521 9393931
14.52584
5.95334
0.0047393
212
44944 9528128
14.56022 5.96273
0.0047170
213
45369 9663597 14.59452
5.97209
0.0046948
214
45796
9800344
14.62874
5.98142
0.0046729
215
46225
9938375
14.66288
5.99073
0.0046512
216
46656
10077696
14.69694
6
0.0046296
217
47089
10218313
14.73092
6.00925
0.0046083
218
47524
10360232
14.76482
6.01846
0.0045872
219
47961 10503459
14.79865
6.02765 0.0045662
220 48400
10648000
14.83240
6.03681
0.0045455
221
48841
10793861
14.86607
6.04594
0.0045249
222
49284
10941048
14.89966
6.05505
0.0045045
223 49729 11089567
14.93318
6.06413
0.0044843
224
50176
11239424
14.96663
6.07318 0.0044643
225
50625 11390625
15
6.08220
0.0044444
226
51076 11543176
15.03330
6.09120
0.0044248
227 51529
11697083 15.06652
6.10017
0.0044053
228
51984
11852352
15.09967
6.10911 0.0043860
229
52441 12008989
15.13275
6.11803
0.0043668
230 52900
12167000
15.16575
6.12693 0.0043478
231
53361
12326391
15.19868
6.13579
0.0043290
232 53824 12487168
15.23155
6.14463 0.0043103
233
54289
12649337
15.26434 6.15345
0.0042918
234
54756
12812904
15.29706 6.16224
0.0042735
235
55225
12977875
15.32971
6.17101 0.0042553
236 55696
13144256
15.36229
6.17975
0.0042373
237
56169
13312053 15.39480
6.18846
0.0042194
238
56644
13481272 15.42725
6.19715
0.0042017
239 57121
13651919
15.45962
6.20582
0.0041841
240
57600
13824000
15.49193 6.21447
0.0041667
241
58081
13997521 15.52417
6.22308
0.0041494
242
58564
14172488
15.55635 6.23168 0.0041322
243
59049 14348907 15.58846 6.24025 0.0041152
244
59536
14526784 15.62050 6.24880
0.0040984
-
8/21/2019 Machinists Drafts 01 Lob b
64/511
44
SQUARES,
CUBES, ROOTS,
AND
RECIPROCALS.
n
n* n*
V
n
3
1
n
245 60025
14706125
15.65248
6.25732
0.0040816
246
60516
14886936
15.68439
6.26583
0.0040650
247
61009
15069223
15.71623
6.27431
0.0040486
248 61504 15252992
15.74802
6.28276
0.0040323
249 62001 15438249
15.77973
6.29119 0.0040161
250
62500
15625000
15.81139
6.29961 0.004
251
63001
15813251
15.84298
6.30799
0.0039841
252
63504 16003008
15.87451
6.31636 0.0039683
253
64009
16194277
15.90597
6.32470
0.0039526
254
64516
16387064
15.93738
6.33303
0.0039370
255
65025
16581375
15.96872 6.34133
0.0039216
256
65536
16777216
16
6.34960
0.0039062
257
66049
16974593 16.03122
6.35786
0.0038911
258
66564
17173512
16.06238
6.3663 0.0038760
259 67081
17373979
16.09348
6.37431
0.0038610
260
67600
17576000
16.12452
6.38250
0.0038462
26
L
68121
17779581
16.15549
6.39068
0.0038314
262
68644
17984728
16.18641
6.39883 0.0038168
263
69169
18191447
16.21727
6.40696
0.0038023
264
69696
18399744
16.24808
6.41507 0.0037879
265
70225
18609625
16.27882
6.42316
0.0037736
266
70756
18821096
16.30951 6.43123
0.0037594
267
71289
19034163
16.34013
6.43928
0.0037453
268
71824
19248832
16.37071
6.44731
0.0037313
269
72361
19465109 16.40122
6.45531
0.0037175
270
72900
19683000 16.43168
6.46330 0.0037037
271
73441
19902511
16.46208
6.47127 0.00369
272
73984
20123648
16.49242 .6.47922 0.0036765
273 74529
20346417 16.52271
6.48715
0.0036630
274
75076
20570824
16.55295
6.49507 0.0036496
275
75625
20796875
16.58312
6.50296 0.0036364
276
76176
21024576
16.61325
6.51083 0.0036232
277 76729
21253933
16.64332
6.51868 0.0036101
278
77284
21484952
16.67333
6.52652 0.0035971
279
77841
21717639
16.70329
6.53434
0.0035842
280
78400
21952000
16.73320
6.54213
0.0035714
281
78961
22188041
16.76305
6.54991 0.0035587
282
79524 22425768
16.79286 6.55767
0.0035461
283
80089
22665187
16.82260
6.56541 0.0035336
284 80656 22906304
16.85230
6.57314
0.0035211
-
8/21/2019 Machinists Drafts 01 Lob b
65/511
SQUARES,
CUBES,
ROOTS, AND
RECIPROCALS.
45
n n
2
n
3
s/
n
v
n
1
n
285
81225
23149125
16.88194
6.58084
0.0035088
286
81796
23393656
16.91153
6.58853
0.0034965
287
82369
23639903
16.94107
6.59620
0.0034843
288
82944
23887872
16.97056
6.60385
0.0034722
289
83521
24137569 17
6.61149
C.
0034602
290
84100 24389000
17.02939
6.61911
0.0034483
291
84681 24642171
17.05872
6.62671
0.0034364
292
85264
24897088
17.08801
6.63429
0.0034247
293
85849
25153757
17.11724
6.64185
0.0034130
294
86436
25412184
17.14643
6.64940
0.0034014
295
87025
25672375
17.17556
6.65693
0.0033898
296
87616
25934336 17.20465 6.66444
0.0033784
297
88209
26198073
17.23369
6.67194 0.0033670
298
88804
26463592 17.26268 6.67942
0.0033557
299
89401
26730899
17.29162 6.68688 0.0033445
300
90000 27000000
17.32051 6.69433 0.0033333
301 90601 27270901 17.34935 6.70176
0.0033223
302
91204
27543608 17.37815 6.70917 0.0033113
303
91809
27818127 17.40690
6.71657 0.0033003
304
92416 28094464
17.43560 6.72395
0.0032895
305
93025
28372625
17.46425
6.73132
0.0032787
306
93636
28652616
17.49286 6.73866
0.0032680
307
94249
28934443
17.52142
6.746
0.0032573
308
94864
29218112
17.54993 6.75331 0.0032468
309
95481
29503629
17.57840 6.76061 0.0032362
310 96100 29791000
17.60682
6.76790
0.0032258
311 96721
30080231
17.63519
6.77517
0.0032154
312
97344 30371328 17.66352
6.78242
0.0032051
313 97969 30664297 17.69181
6.78966
0.0031949
314 9859