1. Natural Solutions at WorkProtected Areas: Helping People to Cope with Global Challenges Kathy MacKinnon, IUCN WCPA Trevor Sandwith, IUCN

2. Climate Change - Likely Impacts Source: Stern 2006. 3. Likely Regional Impacts of Climate Change on Human Communities and LivelihoodsAfrica By 2020, 75-250 m people suffering water shortages Some countries - 50% reduction yield from rain-fed agriculture Strong links to poverty, migration and food securityAsia By 2050s, freshwater availability projected to decrease. Coastal areas, esp. heavily populated delta regions, flooding risk Increased pressures on natural resources from agriculture expansion Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea/disease rise.Islands Sea level rise -inundation, storm surge, erosion, other coastal hazards. By 2050, reduced water resources and shortages With higher temperatures, increased invasion by non-native species. 4. Ecosystems As Part of the Solution Enhance resilience to climate change: Mitigation Store: Prevent loss of C in vegetation & soils Capture: Sequester CO2 from atmosphere Adaptation Protect : maintain ecosystem integrity, bufferclimate, reduce risks and impacts of extremeevents (droughts, floods, storms, sea level rise) Provide: maintain essential services: watersupplies, fisheries, agricultural productivity 5. Ecosystems & Global Carbon Cycle Forests 35% of land, 50% terrestrial C Remove 2.4 b tons C/yr (=1/3 fossil fuel emissions) Wetlands, seagrass beds, mangroves, kelp forests some of the most efficient C sinks. BUT Land Conversion 20% global emissions Deforestation:1.6 b ton C/yr. Peat - 3% land; degradation equiv. 6% fossil fuel emissions.Many areas high BD, high C valueGlobally 15% terrestrial C stored in PAs 6. Amazon Region ProtectedArea Program The ARPA program (Brazilian Amazon) Created 22.28 million ha of new PAs. Better management 8.65 m ha existing PA Mosaic of state, provincial, private, & indigenous reserves (30.93 m ha). ARPA contributes to avoided deforestation. Carbon stock estimated 4.5 bn tons. Reducedemissions estimated at 1.8 bn tons of carbon. Role recognized in the 2006 Stern Review. 7. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Natural ecosystems maintain water flows and quality. Provide coastal protection and natural flood controland pollution-reduction mechanisms. Maintain nursery, feeding and breeding grounds forfisheries and wildlife Protect reservoirs of wild crop relatives, pollinators,pest control. (genetic diversity and resilience for cropimprovements; increased agricultural production). Healthy ecosystems restrict spread of invasive alienspecies (IAS) and disease vectors. Proven, cost-effective and sustainable solutions reducing the impact of CC 8. Forests and Water Security Quantity: cloud forests increase water flow Quality: 33/105 major cities depend on PAsfor domestic water Jakarta, Quito, New York Another 10%:water from protected watersheds Forests reduce sedimentation - irrigation canalsand reservoirs e.g. Bogani Nani Wartabone NP Value to downstream agriculture Madagascar- 6m hectares of PAs 9. Protecting against hazards Coral reefs & mangroves coastal protection,fisheries & food security. Mangroves $300,000/km coastal defences Malaysia. Vietnam: Investment US$1.1m saved est.US$7.3m/year sea dyke maintenance. Typhoon Wukong 2000. Flood control New Zealand: Whangamarino Ramsarsite, swamp flood prevention worth US$4 m (1998). Switzerland 17% forests - stop avalanches, landslides& flooding, valued at US$2-3.5 billion per year Green infrastructure Argentina, Parana flood control Mali - role of national parks in desertification control.PA reservoirs of drought-resistant species 10. Looking Forward PROTECT: More & larger protected areas: marine;areas high C & BD; watersheds, peat, lowland, FW CONNECT Protected areas in landscapes/seascapes Full range of PA governance (state to communities) Improve protection & management for C, BD & ES RESTORE - degraded habitats within & around PAs. Incorporate PAs into CC/Adaptation/DisasterReduction Strategies and spatial planning COST $23b/yr (4x current) REDD, C funds, PES 11. Advocacy to Action How to Mainstream?For more information please visit: www.worldbank.org/biodiversity 12. IUCN defines a protected area to be: a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long- term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values IUCNs Global Protected Area Programme INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 13. CBD Strategic Plan: Target 11At least17 % of terrestrial and inland water, and10 % of coastal and marine areas,especially areas of particular importance for biodiversityand ecosystem services, are conservedthrough effectivelyCBD & Climateand equitably managed, Kathy MacKinnonecologically representative and well-connected systemsof protected areas, andother effective area-based conservation measures,and integrated into the wider landscape and seascape.IUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 14. What does this imply for theestablishment, management andgovernance of protected areas? Kathy MacKinnonCBD & Climate IUCNs Global Protected Area Programme INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 15. 1. PA system designecologically representative and well-connected systems% of North American Ecozones Protected 0.450.4 0.350.3 0.250.2 CBD Target 0.15Kathy MacKinnon0.1 CBD & Climate 0.05 0IUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 16. Distribution of the Number of North AmericanProtected Areas by Size Class 2000018478 18000Number of Protected Areeas 16000 90% of North American Protected Areas are Less Than 14000 100 km2 in area 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 142829627 0 1144 0 - 100100 - 1000 1000 - 1000010000 - 20000 20000 - 30000 30000 - 40000 > 40000Size Class in Km2 17. Species are being lost in small protected areas:e.g. Changes in Amphibian species richness in Pt. Pelee SpeciesHistorical19721994 Mudpuppy ? ? Tiger salamander gonegone American toad Fowlers toad gonegone Blanchards frog gone Spring peeper Western Chorus frog Gray treefrog Kathy MacKinnonCBD & Climategonegone Bullfrog gone Green frog Leopard frog 117 5 IUCNs Global Protected Area Programme INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 18. Tracking Target 11: Protection ofecoregionsWe need to get here!We are here! 19. 2. Management capacityeffectively....managedStandards and guidance forprotected area managers Category assignment Management planning Community engagement Communication andeducation Managing in the face of Kathy MacKinnonCBD & Climateclimate changeProfessional developmentstandards, curriculum, quali-fications IUCNs Global Protected Area Programme INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 20. 2+ Financial capacityeffectively....managed A global assessment ofPA financing Application of a suite offinancing mechanisms(governmentfunding, trustfunds, payments forecosystemservices, mitigationKathy MacKinnon CBD & Climateoffsets) Skills tomotivate, manage anddeploy financeIUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 21. 3. Facilitating equitable governance equitably....managed Address inadequacies inprotected arealegislation Focus on recognition ofall PA governance typesin the productionlandscape/ seascape Kathy MacKinnonCBD & Climate IUCNs Global Protected Area Programme INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 22. GovernanceA. Governance byB. Shared GovernanceC. Private D. Indigenous Peoples &typeGovernmentGovernance Community GovernanceFederaLocal/ Govern Trans-Collaborativ JointDeclared byby forIndigenous bio- Communityl ormunicipment-boundar emanagement and runnon- profit cultural areas &Conserved Areasnational delegate y managemen(pluralist by profit organisatTerritories-- declared andalministry dmanaget (various management individu organisations (e.g.Categoryministr or manage mentforms of board) al land- ions (e.g. corporat declared and run by run by Indigenous Peoplestraditional(manag. y oragencyagencyin ment (e.g. topluralistinfluence)ownerNGOs, univ.e land-owners ) peoples and localobjective)change an NGO) etc.) communitiesI - Strict NatureReserve/Wilderness AreaII NationalPark (ecosystemprotection;protection ofcultural values)III NaturalMonumentIV Habitat/ Kathy MacKinnonSpeciesCBD & ClimateManagementV ProtectedLandscape/SeascapeVI ManagedResource IUCNs Global Protected Area Programme INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 23. Kathy MacKinnon CBD & ClimateIUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 24. 3+ Facilitate equitable governance other effective area- based conservation measures Social assessment of PAs Enable multiple agency,biosphere reserve andtransboundary protectedareas governance Pilot, test anddemonstrate Access andBenefit SharingarrangementsIUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 25. 4. Meeting global challengesintegrated intothe wider landscapeand seascape Developing guidancefor embeddingbiodiversity and PAsinto developmentand land-useplanning Achieving sectoralsupport for thecritical role of PAsystemsIUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 26. IUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 27. IUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 28. 5. Achieving and communicating effective performanceAreas that are particularly important forBiodiversity are conserved The IUCN GREEN LIST of well-managed protected areas that achieve conservation of biodiversity Recognize and measure progress, celebrate success, innovation and endeavour in protected area managementIUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 29. THE IUCN GREEN LIST OF WELL-MANAGED PROTECTED AREAS Values stated, objectives declared andbeing met Protected area legally established,boundaries secure Management capacity, policies andactions to achieve objectives in place Governance, participation, equity andbenefit-sharing fulfils standards Visitor management and communicationmeets standardsIUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 30. World Database on Protected Areas Only global database of protected areas 30 years old 200,000 + records Partnership between UNEP and IUCN Includes nationally designated parks and protected areas International sites (World Heritage, UNESCO MAB, Ramsar, etc.) World Database on Protected Areas, 2012 Panamanian protected areas from protectedpla 31. 5+ Using the power of social networks IUCNs Global Protected Area Programme INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE 32. IUCNs Global Protected Area ProgrammeINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE