macro-organisms for biological control
TRANSCRIPT
Macro-organisms for biological controlMacro-organisms for
biological control … why biological control agents work – how and
when?
Roma L Gwynn [email protected]
EPN
Production of beneficial insects • Cultured on plants on host under controlled conditions • Grown on artificial diets – insectaries • Distributed live, usually on-time delivery to order
Production of entomopathogenic nematodes • Grown in vivo, solid or liquid fermentation • Separated from host or media • Reduced active water • Formulated • Cold stored
Macrobial Production
~150 species regularly used in Europe
Globally >2000 natural enemy species introduced • into most countries • against >5,000 invasive insect pest species
Used in most crops
Macrobial use
Value of natural pest control by insects in the USA = $4.5 billion per year Losey & Vaughan (2006) BioScience, 56, 311 – 323.
Economic potential of single products often does not exceed € 0,2 mio
High costs compared to market potential
Limited shelf life requires high demanding distribution logistics
Macrobial commercial products
Macrobial commercial products
Natural forces control populations
Without natural control, one cabbage aphid = 250 million tonnes of offspring in a year!
Information and photo: courtesy of D. Chandler, Warwick Crop Centre and eplantswholesale.com.au respectively
Factors that naturally limit populations: • Density independent factors (e.g.
climate). • Density dependent factors:
• Competition for limited resources between individuals of the same species.
• Competition / antagonism with other species.
• Being eaten/parasitised/infected by other species.
Strategies to use macrobials • Compared to nature, cropping systems are less stable.
• Often populations of the naturally occurring macrobials are too small or develop too late to prevent plant damage.
• Management intervention needed
by:
• Introduction
• Conservation
• Augmentation
• The intentional introduction of an exotic biological control agent for permanent establishment and long term pest control
• Based on the ‘natural enemy release hypothesis’
• Also called classical control
Adult vedalia beetles, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), feeding on cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. Photograph by Division of Plant Industry.
• 1868: Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, accidentally introduced to California citrus orchards.
• 1886: Nearly destroys citrus farming. • The scale came from Australia. 2 natural enemies imported:
– a parasitoid Cryptochaetum (12,000 released), – A true predator, the vedalia beetle Rodolia cardinalis (500 released).
• Beetle spread rapidly, controlled the scale by 1890. Still working now. • Parasitoid took longer to establish. Effective on the coast.
Strategies to use macrobials - Introductions
Actions that preserve or protect natural enemies that are already present. – Habitat manipulation to attract and retain natural enemies.
Strategies to use macrobials - Conservation
Adding floral resources to vineyards in New Zealand
• Growing flowering plants between vines attracts & retains parasitoids of leafroller caterpillars.
• Now used by 80 wine growers in New Zealand.
• Wine marketed as ‘environmentally friendly’.
• www.waiparawine.co.nz
Berndt et al., (1996). Biological Control 37, 50 – 55.
• Intentional release of a species of macroorganism that occurs already within the area, region or country of use.
• The idea is that the resident natural enemy population is too low to control the pest, so it has to be ‘augmented’.
• The introduced population expected to reduce to the carrying capacity of the agro-ecosystem.
• Inundative or Inoculation
Trichogramma spp.
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Po pu
la tio
Chart6
0.1
0.1
10
10
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40
12
60
9.6
30
11.52
36
6.912
18
9.6768
21.6
5.80608
10.8
8.128512
12.96
0.1
0.1
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10
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Sheet1
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Chemical
0.1
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Biopesticide
0.1
2.5
5
10
15
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55
80
85
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Chart2
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Chemical
Biopesticide
Assay
% Effect
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
10
10
40
40
40
60
60
60
42
42
42
46.2
50.4
54.6
32.34
35.28
38.22
35.574
38.808
42.042
24.9018
27.1656
29.4294
27.39198
29.88216
32.37234
19.174386
20.917512
22.660638
21.0918246
23.0092632
24.9267018
14.76427722
16.10648424
17.44869126
16.240704942
17.717132664
19.193560386
11.3684934594
12.4019928648
13.4354922702
12.5053428053
13.6421921513
14.7790414972
8.7537399637
9.5495345059
10.3453290481
9.6291139601
10.5044879565
11.3798619529
6.7403797721
7.3531415695
7.965903367
7.4144177493
8.0884557265
8.7624937037
Sheet4
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
10
10
40
40
40
60
60
60
54
48
42
64.8
57.6
50.4
45.36
40.32
35.28
49.896
44.352
38.808
34.9272
31.0464
27.1656
38.41992
34.15104
29.88216
26.893944
23.905728
20.917512
29.5833384
26.2963008
23.0092632
20.70833688
18.40741056
16.10648424
22.779170568
20.248151616
17.717132664
15.9454193976
14.1737061312
12.4019928648
17.5399613374
15.5910767443
13.6421921513
12.2779729362
10.913753721
9.5495345059
13.5057702298
12.0051290931
10.5044879565
9.4540391608
8.4035903652
7.3531415695
10.3994430769
9.2439494017
8.0884557265
Sheet5
Strategies to use macrobials – nematodes
• Can we get augmentation biocontrol to work better and be adopted more in outdoor crops?
• Make best use of ecological features of macrobials
• Better integration within IPM
Strategies to use macrobials - Future
• Knowledge transfer to advisors, farmers, consumers • New technology - education • New way to grow plants -
agronomy • Description of benefits – new way
of crop protection
Ratifications: (# 194) Almost all EU countries, S-AM, (USA)
1 Conservation of Biological diversity “prevent the introduction of all alien species and, when prevention fails, to control as far as possible species that threaten indigenous ecosystems, habitats or species”
2 Sustainable use of biological components
3 ABS (Access and Benefit Sharing)
Regulation of macrobials
Regulation of macrobials - EU status
Regulation of macrobials
- Establishment and/or dispersal in non-target habitat - Non-target host range - (In)direct effects on non-target organisms
Determine likelihood and magnitude of each of the risks
Quantify risk and apply cost-benefit analysis
(Van Lenteren, 2006)
Regulation of macrobials
EPPO list of species used in biological control for inundative releases includes: • 14 Coleoptera species • 4 diptera species • 8 Hemiptera/homoptera species • 49 Hymenoptera species • 1 Neuoptera species • 4 Thysanoptera species • 16 Acarina • 7 Nematoda
EPPO standards on safe use of biological control PM 6/3: List ot biological control agents widely used in the EPPO region
Regulation of macrobials - EPPO list
EPPO list of species used in successful classical control includes: • 8 Coleoptera species • 1 Diptera species • 33 Hymenoptera species
How will macrobials fit with ecosystems services?
Macrobials – ERA implications
www.biorationale.co.uk [email protected]
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Roma L Gwynn [email protected]
EPN
Production of beneficial insects • Cultured on plants on host under controlled conditions • Grown on artificial diets – insectaries • Distributed live, usually on-time delivery to order
Production of entomopathogenic nematodes • Grown in vivo, solid or liquid fermentation • Separated from host or media • Reduced active water • Formulated • Cold stored
Macrobial Production
~150 species regularly used in Europe
Globally >2000 natural enemy species introduced • into most countries • against >5,000 invasive insect pest species
Used in most crops
Macrobial use
Value of natural pest control by insects in the USA = $4.5 billion per year Losey & Vaughan (2006) BioScience, 56, 311 – 323.
Economic potential of single products often does not exceed € 0,2 mio
High costs compared to market potential
Limited shelf life requires high demanding distribution logistics
Macrobial commercial products
Macrobial commercial products
Natural forces control populations
Without natural control, one cabbage aphid = 250 million tonnes of offspring in a year!
Information and photo: courtesy of D. Chandler, Warwick Crop Centre and eplantswholesale.com.au respectively
Factors that naturally limit populations: • Density independent factors (e.g.
climate). • Density dependent factors:
• Competition for limited resources between individuals of the same species.
• Competition / antagonism with other species.
• Being eaten/parasitised/infected by other species.
Strategies to use macrobials • Compared to nature, cropping systems are less stable.
• Often populations of the naturally occurring macrobials are too small or develop too late to prevent plant damage.
• Management intervention needed
by:
• Introduction
• Conservation
• Augmentation
• The intentional introduction of an exotic biological control agent for permanent establishment and long term pest control
• Based on the ‘natural enemy release hypothesis’
• Also called classical control
Adult vedalia beetles, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), feeding on cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. Photograph by Division of Plant Industry.
• 1868: Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, accidentally introduced to California citrus orchards.
• 1886: Nearly destroys citrus farming. • The scale came from Australia. 2 natural enemies imported:
– a parasitoid Cryptochaetum (12,000 released), – A true predator, the vedalia beetle Rodolia cardinalis (500 released).
• Beetle spread rapidly, controlled the scale by 1890. Still working now. • Parasitoid took longer to establish. Effective on the coast.
Strategies to use macrobials - Introductions
Actions that preserve or protect natural enemies that are already present. – Habitat manipulation to attract and retain natural enemies.
Strategies to use macrobials - Conservation
Adding floral resources to vineyards in New Zealand
• Growing flowering plants between vines attracts & retains parasitoids of leafroller caterpillars.
• Now used by 80 wine growers in New Zealand.
• Wine marketed as ‘environmentally friendly’.
• www.waiparawine.co.nz
Berndt et al., (1996). Biological Control 37, 50 – 55.
• Intentional release of a species of macroorganism that occurs already within the area, region or country of use.
• The idea is that the resident natural enemy population is too low to control the pest, so it has to be ‘augmented’.
• The introduced population expected to reduce to the carrying capacity of the agro-ecosystem.
• Inundative or Inoculation
Trichogramma spp.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Po pu
la tio
Chart6
0.1
0.1
10
10
15
40
12
60
9.6
30
11.52
36
6.912
18
9.6768
21.6
5.80608
10.8
8.128512
12.96
0.1
0.1
5
2.5
10
5
20
10
40
15
75
30
90
55
95
80
99
85
99
85
Sheet1
0
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Chemical
0.1
5
10
20
40
75
90
95
99
99
Biopesticide
0.1
2.5
5
10
15
30
55
80
85
85
Chart2
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
Chemical
Biopesticide
Assay
% Effect
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
10
10
40
40
40
60
60
60
42
42
42
46.2
50.4
54.6
32.34
35.28
38.22
35.574
38.808
42.042
24.9018
27.1656
29.4294
27.39198
29.88216
32.37234
19.174386
20.917512
22.660638
21.0918246
23.0092632
24.9267018
14.76427722
16.10648424
17.44869126
16.240704942
17.717132664
19.193560386
11.3684934594
12.4019928648
13.4354922702
12.5053428053
13.6421921513
14.7790414972
8.7537399637
9.5495345059
10.3453290481
9.6291139601
10.5044879565
11.3798619529
6.7403797721
7.3531415695
7.965903367
7.4144177493
8.0884557265
8.7624937037
Sheet4
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
10
10
40
40
40
60
60
60
54
48
42
64.8
57.6
50.4
45.36
40.32
35.28
49.896
44.352
38.808
34.9272
31.0464
27.1656
38.41992
34.15104
29.88216
26.893944
23.905728
20.917512
29.5833384
26.2963008
23.0092632
20.70833688
18.40741056
16.10648424
22.779170568
20.248151616
17.717132664
15.9454193976
14.1737061312
12.4019928648
17.5399613374
15.5910767443
13.6421921513
12.2779729362
10.913753721
9.5495345059
13.5057702298
12.0051290931
10.5044879565
9.4540391608
8.4035903652
7.3531415695
10.3994430769
9.2439494017
8.0884557265
Sheet5
Strategies to use macrobials – nematodes
• Can we get augmentation biocontrol to work better and be adopted more in outdoor crops?
• Make best use of ecological features of macrobials
• Better integration within IPM
Strategies to use macrobials - Future
• Knowledge transfer to advisors, farmers, consumers • New technology - education • New way to grow plants -
agronomy • Description of benefits – new way
of crop protection
Ratifications: (# 194) Almost all EU countries, S-AM, (USA)
1 Conservation of Biological diversity “prevent the introduction of all alien species and, when prevention fails, to control as far as possible species that threaten indigenous ecosystems, habitats or species”
2 Sustainable use of biological components
3 ABS (Access and Benefit Sharing)
Regulation of macrobials
Regulation of macrobials - EU status
Regulation of macrobials
- Establishment and/or dispersal in non-target habitat - Non-target host range - (In)direct effects on non-target organisms
Determine likelihood and magnitude of each of the risks
Quantify risk and apply cost-benefit analysis
(Van Lenteren, 2006)
Regulation of macrobials
EPPO list of species used in biological control for inundative releases includes: • 14 Coleoptera species • 4 diptera species • 8 Hemiptera/homoptera species • 49 Hymenoptera species • 1 Neuoptera species • 4 Thysanoptera species • 16 Acarina • 7 Nematoda
EPPO standards on safe use of biological control PM 6/3: List ot biological control agents widely used in the EPPO region
Regulation of macrobials - EPPO list
EPPO list of species used in successful classical control includes: • 8 Coleoptera species • 1 Diptera species • 33 Hymenoptera species
How will macrobials fit with ecosystems services?
Macrobials – ERA implications
www.biorationale.co.uk [email protected]
Lysbildenummer 1
Lysbildenummer 2
Lysbildenummer 3
Lysbildenummer 4
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