macromolecules chapter 2.3. section 2-1: the nature of matter remember… atoms are made up of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Macromolecules
CHAPTER 2.3
![Page 2: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER
• REMEMBER…• Atoms are made up of electrons (-),
neutrons (neutral), and protons (+)• Proton number = atomic number =
type of element
![Page 3: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SECTION 2-3: CARBON COMPOUNDS
• Organic compounds- those compounds that contain carbon
• Chemical Formulas - show how many and which atoms are in a compound
• Structural Formulas - show the arrangement of the atoms in a compound
![Page 4: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Isomers - compounds with the same chemical formula, but different structure (ex. propanol and isopropanol)
![Page 5: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
glucose
Fructose
![Page 6: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
COVALENT BOND #’S
•Atoms want to fill their electron shells. An atom wants to make just enough bonds to fill its shells.
•H makes one bond•O makes two bonds•C makes four bonds
![Page 7: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
MACROMOLECULES
•Monomers (smaller units) join to make polymers or macromolecules–Carbohydrates –Lipids–Proteins –Nucleic acids
![Page 8: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CARBOHYDRATES
•Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with a ratio of two hydrogen atoms to every one oxygen atom
• Made up of sugars
![Page 9: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
USE OF CARBOHYDRATES
• Source of energy for many living things
• Examples: sugar and starch
![Page 10: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
![Page 11: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
MONOSACCHARIDES
• Only one sugar molecule• Examples -glucose,
fructose, and galactose • All three are C6H12O6, but
they are isomers• Draw Glucose
![Page 12: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
DISACCHARIDES
• Double sugars (two monosaccharides combined)
• Examples: sucrose, lactose, and maltose
• All are isomers with the chemical formula C12H22O11
![Page 14: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
POLYSACCHARIDES
• Long chains of monosaccharides joined together
• Examples: starch, glycogen, and cellulose
• Plants store excess sugar as starch, and break it down for energy
![Page 16: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Humans store excess sugar as glycogen, & break it down for energy
• Cellulose used by plants to build cell walls.
![Page 18: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Carbohydrates and Nutrition
• Beware of low carbohydrate diets– Low carbohydrates cause your body
to break down muscle (protein)– Low carbohydrates can cause your
appetite to increase (your body thinks it is starving)
• Eat whole grains! – Whole grains provide fiber and help to
prevent heart disease and cancer.
![Page 19: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
• Two molecules join together by losing a molecule of water
![Page 20: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
HYDROLYSIS REACTION
• Larger molecules broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water
![Page 22: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
LIPIDS
• Include fats, oils, steroids & waxes
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but the # of H atoms per molecule is much greater then the # of O atoms
• An example, C57H110O6
![Page 23: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
USES OF LIPIDS
• Stored for energy • Form basic structure of cell
membranes• Protection • Insulation • Waterproof coverings
![Page 24: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
THE STRUCTURE OF SOME FATS
• Fatty Acids (a common type of fat): –a long carbon chain with a -COOH (carboxyl group) at one end
![Page 25: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Different types of fatty acids: –Saturated - all single, covalent
bonds in between carbons in chain
–Unsaturated - one double bond between carbons in chain
–Polyunsaturated - many double bonds between carbons in chain
![Page 26: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
•Steroids include:–Cholesterol -made by animals and is both helpful & harmful
–Testosterone/Estrogen – male/female hormones
–Cortisone – medicine used to reduce swelling/itching
![Page 30: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Fats and Nutrition• Unsaturated fat is better for you
than saturated fat. Double bonds are easier to break than single bonds.
• High fat diet actually increases appetite.
• To increase fat break down, you must increase physical activity.
• Good fats are found in some fish, olives, and nuts and actually help to prevent heart disease.
![Page 32: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PROTEIN
• Made up of amino acids linked together
• Composed of C, H, & O as well as nitrogen, N, and possibly sulfur
![Page 33: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
USES OF PROTEINS
• Build living materials like muscle• Act as enzymes to help carry out
chemical reactions• Fight disease• Transport particles into or out of
cells• Act as markers on cells
![Page 34: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
AMINO ACID STRUCTURE
• Have a central C that is bound to: –carboxyl group (-COOH)–a hydrogen atom –a amino group (-NH2)–an “R” group
![Page 35: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Alanine Serine
General structure
![Page 37: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• There are 20 main amino acids.
• Each has same basic structure with the only difference being the “R” group
• Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds (formed by dehydration synthesis)
![Page 38: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Peptide bond is between two amino acids
• Polypeptide – (a protein) many amino acids joined
![Page 39: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Protein and Nutrition
• Proteins help to suppress appetite so eat a little at every meal.
• Proteins help build lean body mass.• Increased lean body mass increase
your BMR (basal metabolic rate).– This means that you burn more
calories.• Yo-yo dieting decreases BMR and
makes your body store fat.
![Page 41: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Composed of nucleotides• Nucleotides consist of a
sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate
• Nucleic acids include: DNA, RNA, ATP, and NAD
![Page 42: Macromolecules CHAPTER 2.3. SECTION 2-1: THE NATURE OF MATTER REMEMBER… Atoms are made up of electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+) Proton](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e455503460f94b39515/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)