macromolecules. organic compounds compoundscarbon organiccompounds that contain carbon are called...
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Macromolecules
Organic Compounds• Compounds that contain
CARBON are called organic.–This is different from organic foods
in the grocery store.
Compounds that do not contain CARBON are called inorganic.
Organic Compounds
• Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
• Bio-molecules are the macromolecules of life
Carbon (C)• Carbon has 4 outer
electrons
• Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
• Usually with C, H, O or N.
• Example: CH4(methane)
Macromolecules• Large organic molecules.
–Also called POLYMERS. (poly = many)
• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. (mono = one)
• 4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-molecules:
1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids (DNA and
RNA)
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates• Small sugar molecules to large sugar
molecules.• Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.• Building Block:
monosaccharide
Types of CarbsA. monosaccharideB. disaccharideC. polysaccharide
CarbohydratesMonosaccharide: one sugar
unitaka: simple sugars
Examples: glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose
glucose
CarbohydratesDisaccharide: two sugar
unitsExamples:
–Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
–Lactose (glucose + galactose)
–Maltose (glucose + glucose)
glucoseglucose
CarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar
unitsExamples: starch (bread,
potatoes)glycogen (beef
muscle)cellulose
(lettuce, corn)
glucoseglucose
glucoseglucose
glucoseglucose
glucoseglucose
cellulose
Functions of Carbohydrates
Broken down as a source of energy
Part of cell structure
Carbohydrates• Starches: serves as plant energy
storage (think potatoes)– Glucose monomers joined together,
branched
• Glycogen: serves as animal energy storage– Glucose monomers joined together,
straight
• Cellulose: structural component in plants – Cannot be broken down by humans
CarbohydratesPolymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomermonomer
Lipids
LIPIDSBUILDING BLOCK:
FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL
ELEMENTS:C H O (NO RATIO but there will be more C’s and H’s)
FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
fatty acid
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
Lipids• General term for compounds which
are not soluble in water. (non-polar)
• LIPIDS ARE SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES----DO NOT DISSOLVE IN POLAR SUBSTANCES (OIL/WATER)
• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. (phobic=fear, hydro=water)
Examples of LIPIDS1. Fats2. Phospholipids3. Oils4. Waxes
5. Steroid/ Hormones 6. Triglycerides
LipidsTriglycerides:
composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
fatty acids
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2 -CH
2 -CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
LipidsFive functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)3. Protection against water loss4. Chemical messengers (hormones)5. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)
Fatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acids (carbon
chains) you may see on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
=
saturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH2 -CH
2-CH2 -CH
2 -CH3
=
unsaturated
Solid fats!
Liquid oils!
Proteins
Proteins (Polypeptides)
Basic building block= Amino Acid• There are 20 amino acids (your body
makes 12 amino acids)
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur
Proteins (Polypeptides)Amino Acids
• Made of carbon bonded to a carboxyl group (-), an amine group (+), a hydrogen, and an R-group.
• Variation between amino acids comes from different R-groups.
• Amino Acids are linked together by peptide bonds.
Proteins (Polypeptides)• Six functions and examples of
proteins:1. Storage: albumin (egg white)2. Transport: hemoglobin (blood)3. Regulatory:hormones4. Movement: muscles5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails6. Enzymes: cellular reactions
Protein: Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains)
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
Protein: Secondary Structure
• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds.
• Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
Protein: Tertiary Structure
• Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides
• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, covalent
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Protein: Quaternary Structure
• Composed of 2 or more “subunits”
• Example: enzymes
subunits
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Building Block: Nucleotides
ELEMENTS: C H O N P
Nucleic acids• Nucleotides include:
phosphate groupsugar
DNA: deoxyriboseRNA: ribose
nitrogenous bases
Nucleotide
OO=P-O O
Phosphate Group
NNitrogenous base
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
Sugar(deoxyribose)
Nucleic acids• Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix)
**stores genetic information** b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
**builds proteins**
DNA - double helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A