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MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012

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Page 1: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

MACROMOLECULES

SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012

Page 2: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

MACROMOLECULES Macromolecules:

Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms

4 major groups of macromolecules:1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids

Page 3: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:
Page 4: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

WHAT IS A CARBOHYDRATE? Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen Used mainly by living organisms for energy Produced by plants by photosynthesis

Page 5: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

WHAT DOES A SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE LOOK LIKE? Glucose:

Formula: C6H12O6

Hydroxyl group (OH)

Page 6: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

WHAT DOES A SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATE LOOK LIKE? Fructose

Formula: C6H12O6

Hydroxyl group (OH)

Page 7: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

MONOSACCHARIDES: Also known as simple sugars What are they?

Carbohydrates that contain 6 carbon atoms and hydroxyl groups

Examples and Information: Glucose (C6H12O6) Fructose (C6H12O6) Both are water soluble

Page 8: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

DISACCHARIDES Also known as double

sugars What are they?

2 monosaccharides linked together

Examples and information: Sucrose is glucose +

fructose Formed by bonding two

sugars together Occurs when hydroxyl

groups react with each other Sucrose is water soluble

Page 9: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

MAKING SUCROSE

+

H2O

Page 10: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

POLYSACCHARIDES Also known as complex carbohydrates What are they?

Sugars attached together in a chain Examples and information:

Insoluble in water Polymer:

Molecule composed of many linked subunits Monomer:

Individual subunits of a polymer

Page 11: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

EXAMPLES OF POLYSACCHARIDES Starch (polymer of glucose)

Used by plants for energy Glycogen (polymer of glucose)

Used by animals for energy Cellulose (polymer of glucose)

Makes up plant cell walls Humans cannot digest

Chitin (polymer of type of glucose) Hard exterior of insects, fungi

and crustaceans

Page 12: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

MACROMOLECULES - LIPIDS What is a lipid?

A molecule made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Used by animals as energy storage molecules Soluble (dissolves) in oils and other non-polar

solvents Insoluble (does not dissolve) in H2O

Page 13: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

TRIGLYCERIDES Also known as oils and fats What are they?

Lipids consisting of 4 parts (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)

Examples and Information Butter, oil

glycerol 3 fatty acids

Page 14: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

TRIGLYCERIDE STRUCTURE Glycerol is a 3 carbon molecule with a hydroxyl

group attached to each carbon atom

Fatty acid is a long chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group at the end

Hydroxyl groups (OH)

Carboxyl group (COOH)

Page 15: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

TYPES OF LIPIDS Waxes:

Used by plants and some animals as waterproof-coating

Steroids Composed of 4 carbon rings Ex. Testosterone and

cholesterol Phospholipids

Similar to triglyceride with additional phosphate group

Found in cell membrane

Page 16: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS Saturated Triglycerides:

Single bonds between the carbon atoms Animal fats Causes clogging of arteries

Page 17: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS Unsaturated Triglycerides:

Double bonds between some carbon atoms more than one double bond = polyunsaturated Low melting points, liquids at room temperature

Ex. Plant oils – olive oil, canola oil

Page 18: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

MACROMOLECULES: PROTEINS What is a protein?

Unbranched chain of amino acids Most diverse and important molecule in living

organisms Produced by protein synthesis

Page 19: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

AMINO ACIDS: How many are there?

20 Common examples:

Leucine, serine, cytsteine, phenylalanine Other facts:

Small molecules that contain a central carbon atom attached to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and a side chain (R group)

R groups distinguish the amino acid 20 amino acids are in food we eat, 8 are essential

because our body cannot make them

Page 20: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

POLYPEPTIDE What is it?

Chain of amino acids Formed by a reaction

between the amino group and carboxyl group on adjacent amino acids

Forms bond called peptide bond

Polypeptides can fold up into different shapes. For example: fold into a

sheet or wrap into coils

Page 21: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

DENATURING What is it?

When proteins lose their shape due to high temperatures, high salt or pH

What happens? Changes the 3D shape of the protein

What happens to a protein if it is done? Can’t carry out its function Will return to normal if no bonds are broken Examples:

Fever can denature enzymes in the brain Curing meats with salt denatures enzymes, preserving

meat Heat denatures protein in the hair making it straight

Page 22: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

MACROMOLECULES: NUCLEIC ACIDS What is a nucleic acid?

Where organisms store information about the structures of their proteins

Polymers of nucleotides Each nucleotide is made up of:

A five-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA; deoxyribose in DNA) A phosphate group An nitrogen containing component (nitrogenous base)

Page 23: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

DNA Stands for:

Deoxyribonucleic acid Looks like:

Double helix Helix held together by

hydrogen bonds Contains which base pairs?

A – T C – G A – adenine, T – thymine C – cytosine, G – guanine

Page 24: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

RNA Stands for:

Ribonucleic acid Looks like:

Single stand Contains which base pairs?

A – U (uracil) C – G

Types of RNA… mRNA – carries info to ribosomes tRNA – transfers amino acid to mRNA

Page 25: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA

RNA DNA

Single stranded Double stranded

Has uracil Has thymine

Decodes hereditary info Stores hereditary info

Sugar is a ribose Sugar is deoxyribose

Page 26: MACROMOLECULES SBI 3C: SEPTEMBER 2012. MACROMOLECULES  Macromolecules:  Very large molecules containing many carbon atoms  4 major groups of macromolecules:

DNA DETAILS What does the code in DNA specify?

The order of amino acids in proteins What is a gene?

Instructions to code a protein How many genes are in the human genome?

30,000 – 35,000 How many base pairs are in the human

genome? 3 billion