madar samad iwmi, hyderabad recovery and restoration of livelihoods of involuntarily displaced...
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Madar SamadIWMI, Hyderabad
Recovery and Restoration of Livelihoods of involuntarily displaced communities:
Perspectives from Ujjani and Sardar Sarovar Projects
Ramasamy Iyer: “Considerable hardships and injustice” to many displaced (The Hindu, April 13, 2006)
Saifuddin Soz Committee Report: “due to defects in policy and prescribed procedures there are many failures in the rehabilitation effort, and is also not in accordance with the supreme court order” (The Hindu, 17 April 2006)
• Population displacement is an age old problem. But, its magnitude has increased substantially in recent to times.
• In India alone some 25- 40 million people have reportedly been displaced in the last 5 decades
• Statistics suggest under NRLP over half a million people will be displaced due to peninsular links alone
Key Question is why is that although the adverse effects of population displacement are in general well documented and the existence of several guidelines on resettlement management, it continues to be a difficult problem?
Hypothesis 1
Negative short term consequences of displacement are compensated by the longer term benefits generated from enhanced socio-economic opportunities created in the newly developed relocation site.
Hypothesis 2
With proper counter risk policy and approaches, short term adverse effects can be largely arrested, and some even fully prevented, while others considerably mitigated, and thus people’s livelihood are resorted much earlier.
Method of study
A comprehensive review of national policy and procedures for resettlement management in India.
The review will focuses on• expropriation procedures• compensation principles • relocation procedures and mechanisms for minimizing
relocation stresses• livelihood issues in resettlement policy• Gender concerns and issues relating to rehabilitations
of SC/ST.• others
Case studies of selected resettlement sites in India:
Upper Bhima Irrigation Project (Ujjani Dam) Maharastra
Rehabilitation and Resettlement started around 1974. Long term impact of involuntary displacement and resettlement Field work to commence on 20 May
Narmada Project (Gujarat) – 2 locations
A community that has been displaced and resettled during the last 5 -10 year period
A community that has been resettled more 15-20 years ago
Study Methods:
Case studies involved: review of feasibility reports and project related
documents, Questionnaire surveys of sample displaced
household Review of past research findings relating to the
selected case study sites.
Method of study contd:
A analysis of 500 litigations filed before the Maharashtra courts
Analysis of petitions submitted by displaced persons to the Grievances Redressal Agency for SSP (there are some 5000 petitions are pending before the agency)
proceedings reports of various commissions and committees and other relevant bodies
Submissions and document published by NGOs and activists taking the case on behalf of the displaced people
will be reviewed
Effective rehabilitation and resettlement management: minimizing relocation stresses of oustees and improve, or at least restore, the their living standard to the level before displacement within the shortest possible time.
Field Survey
Research Question:How has the socio-economic status of dam oustees in Ujjani and SSP changed over time?
•Are they better off than before displacement?•Worse off than before displacement?•No change?
Ujjani-Restoration of Livelihood Status of Displaced Population with Time
0
9
91
0
10
89
2
16
83
3
27
71
4
44
53
6
56
38
11
62
27
18
63
20
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Year1to2 Year2to4 Year4to6 Year6to8 Year8to10 Year10to15 Year15to20 Year20to25
Worse
Same
Richer
Cumulative Percentage of Household Better off than Original Village with Time.
23
38
57
71
82 8290
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-15 15-20
Year
%
SSP- Restoration of Livelihood Status of Displaced Population with Time
3
6
18
11
35
4
20
2000
04
9
18
27
6
25
9
200
016
12
22
8
30
17
400
012
9
12
6
35
24
9
20
0025
8
7
32
20
19
60
0014
4
5
28
23
22
12
1
0112
6
5
19
25
21
17
2
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Year1-2 Year2-4 Year4-6 Year6-8 Year8-10 Year10-15 Year15-20
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Comparison of Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy in the three SSP states
Article NWDT
Award
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat Maharashtra
Definition of Oustee
a. Residing/trade at least for one year prior date of notification of Land acqt
• Same as NWDT
• Cultivating
land for 3 yrs
Same as NWDT
Same as NWDT
Family Defined Same as NWDT Same as NWDT
Same as NWDT
Land Allotment
Minimum of 2 ha per family
Same
SC/ST needs specified
Same as NWDT
Same as NWDT
Comparison of Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy in the three SSP states
Article NWDT
Award
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat Maharashtra
Encroacheroustees
No land allotments
Treated as landedoustees subject to two conditions.i. Encroachment must be on or before 13.4.87.ii. Allotment of agricultural landwill be 1 ha. or 2 h.b) Encroachers will be entitled to get compensation for land under submergence.
i. Encroachers prior to 1 year of Notification - entitled for 2 ha. of land
2.compensation for the balance encroached land as exgratia payment
2 ha of land and compensation as ex-gratia payment for thebalance land encroached upto 31/3/78.Later encroachers will be treated as landless and will get 1 ha. Agriculture land
Comparison of Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy in the three SSP states
Article NWDT
Award
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat Maharashtra
Landless oustees
No land allotments
•No land
•cash payment to ag labor and SC/ST
2 ha of land to landless agric labor only
1 ha land if oustee moves with the other
Rehab Grant Rs 750 per family Small & marginal farmers, agric labor and SC/ST
• Subsistence Allow
• NWDT award
Yes
Land Compensation
As per Land Acq Act
Same
NWDT
Rs. 10,000 per ha
Rs. 3750-4500 per ha
Comparison of Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy in the three SSP states
Article NWDT
Award
Madhya Pradesh
Gujarat Maharashtra
Rehab grant and subsidies
RR Grant of Rs. 750 per family
Grant-in-aid of Rs. 500
RR Grant- SC/ST, Laborers, Marginal Farmers @11,000 each
Others @ Rs. 5500
Generous: Subsistence allowance.
Grant to buy assets
Housing grant
Subsistence allowance & other benefits as specified by NWDT
Other facilities
Transport, Civic amenities
Yes Yes Yes
Restoration of Livelihood by Year of Settlement
YEAR YEAR_1 YEAR_2 YEAR_4 YEAR_6 YEAR_8 YEAR_10 YEA_15 YEAR_20
1980-1985 0 0 6 18 18 24 18 18
1986-1990 5 8 14 19 20 22 12 1
1991-1995 7 12 16 19 19 20 6 0
1996-2005 20 20 14 19 14 9 4 0
Compensation %
HH received the full amount due to them 77%
HH reporting that compensation was adequate to replace the assets lost 49%
HH who have filed a suit (case) in courts 4%
Receipt of Compensation - SSP
Receipts of Compensation
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%A
lter
nat
eL
and
Cas
hP
aym
ent
Bo
th L
and
and
Cas
h
Mat
eria
ls
Go
vtE
mp
loym
ent
Ho
usi
ng
Plo
t
Oth
er
Income loss due to loss of user rights
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%L
ea
sin
g,
ren
tal
co
ntr
ac
ts o
f la
nd
Ca
su
al
wa
ge
la
bo
ur
Sk
ille
d e
mp
loy
me
nt
Pe
tty
Tra
din
g
Bu
sin
es
s A
ffe
cte
d
An
ima
l h
us
ba
nd
ry
Art
s a
nd
Cra
fts
Lo
ss
of
Ac
ce
ss
to
En
vir
on
me
nta
lS
erv
ice
s
Lo
ss
of
Sta
nd
ing
Cro
p
Su
bs
iste
nc
e
ac
tiv
itie
s
Home ownership before and after displacement
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Sole Owner Jointly owned withother family
members
Leasehold Encroachment onGovt. land
Not alloted Homeless
Original Present
Land ownership before and after displacement
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Solely Owned Jointly Owned Leased-in Encroached orenclosed
Communal landoccupied
Governmentland occupied
Other land
Original Present
Access to Agricultural Land before and after displacement
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Irrigated Rainfed Barren Others
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Ac
res
Original
Present
AvgSize_Original
AvgSize_Present
Primary Occupation of head of HH- Before and after displacement
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Cu
ltiv
ati
on
/Fa
rmin
g
Ag
ric
ult
ura
l L
ab
ou
r
No
n A
gri
c L
ab
ou
r
Tra
din
g/s
ho
pk
ee
pin
g/m
on
ey
len
din
g
Liv
es
toc
k R
ea
rin
g
Original Present
Occupational Changes
SSP:• 33% - Household Head changed their
primary occupation• 78% - reported as current employment is
more remunerativeUjjani:• Substantial number change to non-remunerative
employment.
CONCLUSIONS
• Preliminary Results indicate that SSP (Gujarat) the oustees are not adversely affected to the extent claimed
• Oustees do encounter initial relocation stress and there is a fall in standard of living
• A majority of oustees were able restore their livelihoods to the original level in 4-6 years.
• Data suggests that oustees in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are worse off than Gujarat.
• Field work underway.