"Made available under NASA sponsorip k 7.3 1 09. 5-0in the interest of early and wide dis-semination of Earth Resources SurveyProgram information and without liabilityfor any use made thereof"

Application of ERTS-1 Imagery to Detecting and

Mapping Modern Erosion Features, and to Monitoring

Erosional Changes, in Southern Arizona

SR 182

Roger B. MorrisonU. S. Geological SurveyDenver, Colorado 80225

Maurice E. CooleyU. S. Geological SurveyTucson, Arizona 85717

1 April 1973

Type I Progress Report for period 1 February - 31 March 1973

Prepared for:

Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland 20771

Reproduced by

NATIONAL TECHNICALINFORMATION SERVICE

US Department of CommerceSpringfield, VA. 22151

1 Publication authorized by the Director, U. S. Geological Survey

E73-10950) APPLICATION OF ERTS-1 IMAGERY N73-30292

TO DETECTING AND MAPPING MODERN EROSION

FEATURES AND TO MONITORING EROSIONALCHANGES, IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA (Geological Unclas

Survey) 36 p HC $4.00 CSCL 08B G3/13 00950

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19730021560 2019-04-24T19:06:24+00:00Z

NOTICE

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM THE

BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY THE SPONSORING

AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CER-

TAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RE-

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AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE.

Type I Progress Report

ERTS-1

a. Title: Application of ERTS-1 imagery to detecting and mapping modernerosion features, and to monitoring erosional changes, in southernArizona. ERTS-A proposal No. SR 182.

b. GSFC ID No. of P.I.: IN 050

c. Problems encountered:

Delay in receiving enlargements of the ERTS images has hampered efficient

mapping of data interpreted from the images. Positive transparencies at1:1 million scale, ordered in mid-January from GSFC were received about 6weeks later, but those ordered at the same time from Sioux Falls Data Centerwere not received until early April; enlarged prints at 1:250,000 scale, alsoordered in mid-January from Sioux Falls DC, were received in mid-April. Both

groups of transparencies are of good photographic quality. Those from SiouxFalls DC generally seem to be slightly superior for our purposes, except forsome small scratches, and being slightly smaller scale than the GSFC enlargedtransparencies.

d. Accomplishments during the reporting period:

Image-evaluation forms

A product of the indexing and preliminary evaluation of all ERTS-1 70-mmimages received for this project is a series of image evaluation forms. These

give an evaluation of each image that covers all or part of each 10 x2 quadranglewithin the project study area, in terms of (1) its coverage of a specific

quadrangle, (2) cloud cover, (3) contrast, (4) resolution, (5) atmospheric

degradation, and (6) other defects. These forms are reproduced as Appendix A

of this report.

Phase 1 results *

Phase-1 mapping (using only ERTS-1 imagery, without input of additional data)is nearly completed. The Type II progress report for the period 15 July 1972

to 31 January 1973 included a map showing the modern arroyos in the 18,000-square-mile study area that are detectable from ERTS-1 imagery. Images receivedsubsequent to January 1973 do not justify significant additions to this phase-1map.

We attempted to identify the areas of modern sheet erosion and concluded

that such areas cannot be identified and differentiated accurately at the phase-1

level of mapping. However, the areas that are most liable to sheet erosion

(those of the readily erodible soils) can be differentiated with considerable

accuracy, as will be explained in the next paragraph.

* Appendix B describes the seven-phase interpretation program followed in this

project.

~2

Mapping of "readily erodible soils," gravelly alluvium, and bedrock --Essential to any study of erosion is classifying and mapping the materials

exposed at the land surface. As a final part of the phase-1 mapping (stillin progress), we are using ERTS-1 imagery to prepare a map of the entire study

area giving a threefold division of materials: those that are least prone toerosion (the consolidated rocks -- "bedrock"); those that are most prone toerosion (here called the "readily erodible soils," mainly fine-texturedunconsolidated alluvium); and an intermediate unit (gravelly alluvium).

Figure 1 is an example of this type of map. It was prepared as an overlayto 1:1 million black-and-white enlarged positive transparencies of MSS bands 5,6, and 7 of ERTS-1 frame 1085-17330 (16 October 1972), which includes the Phoenix

and part of the Tucson metropolitan areas. Commonly the "red" band 5 gives the

best contrast between the three units mapped, although in some areas the infrared

bands 6 and 7 are equally satisfactory or provide somewhat better tonaldifferentiation. The 1:1 million black-and-white transparencies were viewed

under 4x to 10x magnification on a light table. Adjunct viewing of 70.-mmpositive transparencies of the same frame under a binocular microscope (with

9x magnification) gave slight improvement in detectability and tonal differentiation.

Considerable improvement in detectability differentiation was obtained by

stereoscopic viewing (using an Old Delft scanning stereoscope with 4.5xmagnification) of the portions of this frame that overlap with adjacent frames

at each side. (About 37% of the central part of this frame could not be viewed

stereoscopically.)

Critical for the objectives of this project is mapping of the "readily

erodible soils." These are predominantly alluvial soils of late Quaternary agethat are unconsolidated or only slightly consolidated and fine textured (sand,

silt, and clay). They occur chiefly in the interiors of the larger intermontane

basins, beyond the zones of gravel deposition near the mountains. Here theyare present not only on the flood plains and lower terraces of the principal

streams, but commonly also on the lower parts of the piedmont alluvial plains

(bajada toe slopes) where the flood plains of the desert washes spread out and

coalesce. Thus, the interior lowlands of the larger intermontane basins have

extensive areas of readily erodible soils, commonly miles wide. (In places in

the interior lowlands, however, older soils are present that resist erosion

because of hardpan development -- concentration of calcium carbonate, commonly

called caliche, in the subsoil.) Readily erodible soils also occur locally on

stream flood plains in some mountain, hill, and gravel piedmont areas.

The most conspicuous areas of readily erodible soils on this ERTS frame

are those of young alluvial silts and sands on the bajada toe slopes. These

are much lighter toned than the gravel piedmont and bedrock areas, owing to their

high reflectance and to the scantiness of their vegetative cover. Some areas of

these soils, especially the flood plains of the larger streams, appear dark-toned

or varitoned because of natural and artificial vegetation -- cropland, grassland,and riparian thickets/groves of mesquite and other trees and shrubs, in various

mixtures.

Figure 1. Preliminary (phase-1) soil-erodibility map from ERTS-1

frame 1085-17330 (mainly band 5).

Explanation

Readily erodible soils. Unconsolidated to weaklyconsolidated fine-textured alluvium of late Quatern-ary age. (Mapped only within project study area.)

:. . . Difficultly erodible gravelly soils. Unconsolidatedto moderately consolidated and locally cementedgravelly alluvium of late Cenozoic age. (Mappedonly within project study area.)

Consolidated rocks. (Mapped throughout the ERTSframe.)

. Contact (dashed where gradational or approximate,queried where problematic).

a i ...... .. .

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Figure 1 also shows the boundary between consolidated rocks (bedrock)and alluvial deposits, as interpretated from the ERTS image. A check on theaccuracy of the photointerpretive mapping of this contact is provided byfigure 2, for which the contact was taken from the 1:1 million-scale geologicmap of Arizona, published by the Arizona Geological Society in 1967. Figures1 and 2 generally are in good agreement as to the bedrock-alluvium boundaryin the central and southwestern parts of the frame, where the contrast betweenbedrock and alluvium generally is high. However, this boundary cannot bedifferentiated accurately in certain areas of extensive pediments on light-toned rocks such as granite. Major discrepancies are evident in the mountainousnortheastern part of the frame. Here the alluviated intermontane valleys arerelatively narrow and moderately to highly dissected, and commonly the dissectionand tonal patterns of the alluvium and adjacent bedrock areas are similar.Testimony as to the obscurity of the bedrock-alluvium boundary in these areasis given by the northeastern part of figure 1, where most of the alluviatedvalleys are shown much narrower than they really are. Valleys less than about7 miles long and 3 miles wide could not be identified with certainty from theERTS image alone. Hovwever, the outlines of such valleys can be identifiedvaguely if the interpreter superposes the 1:1 million-scale image on thdgeologic map of the same scale.

A distinct advantage of a geologic map produced from the ERTS 1:1 million-scale images is that it will have greater planimetric accuracy than the existing1:1 million-scale geologic map, which was plotted on an old non-photogrammetricbase map of Arizona.

Figure 2 shows an additional feature that can be mapped from the ERTSimagery -- alluvial fans. These show dramatically; many of them were identifiedfor the first time as a result of the large overview provided by the ERTSimage. A twofold differentiation can be made, into the dissected fans oflate Cenozoic (Pliocene and younger) age and the relatively undissected fansof late Quaternary age. The latter are mantled by some of the most readilyerodible soils in southern Arizona.

Detailed mapping of selected key areas.--In selected parts of the studyarea the modern erosion phenomena and features pertinent to the erosion problemare being mapped in detail, primarily by interpretation of ultrah gh (U-2 andRB-57) airphotos. This is to provide a basis for evaluating the mapping donefrom the ERTS images (both the normal images and those enhanced by specialprocessing of the digital tapes by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory). Duringthe reporting period we evaluated various areas as potential sites for the detailedmapping, and we selected eight key areas, established priorities for their mapping,decided upon the units to be mapped and the mapping procedure, and began mappingtwo of the areas. The eight key areas represent all the major environmentspertinent to the erosion problem in terms of geology, soils, climate, topography,and vegetation. In these areas we are mapping not only the modern (post-1890)erosion (and deposition) phenomena (arroyos, gullies, modern flood plains andterraces, and areas of sheet erosion and deposition), but also other relevantfeatures: classes of slope and local relief, landforms, rock units, soil particlesize and erodibility, and vegetative cover.

6

Figure 2. Alluvial fans identifiable on ERTS-1 frame 1085-17330,band 5.

Explanation

i - Relatively undissected alluvial fans of late- Quaternary age

....:-:: Dissected alluvial fans consisting of alluvium of*.' late Cenozoic age

Small coalescing alluvial fans whose outlines

are indistinct on the ERTS image

Areas of exposed consolidated rocks, mainly mountainousand hilly areas. Boundaries are from 1:1 million-scaleArizona Highway Geologic Map (Cooley, M. E., and others,1967, published by Arizona Geological Society).

I Valley areas underlain by alluvium of late Cenozoic age,

33 o 0~~3

I p .--------------

oo/2

33!-3

a -

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_ 00

10 S 0 !c 20 Milds o1 O to 20 KIlormciers

W1120

Figur 2. Ad

__r 2..:.' A f d f o Se 5.b

10 5 0 0C 20Ah~de.s /120( /0 0 20 Xlmotr

Figure 2. Alluvial fans identifiable on ERTS-l frame 1035-17330, band 5.

Field studies were commenced in the key areas near Tucson and Mesa. Weestablished the units and features that will be mapped (such as the classes

of gullies, degrees of sheet erosion, soil-erodibility classes, and vegetative

cover classes). Heights of stream terraces of Holocene age, including those

formed since 1890, were measured at different points along the San Pedro and

Santa Cruz Rivers, Cienage and Sonoita Creeks, and Railroad Wash. Some of themeasurements, particularly on Sonoita Creek and Santa Cruz River, were taken

at places measured 6 to 10 years ago. In addition, several profiles weremeasured across the modern arroyo of Railroad Wash.

ERTS-1 images as an aid in mapping linear structural features in Arizona--

The Arizona Geological Society has requested Mr. Cooley to compile a new

tectonic map of Arizona, utilizing published and unpublished geologic data,ERTS-1 images, and high-altitude airphotos. The general procedure to befollowed is outlined in Appendix C. Cooley has worked on this compilation

on his spare time, at no cost to the present project. He has found that theERTS images obtained for this project help considerably in identifying linear

structural features. In numbers of cases, extensions of known faults were

found, as well as a myriad of possible faults. Figure 3 shows the phase-1mapping of linear structural features identified on the same ERTS frame usedfor figures 1 and 2.

Interpretation of ultrahigh airphotos for preparation of flood-hazard maps

In addition, we acquainted personnel of the Arizona District, WaterResources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, with the NASA ultrahigh (U-2

and RB-57) airphotos of the project area, and aided these people in

interpreting the airphotos for preparation of detailed maps of flood-

prone and flood-hazard areas.

Plans for next reporting period

1) Ccmplete the phase-1 map from the ERTS-1 images, showing the distributionof readily erodible soils, gravel piedmonts, and consolidated rocks, for the

entire study area at 1:1 million scale.

2) Continue phase-2 mapping (detailed photointerpretative mapping of

the selected key areas within the general study area, using the ultrahigh

airphotos); also make appropriate field studies to obtain necessarysupplementary ground truth.

3) Continue preparation of a phase-4 map ("enhanced information map"),utilizing both ERTS images and ultrahigh airphotos as well as availablepubliRshed and unpublished ground truth data, of the entire study area, at

1:500,000 or larger scale.

e. Significant results and their practical applications:

The chief results during the reporting period were three 1:1 million-scalemaps made from one ERTS-1 frame (1085-17330, 16 October 1972) showing: (1) the

three most important types of materials in terms of the modern erosion problem:the readily erodible soils, gravel piedmonts and basin-fill areas, and consolidatedrocks; (2) alluvial fans (dissected and relatively undissected); and (3) (as an

additional bonus) linear structural features. Eight key areas (small parts of

the whole study area) were selected for detailed study, and mapping was started

in two of them, by interpretation of ultrahigh (U-2 and R -57) airphotos,supplemented by field studies. In these areas we mapped in detail not orly

9

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330"

to , -t ,o o

Figuro Li near structural features detectable on' ERTS-1 frame 1085-17330. (Compiled by

E. Cooley, letters indicate locations of Phoenix (), Florence

(F), and Tucson (T).

the modern erosion phenomena (arroyos, gullies, modern flood plains and terraces,and areas of sheet erosion and deposition), but also other features pertinent tothe erosion problem, such as slope-local relief, landforms, rock units, soilparticle size and erodibility, and classes of vegetative cover.

The P. I. also presented two talks at the 5-9 March Symposium on ERTS-1Investigations at the Goddard Space Flight Center (see below for titles).

Category designation symbols: 1 D, 3 G, H, 1, 7 F

f. Published articles: The following abstracts were published in the Abstractvolume issued for the "Symposium on significant results obtained from ERTS-1, "March 5-9, 1973, sponsored by NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland:

(1) "Application of ERTS-1 multispectral imagery to monitoring the presentepisode of accelerated erosion in southern Arizona", and

(2) "Assessment of flood damage in Arizona by means of ERTS-1 imagery."

g. Recommendations: None.

h. Changes in Standing Order Forms: None.

i. ERTS Image Descriptor Forms: N.A.

j. Data Request Forms submitted to GSFC NDPF, by date: None.

APPENDIX A

Evaluation forms for ERTS-1 images received by end of

the reporting period, classified according to theircoverage of standard USGS i x 20 quadrangles

Footnotes(for evaluation forms)

1 (For cloud cover.) Percentage and distribution within the specifiedquadrangle are given.

2 Contract, resolution, atmospheric degradation, and other defects aredetermined only for band 5.

3 For contrast, any deficiencies at the lighter end of the gray scaleare especially noted.

4Resolution generally is given only in general terms (low, moderate,

or high).

5Atmospheric degradation includes the effects of haze, smog, and smoke.

6 O0ther defects include electronic noise, partial frames, and photographic

defects such as Newton rings and dirt.

-0

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2*x1l quadrangle): , AJOIP AzT7

DATE AND COVEGE CLOUD CONTRAST 3 RESOLUTION2 '4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHERCOVERAGE CONTRAST' RESOLUTION

FRAME NUMBER COVER1 DEGRADATION2 ,5 DEFECTS2 , 6

07 /4uy /ow . n// none//; corn er 0 ro

/0/5-/7440

23 6A poor l/ C7e

).3/- /73 2 5

N - e" e

- -

/032-17382

2d a o o/ aNr//

/032-/7384 'EE

2 t2, A;0 4,spd-c4. P, ;/ 3 3 -C1 4

/0 Se? 454, n, /'oor 5/<,At Aje ;

,o67-/732 24

,O .Sef / 7ae.. oir / mod. ha Zc-ve're 1/

/0-o - /7383 ci'a S 4e-v'A

/o sty Z. 5 , ,'h1 oa'-e-ra//

/- ' -/7385 ez e

/2 Sep R or /-c ;o

/0 I/7 74_/ ___ __ _______

26S Al / - /a t ze A. iso

H67 -/7324,z8_ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2"xl'quadrangle): AJO, ARIZONA

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONTRAST2 ,'3 RESOLUT ION2'4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHERFRAME NUMBER COVER I DEGRADATION 2 , 5 DEFECTS2 , 6

/0 7 -/733o

29 5ep b 6-^ 4al e- ,oN.

/068- /7825 /z,/ -'

30 Sep lr- od mod e // now

o6 9 - / W74 /

30 Sep r / 0", -to d. -/ no-eSCJcc s ernr 070

/o6 9 - 1744-3

16 Oc/- lar D n/ N a .

/085- /733,o

/V ocl A//-o ad 57S

li985- 17332- 6a,,d 7

//I9 -1733 2

o1 o A - ir /ov,-rMe el 4/Ioe//03-/7332

04 /ov 7 9,, 1 rsed, // no'e04 /Vo v2

i/04- /1739/

0 o -w /I I ,e//4 - / 739 3

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 20x1° quadranle): AJO, AIRIZOA

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONTRAST2 ,3 RESOLUTION2 ,4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHERFRAME NUMBER COVER 1

DEGRADATION2 , 5 DEFECTS2 , 6

pw / /ocyy- a A,2/:I A/, -/ ood w,, d. -h,/ ,. I,

2/ 2 Ai"

//2/- 17335 o

/ -A' JV o ,, z, ,I, ,.

f c -YZ CX5

//2 -/ 79 4

Iz2 / ood hey/ iil17 23 -/17 .

I/17-/733 3

//7- /7335

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 20 x1' quadrangle): AJO, ARIZOA_

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONTRAST2 ,3 ESOLUT ION2 ,4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUMBER COVER1 DEGRADATION 2 , 5 DEFECTS2 , 6

,5 5ia. o ood ,,d,-, ,4 ,,,/ n,

//176 - / 739/

o/ v~f k,/93-/7333

//3 - 17335

Ip 62 t/-ol rd - Poss;A/e s/1of e

i/94- /739 F 1 ed'

ca fe6 " ' C 04 Icr d , d e,'/ 7ne

03 Fed /gZ Com jhi good mAd A A e news

a3is y B / 5 Scal /e. ,aderafe n,/4 ;zai.4w co5 Ar s. Alo

//95-/17452rner rae

/i i , ,icdewe/ // - / 73 4I /- 4 i J ," O - 0 CY , -e oi em

/O Mc,, ) 5 S c , - modnaf 4-!/ ri 4..

so -/A e- 46o o-

/2 3o-/7393

ERTS-1 Study area _kUSGS 2x ° quadrangle): -M ESA, ARIZONA

TE AND COVERG LOUD. 2,3 2,4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHERDATE AND OVERAGE CONTRAST2 , RESOLUTION 2,6

FRA-OE NUMBER R COVER 1 DEGRADATION2' 3 DEFECTS2' 6

22 31 5 1 / mc/us Adr / - MC/. one

/030- 17265

2 4'a9 z/w 4 ./g 1

o030- 177 S-7 E e'

2 3 ;r cu-mcod, pio pe-

123 "'nZ/03/7/732'

/O 3/- /732.5

09 Sep'

104 8 --/72 7o

~/o sc e,

104 9 -/7322 _

o. co r }ow Sey"o / or

/lo4 -.17324 B:,

27 So /o, / 0/ '

/VRb 4 -/7i2 3 v/ o $-a- 9 f ____4

27 ,1,52 ic~ cc er &l / -,od n'l none

28 Sep 57GSo -no/.-// /o

Sob7-/7 2/

S67-/ 73j234I.__ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ __ _

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2"xl1 quadrangle): MESA, ARIZONA

DATE ANDRAGE CLOUD CONTRAST 3 RESOLUTION2, 4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHERCOVERAGE CONTRAST- RESOLUTION

FRAME NUMIBER COVER1 DEGRADATION2 's DEFECTS2 ,6

iS Oct 5-/o7, s,. fa., ,od . - , ,A. ,,;i/ nf'e

/084-72 7/ A/ c~,/*c

/6 Oc f ca-1 oot, I A e Anil none.

/085"- /732 3

/6 OcI/ o;r-o (moduerae) /94 hze -sFoy Ta

/08 5-17330 i (Z. s-)

o02 /o / i,, yA n;/ none

/02- /727/ N -

02Aov Al vood)17274 .- Eval on q,0 - , 6

// - /7274/

. t A.e;;,or -o ood . ode--e t/ .. h <o-.ew & %

//103-17352

a3 Alav Ng ;i ane/em/ // c7 1r

//03 -/733o

20 A/ O% poor- ir nodra/e - o-eE 3/5 (-, 2o-,a'. s ,r de-'A. ,;,. i,/

//20-17274 0/^;e cYve-4rl ,.

2/ /Vew, h /dIf- oad /70 7/ 4 ,(

//2/-/7 s q, r de'i. e,.

2/ YVOv i 9d /

2 6 Pee_ NE _y _ Air e, /<yA e-e _ _ _ _

1,6 - 1727/ dkJ

E£tS-1 Study area (USGS 2 0 x1l quadrangle): MESA, ?B aS,

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD 2,3 RESOLUTION2 ,4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAM E NUMBER COVER 1 DEGRADATION2 ,5 DEFECTS 2 6

26 VDec air hA ' '/ c e

1/56 -1727 / S/ hi de.

2 7 D e c 8 0 -/0 0 7 " -- -he -

d

//57-/7330 w , Z/ ci.e 2

27 De 3o-/oo 7o,we. e

1157 -7332 CCr ,,

i/J J - o fair A k n,/ / none

/3 J- 1.ir k > / st ne-7f -12Z dek, 7 i A, e,,d

// 74- _/72 of ,ray SA/Rie

' ede e d. 7 ,Y , /h ed kd

/4 Jd-,, 4/€,,-ood hy4 A>>,/ none

//75"- 1733o

/9 3-/b 41, es7/ We,

11~9- /73 3-3

36 A" ebefOd-gcod /iqR/,on/8 eb/v ed

121o - 72 73

0eb,,,oon e

/2/0- (7280 E3 4 I

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2'x 0l quadrangle): MFSA. ARIZO'A

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONTRAST2 , 3 RESOLUTION2'4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAIE NUMBER COVER I DEGRADATION2 ,5 DEFECTS2 , 6

/2//- ,73 3D Z

i9 /~-d yo nd / > a

211/-1-73 34 w

/246 - /728/

27 Va-r le- n1 e one

/Z 4 7-17335

/5 'for - ood Cr le-/ 4 ;on

1/256-1/7393

/ 2 64 -.1726i/4 '¢r" w/ /s- / O . oo ,,A ,, ;1 h o .e

12 65- / 73 32

o / -/73 33

/$22- /-72 O

,,oo -4072 75

/30/-/733

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2'xl* quadrangle): NOGALES, RIZONA

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONRAST2 , 3 RESOLUTION2 ,4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUMBER COVER I DEGRADATION2 , DEFECTS2 , 6

;Z/<g eai //u -e 7/ ,one

/02o - /72 /3

S22 u af o /ow-d. / r e

/0- / 72 7/

*; A.u. 5a., -o/ rod, Ij;/ / n/e

/067- /7274

08 Set .f.e f air oW -,nod. JAA hare

1/04 7-/72/ 4

09 5ep j,, - r I Si, sP y .c,,. r oc,,-,na I.n/ ,;on e

/o48-i;-7 72.~ __e ,i _, .,,es

/0 -17752/ eSelo 'Y1 C.O; s-C//7 . 'Air 4ow 0i/ /on e

/065-/723 Z

28- Sep * / I,-,.od. I,/ ( ,,

/061- /7330

/084- / 74 ' d cayn L<., L

Si c & _ ~-o<,d) *(,de. ) ,' ,,,,,/ Eva/. a nd 7;? 85-- l 733 2

EfTS-1 Study area (USGS 2'xl quadrangle): NUGALES. ARIZONA 2

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CON 2,AST2' 3 RESOLL ION 2 ,4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

F~~ME NUBER COVER 1 DEGRADATION2 ,5 DEFECTS2 ,' 6

O/ /o v 7) cles~czle) //

0 (va/ o2. Av-hd 6li/l- /722

/10 - /7286 vder c,,

//o 3-173 35

e-9 v' _ fair NZd- A ". , one,

///9-172-22

2OA/c'v I// As/ x 52 o a Ai i/ o e7'&~

1/20 -/72-1 A// CMr0 e / 0// a.4 /h

o ec 57. 7~ .. o fa' .rc-/le I- mu/st~ crgr

i/37-/ 7223 rE coP?* e '

08 Dee ah A ,o7 C&mad p r-AB; 1se/-m'a / - cra

//38-/728/ b4 e A-s Aust/ d.ci.e ,, ,a' d over , '/I

26 Dec a/I Jul OZ fb,,- . n; A ni/ no

I //74 - 72 7_ , E %

/4 JT yood hA

1/ -7- I

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2 0 x1 0 quadrangle): NOGALES, ARIZONA

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONTJST2, 3 RESOLUTION2 4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUMBER COVER 1 DEGRADATION2 ' DEFECTS 2 '6

o/ Fe*r I goo d AYf 4/ 0o

//9 3 -/7335

/S ~e a// Oa / Of food hy A ,'1 /<,,

i/2/iO- /72Z I'a e dye

/2,0 - /72 2 1- a ,

19 h0/. r, c. po.,Or- 1 <,o C. - Cn..et. ex c I 6Ar4Y

12//- 1734 / ;vy c_ _ __ _ _

07/ar Me e'/. 'n;a fo I/ nO- e

/246-754 4 5 7 24 -Z

/2 46 -/7;Z

2d go7. t' 16e by/. ad Iaca lK/ /VW

/247-/734Z cyn, eciea-r

/2 pr 7- race -ver ,-m/n, yod mcd)r)e- -hMyA ni/ nc-n e

/2.3 -/7 o25

/3 iC, a// o ' A/ 1A ni , o- ne

2 64- /7293

/4 pr , o ood //.y ni/ o,7ne

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2"xl' quadrangle): PHOE NI-X .aRIZONA

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONTRAST 2 , 3 RESOLUTION2, 4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUMBER COVER I DEGRADATION2 ,5 DEFECTS2 ,6

7 Aw . 0/r- /ar /ow ini/ one

/i/O - /7440

23 4g9 pfor /ow 441 e

/o3/- /732524 A4c<f o/ poor o ).< ,; 1. ,c-./0324 -

4/732

2 4 poor /w I;;/ ;awei033 -/7435

_ 2 5 # 2 , 9oZ op-cu<. e -,/<,-, .,,,,i .

/o Sep "57 poiy c<-,,. oor / . ,nd. )"7- o. ,,qjo 49 -17524

V w g -4/ 7hz/71o o - /7380

2050 -17 83 / Z 'v/' i y.

/2 l 'ooo /O ,,/ on e

/05/- /.7434 W

/ 7e -L4/ 7

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2'x1 quadrangle): PHOENIX ARIZONA

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CON RAST 2,3 RESOLUTION2 '4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUMBER COVER1 DEGRADAT ION 2 5 DEFECTS2, 6

2' Sep ,, /A.- ;P77od. .,Asmf , eE O ,e- P/oey

0/c6 7-/732- 4 .

2 9 Seo 0 ,', n/ ,nde~e

/06 8- /73M0

S/068-/732Z i C '

o Sa a;r oo ee , e,-l.e n ,,o>,

/069-17434 W 4 o/

.o Stp 4 [r- d ,,odMt.- Oct/, hi/ 7 cn.e

w- o""//0'd9 -1744/

/6 Oct 9i (iodera e ) sA // r- now

/i0 S5 -17330 6 _,_ ,

o03/ Vev /a - mo/ 5l I eare neS"y - pr, ,. Phownl,

/ o 3- /'-7 3 2

A" cn e5/ q h aw e,,

I 04 wow , ___,___ _- Iow14944 - 7991 I

05 /,, v l,w -,we. ,, none

~--------------

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 20 xl quadranzle)* PHOENIX, ARIZONA

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONTRAST 2 ,3 2ESOLUT ION2 4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUL2ER COVER' DEGRADATION2 , DEFECTS2 , 6

41 /151 -% good I /Ae.ao o n;/ v7one

1 /5- 17445

i -v- . ornWe de//. ,k / yAt112 1 17a3r C,/-//2f /73 d *f rn A 9 roy sca/e

2/ Alov _o /I A r ,'

/12 /- /733

22 A/ov / " d.- _/22-17385 /_ _ _ _,-,_-_ c-.-- ,r__ . •

2 /0v / bf .Ce Yd made-rol/e I n

/2 3 - /7 450 c ,i o l(.

// 7 - /73l3 o

2 9 he 0food inde-rs ,/ hane//'9 -/1744z

/59-7447

S-7*-17733 E 4 - ____________- - - - - I _ ________

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2°xl quadrangle):_ PHOENIX. ARIZONA

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONTRAST2 2 3 RESOLT ION2 4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUMBER COVER I DEGRADATION2 5 DEFECTS2 , 6

/5 J oZ yood hyLA- i/ one

//76 - /7385

o// , d .7, oa," r-'lt h,' ,on,

cY2 e6 Ina Ar 71/

1/9 4 - /7395"

/i 4"-/739/ nm cnor

6 Feb /c none

/95'- /7456

/2__ -_ 73_3__

/2 o-/759/ e

/o0 A -r 70 ' far" r,, od I, ,cm ce9;r -1/ E/2 3 0 - /73 3 3

27 A/ r gol Prt/, c/c fair to - ;e-

/ 4S7- /73.$5

28 6//a 707o Po,-,iy c/r oa ir o- mad " - e - I nl

7/. mcn fr / SE79/ /# L ce,7 n e, .

29 /War Y_ o,, Pod er-a .- I' " e

/24Z9--/7400 1____ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ ____ ___ J.4 _ ____ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ ____ ___ ___ ___

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2°xl0 quadrangle): _SILVER CITY, NIW MEXICO-ARIZONA

DATE AND OVEG CLOUD 2 , 3 ESOLUTION2 4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

ACOVERGE CORASTFRAME NUMBER COVER I DEGRADATION2 , 5 DEFECTS2 ' 6

2/ Aug 7OCe xv wVi Jfajir no! / a-l e

/V1 1 4 c*rnorlo2 9 -/72 //

2/ A14 a / 6-ce ,-, ' foo - , w-mod. n;/ non e

/O29-I-. /t/E ge

2 dAy 4 z ' /CI m ne

io0 3 0 - /17265

z .4' fi ;r /lo--L r;d ,--e ,,/neIv.

l 030 - /7. 7/

0, Sep 357 , -lA ce /o"mod' ni/ iene

104 77 -1 , c// , -17'2

SS~p / 4o , c7, t A', /c m7c. f/ykJ/ Arla

/0147- /72/

09 se7BF s p 56o 4 ,5- hr f it /e

o 4 0- / 7.2 72- cov e,

/O 6 5 - /7.2/

/I A" v/72 e/'e, cov - I a

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2'x10 quadraneie): SILVER CITY. NEW MEXICO-ARIZONA

DATE AND CLOD CONTRAST 2 ,3 RESOLUTION2 '4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRA iE NUMBER COVER I DEGRADATION2 ,5 DEFECTS2' 6

27 z57, , - oo-r- r/o' - no e

/06 6 - 72 72 " e

/4 c'ct o 5 ;;/ -, ord) er-a,'e ) n4/ o>1 c0 .- z" 5 7 ,-, / .... .....

/0 3 -/72/ 3 AeBzr C n- A

AC coo, ______4__ x__ _ 4/ v_____

1093-/5 a/ Ocd 15 X , sei,.,. r ,det ,,/ o

lo/08 4- / 727 /

/ Oct 207o, sc4 c,. Dar ;rrda / e r/ -o/o84-17274

/ ,v,, o Zi<,, -c o</J (,,,od. - ,, ,,,,a/07 ,'

0~C/ /Aee

L- /wNov o. cod) 6" 7

Il//o2-17220

/ 9 v 40" &o-,w el nA ;r- dw 0 dere eio-L

S- .1,72+ 0 s,,ly c", a. -. e,-Ne

// . -/72 Z _ __

__

ERTS-I Study area (USGS 2'x1l quadrangle): SILVER CjIrY, NEW MEXICO-ARIZONA

DATE AND COVERAGECLOUD CONTRAST 2 , 3 RESOLUTION2 ,4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUMBER COVER' DEGRADATION2' 5 DEFECTS2 ,6

20 V t (e 4 modj, ra ne v

i_ - /724 C_ __"c eW-VCar7 dlro-y scae

-o /7o-, "ai ,ti4- ,,o _4 ,,~_ / d /-

2 -0~! 4 /- 17v d/C1- Sh -t . deF,. ,

0o 7 Dc., 4 , B.-rd k'/r r d. - L - c ,s,

-1 0 c-e' e- / vid cYr5 /e

//137-17220 of a.,,w-,a

07 Pec d/ EmT-I C7.,

1//37-17225 74__ _ _ __ __

0, 2c 57, SYw C e raC

-hve e

S46 Dec oh ood 7, L ;,/ none

//I6 -/72 74

26 Oec o7

S - /7 V72 C. 14

/Z I fg;r-ood' moA #27 one

1-7 -- 7214

,7J- 1/220

i3 A .,Mod, -. h L ; !,

1174-1z72 l/e+ lr4//3 Ja- ,r -good :nd - A) ,I

/74 - 7,7 7.5

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2cxl quadrangle): SIISER.L..C O NI.ICO-AT7.NTA 4

DATE AND CLOUD 2,3 2,4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAiE NUMBER COVER 1 j DEGRADATION 2 , DEFECTS2 6

i8 Fi-. , Oo/

/2/o -/728.2

/7 F/_ _5_ 7_'_.,ck po" - -. I_/2 7- 2V < ,"

/7 I- L, 7. ; & Zr .cm.. poor / - M

/209 -17224

07 ar I 9 o-v '-A/ hIl/£7- /7224

/245- /722 2- I

25/Va ell ** "" a"a 1 mod-A;. kA io<e

25A1 a rf ' as

/2 45-/72 25-r^.

/246 -/728/ I /

.Z - /426 17 2corner

/2 ; 3 -/7222 ez 2./ covzcye

/ ,opr 4" 0Z f2<d od - -,e -A i non e1/23 -172-25

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2o0 x1 quadrangle): TUCSON., ARIZON'

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONTRAS T2 3 RESOLUTION2 ' 4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUMBER COVER I DEGRADATION 2 , 5 DEFECTS 2 , 6

Z Z'4 1 b i,/030 -/17. 71

2.3 4y poor /" / 7o0m e

/o031 - 17325

9y 5 9 L57, Jiic r,. Air io-,,d. ni/ no

/ 74s- /72 T

cu 3r C, S Ja4 //r-42 hu -it A.aze <n

1048-- /72 7Z. _

/O s, oo, / sht ' f o.here

/o49-/73 3/

;7 5, /ooi f 7,', poor - , no e

.2 74 sa' cSe

/0(6 -/72-72.28 Se? p, 7r ,I ,/ _-0..%.

/06 7-1 73 2 I

A iL50 fo7- -- r 1/1 0/ Io-le

/ 6 7- /7330 ,/5 Oct ,c / /r 0m hc t KY-

1f72 71" ze-11

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2exlo quadrangle): TUCSON, ARIZONA

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONiRAST2 ,3 2RESLUT ON2 '4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUMBER COVER DEGRADATION2 , 5 DEFECTS2 ,6

I S c7- _o _, P__ c__ . _I__ ____ _____ I On

/8- /-7274

/ Oc t k, - /. J g (Dr) ,- db-r. f ) ;, / ;-,/ 0 6'5- /733Z

/ O o 6,-) ( deA e) // 14 7 e-)d)7 7

1(05- i73 3 2

02 rio E3 / 5" o, Z o mi ,ad -rrA u/ nt e

o0- /1, a fi ., -- t,,e., o,/ ,?cm_

//03 - 733

Z 0/ov Ai r-ne-vd ncd/ rene

i O -l7 /3 35

S'/4 <4 boed7/S Cver 44 de/ic. ,r / e//20 - /1,72$3

__2_/_ c __- __"_

- s w4 /o//2/ /73V

3-

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2 xlc quadrangle): TUCSON, ARIZONA

DATE AND COVERGE CLOUD CO TRAST2 ,3 ESOLT ON 2 4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRA1ME NUMBER COVER 1 DEGRADATION2 , 5 DEFECTS 2 ,6

/38-1728/ ~E/4 + s we,-- c/e4'-. 4kAc./,-~ IAie- d /I* -A /c-,/ff

, sc :e.

:_,_____ ___ ____ __ _ _ d,i,1C . .

2 6 Ze c 5 0 i ; nn

i//56-/728"-

27 Dec /fo o lo

/57 -) 733/z;/3 cle far- o o /A;/ 1Aa

//74-/ 7272 7w,,,u /wI

1-74- /72 A'

4 du, h k

4 /,z,//75- /75333

//3- /733

17,' Al /9

ERTS-1 Study area (USGS 2"x1C quadramglne" TUC.lON, ARTZONA

DATE AND COVERAGE CLOUD CONTRAST2, 3 RESOLUTION2 ' 4 ATMOSPHERIC OTHER

FRAME NUMBER COVER1 DEGRADATION2,5 DEFECTS 2 ,6

/9 Feb 0//, jo,- V /7

/2/0 - i7262

Ie. fair ioder-l e 4

N4 4-V- 0, c

2// - /7334

1,2 i -7 54 &-'i l- ,,s < -,,y -c/,/227-17224 N__

.o1 r6 Ycl ,14

2 7 ye r ff o c-, wr///A food ;,A ,, / w0ye/2 46-/728jdIc2 7 Ar 20, fo,, i m. dery / ,'on

/2 corn.; e ee ov-e-r pdlood I/dra -/A {;/ ,oe

l 47-17355 "7 tu .f

7 ,ndizo c 1425/263-/722Z

! , n~ mcdeJ/a /e- Af7A ,n/ ,o'/2 G.3-/7.Z25

APPENDKX B

The seven-phase interpretation proram

This project is using a seven-phase program of interpretation of ERTS-1 data.

Phase 1 consists of preliminary mapping of the post-1 8 90 erosion phenomena

and other data relevant to the erosion problem (such as the more erodible soils)using only the ERTS-l imagery.

Phase 2 consists of photointerpretive mapping of the modern erosionphenomena and other features relevant to the erosion problem from U-2 and

RB-57 ultrahigh aerial photographs, in selected parts of the whole study area.

Phase 3 involves compilation of available published and unpublishedground-truth data (hydrologic, geomorphic, geologic, soil, etc.) on maps ofsuitable scales.

Phase 4 is a comparison of phase 1, 2, and 3 products, and additionalphotointerpretation, to prepare "enhanced information maps, " noting anydifferences and anomalies.

Phase. 5 consists of additional analysis made from repetitive ERTS-1 andultrahigh airphoto coverage of the study area, noting any detectable erosional

changes, such as widening, deepening, aggradation, or headward growth of

gullies and arroyos, and also any added information (at least the differences

in information content) on the features we are mapping resulting from time-

variant phenomena such as changes in vegetation, soil moisture, and sun-elevationangle.

Phase 6 consists of appropriate field studies to obtain necessary supplemental

ground-truth data,particularly to evaluate features found in earlier phbasc .

Phase 7 is the delineation of any new information detected on the ERTS-1

imagery and ultrahigh airphotos.

36