mah inindia with global persepectives s.s.gautam

8/8/2019 MAH InIndia With Global Persepectives S.S.gautam

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MAJOR ACCIDENT

HAZARD IN INDIA

WITH GLOBAL

PERSPECTIVES

S.S. Gautam

Director (IH)Central Labour Institute

Mumbai 400022


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MAJOR ACCIDENT

An occurrence such as

major emission, fire or explosion

resulting from uncontrolled

developments in the course of anindustrial activity,

leading to a serious danger to man,

immediate or delayed,

inside or out side the establishmentand

involving one or more dangeroussubstances.


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EVENTS & POSSIBLE

CONSEQUENCES Releases

Toxic Within the premises

Within and beyond the premises

Flammable with potential to explode Within the premises

Within and beyond the premises

Confined or unconfined vapour cloudexplosion

Pool Fires With or without a potential of BLEVE


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GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD

Total release time 8 Min

Present scenario: 1

minute after the start of

release.


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Present scenario: 2


release.


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Present scenario: 3


release.


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Present scenario: 4


release.


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Present scenario: 5


release.


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Present scenario: 6


release.


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Present scenario:

7minute after the start of

release.


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Present scenario: 8


release.

Release stopped


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Total release time 8Min

Present scenario: 9


release.


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Present scenario: 10


release.


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release.


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release.


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release.


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release.


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release.


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release.


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release.


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release.


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Cloud cleared


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Equal Concentration contour

(Foot Print)

Plan View of contour at the ground


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DEVELOPMENT OF POOLFIRE

Release from an atmospheric tank


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Spreading of vapours


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Contact with source of ignition


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Flash fire


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Pool Fire

Pool Fire:

A fire of an spilledpool of flammable or

combustiblesubstance with therisk of burns topersons or objects

within or around theflames.


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TYPES OF FIRES

Flash Fire:

Ignition of a

flammable

gas/vapour

and air mixture

on finding a

source of

ignition.


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TYPES OF FIRES

Jet Fire:

Jet of flame

formed due to

instantaneously

burning gas/

vapour.


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TYPES OF FIRES

BLEVE:

Boiling Liquid

Expanding

Vapour

Explosion


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TYPES OF FIRES

Unconfined

vapour

cloud

Explosion:

A vaour

cloud

explodingin open

air


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TYPES OF FIRES

Confined

Vapour

Cloud

Explosion:

A cloud

exploding in

a buiding orconfinement


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NEED FOR SPECIAL APPROACH

Superstar Technologies involving:

Combination of a number of factors.

Complex human components.

Interdependant, vulnerable and complexsocieties.

Rapid development of large scale

technologies under economic pressures.

Devices scaled up by extrapolation withoutenough trial and error experience.


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Dilution of Responsibilities:

Multidisciplinary design-teams

reduce the responsibility on any one

person.

Specialisation is so high that the

organisations have monopoly of

expertise. Difficulty of monitoring by

Government inspectors.


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Increased awareness of public,

NGOs & trade unions:

Intolerance among public

Development of associations and

social activists

Trade unions getting more and more

concerned on safety & healthmatters


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Vulnerability of high technology

industries to failures:

Only one way to run the plant safety

but numerous ways by which plant

can lead into emergency.

Unforeseen dangerous effects.


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MAJOR HAZARD CONTROL

A well developed plan to prevent

the major accident and develop

the preparedness to mitigate the

effects of such potential

accidents.


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CONSIDERATIONS AT

VARIOUS STAGES

Site selection,

Layout planning

Design

Erecting

Commissioning

Running

Maintenance

Modifications

Emergency

Preparedness for

mitigation of on

site and off site

consequences.


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STAKEHOLDERS

Government Town Panning

Environment

Pollution control

Industrial Development District Administration

Industrial Safety & Health

Management

Workmen

Surrounding communities

NGOs


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MAHC SYSTEM IN INDIA

Manufacture Storage & Import of

Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Rules

1989 (with amendments in 1994 &

2000) CIMAH Rules (State Factories Rules)

similar to MSIHC Rules .

Identification of MAH installations.

Availability of Hazard Information to all

concerned.


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MAHC SYSTEM IN INDIA

(Contd.)

Reporting of Major Accidents.

On Site & Off site Emergency Planning.

Central, State, District and Local Crisis

Groups to ensure off site emergency

planning.

Safety Report.

Internal & external Safety Audits(Structured in line with EC Directives &

Model CIMAH Regulations)


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DEVELOPMENT OF MAH

SYSTEM IN INDIA ILO-FRG Supported Project on

'Establishment and Initial operations ofMAH system in India' from 1988 to1990, which gave rise to notifications

of Manufacture & Import of Hazardous

Chemicals Rules 1989 under EP Actand CIMAH rules as part of statefactories rules.

Identification of MAH installations wasdone during the project period, whichkept updating since then.


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DEVELOPMENT OF MAH

SYSTEM IN INDIA (Contd.)

A number of other documents were

developed such as

model training manuals on the subject for:

Factory inspectors Supervisors

Safety Trainers

Safety Committee Members

Guidelines for Inspectors of Factories for:

Inspection & prioritisation of MAH installations.

Evaluation of Safety Reports

Onsite & Offsite Emergency Planning etc.


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DEVELOPMENT OF MAH

SYSTEM IN INDIA (Contd.)

Joint Inspections were carried out

with experts from developedcountries, Central Government

and Factory inspectors.


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SUBSEQUENT

AMENDMENTS

Amendments were brought in by

Min. of Environment & Forest,

Government of India, to cope up

with the minor difficulties arising

in enforcement:

1. in 1994

2. In 2000


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ONGOING EFFORTS OF

DGFASLI

A number of seminars, trainingProgrammes, and consultancy

activities are being done every

year by central & regional labour

institutes.


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ROLE OF NATIONAL

DISASTER MANAGEMENTAUTHORITY (NDMA)

NDMA has included industrial disasters asone of the types of disasters that may take

place and has issued a document for

management of industrial disasters for useby local authorities while developing offsite

emergency plans.


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APEL Seminars organised

by National Safety Councilwith the assistance of

USAID programmes

National Safety Council of India hascollaborated with UNEP, WorldEnvironment Centre, USAID topopularise the concept of Awareness

and Preparedness for Emergencies atLocal Level (APEL). In all 32 eventshad been conducted under this projectcovering w2ide varieties ofprogrammes for different target

groups.


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GLOBALDEVELOPMENTS

Release of Code of Practice byILO in 1991, which included:

General provisions;

Components of a major hazardcontrol system; General duties; Prerequisites for a major hazard

control system; Analysis of hazards and risks;


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GLOBALDEVELOPMENTS

Control of the causes of majorindustrial accidents;

Safe operation of major hazardinstallations;

Emergency planning; information of the neighborhood

population on major hazardsinstallations;

Siting and land-use planning; Reportingto competent authorities;

Implementation of a major hazardcontrol system.


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GLOBALDEVELOPMENTS

Release of Seveso Directive II by

the EU in 1996.

Based on these directives, major

changes were brought in major

hazard systems in UK. The SIMAH

Regulation of UK was modified andrenamed as,


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'Control of Major Accident

Hazard (COMAH) regulations'in 1999.

The important features of COMAHRegulations of UK are: Adequate

safety and reliability of installations,

equipment and infrastructure at

design stage and while operation andmaintenance.


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COMAH

Provide more stress on the

operators of the facilities to

demonstrate the prevention andmitigation measures and show that

the risk has been kept 'As Low As

Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)' by

use of best feasible method or technology available.


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COMAH

Demonstrate that major accidentprevention policies and managementsystem lies as per the methods prescribedby the statutes,

The emergency plan to contain sufficientinformation to draw an off site emergencyplan by the local authorities.

sufficient authorities to the authorities toenable them to take decisions about theland utilization around the installation.

Multiple information to be given on thepoints provided in the Safety report it theinstallation is a complex system.


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RESEARCHES AROUND THE

WORLD Research on reliable, repeatable and

economically viable methods of QRA for MAH

installation.

HSE Great Britain has developed through a

research contract during the year 2003, a

model for ideal management of emergencies

and method of performance measurement and

review of the plans for on going refining of the

on site and off site emergency plans.


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WORLD

HSE Great Britain has conducted a research

and demonstrated that there has been definite

improvement in the factories which have

come to the fold of Safety report after

replacement of CIMAH regulation by COMAH

regulations. The study has shown highly

encouraging results justifying the added

investment on development of safety reports

as per the new statute (2003).



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WORLD HSE Great Britain has conducted a research

to develop a frame work to define the human

factors instrumental for Major Accident and

developed standards to minimize this factor

(2003).

HSE Great Britain has conducted a research

to assess the human competence to ensure

that the MAH units are managed effectively(2003)



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WORLD

European Council Parliament hasissued revisions to prevailing

directives on Major Accident Hazard

incorporating the amendments on the

basis of the experience gained afterthe major accidents that have taken

since the Seveso Directive II. (2003).

HSE has developed a computerized

data base for spatial populationmapping of complete Great Britain for

assessment of population in risk from

major accidents. (2005)



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WORLD Technological research centre of

Finland has developed a computerised

Emergency management assistance

system to provided guidance on

various matters during onset of emergency a major hazard installation.

(2006)

Early hazard identification of chemical

plants with state chart modeling

techniques in order to avoid the

manual faults likely by identification of

hazards by HAZOP technique. (2005)


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System in USA

Emergency Planning and Community

Right to Know Act 1986(EPCRA) which

is Title III Document of Superfund

Amendment Reauthorisation Act,1986

(SARA)enforced by EPA

OSHA Rule, for Process Safety

Management of Highly Hazardous

Chemicals 1990


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Conclusion

A need for review of the systems

developed around the world to

come out with the required

amendments to bring the countrycloser to the developped

countries.


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THANK YOU

mah inindia with global persepectives s.s.gautam

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