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ASER 2018 147
'Other' includes children going to Madarsa or EGS.'Not in school' includes children who never enrolled or have dropped out.
TotalAge group Govt Pvt Other Not inschool
Age 6-14: All
Age 7-16: All
Age 7-10: All
Age 7-10: Boys
Age 7-10: Girls
Age 11-14: All
Age 11-14: Boys
Age 11-14: Girls
Age 15-16: All
Age 15-16: Boys
Age 15-16: Girls
Chart 1: Trends over time% Children not enrolled in school by age group and gender2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018
Each line shows trends in the proportion of children not enrolled in school for aparticular subset of children. For example, the proportion of girls (age 15-16) notenrolled in school was 16.4% in 2006, 8.5% in 2012, and 5.1% in 2018.
Chart 2: Trends over time% Children enrolled in private schools in Std II, IV, VI and VIII2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018
Young children in pre-school and school
Table 1: % Children enrolled in different types of schools byage group and gender 2018
Table 3: % Children age 3-8 enrolled in different types ofpre-schools and schools 2018
OtherTotal
AnganwadiGovtLKG/UKG
PvtLKG/UKG
Govt
Age 3
Age 4
Age 5
Age 6
Age 7
Age 8
Age
Not inpre-
schoolor
school
SchoolPre-school
The proportion of children going to private school often varies by grade. There are alsochanges over time. For example, in 2018 private school enrollment in Std II is 22% ascompared to 70.9% in Std VIII.
Maharashtra RURALANALYSIS BASED ON DATA FROM HOUSEHOLDS. 33 OUT OF 33 DISTRICTSData is not presented where sample size is insufficient.
School enrollment
8.1 57.5 31.4 3.1
5.8 36.8 52.9 4.5
4.8 33.8 55.8 5.5
4.1 30.1 60.0 5.8
4.1 31.0 59.7 5.3
5.5 28.0 60.8 5.6
5.0 33.2 54.4 6.4 1.0
1.1 5.6 36.3 51.9 5.1
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 TotalStdAge
Table 2: Age-grade distribution% Children in each grade by age 2018
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
<
This table shows the age distribution for each grade. For example, of all children inStd III, 33.8% children are 8 years old but there are also 4.8% who are 7 or younger,55.8% who are 9, and 5.5% who are 10 or older.
61.6 37.6 0.1 0.8 100
54.0 44.7 0.1 1.3 100
76.5 23.1 0.1 0.3 100
73.6 26.0 0.1 0.3 100
79.7 19.9 0.1 0.3 100
44.9 53.8 0.1 1.2 100
42.9 56.2 0.1 0.8 100
46.9 51.3 0.1 1.6 100
20.2 75.5 0.0 4.3 100
20.8 75.7 0.1 3.4 100
19.6 75.4 0.0 5.1 100
77.9 1.7 10.5 0.7 0.5 0.0 8.7 100
72.4 2.9 20.8 0.7 0.5 0.0 2.7 100
56.2 3.7 27.4 7.7 3.6 0.1 1.5 100
13.0 0.9 9.0 59.0 17.3 0.1 0.8 100
1.2 0.1 1.4 73.1 23.8 0.2 0.2 100
0.2 0.2 0.7 77.1 21.6 0.1 0.2 100
Pvt
148 ASER 2018
The reading tool is a progressive tool. Each row shows the variation in children’sreading levels within a given grade. For example, among children in Std III, 5.4%cannot even read letters, 13% can read letters but not words or higher, 16.3% canread words but not Std I level text or higher, 23.3% can read Std I level text but notStd II level text, and 42% can read Std II level text. For each grade, the total of theseexclusive categories is 100%.
Std Not evenletter
Std Ilevel text
Std IIlevel text
Total
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Letter Word
Data is not presented where sample size is insufficient.
Maharashtra RURAL
Reading
Table 4: % Children by grade and reading levelAll children 2018
Chart 3: Trends over time% Children who can read Std II level textCohorts of children in Std IV in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014
This graph shows the progress of four cohorts from Std IV to Std VIII. For example, thefirst cohort was in Std IV in 2008, in Std VI in 2010, and in Std VIII in 2012. For thiscohort, % children who could read Std II level text in Std IV (in 2008) was 53% andin Std VI (in 2010) was 82.6%. When the cohort reached Std VIII in 2012, this figurewas 83.3%. The progress of each of these cohorts can be understood in the same way.
Reading Tool (Marathi)
ASER learning assessments are conducted in the household. Children in the age group 5-16 are assessed. Assessments are conducted in 19 languages acrossthe country. The type of school in which children are enrolled (government or private) is also recorded.
* This is the weighted average for children ingovernment and private schools only.
2012
2014
2016
2018
% Children in Std III whocan read Std II level textYear
Govt Pvt Govt &Pvt*
Table 5: Trends over timeReading in Std III by school type2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018
* This is the weighted average for children in government and private schools only.
2012
2014
2016
2018
% Children in Std V who canread Std II level text
% Children in Std VIII whocan read Std II level textYear
Govt Pvt Govt &Pvt*
Govt Pvt Govt &Pvt*
Table 6: Trends over timeReading in Std V and Std VIII by school type2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018
Letters Words
Std II level text Std I level text
The highest level in the
ASER reading assessment is
a Std II level text. Table 5
shows the proportion of
children in Std III who can
read Std II level text. This
figure is a proxy for “grade
level” reading for Std III.
Data for children enrolled
in government schools and
private schools is shown
separately.
29.5 45.4 17.0 5.7 2.6 100
11.8 23.6 21.4 22.1 21.2 100
5.4 13.0 16.3 23.3 42.0 100
2.8 7.1 11.7 19.8 58.6 100
2.7 5.6 7.0 18.4 66.4 100
2.1 3.6 5.6 14.5 74.3 100
1.5 3.7 4.5 12.1 78.3 100
1.8 2.7 4.3 11.0 80.2 100
34.9 37.6 35.3
33.1 37.0 33.8
41.1 38.5 40.6
44.2 33.6 42.1
55.3 62.2 58.3 81.4 83.7 83.3
51.7 56.2 53.5 71.6 78.3 76.5
63.1 62.6 62.9 75.2 76.1 75.9
66.0 67.1 66.5 79.4 80.4 80.1
ASER 2018 149
Arithmetic
The arithmetic tool is a progressive tool. Each row shows the variation in children’sarithmetic levels within a given grade. For example, among children in Std III, 5.2%cannot even recognize numbers 1-9, 21.6% can recognize numbers up to 9 but cannotrecognize numbers up to 99 or higher, 46.2% can recognize numbers up to 99 butcannot do subtraction, 23.7% can do subtraction but cannot do division, and 3.4%can do division. For each grade, the total of these exclusive categories is 100%.
Std Not even1-9
Subtract Divide Total
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
Table 7: % Children by grade and arithmetic levelAll children 2018
Recognize numbers
Arithmetic Tool (Marathi)
Chart 4: Trends over time% Children who can do divisionCohorts of children in Std IV in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014
This graph shows the progress of four cohorts from Std IV to Std VIII. For example, thefirst cohort was in Std IV in 2008, in Std VI in 2010, and in Std VIII in 2012. For thiscohort, % children who were at division level in Std IV (in 2008) was 27.5% and inStd VI (in 2010) was 55%. When the cohort reached Std VIII in 2012, this figure was44.3%. The progress of each of these cohorts can be understood in the same way.
Data is not presented where sample size is insufficient.
ASER learning assessments are conducted in the household. Children in the age group 5-16 are assessed. Assessments are conducted in 19 languages acrossthe country. The type of school in which children are enrolled (government or private) is also recorded.
In most states, children areexpected to do 2-digit by2-digit subtraction withborrowing by Std II. Table 8shows the proportion ofchildren in Std III who cando subtraction. This figureis a proxy for “grade level”arithmetic for Std III. Datafor children enrolled ingovernment schools andprivate schools is shownseparately.
* This is the weighted average for children ingovernment and private schools only.
2012
2014
2016
2018
% Children in Std III whocan do at least subtractionYear
Govt Pvt Govt &Pvt*
Table 8: Trends over timeArithmetic in Std III by school type2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018
* This is the weighted average for children in government and private schools only.
2012
2014
2016
2018
% Children in Std V who cando division
% Children in Std VIII whocan do divisionYear
Govt Pvt Govt &Pvt*
Govt Pvt Govt &Pvt*
Table 9: Trends over timeArithmetic in Std V and Std VIII by school type2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018
Maharashtra RURAL
1-9 10-9928.8 51.1 18.9 0.8 0.4 100
10.1 39.1 44.4 5.9 0.4 100
5.2 21.6 46.2 23.7 3.4 100
2.8 11.7 36.5 31.6 17.6 100
1.8 9.5 29.7 28.8 30.2 100
1.8 7.3 29.6 25.0 36.3 100
1.8 6.2 30.4 23.5 38.2 100
1.6 5.3 32.0 20.5 40.5 100
22.5 34.1 24.0
17.9 22.6 18.7
22.4 29.0 23.8
28.1 23.3 27.1
20.2 25.8 22.6 45.1 44.2 44.4
16.6 22.2 18.9 30.8 33.6 32.9
19.7 21.7 20.5 32.4 31.0 31.4
31.7 28.0 30.2 41.4 40.4 40.7
150 ASER 2018
Beyond basics
Data is not presented where sample size is insufficient.
Maharashtra RURAL
Age 8-10
Age 11-13
Age 14-16
Table 10: Basic reading by age group andgender 2018
% Children who can readStd ll level textAge group
Age 8-10
Age 11-13
Age 14-16
% Children who cando divisionAge group
Table 12: Of all children who can do subtraction but not division, % children whocan correctly answer by age and gender 2018
Age 14
Age 15
Age 16
Age 14-16
Calculating timeApplying unitary
methodFinancial decision
makingCalculating discount
Male Female All Male Female All Male Female All Male Female All
Table 13: Of all children who can do division, % children who can correctly answerby age and gender 2018
Age 14
Age 15
Age 16
Age 14-16
Calculating timeApplying unitary
methodFinancial decision
makingCalculating discount
Male Female All Male Female All Male Female All Male Female All
42.5 51.7 47.0
71.3 77.7 74.5
79.7 84.3 82.1
35.0 35.3 35.1 11.2 11.4 11.3
58.1 62.7 60.4 33.8 37.6 35.6
58.2 59.9 59.1 38.5 40.6 39.6
40.3 20.0 29.6 53.1 37.9 45.1 38.6 24.1 31.0 16.0 10.3 13.0
42.2 37.0 39.5 48.9 39.7 44.1 44.1 30.5 37.0 29.9 9.1 19.1
32.2 28.4 30.3 53.8 40.5 47.3 36.0 20.4 28.4 20.2 19.6 19.9
38.6 27.6 33.0 51.9 39.1 45.4 39.6 25.3 32.2 21.6 12.2 16.8
43.2 37.9 40.5 63.4 54.8 59.1 43.2 38.7 40.9 32.1 23.9 28.0
41.4 47.7 44.8 56.8 57.1 57.0 42.6 44.3 43.5 40.3 25.2 32.2
54.9 45.4 49.3 67.3 58.5 62.1 38.2 37.0 37.5 37.5 29.0 32.5
45.6 43.5 44.4 62.2 56.7 59.2 41.7 40.0 40.8 36.2 25.9 30.7
These questions were asked only to children in the age group 14-16. For each task, the surveyor showed the visual and read out the question to the child.The exact answer given by the child was recorded. The results are reported only for those children who were able to do at least subtraction correctly.
Male Female All Male Female All Male Female All
% Children who can do at leastsubtraction
Basic reading and arithmetic
Financial decision making Calculating discount
Calculating time Applying unitary method
Table 11: Basic arithmetic by age group and gender 2018
Age
Age
ASER 2018 151
In each sampled village, the largest government school with primary sections is visited on the day of the survey. Information about schools in this reportis based on these visits.
School facilities
ANALYSIS BASED ON DATA FROM GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS. 33 OUT OF 33 DISTRICTSData is not presented where sample size is insufficient.
Total schools visited
Table 14: Trends over timeNumber of schools visited2010, 2014, 2016 and 2018
Upper primary schools(Std I-VII/VIII)
Primary schools(Std I-IV/V)% Enrolled children present(Average)% Teachers present(Average)
Table 15: Trends over timeStudent and teacher attendance on the day of visit2010, 2014, 2016 and 2018
% Enrolled children present(Average)
20182010 2014 2016
% Schools where Std II children wereobserved sitting with one or more otherclasses
Table 16: Trends over timeMultigrade classes2010, 2014, 2016 and 2018
% Schools where Std II children wereobserved sitting with one or more otherclasses
% Schools where Std IV children wereobserved sitting with one or more otherclasses
% Schools where Std IV children wereobserved sitting with one or more otherclasses
20182010 2014 2016
Upper primary schools(Std I-VII/VIII)
Primary schools(Std I-IV/V)
20182010 2014 2016
20182010 2014 2016
20182010 2014 2016
% Teachers present(Average)
Maharashtra RURAL
2010 2014 2016% Schools with 2018Kitchen shed for cooking mid-day mealMid-day meal served in school on day of visitNo facility for drinking waterFacility but no drinking water availableDrinking water availableTotalNo toilet facilityFacility but toilet not useableToilet useableTotalNo separate provision for girls’ toiletSeparate provision but lockedSeparate provision, unlocked but not useableSeparate provision, unlocked and useableTotalNo libraryLibrary but no books being used by children on day of visitLibrary books being used by children on day of visitTotalElectricity connectionOf schools with electricity connection, % schools with electricityavailable on day of visitNo computer available for children to useAvailable but not being used by children on day of visitComputer being used by children on day of visitTotal
Table 17: Trends over time% Schools with selected facilities2010, 2014, 2016 and 2018
Drinkingwater
Girls’toilet
Library
Mid-daymeal
Toilet
Electricity
Computer
47.5 53.2 55.6 56.9
46.8 49.4 51.9 52.7
34.3 38.9 45.5 44.0
26.9 32.1 40.9 37.9
435 409 354 419
467 466 427 508
902 875 781 927
91.5 85.1 85.1 86.5
93.8 90.8 91.8 88.3
92.4 86.9 86.9 86.2
91.7 91.8 91.5 90.3
78.2 92.0 95.6 94.990.7 94.8 94.5 94.718.7 15.9 14.6 15.712.3 13.7 18.4 13.469.0 70.5 67.1 70.9100 100 100 1002.9 2.9 3.1 1.7
44.1 30.9 29.0 28.253.0 66.3 67.9 70.1100 100 100 100
13.7 9.8 7.8 6.632.3 18.2 12.1 14.610.8 13.0 17.7 14.943.2 59.1 62.4 63.9100 100 100 100
14.0 17.4 16.3 11.619.6 46.2 37.8 51.566.5 36.4 45.9 36.9100 100 100 100
92.0 91.8
66.7 53.7 44.9 35.413.5 31.6 37.2 45.519.8 14.7 17.8 19.0100 100 100 100
78.3 78.9
School observations
Upper primary schools(Std I-VII/VIII)
Primary schools(Std I-IV/V)
152 ASER 2018
Data is not presented where sample size is insufficient.
Other school indicatorsIn each sampled village, the largest government school with primary sections is visited on the day of the survey. Information about schools in this report isbased on these visits.
Maharashtra RURAL
% Schools which reported having an SMC
Of all schools that have an SMC, % schools that had the last SMC meeting
Before July
Between July and September
After September
2014 2016 2018
Table 19: Physical education and sports in schools 2018
20182010 2014 2016
Upper primary schools(Std I-VII/VIII)
Table 18: Trends over time% Schools with total enrollment of 60 or less2010, 2014, 2016 and 2018
Dedicatedtime forphysicaleducation
Physicaleducationteacher
Playground
Availability of any sports equipment
Supervised physical education activity observed on dayof visit
Std I-IV/V
Std I-VII/VIII
Allschools
Physical education period in the timetable
Total
Separate physical education teacher
Other physical education teacher
No physical education teacher
Total
Playground inside the school premises
Playground outside the school premises
No accessible playground
Total
No physical education period butdedicated time allotted
No physical education period andno dedicated time allotted
5.1 4.9 2.9
85.9 71.9 77.2
9.1 23.2 19.9
33.0 39.5 44.0 45.4
1.3 5.0 10.6 10.7
91.0 94.4 92.9
7.5 4.0 5.6
1.5 1.6 1.5
100 100 100
6.2 16.4 11.8
88.8 77.9 82.8
5.0 5.7 5.4
100 100 100
83.6 89.9 87.0
8.0 5.8 6.8
8.5 4.4 6.2
100 100 100
68.8 78.7 74.2
24.2 30.2 27.5
98.7 98.8 98.9
% Schools with
Table 20: School Management Committee (SMC) in schools2014, 2016 and 2018
Primary schools(Std I-IV/V)