main elements in sustainable development

8/17/2019 Main Elements in Sustainable Development

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Introduction to Oil & Gas Industry and Sustainable Development PCB/PDB 101211 August 2014 & 15 August 2014

CURRENT ISSUES IN SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

Noor Amila Wa n Abdullah Za wawi, Ph.D [email protected] EN GINEERING DEPARTM ENT, UTP


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C O U R S E L E A R N I N

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O U T C O M E S ( C O )

1. Describe the various steps of the petroleum industry life cycle and

understand which disciplines are involved at each step

2. Explain how oil and gas are discovered and produced

3. Explain how oil and gas are transported from the site of production

to refineries or treatment plants

4. Explain how oil and gas are treated and exported to markets

5. Describe various petrol and petrochemical products

6. Describe knowledge and principle of sustainable development.

7. Explain the concept of legacy of unsustainable world.

8. Able to relate the patterns of development and sustainable

development with the role of engineers in industry.

9. Explain various types of footprints and the relation with

sustainable development.

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LLO1 : Able toidentify mainissues in SD

LLO2 :Able to explain withexamples each of theissues and the role ofengineers in SD

LLO3 :Able to relate keysustainability issuessustainable with engineeringaspects

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WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

Development that

meets the needs of

the present without

compromising theability of future

generations to meet

their own needs.

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sustainability

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1.3 billion without access to clean water

How a re we doing so far???

about half of humanity lacking access toadequate sanitation and living on less than 2

dollars a day

approximately 2 billion without accessto electricity

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TOPIC : KEY ISSUES IN SD

Biodiversity Loss

Poverty

Energy Security

Water Stress

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BIODIVERSITY LOSS

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- ISIS Asset Management Report, UK, 2004

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IMPACT OF O&G EXPLORATION ON ENVIRONMENT

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localdetrimentalimpacts to:

soils

surface

groundwater

biodiversity

Caused by:

improper disposal of saline waterproduced with oil and gas

accidental of hydrocarbon and

produced-water releases

abandoned oil wells that wereorphaned or not correctly plugged


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IMPACT OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION ON

BIODIVERSITY

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ExplorationActivity

Seismic

Drilling

Well

Suspension& Abandon

-ment

Air gun discharges

Chemical explosives

Vessel transits

Discharge of toxic drilling fluidsDischarge of fines and solids fromdrilling

Operational noise

Vessel and aircraft traffic

Loss of well control leading tooil spill

Debris

Vessel and aircraft traffic

Environmental Disturbance Factor

cont.

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Loss ofHabitat

Displacementof loss ofbiota (esp.

fish &shellfish)

Degradationof beach

Displacement

of fishingactivities

THE SIDE EFFECT OF THE EXPLORATION

ACTIVITY

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Air gun discha rges

Che m ica l explosives

Ve ssel tran sits

D ischa rge of toxic drilling fluids

Discharge of fines a nd solids fromdrilling

Ope rational noise

Vessel a nd a ircraft traffic

Loss of we ll control lea ding to

oil spill

Debris

Vessel a nd a ircraft traffic

Ref: Engelhardt, 1989

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OIL SPILLAGES

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Increasing global demand is driving new oil and gasdiscoveries. Over the next 20 years, it’s expected that 90 per

centofproductionwill comefromdevelopingcountries.

Yet many countries rich in oil and gas arehome to some of the world’s poorest people.

How can t hi s happen?

Too often, wealth staysin the hands of

politicians and industry

insiders.

Payments made togovernments to exploit

resources remain secret.

Revenues don’t getpublished.


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POVERTY IN NIGERIA

"Despite the fact that the Nigerian economy is growing,the proportion of Nigerians living in poverty is increasingeveryyear, although it declined between1985 and1992,and between 1996 and 2004," head of the NBS bureau

Yemi Kalesaid.

Poverty has risen in Nigeria almost 100 million people living on less than a$1 (£0.63) a day, despite economic growth,statistics have shown.

TheNational Bureauof Statistics 60.9% of Nigerians in 2010 were living in

"absolute poverty" - this figure had risen from54.7%in2004.

Nigeria is Africa's biggest oil producer but the sector

has beentaintedbyaccusations ofcorruption.

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NIGERIA’S POPULATION THAT FACED POVERTY

1 7 . 1

3 4 . 7

3 9 . 2

6 7 . 1

6 8 . 7

1 1 2 . 4 7

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

1980

1985

1992

1996

2004

2010

Series 3

18

millions

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CAN YOU IMAGINE A WORLD

WITHOUT ENERGY?

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Opening Thoughts

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Opening Thoughts

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Opening Thoughts

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Opening Thoughts

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Facts and Figures

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Facts and Figures

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Facts and Figures

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Facts and Figures

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Facts and Figures

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Facts and Figures

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Facts and Figures

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Facts and Figures

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Facts and Figures

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Facts and Figures

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International Energy Agency (IEA) definesenergy security as the uninterrupted

availability of energy sources at anaffordable price.

Oil is the most volatile energy commodityin the world.

Reducingour use of it is the only

genuine energy security strategy

Lack of energy security is thus linked to thenegative economic and social impacts of eitherphysical unavailability of energy, or prices that arenot competitive or are overly volatile.

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LLO1LEGACYCOMPONENT OF ENERGY SECURITY

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EnergySecurity

Reliable / Uninterrupted supply

Affordable / Compe tit ive supply

Accessible / Availab le supply

NationalSecurity

EnvironmentSecurity

EconomicSecurity

EnergySecurity


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LLO1LEGACYISSUE IN ENERGY SECURITY

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Oil and other fossil fueldepletion (peak oil, etc)

Reliance on foreign sources of energy

Geopolitics (such as supporting dictatorships,

rising terrorism, “stability” of nations that

supply energy)

Energy needs of poorer countries, and demands from

advancing developing countries such as China and India

Economic efficiency versus population growth debate

Environmental issues, in particular climate change

Renewables and other alternative energy sources


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Africa: The Rush for Black Gold Africa: The Rush for Black Gold

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General Overview of Africa

Sudan and South Sudan had been the third largest oil producer in the

region before South Sudan shut in all of its oil production in January 2012.

Nigeria has been the top liquid fuels producer in the Sub-Saharanregion, followed by Angola. Together they made up 75% of total liquid

fuels produced in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2012.

Top SSA Liquid Fuels Producers in 2012

CountryProduction

(million bbl/d)

Nigeria 2.52

Angola 1.87

Equatorial Guinea 0.32

Congo (Brazzaville) 0.29

Gabon 0.24

Other SSA 0.64

Total SSA 5.88Source: EIA, International Energy Statistics

Nigeria43%

Ang ola32%

EquatorialGuinea

5%Congo

(Brazzaville)5%

Gabon4%

Rest o f SSA11%

Source: EIA, International Energy Statistics

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The Challenges

Unplanned disruptions caused by oil theft and pipeline damagecompromises a substantial portion of Nigeria’s crude oil production.

Crude oil production peaked at 2.44 million bbl/d in 2005. Despite new

production coming online, crude oil output was only 2.10 million bbl/d

in 2012.

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2

3

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Oil Production in Nigeria, 2003-2012million bbl/d

Source: EIA, International Energy Statistics and Short-Term Energy Outlook

Crude oil output fell by more than

25% as infrastructure attacks and oil

theft escalated (2005-2009).

In 2010, attacks on oil facilities

declined following the

implementation of the amnesty

program. But after 2011disruptions began to escalate

liquid fuels

crude oil production

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Oil Theft in Nigeria

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Conflict over Oil

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Conflict over Oil

It is estimated that South Sudan has around 4

times the oil deposits of Sudan

South Sudan relies on pipelines, refineries,

and Port Sudan's facilities in Red Sea state inSudan, the agreement stated that the

government of Sudan in Khartoum would

receive a 50% share of all oil revenues

In January 2012, South Sudan suspended oil

production over profit sharing disagreement

CNPC and PETRONAS were affected

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Conflict over Oil

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THE OIL SUPPLY IS DEPLETING?

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OIL & FOSSIL FUEL DEPLETION

• Quickly using up t he vast bu t finitea m ount of fossil fue ls

• Yea r of Pe a k Oil Produ ction (POP)

• Each country ha s its own yea r of POP,a fter which it m ust begin to importoil, m ore o il eve ry yea r.

• [Statistics from Heinberg,The Party'sOver , pp. 103-104, cited fromDuncan'sWorld Oil Forecast #5 ].

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N O OR A M

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Country Yea r of POPOutside Middle East 1997

Mexico 2005

Canada & Algeria 2006

Nigeria 2007Iran 1976

Iraq & UAE 2009

Kuwait 2010

Saudi Arabia 2017

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MethaneMigration

intoAquifers

WaterPollution

WaterUse

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How d oes O&G causing water stress?

A single frack uses 5-10 Olympic size

swimming pools of water. The frackingindustry removes water from the watercycle and turns clean water intopollutedwater thatmustbe treatedanddisposedof.

Massive volumes of toxic water are returnedto the surface. Known as produced water it iscontaminated with chemicals used in thefrackingprocess and materials leached from

the shale rock including heavy metals andradioactive elements. Additional pollution of aquifers and surface water is caused bymethane migration, leaking wells, spills andaccidents.

Hydraulic Fracturing is designed to extract

methane from shale rock and inevitablydisrupts thegeologyof anarea. Thegaswellsthemselves are the most common pathwayfor methane migration (leakage). This canlead to high levels of methane in streams,aquifersandeventuallydrinkingwater.

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HMMM…

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QUIZ!!!!

As an ENGINEER/SCIENTIST/TECHNOLOGIST – WHAT CAN YOU DO TO ADDRESS

THE ISSUES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?

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THAN K YOU © 2 0 1 3 IN STITUT E OF TEC HN OLOGY PETR ONAS SD N BH DAl l r igh ts r ese rv ed . N o p a rt o f t his d oc um e nt m a y b e r ep ro du ce d , s to re d i n a r et ri eva l s yst e m o r t ra n sm it te d i n a n y f or m o r b y a n y m e a ns ( el ec tr on ic ,mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise)withoutthe permissionof the copyrightowner.

main elements in sustainable development

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